Employability & Entrepreneurship Skills PH Tamil · 2 lgHkkxh iqfLrdk gpupT 1.1 – jdpg;gl;l gyq;fs; kwÊWkÊ kjpg;G mikg;Gfs; gpupT 1.2 – b[pl;ly; fy;tpawpT: njhFg;Giu gpupT 1.3

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�ஜி�ட� லி�டரசி

ைபனா�சிய� லி�டரசி

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL

Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpwd;fs;kw;Wk; njhopy;KidAk;

jpwd;fs;

tpw;gidf;fhf my;y - cl;Gw Row;rpf;F kl;LNk

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Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;KidAk; jpwd;fs;

t.vzÊ ghfq;fs; kw;Wk; gpupTfs gf;fk; vzÊvzÊgf;fk; vzÊ


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gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


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lgHkkxh iqfLrdk

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lgHkkxh iqfLrdk

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lgHkkxh iqfLrdk

gpupT 1.1 jdpg;gl;l gyq;fs; kwÊWkÊ kjpg;G mikg;Gfs; –

gpupT 1.2 – b[pl;ly; fy;tpawpT: njhFg;Giu

gpupT 1.3 – gz tp~aq;fs

gpupT 1.4 – Ntiytha;g;G kwÊWkÊ Ra-Ntiytha;g;gpw;fhf

jahuhFjy;

gpupT 1.5 – njhopy; Kiditij Gupe;Jnfhs;jy;

gpupT 1.6 – njhopy; KidNthuhFtjw;F jahuhFjy;

1. Ntiytha;g;Gj; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;KidAk; jpwd;fs;

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,e;jg; gpuptpd; ,Wjpapy;, cq;fshy; nra;af;$baitfs;:

fw;wypd; Kf;fpakhd tpisTfs;

1. Rfhjhuj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

2. nghJthd Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfisg; gl;baypLjy;

3. nghJthd Rfhjhug; gpur;rpidfisj; jLg;gjw;fhd Fwpg;Gfis tpthjpj;jy;

4. Rfhjhutpaypd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

5. ];tr; ghuj; mgpahd;apd; Nehf;fj;ij tpthjpj;jy;

6. gof;fj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

7. ghJfhg;ghd gzp #oiy mig;gjw;fhd topfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

8. gzpashuf; shy; gpdg; ww; Ntzb; a Kff; pakhd ghJfhgG; goff; qf; s; gww; p tpthjpjj; y;

9. Ra-gFg;gha;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

10. kh];nyht;tpd; gbepiy Njitfspd; cjtpAld; Cf;fj;ijg; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

11. rhjid Cf;fj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

12. rhjid Cf;fj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk; njhopy;KidNthupd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy;

13. cq;fSf;F Cf;fkspf;Fk; gy;NtW fhuzpfisg; gl;baypLjy;

14. Ra-gFg;gha;tpy; mZFKiwapd; gq;if tpthjpj;jy;

15. rhjfkhd mZFKiwia vg;gb guhkupg;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

16. cq;fSila gyq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fisg; gl;baypLjy;

17. Neu;ikahd egu;fspd; jd;ikfis tpthjpj;jy;

18. njhopy;KidNthu;fspy; Neu;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Fjy;

19. cWjpahd gzp newpKiwfspd; $Wfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

20. rpwe;j gzp newpKiwfis vg;gb Ngzp tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

21. kpfTk; Mf;fj;jpwDld; ,Uf;Fk; egu;fspd; jd;ikfisg; gl;baypLjy;

22. mjpfg;gbahf GJikahd tpraq;fisr; nra;Ak; egu;fspd; Fzeyd;fisg; gl;baypLjy;

23. Neu Nkyhz;ikapd; ed;ikfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

24. jpwikahf Neuj;ij epu;tfpf;Fk; Nkyhsu;fspd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy

25. jpw k;kpF NeuNkyhz;ik cj;jp; Fwpj;J tptupj;jy;

26. Nfhgj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

27. Nfhgj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghL cj;jpfs; Fwpj;J tp tupj;jy;

28. Nfhgj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

29. kd mOj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

30. kd mOj;jj;jpw;fhd mwpFwpfis tpthjpj;jy;

31. kd mOj;jj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd Fwpg;Gfis tpthjpj;jy;

32. fzpdpapd; mbg;gil gFjpfis milahsk; fhZjy;

33. tpirg;gyifapd; mbg;gil gFjpfis milahsk; fhZjy;

34. fzpdp Jiwf;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l mbg;gil nrhw;fis epidT$u;jy;

35. mbg;gilahd fzpdp tpirfspd; nray;ghl;il epidT$u;jy;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


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36. MgP];- , d; Kf;fpakhd gad;ghLfs; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

37. ikf;Nuhrhg;l; mTl;Yf;- ,d; ed;ikfs; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

38. ,-fhkhu;];- ,d; gy;NtW tiffs; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy

39. rpy;yiw tpw;gidahsu;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fhf ,-fhkhu;]; -,d; ed;ikfisg; gl;baypLjy;;

40. ,e;jpahtpy; ,-fhku;] ,;w;F Cf;fkspf;f b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah gpur;rhuk; vg;gb cjTk; vd;gJ gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

41. ,-fhku;]; jsj;jpy; ePq;fs; vg;gb jahupg;G my;yJ Nritia tpw;gid nra;tPu;fs; vd;gJ Fwpj;J tpsf;Fjy;

42. gzk; Nrkpg;gjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpj;jy;

43. gzk; Nrkpg;gjpd; ed;ikfis tpthjpj;jy;

44. gy;NtW tifahd tq;fp fzf;Ffs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

45. tq;fp fzf;F jpwf;Fk; nray;Kiw gw;wp tpsf;Fjy;

46. gzk; Nrkpg;gjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpj;jy;

47. KjyPL nra;tjw;fhd tpUg;gj;Nju; Tfspd; Kf;fpa tiffis tpsf;Fjy;

48. gy;NtW tifahd fhg; gPL;fis tpsf;Fjy;

49. gy;NtW tifahd tupfis tpsf;Fjy;

