NERC Policy 10, draft 3 NERC Policy 10, draft 3

Proposed Standards and Measurements Proposed Standards and Measurements for the Building Blocks of Interconnection for the Building Blocks of Interconnection

ReliabilityReliability

EMS Users Group Meeting

March 13, 2000

Stephen P. Hoffman, ComEd

What is an IOS?What is an IOS? required to achieve one (or more) reliability

objectives:– generation/load balance (continuous and post

contingency)– transmission security– emergency preparedness

measurable higher cost or effort. separable & distinct usually provided by generators

Interconnected Operations ServicesInterconnected Operations Services

• Balance Supply and DemandBalance Supply and Demand

• Continuous

• Regulation• Load Following

• Post Contingency

• Frequency Response• Spinning Reserve• Non-Spinning Reserve

• Transmission SecurityTransmission Security• Reactive Power Supply from Generators

• Emergency PreparednessEmergency Preparedness• System Black Start Capability

Seconds Hour

Deployment Period

Minutes

Where We’ve BeenWhere We’ve Been IOSWG Report Issued March, 1997 Decision to convert IOSWG report to Policy

10 by EC/OC April 1997 IOSITF formed September 1997 Policy 10 R1 posted April, 1998 Policy 10 R2 posted December, 1998 Policy 10 Adopted as White Paper, July 1999 Policy 10 R3 posted December, 1999

Where We’re Going***Where We’re Going*** IOSITF to issue responses to public comments IOSITF submits draft 3.1 for NERC OC approval and MIC

concurrence in March 13-15, 2000 NERC Board Approval - May 2000 Assign subcommittee to resolve solutions to 7 non-

technical issues in implementation of Policy 10. Compliance Templates (Metrics) for Policy 10 to be

posted summer 2000 Effective date of Operating Policy 10 and associated

compliance templates in their entirety January 2002

*** Future plans subject to change!

Seven non-technical issuesSeven non-technical issues1. Distinction between NERC IOS and FERC Ancillary Services

2. Allow implementation of Policy 10 in a manner that adheres to reliability principles yet accommodates differences in emerging market structures.

3. Prepare to file Operating Policy 10 with FERC.

4. Determine the necessary requirements for independence of the Operating Authority from commercial interests.

5. Determine the applicability of Operating Policy 10, in particular, how the Policy applies to traditional, vertically integrated utilities.

6. Recognize the potential interactions of Policy 10 with Policies 1-9.

7. Coordinate remaining steps to enact Operating Policy 10.

IOS “White Paper”IOS “White Paper” Approved by the NERC SC in July 1999 Contains IOS Standards

– Defines IOS– Describes obligation of Suppliers and

Operating Authorities– Defines IOS Resource certification

Contains IOS Metrics– Describes measurement of delivery– Proposes method for determining adequate

delivery

Need for Policy 10Need for Policy 10 Lack of standards will result in inconsistent practices, which

may undermine reliability. Assists industry restructuring initiatives:

– Corporate realignment or functional unbundling

– Divestiture

– Operational Unbundling

– Evolving markets Operating Authorities (OA’s) may no longer own nor have

inherent “rights” to resources that supply IOS Nothing is free. Formal agreements/protocols will replace

informal arrangements.

Ancillary Services Relative to IOSAncillary Services Relative to IOS Ancillary services:

– are driven by regulatory objectives (open, non- discriminatory transmission access, equitable cost recovery)

– provide a means to recover costs (i.e. collect revenues)

IOS:– constitute “building blocks” (physical capabilities)

needed to support reliability

– have always existed, and will always exist under some name

– are combined and deployed to provide ancillary services

– Accommodate local/regional needs

Operating Authorities’ ObligationsOperating Authorities’ Obligations

Determine and publish IOS requirements***– quantity

– response times (if applicable)

– location (if applicable)