50. Md;iyd; tq;fpapd; gad;ghLfis tpthjpj;jy;

51. kpd;dZ epjp gupkhw;wq;fspd; Kf;fpakhd tiffis tpthjpj;jy;

52. Neu;fhzYf; F jahu; nra;tjw;fhd topKiwfis tpthjpj;jy;

53. jpwk;gl jw;Fwpg;G cUthf;Ftjw;fhd topKiwfis tpthjpj;jy;

54. kpfTk; mjpfkhf Nfl;fg;gLk; Neu;fhzy; Nfs;tpfis tpthjpj;jy;

55. kpfTk ; mjpfkhf Nflf; gg; Lk ; Neuf; hzy ; Nfst; pfSfF; gjpyspgg; J FwpjJ; tpthjpjj; y;

56. mbg;gil gzpapl nrhy;ypay; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

57. njhopy;KidAk; fUj;jhf;fk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

58. njhopy;Kidtjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpj;jy;

59. njhopy;KidNthupd; gz;Gfis tpsf;Fjy;

60. gy;NtW tifahd epWtdq;fs; gw;wp tpsf;Fjy'

61. Jpwikahd jiytUf;fhd gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy;

62. jpwikahd jiyikj;Jtjpd; ed;ikfis tpthjpj;jy;

63. jpwikahd FOtpd; jd;ikfisg; gl;lbaypLjy;

64. jpwk;gl ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpj;jy;

65. vg;gb jpwk;gl ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpthjpj;jy;

66. jpwk;gl NgRtjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpj;jy;

67. jpwk;gl vg;gb Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpthjpj;jy;

68. Gpur;rpidfSf;F vg;gb jPu;T fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpthjpj;jy;

69. Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhZk; gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy;

70. gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhZk; jpwd;fis kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd topfis tpthjpj;jy;

71. Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpj;jy;



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72. vg;gb Ngr;Rthu;j;ij elj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpthjpj;jy;

73. Gjpa tzpf tha;g;Gfis vg;gb milahsk; fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpthjpj;jy;

74. cq;fs; tzpfj;jpw;Fs;Ns tzpf tha;g;Gfis vg;gb milahsk; fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpthjpj;jy;

75. njhopy;KidNthupd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjy

76. gy;NtW tifahd njhopy;KidNthu; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

77. njhopy;KidNthupd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy;

78. njhopy;KidNthupd; ntw;wp fijfis epidT$u;jy;

79. njhopy;KidAk; nray;Kiwia tpthjpj;jy;

80. njhopy;KidNthu; Rw;W#oy; mikg;G gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

81. Nkf; ,d; ,e;jpah gpur;rhuj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij tpthjpj;jy;

82. njhopyKidNthiu Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd Kf;fpakhd jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

83. njhopy;KidNthUf;Fk;; mgha j;ij; vjpu;nfhs; s;Sk; czu;Tf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

84. njhopy;KidNthUf;Fk; rkhspf;Fk; jpwDf;Fk cs;s njhlu;G Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

85. rkhspf;Fk; jpwd;; ,Uf;Fk; njhopy;KidNthupd; gz;Gfis tpthjpj;jy;

86. Njhy;tpia vg;gb rkhspg;gJ vd;W tpthjpj;jy;

87. re;ij Ma;T vg;gb Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ vd;W tpthjpj;jy

88. khu;f;nfl;bq;fpd; -fis tpthjpj;jy; ; 4 Ps

89. fUj;J cUthf;fj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpj;jy;

90. tzpfj;jpd; mbg;gil nrhy;ypaiy epidT$u;jy;

91. CRM mtrpak; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

92. CRM-,d; ed;ikfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

93. nel;nthu;f;fpq;fpd; mtrpak; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

94. nel;nthu;f;fpq;fpd; ed;ikfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

95. ,yf;Ffs; mikg;gjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

96. FWfpa-fhy kjj; pa-fhy kwW; k ; ezP l; -fhy ,yfF; f SfF; ,ilNa tpjj; pahrgg; LjJ; jy ;;,

97. tzpf jpl;lk; vg;gb vOj Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpthjpj;jy;

98. epjp jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd nray;Kiwia tpsf;Fjy;

99. eP; q;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; mghaj;ij vg;gb epu;tfpg;gJ vd;gjw;fhd topfis tpthjpj;jy;

100. tq;fp epjpf;fhf tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; nray;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; topKiwfis tpthjpj;jy;

101. cq;fs; epWtdj;ij vg;gb epu;tfpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpthjpj;jy

102. epWtdj;ij njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;du; xt;nthU njhopy;KidNthUk; Nfl;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd Nfs;tpfisg; gl;baypLjy;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


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,e;jg; gpuptpd; ,Wjpapy;> cq;fshy; gpd;tUgitfisr; nra;a KbAk;:

gpuptpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

1. cly;eyj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjy;;

2. nghJthd cly;eyg;; gpur;rpidfisg; gl;baypLjy;

3. nghJthd cly;eyg;; gpur;rpidfisj; jLg;gjw;fhd Fwpg;Gfis tpthjpj;jy;

4. Rfhjhutpaypd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

5. ];tr; ghuj; mgpahd;apd; Nehf;fj;ij tpthjpj;jy;

6. gof;fj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

7. ghJfhg;ghd gzp #oiy m ik g;gjw;fhd topfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

8. gzpashuf; s; gpdg; ww; Ntzb; a Kff; pakhd ghJfhgG; goff; qf; s; FwpjJ; tpthjpjj; y;;

9. Ra-gFg;gha;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

10. rpwe;j gzp newpKiwfis vg;gb Ngzp tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

11. rhjid Cf;fj;jpd; mu;j;jj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

12. rhjid Cf;fj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk; njhopy;KidNthupd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy;

13. cq;fSf;F Cf;fkspf;Fk; gy;NtW fhuzpfisg; gl;baypLjy;

14. Ra-gFg;gha;tpy; mZFKiwapd; gq;if tpthjpj;jy;

15. rhjfkhd mZFKiwia vg;gb guhkupg;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

16. cq;fSila gyq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fisg; gl;baypLjy;

17. Neu;ikahd egu;fspd; gz;G fis tpthjpj;jy;

18. njhopy;KidNthu;fspy; Neu;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tpsf;Fjy;

19. cWjpahd gzp newpKiwfspd; $Wfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

20. rpwe;j gzp newpKiwfis vg;gb Ngzp tsu;f;f Ntz;Lk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

21. kpfTk; Mf;fj;jpwDld; ,Uf;Fk; egu;fspd; gz;G fisg; gl;baypLjy;

22. mjpfg;gbahf GJikahd tpraq;fisr; nra;Ak; egu;fspd; Fzeyd;fisg; gl;baypLjy;

23. Neu Nkyhz;ikapd; ed;ikfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

24. jpwikahf Neuj;ij epu;tfpf;Fk; Nkyhsu;fspd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy

25. jpwikahd Neu Nkyhz;ikcj;jp ; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

26. Nfhg; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

27. Nfhg fl;Lg;ghL cj;jpfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

28. Nfhg; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

29. kd mOj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wp tpthjpj;jy;

30. kd mOj;jj;jpw;fhd mwpFwpfis tpthjpj;jy;

31. kd mOj;j; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd Fwpg;Gfis tpthjpj;jy;

gpuptpd; 1.1. jdpg;gl;l gyq;fs; kwÊWkÊ kjpg;G mikg;Gfs;



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1.1.1 Rfhjhuk;, gof;fq;fs;, Rfhjhutpay;: Rfhjhuk; vd;why; vd;d

cyf Rfhjhu mikg;gpd; (WHO) gb, Rfhjhuk; vd;gJ 'KOikahd cly;, kdk;, kw;Wk;

r%f eyDld; ,Uf;Fk; epiy, ntWk; Neha; my;yJ cly; gytPdq;fs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ

my;y." mjhtJ Rfhjhuj;Jld; ,Ug;gJ vd;gJ Rfhjhukpd;ik ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ kl;Lky;yhky; - czu;TG+u;tkhf ePq;fs; mikjpahf kw;Wk; clYWjpahf czu;tJ vd;W

mu;j;jk;. cjhuzkhf, rsp my;yJ ,Uky; Nghd;w cly; Neha;fs; vJTk; ,y;yhky;

,Ug;gjpdhy; ePq;fs; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Uf;fpwPu;fs; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. ePq;fs;

mikjpahf, Xa;thf kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rpahf czu;fpwPu;fsh vd;gJ gw;wp rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

nghJthd Rfhjhu gpur;rpidfs;

rpy nghJthd Rfhjhu gpur;rpidfs;:

Ÿ xt;thikfs;

Ÿ M];Jkh

Ÿ rUk NfhshWfs;

Ÿ kdmOj;jk; kw;Wk; ftiy

Ÿ ePupopT

Ÿ ,Uky;, rsp, njhz;il Gz;

Ÿ Jhq;Ftjpy; rpukk;

Ÿ cly; gUkd;

Rfhjhu gpur;rpidfisj; jLg;gjw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs;

Neha; my;yJ tpahjpfis Fzg;gLj;Jtij tpl vg;NghJNk Rfhjhu kpd;ikia jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; vLg;gJ rpwe;jJ. ePq;fs; ,tw;iwg; gpd;gw;Wtjd;; %yk; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Uf;fyhk;:

Ÿ goq;fs;,fha;fwpfs; kw;Wk; nfhl;ilfs; Nghd;w MNuhf;fpakhd czTfis rhg;gpLjy;

Ÿ MNuhf;fpakw;w kw;Wk; ru;f;fiu Nru;f;fg;gl;l czTfis Fiwj;jy;

Ÿ jpdKk; NghJkhd msT jz;zPu; Fbj;jy;

Ÿ Gifg;gpbf;fhky; my;yJ kJ mUe;jhky; ,Ug;gJ

Ÿ thuj;jpy; 4-5 Kiwfs, ehisf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 30 epkplq;fs; clw;gapw;rp nra;jy;

Ÿ Njitg;gLk; NghJ jLg;G+rpfs; vLj;Jf;nfhs;jy;

Ÿ Nahfh gapw;rpfs; kw;Wk; jpahdk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

ePq;fs; ,e;j Rfhjhu juepiyfspy; vj;jid gpd;gw;WfpwPu;fs;? cq;fSf;F nghUj;jkhdij bf; nra;aTk;

1. jpdKk; ,uT Fiwe;jgl;rk; 7-8 kzp Neuk; Jhq;fTk;.

2. fhiyapy; kw;Wk; ,utpy; gLf;iff;F Nghtjw;FKd; Kjypy; <nkapy;

rupghu;g;gij jtpu;f;fTk;

3. czTfis jtw tpl Ntz;lhk; - rupahd czT Neuq;fspy; tof;fkhf czT rhg;gplTk;.

4. xt;nthU ehSk; rpwpjsT gbf;fTk;.

5. Ntz;lhj czTfs; rhg;gpLtij tpl tPl;by; rikj;j czTfis rhg;gplTk;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


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6. cl;fhUtij tpl mjpf mstpy; epw;fTk;

7. Kjypy; fhiyapy; xU fpsh]; jz;zPu; Fbf;fTk; NkYk; ehs; KOtJk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 8 fpsh]; jz;zPu; Fbf;fTk;.

8. kUj;Jtu; kw;Wk; gy; kUj;Jtuplk; tof;fkhd gupNrhjidfSf;fhf nry;yTk;.

9. thuj;jpy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 5 ehl;fSf;F 30 epkplq;fs; clw;gapw;rp nra;aTk;.

10. fhw;Whl;lg;gl;l ghdq;fis mjpf mstpy; cl;nfhs;tij jtpu;f;fTk;.