– metering & telecommunication requirements

– Tx service requirements

– process for arrangement, provision and deployment

*** Use inclusive, open process to establish regional/local requirements

Operating Authorities’ ObligationsOperating Authorities’ Obligations

Arrange for and deploy IOS to meet reliability obligations

Adapt and modify requirements in response to system conditions

Monitor supplier’s performance

Suppliers’ ObligationsSuppliers’ Obligations Deliver stated capabilities Certify resources as required Provide and maintain required metering &

telecommunication facilities Provide information needed to verify

performance Notify Operating Authority of changes in

capability

IOS and Ancillary Service ComparisonIOS and Ancillary Service Comparison

IOS Suppliers:Generators and

ControllableLoads

Policy 10ReliabilityControl Functions

•Regulation•Load Following•Contingency Reserves

•Frequency Response•Spinning•Non-Spinning

•Reactive Power Supply from Generation Sources•Unit Black Start

Raw Materials AssemblyProcess

Operating Authority:

System Controland Integration

Functions

Transmission Customers:•Loads•Generators•IOS Suppliers

ReliableTransmission

Service

•Scheduling Sys. Control & Dispatch•Reactive Supply & VC from GS•Regulation and Frequency Response•Operating Reserve- Spin•Operating Reserve- Supplemental•Energy Imbalance

Finished Product

Power variationsPower variations

Consists of changes in:– Load

– Generation

– Interchange

8000

9000

10000

11000

12000

13000

14000

15000

16000

17000

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

Load, Generation, and Interchange over two days

Transition to definitionsTransition to definitions

RegulationLoad

FollowingContingencyReserves - Spinning &

Supplemental

DispatchableUnits

Energymarket

12800

12850

12900

12950

13000

13050

13100

13150

13200

13250

13300

1650

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150 Any of the

IOS/Ancillary terms just divide this real variability into different categories.

FrequencyResponse

IOS Quantity relationshipsIOS Quantity relationships Definitions and associated rules determine

how much is needed for each bucket. Total amount is the same, so rules just shift

amounts from one bucket to another. Examples:

– generation scheduling method impacts the amount of Regulation needed.

– Capacity bought with rights to dispatch serves any Load Following need.

– 16 hour energy schedule increases variability that must be corrected with another resource.

IOS Measurements Lots of details & possibilities Is there a single number to “measure” one

service? Some measurement objectives are tied to

desired financial terms.– frequency of CR deployment

– variability of Regulation schedule

– Measure capability shortfalls?

Some measurement objectives measure whether reliability was maintained– did the resource follow the request?

Real Energy Demand - Supply Balance ProcessReal Energy Demand - Supply Balance Process

Real energy Demand-Generation BalanceVariability locatedwithin theOPERATINGAUTHORITY1

+ Area ControlError (ACE)2

OPERATING AUTHORITYresponds to ACE byissuing schedules to IOSSUPPLIERS. Thedynamic schedules aregenerated automaticallyby AGC, or manually bydispatcher action.3

IOSSUPPLIERSrespond todynamicschedules4

Total variability corrected by the OPERATING AUTHORITY5

Supplier Control ErrorSupplier Control Error Any dispatch request can be expressed as a

variable schedule. SCE = actual - scheduled Need to measure SCE average and “variability” IOS are used to correct for SCE a resource can both supply, and consume, IOS schedule respects stated (agreed to) resource

capabilities If a resource is providing several products, the

purchasing entities need to agree how to divide the single delivery error.

IOS Resource MeasurementsIOS Resource MeasurementsStatedCapabilities

Regulation -Range,Ramp rate,acceleration

Definedonce percontractperiod

Definedmany times percontractperiod

ObservedCapabilities

Power output,Range, and Ramp rate shortfalls fromstated

re-set events

SCEVariableSchedule

Scheduleparametersindicate “howmuch” of thestated capabilitieswere dispatched.