Rfhjhutpay; vd;why; vd;d

cyf Rfhjhu mikg;gpd;(WHO) gb, “Rfhjhutpay; vd;gJ Rfhjhuj;ijg; guhkupf;f kw;Wk;

Neha;fs; guTtij jLf;f cjTk; epiyfs; kw;Wk; eilKiwfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.” NtW

thu;j;ijfspy;,Rfhjhutpay; vd;why; cq;fshy; Kbe;jij nra;J; cq;fSila

Rw;Wg;Gwj;ij Rj;jkhf itg;gjd; %yk; fpUkpfs; kw;Wk; Neha;fs; guTtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis Fiwg;gPu;fs;. .

cjhuzkhf,cq;fs; tPl;bd;; rikayiwia vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs; ey;y Rfhjhutpay;

vd;gJ rikayiw vg;NghJNk Rj;jkhf Neu;j;jpahf ,Ug;gij cWjp

nra;jy;,czTfis; ePf;fp,ghj;jpuq;fis; fOTjy;; kw;Wk;; Fg;igf;$ilfs; Fg;igfshy;

epuk;gp topahky; ,Ug;gJ. ,tw;iw nra;tJ vypfs; my;yJ fug;ghd; Nghd;w G+r;rpfis

<u;g;gjw;fhd tha;g;Gfis Fiwf;Fk;,kw;Wk; Neha; guTtjw;F fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; G+Q;ir

kw;Wk; kw;w ghf;Bupah tsu;r;rpiaj; jLf;Fk;.

ePq;fs; ,e;j Rfhjhu juepiyfspy; vj;jid gpd;gw;WfpwPu;fs;? cq;fSf;F nghUj;jkhdij bf; nra;aTk;

1. jpdKk; Nrhg;gpdhy; Fspj;jy; my;yJ \tu; nra;J nfhs;Sjy; - thuj;jpy;

2-3 Kiw; \hk;Gthy; cq;fspd; jiyKbia fOTjy;

2. jpdKk; Rj;jkhd Gjpa cs;shilfis mzpe;J nfhs;Sjy;

3. fhiyapy; kw;Wk; gLf;f Nghtjw;F Kd; cq;fspd; gw;fis Jyf;Fjy;

4. ; cq;fs; tpuy; kw;Wk; fhy; efq;fis mbf;fb ntl;Ljy;

5. foptiw gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du; cq;fs; iffis Nrhg;gpdhy; fOTjy;

6. cq;fSf;F mjpfk; tpau;j;;jhy; cq;fs; mf;Fs; ; Ju;ehw;wj;ij ePf;f bNahlud;l; gad;gLj;Jjy;

7. rikg;gjw;F my;yJ rhg;gpLtjw;F Kd;du; cq;fs; iffis Nrhg;gpdhy; fOTjy;

8. cq;fSf;F Neha; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ tPl;by; ,Ug;gJ.,jdhy; cq;fSf;F

,Ug;gJ kw;wtu;fSf;F guthJ.

9. mOf;fhd Jzpfis kPz;Lk; mzpe;J nfhs;tjw;F Kd; mtw;iw

10. ,UKk;NghNjh Jk;Kk;NghNjh b\;A+/cq;fs; iffshy; cq;fs; %f;if kiwj;jy;

xt;nthU bf; nra;j mwpf;iffSf;Fk; cq;fSf;F ePq;fNs 1 ghapd;l; nfhLg;gjpd; %yk;, ePq;fs; vt;tsT Rfhjhuj;Jld; ,Uf;fpwPu;fs; vd;gijg; ghu;f;fTk;! gpd;du; cq;fs; kjpg;ngz; vd;d Fwpf;fpwJ vd;gijg; ghu;f;fTk;.

cq;fs; kjpg;ngz;

0-7/20: cWjpahf eyj;Jld; ,Ug;gjw;F ePq;fs; ,d;Dk; mjpfk; fbdkhf ciof;f

Ntz;Lk;! jpdKk; ey;y gof;fq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jp ePq;fs; vt;tsT eykhf czUfpwPu;fs; vd;gijg; ghu;f;fTk;!

7-14/20: guthapy;iy, Mdhy; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;G cs;sJ! cq;fs; jpdrup

tof;fj;jpy; ,d;Dk; rpy ey;y gof;fq;fis Nru;f;f Kaw;rpf;fTk;.



8

14-20/20: rpwe;j gzp! NkYk; ew;gzpia njhluTk;! cq;fs; cly; kw;Wk; kdk; cq;fSf;F

ed;wp njuptpf;fpwJ!

];tr; ghuj; mgpahd;

Rfhjhutpay; kw;Wk; Rfhjhu eilKiwfis ekf;fhfg; gpd;gw;Wtjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Fwpj;J ehk; Vw;fdNt tpthjpj;Njhk;. Mdhy;,Rfhjhukhf Rj;jkhf ,Ug;gJ kl;Lk;

NghJkhdJ my;y. ehk; ,e;j juepiyia ek;Kila tPLfs;,ek;Kila mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk;

Rw;Wg;Gwq;fs; ; nkhj;jkhf ehl;bw;Fk; ePl;bf;f Ntz;Lk;.

'];tr; ghuj; mgpahd;' (Rj;jkhd ,e;jpah Nehf;fk;) gpujk ke;jpup = eNue;jpu Nkhb 1

mtu;fshy; 2 mf;Nlhgu; 2014 md;W njhlq;fg;gl;lJ, ,ij rupahf nra;tjpy;

ek;gpf;ifAld; ,Uf;fpwhu;. ,e;jg; gzpapd; Nehf;fk; ,e;jpahtpd; rhiyfs; kw;Wk; njUf;fisr; Rj;jk; nra;jy; NkYk; Jha;ikia midj;J epiyfspYk; Nkk;gLj;JtJ.

jw;NghJ ,e;jg; gzp ehL KOtJk; 4,041 efuq;fs; kw;Wk; lTd;fis cs;slf;FfpwJ.

Rj;jkhd ,e;jpahtpw;fhf kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd kf;fs; cWjpnkhop vLj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.

ePq;fSk; cWjpnkhop vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;,ek;Kila ehl;il Rj;jkhf itg;gjw;F

midj;J rhj;jpakhd tp\aq;fisAk; nra;a Ntz;Lk;!

gof;fq;fs; vd;why; vd;d

gof;fk; vd;gJ mbf;fb kPz;Lk; nra;ag;gLk; elj;ijahFk;. ek; midtUf;Fk; ey;y gof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nfl;l gof;fq;fs; cs;sd. [hd; biuld; mtu;fspd; nrhw;fis kdjpy;

itj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;: “ehk; Kjypy; ek;Kila gof;fq;fis cUthf;FNthk; gpd;du;

ek;Kila gof;fq;fs; ek;ik cUthf;Fk;.”mjdhy;jhd; ey;y gof;fq;fis tho;f;ifapd;

topKiwahf;FtJk;, tpopg;Gzu;Tld;; nfl;l gof;fq;fis; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtijj;

jtpu;g;gJk; Kf;fpakhdJ;.

cq;fs; jpdrup tof;fj;jpd; gFjpah;f Ntz;ba rpy ey;y gof;fq;fs;:

Ÿ vg;NghJNk Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd mZFKiwAld; ,Ug;gJ

Ÿ clw;gapw;rp nra;tij cq;fs; jpdrup tof;fkhf khw;WtJ;

Ÿ Cf;fkspf;Fk; vOr;rpA+l;Lk; fijfisg; gbg;gJ

Ÿ rpupg;gJ! Kbe;j tiuapy; mbf;fb rpupf;f gof;fg;gLj;jp nfhs;jy;

Ÿ FLk;gk; kw;Wk; ez;gu;fSf;fhf Neuk; xJf;Fjy;

Ÿ gLf;iff;F rPf;fpuk; nry;tJ kw;Wk; mjpfhiyapy; vOe;jpUg;gJ

cldbahf ePq;fs; iftpl Ntz;ba rpy nfl;l gof;fq;fs;:

Ÿ fhiy czit jtpu;g;gJ

Ÿ cq;fSf;F grpapy;yhj NghJ $l ];ehf;]; rhg;gpLjy;

Ÿ nfhOg;G kw;Wk; ru;f;fiu rhu;e;j czTfis mjpf mstpy; rhg;gpLjy;

Ÿ Gifg;gpbj;jy;, kJ mUe;Jjy; kw;Wk; Nghij kUe;J vLj;Jf;nfhs;jy;

Ÿ cq;fshy; Kbe;j msit tpl mjpf mstpy; gzk; nryT nra;jy;

Ÿ Njitaw;w gpur;rpidfs; Fwpj;J ftiyg;gLjy;

Ÿ jhkjkhf Jhq;fp jhkjkhf vOe;jpUg;gJ

1- https://swachhbharat.mygov.in/

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


9

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ jpdKk; Rfhjhukhd kw;Wk; Rfhjhutpay; eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; kduPjpahf cly;uPjpahf eykhf ,Ug;gij ePq;fs; czu;tPu;fs;

Ÿ Rfhjhutpay; vd;gJ Rfhjhuj;jpd; %d;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F – vdNt ey;y Rfhjhutpay; ,J ePq;fs; cWjpahf MNuhf;fpakhf ,Ug;gjw;F cjTk;!

1.1.2 ghJfhg;G: ghJfhg;ghd gzpaplj;ij tbtikg;gjw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs;

xt;nthU gzpaku;j;JdUk; mjpf mstpy; rhj;jpakhd tiuapy; ghJfhg;G newpKiwfs; mtUila gzpaplj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLtij cWjp nra;tjw;F flikg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. tzpfj;ij mikf;Fk; NghJ, cupikahsu;fs; ,tw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;:

Ÿ FdptJ kw;Wk; jpUk;Gtij jtpu;g;gjw;F gzpr;#oy; uPjpahf tbtikf;fg;gl;l kur;rhkhd;fs; kw;Wk; cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jTk;.

Ÿ fdufkhd nghUl;fis Jhf;FtJ my;yJ vLj;Jr;nry;tij jtpu;g;gjw;F ,ae;jpu rhjd cjtpfs; toq;fTk

Ÿ mghafukhd gzpfSf;fhf ghJfhg;G cgfuzq;fis itj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;

Ÿ mtrufhyj;jpy; ntspNaWtjw;fhd topfs; mikf;fTk;. NkYk; ,it; vspjpy; mZFk; gbahf ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;aTk;

Ÿ Rfhjhu tpjpfs; mikf;fTk; NkYk;,it nray;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjpnra;aTk;

Ÿ gzpaplj;ij Rw;wp tof;fkhd ghJfhg;G Ma;Tfspd; eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;wTk;

Ÿ tof;fkhd fl;bl Ma;Tfs; elj;jg;gLtij cWjp nra;aTk;

Ÿ gzpaplj;jpw;fhd ghJfhg;gpy; epGzu;fspd; MNyhridiag; ngw;W mijg; gpd;gw;wTk;

Ngr;Rthuj;ijf;Fl;glhj gzpahsu; ghJfhg;G gof;fq;fs;

xt;nthU gzpaku;j;JdUk; mjpf mstpy; rhj;jpakhd tiuapy; ghJfhg;G newpKiwfs; mtUila gzpaplj;jpy; gpd;gw;wg;gLtij cWjp nra;tjw;F flikg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. tzpfj;ij mikf;Fk; NghJ, cupikahsu;fs; ,tw;wpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;:

Ÿ cldbahf Nkw;ghu;itahsuplk; ghJfhg;gw;w epiyikfis mwptpf;fTk;

Ÿ tOf;fp tpOjy;,jLf;fp tpOjy; kw;Wk; tpOr;rpfSf;F toptFf;ff;$ba

ghJfhg;Gmghaq;fis fz;lwpe;J mwptpf;fTk;.

Ÿ Nkw;ghu;itahsuplk; midj;J fhaq;fs; kw;Wk; tpgj;Jf;fis njuptpf;fTk;

Ÿ Njitg;gLk; NghJ rupahd ghJfhg;G cgfuzj;ij mzpe;J nfhs;sTk;

Ÿ ghJfhg;G Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzj;ij vg;gb gad;gLj;j

Ÿ Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpe;J nfhs;sTk;

Ÿ kw;w egu;fSf;F Mgj;J Vw;gLj;jf;$ba eltbf;ifs; gw;wp tpopg;Gld; ,Ue;J jtpu;f;fTk;.