Useful forfinancialpurposes

Could alsoindicatedeliveryerror

IOS actualoutput

Indicatesdeliveryerror

Useful forreliabilityandfinancialpurposes

Regulation and Load FollowingRegulation and Load Following

Stated capabilities– Capacity

– Maneuverability Ramp Rate Acceleration Signal Update (Regulation = automatic;Load Following =

automatic or manual)

Reg & LF ScheduleReg & LF Schedule

310

315

320

325

330

335

340

345

350

0:02:00 0:04:00 0:06:00 0:08:00 0:10:00Time

Sch

edu

led

Ou

tpu

t

Schedule with AccelerationSchedule with Ramp RateControl Signal

HoldRaise Raise

Lower Lower

Pt+1 = Pt + Rt * dt + 1/2 * Jt * dt2

Rt+1 = Rt + Jt * dt Subject to:Pmin < Pt < Pmax Rmin < Rt < Rmax Jmin < Jt < Jmax

Regulation and Load Following Regulation and Load Following as seen by the Supplieras seen by the Supplier

CapacityManeuverabilityEnergy

Unit Providing Regulationor Load Following

MW

ControlSetpoint

Time

Min. LoadOn Control

Max. LoadOn Control

Two Units Following Control InstructionsFrom the Operating Authority

Manual Control

AutomaticControl

Reg & LF Criteria- several optionsReg & LF Criteria- several options

[StDev{|SCEsampled|}hour] < limit

– Where: SCEsampled = Supplier Control Error at the sampled rate (e.g., every minute).

– Meet this limit 90% of the periods in each month

– The Operating Authority would select the numerical value of limit.

Avg[ACE1 * SCE1]hour < SCEACElimit , and

Avg{|SCE1|}hour < SCElimit

– Where: SCE1 = one-clock minute average of the SCE.

CContingency Reserves - ontingency Reserves - Spinning and SupplementalSpinning and Supplemental

Stated Capabilities– Capacity

Maintain reserved capability at all times Load reserved capacity within (10-X) minutes

– Maneuverability Responsive to Operating Authority Control Signals

– Synchronized (spinning and frequency responsive)– Maintain an Operable Governor (frequency responsive)

Agree on the dispatch time “X”

98041

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60TIME (minutes)

MW

OU

TP

UT

No DCSrequirement

Time toredeployreserves

+Y% 0%

Contingency

±10% of reserves

Requestedreserves

TDCS

Contingency Reserve Schedule & Criteria

Frequency ResponseFrequency Response

Frequency Response Capabilities– Capacity– Maneuverability

Frequency Response Characteristic

F, Hz

FRi, MW

F, Hz

FRi, MW

+DB

-DB F, Hz

FRi, MW

+DB

-DB

FSi

Frequency ResponseFrequency ResponseSchedule and CriteriaSchedule and Criteria

Frequency Response Characteristic

SCE > 0% of the requested MW amount during disturbance recovery.

Bulk Transmission SecurityBulk Transmission Security(Reactive Power Supply from Generation (Reactive Power Supply from Generation

Sources)Sources)

Continuous– Reactive Power Supply to

follow voltage schedules Event Response

– Reactive reserves activated by an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) in response to a sudden voltage change.

MVar

MW

Rated Power Factor

ReactiveSupply for

VoltageSchedule Support

Potential Reactive Reserves

Reactive Power SupplyReactive Power Supply

Reactive supply capabilities– Reactive Capacity (both leading and lagging)

Maintain reserved reactive capability at all times– Maneuverability

Responsive to Control Signals– Respond to voltage schedule updates – Maintain an operating Automatic Voltage Regulator

(AVR)

Criteria– Error is maintained less than an Operating Authority specified

band– AVR status is maintained

Black StartBlack Start

Black Start Capabilities– Capability to start a self-starting unit within a time specified.

– Capability of picking up external load within a specified time.

– Stated MW capacity and energy capability of the System Black Start Capability unit or units.

– Frequency response and voltage control capability.

Certification tests, and actual performance during an event.

IOS Measurement ImpactsIOS Measurement Impacts

Additional control center (EMS?) capabilities will be needed to:– calculate IOS performance, and

– track variables tied to IOS financial settlement.