Ÿ gfy; nghOjpy;; rpy Neuq;fspy; Xa;ntLf;fTk; kw;Wk; thuj;jpy; rpy Neuq;fspy; gzpapypUe;J Xa;ntLf;fTk;



10

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ mtrufhyj;jpy;, gzpaplj;jpy; ve;j mtrufhy vz;iz miof;f Ntz;Lk;vd;W

njupe;J nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ Fog;gkhd ntspNaw;wq;fisj; jtpu;f;f tof;fkhd mtru fhy ntspNaw;w gapw;rpfis eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;

1.1.3 Ra gFg;gha;T – mZFKiw, rhjid Cf;fk;:

Ra-gFg;gha;T vd;why; vd;d

cq;fspd; KO jpwid cz;ikapy; miltjw;F,cq;fis gw;wp ePq;fNs Mokhf Ma;T

nra;J ePq;fs; cz;ikapy; vd;d khjpupahd egu; vd;gijf; fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. cq;fspd; MSikiag; Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd ,e;j Kaw;rp Ra-gFg;gha;T vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ. cq;fis ePq;fNs ,e;j Kiwapy; kjpg;gPL nra;tJ; ePq;fs; tsu;r;rp miltjw;F

cjTk;,NkYk; cq;fsplk; Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;ba,khw;w Ntz;ba my;yJ ePf;fg;gl Ntz;ba

gFjpfis milahsk; fhZtjw;Fk; cjTk;. cq;fSf;F vJ Cf;fkspf;fpwJ,cq;fs;

mZFKiwfs; vd;d kw;Wk; cq;fspd; gyq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fs; vd;d vd;W ePq;fNs Mokhf Ma;T nra;tjpd; %yk; cq;fis ePq;fs; rpwg;ghf Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;.

Cf;fk; vd;why; vd;d

Cff; k ; vdg; J kpfTk ; vspikahf,Fwpgg; pll; Kiwapy ; eqP f; s ; eleJ; nfhst; jwF; myy; J

elji; jff; hd fhuzk.; xNu khjpupahd tpUgg; qf; shy ; midtUk ; Cff; kiltjpyi; y vdg; ijg ; GupeJ;

nfhst; jpy ; Kff; pakhdJ ,Jjhd ; – kff; s ; gy nttN; tW tp\aqf; shy ; Cff; kspff; gg; Lfpwhuf; s.;

kh]n; yhtt; pd ; gbepiy Njitfisg ; ghug; g; jpd ; %yk ; ehk ; ,ij edF; GupeJ; nfhss; yhk.;

kh];nyht;tpd; gbepiy Njitfs;

gpugy mnkupff; cstpayhsu ; Mgpufhk ; kh]n; yht ; mtuf; s ; kff; s ; vjdhy ;Cff; kilfpwhuf; s ; vdg; ijg ; GupeJ; nfhss; tpUkg; pdhu ; . Ra-tsur; r; pff; hf Njitgg; Lk ; (Rakhf-css; Njitfs); kpfTk ; mbgg; ilahd Njitfs ; (clypay ; Njitfs ; vdW;

mioff; gg; LfpwJ) Kjy ; kpfTk ; Kff; pakhd Njitfs ; tiuapyhf, IeJ; tifahd Njitfs ;css; d vdW; mtu ; ekg; pdhu.; clypay ; kwW; k ; Rakhf-css; NjitfSfF; ; ,ilNa NtW

%dW; Njitfs ; css; d – ghJfhgG; Njitfs,; cupikgg; hL kwW; k ; mdG; Njitfs ; kwW; k ;kupahij Njitfs.; ,ej; Njitfs ; nghJthf IeJ; epiyfSld ; gpukpL NghdW; fhll; gg; Lfpdw; d. NkYk>; ,J kh]n; yhtpd ; gbepiy Njitfs ; vdW; mwpagg; LfpwJ.

Rakhd-cs;sgbahf: xUtupd; KO

jpwid miljy;, Mf;fj;jpwdhd

eltbf;iffs; cl;gl

mbg;gilNjitfs;

cstpay; Njitfs;

Ra-KOik Njitfs;

kupahij Njitfs;:nfsutk; kw;Wk; rhjid czu;T

cupikg;ghL kw;Wk; md;G Njitfs;:intimaterelationships,

friends neUf;fkhd cwTfs;, ez;gu;fs;

ghJfhg;G Njitfs;:,lu;fhg;G, ghJfhg;G

clypay; Njitfs;:czT, jz;zPu;, mutizg;G, Xa;T

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


11

ePq;fs; gpukpilg; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ> ,Ug;gjpNyNa fPNo fhzg;gLk; epiy>mbg;gil Njitfis rpj;jupf;fpwJ. ,e;j Njitfs; G+u;j;jp milAk; tiuapy;> ek;Kila elj;ij

mbg;gil Njitfspdhy; Cf;fkspf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;W kh];nyht; mtu;fs; ek;gpdhu;.

mitfs; G+u;j;jp mile;jTld;,ehk; mLj;j epiyf;F efUfpNwhk.; NkYk;> mLj;j epiyapd;

Njitfshy; Cf;fkspf;fg;gLfpNwhk;. ehk; ,ij ey;y cjhuzj;Jld; Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;.

&gh kpfTk; Vio FLk;gj;jpypUe;J tUfpwhs;. mtSf;F xU ; NghJkhd msT czT,

jz;zPu;,mutizg;G my;yJ Xa;T ,Ue;jJ ,y;iy. kh];nyhtpd; $w;Wg;gb &gh ,e;j

mbg;gil Njitfs; fpilf;Fk; vd;W cWjpahf ,Uf;Fk; tiuapy;, mts; mLj;j

epiyapyhd Njitfshd ghJfhg;G Njitfs; gw;wp rpe;jpf;f $l khl;lhs;. Mdhy; &ghtpw;F mtSila mbg;gil Njitfs; G+u;j;jp milAk; vd;W ek;gpf;if te;J

tpl;lhy;,mts; mLj;j epiyf;F efUths;. gpd;du;> mtSila elj;ijel;G kw;Wk; cwT

ghJfhg;gpw;fhd mtSila Njitfspd; %yk; Cf;fkspf;fg;gLk;. ,e;j Njitfs;

G+u;j;jpahdTld;,&gh clNd mLj;j epiyf;F efUths;,NkYk; cwTKiwfs; kw;Wk;

ez;gu;fSf;fhd mtSila Njitfspd; %yk; Cf;fkspf;fg;gLths;. ,e;j Njit

G+u;j;jpahdTld;,&gh gpd;du>; ehd;fhtJ epiyapyhd mtSila kupahij Njitfspy;

ftdk; nrYj;Jths;;. mjd; gpd;du;> mtSila KO jpwid miltjw;fhd tpUg;gk; vDk;

Ie;jhtJ ,Wjp epiyahd NjitfSf;F efUths

rhjid Cf;fj;ijg; gw;wp Gupe;Jnfhs;jy;

kf;fs; mbg;gil,cstpay; kw;Wk; Ra-KOik Njitfshy; Cf;fkspf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;

vd;W ,g;NghJ ekf;F njupAk;. vdpDk;,rpy egu;fs; kpfTk; rthyhd rhjidfis

miltjpd; %ykhfTk; Cf;fkspf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,J rhjid Cf;fk;,my;yJ

'rhjidf;fhd Njit' vd;W mwpag;gLfpwJ.

rhjid Gupa xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk; ce;Jjy;> xt;nthUtUf;Fk; NtWgLk;. ,e;j ce;Jjy; njhopy; KidNthUf;F kpfTk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; - VjhtJ xd;iw rhjpf;f> jdpj;J epw;f ce;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,J kl;Lk; my;yhky; mNj ce;Jjy; ,Uf;Fk; gy;ntW egu;fis Ntiyf;F mku;j;j Ntz;Lk;. ,th;fSf;F epiwa rthy;fisr; re;jpj;J rhjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; NkNyhq;fp ,Uf;Fk;.

cq;fSf;F Cs;sfkspg;gJ vd;d

cq;fSf;F cz;ikapy; Cf;fkspf;Fk; tp\aq;fs; vd;d? cq;fSf;F cz;ikapy; Cf;fkspf;Fk; Ie;J tp\aq;fisg; gl;bayplTk;. Neu;ikahf gjpyspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;!

ehd; ,tw;why; Cf;fkspf;fg;gLfpNwd;:

rhjid Cf;fj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk; njhopy;KidNthupd; gz;Gfs;

rhjid Cf;fj;Jld; ,Uf;Fk; njhopy;KidNthiu gpd;tUkhW tptupf;fyhk;:

Ÿ jdpg;gl;l rhjidfSf;fhf Mgj;ij re;jpg;gjjw;F gakpy;yhky; ,Ug;gJ

Ÿ rthy;fs; vjpu;nfhs;tij tpUk;Gjy;

Ÿ vjpu;fhyj;ij Nehf;fp ,Ug;gJ



12

Neu;kiw mZFKiwia vg;gb cUthf;FtJNeu;kiw mZFKiwia vg;gb cUthf;FtJ

Ÿ tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy; kw;Wk; R+o;epiyf;F Vw;wthW elj;jy;

Ÿ rhjfkhd fUj;Jf;fis tplvjpu;kiwahd fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;G mspj;jy;

Ÿ ,yf;Ffis mila Ntz;Lk; vd;fpw NghJ tplhKaw;rpAld; ,Ug;gJ

Ÿ kpfTk; ijupakhf ,Ug;gJ

Ÿ cau;e;j mstpyhd Mf;fj;jpwd; kw;Wk; GJikAld; ,Ug;gJ

Ÿ Xa;tpy;yhky; - njhlu;e;J NkYk; rhjid mila Kaw;rpj;jy;

Ÿ gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhZtjw;fhf jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; nghWg;ghd czu;T

,ijg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;fTk;:

Ÿ ,e;jg; gz;Gfspy; vj;jid cq;fsplk; cs;sJ?

Ÿ ,e;jg; gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; njhopy;KidNthu; gw;wp cq;fshy; rpe;jpf;f Kbfpwjh?

mZFKiw vd;why; vd;d

,g;NghJ Ra-gFg;gha;tpw;fhf Cf;fk; vt;tsT Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gijg; gw;wp ehk; �� Gupe;Jnfhz;Nlhk;. ek;ik ehNk Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy;> ek;Kila mZFKiw tfpf;Fk; gq;ifg;

ghu;f;fyhk;. mZFKiwia VijahtJ my;yJ ahiuahtJ gw;wp rpe;jpg;gjpy;kw;Wk; czu;tjpy; cq;fSila Nghf;F (Neu;kiw my;yJ vjpu;kiw) vd;W tptupf;fyhk;. mZFKiw vd ;gJ tho ;t pd ; xt ;nthU mk ;rj ;j p w ;Fkhdntw ;w pf ; f hd mbj;jskhFk;.ek;Kila mZFKiw ek;Kila rpwe;j ez;guhf my;yJ ek;Kila Nkhrkhd vjpupahf ,Uf;fyhk;. NtW thuj;ijfspy;:

\\tho;f;ifapy; ,Uf;Fk; xNu ,ayhik Nkhrkhd mZFKiw jhd;.||

rpf;fyhd Neuq;fs; kw;Wk; Njhy;tpfs; Kjy; ey;y Neuq;fs; kw;Wk; ntw;wpfs; tiu-

tzpfj;ij njhlq;Fk; NghJ, ePq;fs; gy;NtW tifahd czu;Tfis vjpu;nfhs;tJ

epr;ra;k;;;. cq;fs; mZFKiwjhd;> fbdkhd fhyfl;lq;fspy; cq;fisf; fhg;ghw;Wk;;.

NkYk; ntw;wpia Nehf;fp cq;fSf;F topfhl;Lk;. mZFKiw kw;wtu;fSf;Fk;

gutf;$baJ. cq;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fs; Kjy; cq;fSila gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk;

cq;fSila KjyPl;lhsu;fs; tiu ,J cq;fis Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk; midtiuAk; ghjpf;Fk;. ;. vjpu;kiwahd mZFKiw cq;fs; egu;fSf;F Cf;fkpd;ikia Vw;gLj;Jk; NghJ Neu;kiw mZFKiw gzpaplj;jpy; ek;gpf;ifia cUthf;f cjTk;.