In general, will need to track requests in future, whereas present practice largely tracks actual output

Will need to track intra-hour performance

CertificationCertification Demonstrates ability to perform a service Inverse relationship between ability to measure

and certification difficulty Important for Reliability & market design

Deployment FrequencyRare Continuous

Difficulty

Simple

Rigorous

Black Start Regulation & Load Following

Certification TestPerformance Metric

Contingency Reserves &Reactive Power Supply

Provides customers assurance they are paying for a real product

De-certification???

Certification - RegulationCertification - Regulation Mutually agree on 60 minute test period Confirm time via phone circuits Operating Authority

– sends raise & lower signals

– signals remain unchanged for at least 1 minute

– signals respect agreed-upon resource limits

– record 1 minute average of schedule and actual output

Certifying entity– performs correlation coefficient test

– issues certification

Certification - Load FollowingCertification - Load Following Mutually agree on 60 minute test period Confirm time via phone circuits Operating Authority

– sends raise & lower signals– signals remain unchanged for the pre-determined minimum

time between load changes– sends at least 15 load change requests– signals respect agreed-upon resource limits– record 1 minute average of schedule and actual output

Certifying entity– performs correlation coefficient test– issues certification

Certification - Contingency ReservesCertification - Contingency Reserves Mutually agree on 8 hour test window Confirm time window via phone circuits Operating Authority

– selects actual time of test within the 8 hours (surprise test)

– request that resource provide its declared amount of Contingency Reserves

– record 1 minute average of schedule and actual output

– record from 1 minute before notification until 19 minutes past TDCS - X

Certifying entity– ensures that actual is between 100% and Y% of CR amount

– issues certification

Certification - Reactive SupplyCertification - Reactive Supply Based on Planning Standards IOS Resource

– performs AVR tests as described in NERC Planning Standards 2B M4 & 2B M6.

– Verifies and maintains its stated reactive capacity, as described in NERC Planning Standards 2B M3.

Certifying entity– verifies completion of all test criteria

– issues certification

Certification - Frequency ResponseCertification - Frequency Response Mutually agree on test period IOS Resource

– record output changes in response to a test frequency signal, or

– test that portion of the governor system that can be tested if real power cannot be modified.

Certifying entity– verifies completion of all test criteria

– issues certification

Certification - System Black Start CapabilityCertification - System Black Start Capability

Composed of five parts:– control communication path– primary and alternate voice circuits– Basic Starting Test– Line Energizing Test– Load Carrying Test

– Many comments were received that some of the last two tests were too difficult to perform.

Basic Starting TestBasic Starting Test

Mutually agree on a one week test window Operating Authority

– selects actual time of test within the week (surprise test)

– isolates IOS Resource from the power system

– request that resource start within the agreed-upon time

– ensure that the resource remains frequency and voltage stable for 30 minutes

Line Energizing TestLine Energizing Test Isolate sufficient transmission as called for

in black start plan Conduct a Basic Starting Test monitor frequency & voltage at both ends

of line while energized by resource ensure that the resource remains frequency and

voltage stable for 30 minutes

Load Carrying TestLoad Carrying Test

Conduct a Basic Starting Test Conduct a Line Energizing Test Pick up sufficient load at the remote end of

the line ensure that the resource and load remains

frequency and voltage stable for 30 minutes

Black Start CertificationBlack Start Certification

Certification is issued upon:– control communication performance– test primary and alternate voice circuits– One year Basic Starting Test – Three years Line Energizing Test– Six years Load Carrying Test

Provisions for revocation of certification

Practical examplePractical exampleContingency ReservesContingency Reserves

Three Ancillary Service supply options:– purchase from CA,

– purchase from third party, or

– self provision

OA(CA) just needs to dispatch resource Which resources/suppliers form the pool of eligible

suppliers for Contingency Reserves? Which resources/suppliers can actually be dispatched by

the reserve sharing system?

Certification helps to answer these questions.

ConclusionConclusion

Many of the concepts described in Policy 10 must be implemented, in some manner, as long as the electric industry continues on the path to deregulation