Neu;kiw mZFKiwia vg;gb cUthf;FtJ

ey;y nra;jp vd;dntd;why; mZFKiw vd;gJ xU tpUg;gj;Nju;thFk;. vdNt

ek;Kila mZFKiwia Nkk;gLj;JtJ,fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; khw;WtJ> ehk; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;jhy; rhj;jpakhdJ jhd;;! gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Gfs; Neu;kiwkdepiyia Ngzp tsu;f;f cjTk;:

Ÿ cq;fs; mZFKiw cq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jhky;> ePq;fs; cq;fs; mZFKiwia

fl;Lg;gLj;j epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ VNjDk; rpy Neu;kiw tp aq;fisg; ghu;g;gjpy;> Nfl;gjpy; my;yJ gbg;gjpy; jpdKk; ~Fiwe;jgl;rk; 15 epkplq;fs; nrytpLq;fs;;;.

Ÿ Gfhu; kl;LNk nra;Ak; vjpu;kiwahd egu;fisj; jtpu;f;fTk; kw;Wk; cq;fis gw;wp ePq;fNs Gfhu; nra;tij epWj;Jq;fs;;.

Ÿ cq;fs; kdjpypUe;J vjpu;kiwahd nrhw;fis ePf;fTk; kw;Wk; rhjfkhd thu;j;ijfshy; cq;fs; nrhy;yfuhjpia tpupthf;fTk;.

Ÿ cq;fs; kdjpypUe;J vjpu;kiwahd nrhw;fis ePf;Fq;fs;. NkYk;;

rhjfkhdthu;j;ijfshy; cq;fs; nrhy;yfuhjpia tpupthf;Fq;fs;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


13

gyq;fs; gytPdq;fs;

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ rhjid Cf;fj;ij fw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;

Ÿ jtWfs; Vw;gLtJ Fwpj;J gag;gl Ntz;lhk;

Ÿ ePq;fs; njhlq;Ftij Kbf;f cq;fSf;F ePq;fNs gapw;rpaspj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;;.

Ÿ ngupa mstpy; fdT fhZq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fSf;Fs;Sk;> cq;fSila tho;tpYk;> kw;wtu;fsplKk; ey;yJ vd;d ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij ftdpj;J; ed;wpAld; ,Uq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fs; ,yf;Ffis mile;J ePq;fs; ntw;wp ngWtij ePq;fNs fw;gid nra;Aq;fs.;

cq;fSila gyq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fs; vd;d

cqf; is eqP f; Ns MaT; nrat; jwf; hd kwn; whU top Neui; kahf cqf; Sila gyqf; s ; kwW; k ;gytdP qf; is milahsk ; fhZjy.; ,J cqf; Sila gyqf; is eqP f; s ; rpwej; Kiwapy ;rhjfkhf gadg; Ljj; pfn; fhss; kwW; k ; cqf; Sila gytdP qf; is Fiwff; cjTk.;

fNP o ,UfF; k ; neLtupirfspy ; cqf; Sila gyqf; s ; kwW; k ; gytdP qf; s ; midji; jAk ;Fwpff; Tk.; eqP f; Ns cqf; splk ; Neui; kahf ,Uff; NtzL; k ; vdg; ij epidtpy ; nfhsS; qf; s!;;

1.1.4 Neu;ik kw;Wk; gzp newpKiwfs;: Neu;ik vd;why; vd;d

Neu;ik vd;gJ epahakhf kw;Wk; cz;ikahf ,Uf;fpd;w gz;G. mjhtJ ek;gpf;if Vw;gLj;Jk; Kiwapy; NgRjy;> ele;J nfhs;Sjy;. Neu;ikahdtu; vd;W tptupf;fg;gLk; egu; cz;ikahf

kw;Wk; cs;sg;G+u;tkhf,NkYk; tQ;rfj;Jld; my;yJ #o;r;rpfs; nra;gtuhf ,y;;yhky;> ;

jpULgtuhf my;yJ Vkhw;Wgtuhf ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gtu;. Neu;ikapy; ,uz;L gupkhzq;fs;

cs;sd – xd;W jfty;njhlu;gpy; Neu;ik kw;nwhd;W elj;ijapy; Neu;ik.

Neui; k kpfTk ; Kff; pakhd gzG; . Vnddpy>; ,J mikjpia mspff; pwJ. NkYk ; ekg; pfi; f

mbgg; ilapyhd cwTKiwfis cUthfF; fpwJ. Neui; kaww; tuhf ,Ugg; J,kWGwk,; gjll; ji; j Vwg; LjJ; k.; NkYk>; ekg; pfi; faww; kwW; k ; Kuzg; hlhd cwTKiwfSfF; toptFfF; k.;

Neu;ikahd egu;fspd; gz;Gfs;

Neu;ikahd jdpegu;fspy; rpy jdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs; cs;sd. Neu;ikahd egu;fspd; kj;jpapy; ,Uf;Fk; rpy nghJthd gz;Gfs;:

1. kw;wtu;fs; mtu;fisg; gw;wp vd;d rpe;jpf;fpwhu;fs; vd;W ftiyg;gl khl;lhu;fs;. mtu;fs; mtu;fshfNt ,Ug;gjpy; ek;gpf;ifAld; ,Ug;ghu;fs; - mtu;fspd; kNdhghtq;fSf;fhf mtu;fs; kw;wtu;fSf;F tpUg;gkhdtu;fshf my;yJ tpUg;gkw;wtu;fshf ,Ug;gijg; gw;wp ftiyg;gl khl;lhu;fs;.

2. mtu;fspd; ek;gpf;iffspy; epiyahf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. mtu;fspd; fUj;J rpWghd;ikapdUld; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W njupe;J ,Ue;jhYk; $l> mtu;fspd; Neu;ikahd fUj;ij njuptpg;gJ

Fwpj;J jpUk;gj; jpUk;g rpe;jpf;fkhl;lhu;fs;.

3. mtuf; s ; jplkhd cWjp nfhzl; tuf; s.; mjhtJ mtuf; spd ; Neui; kahd fUjJ; ff; Sff; hf kww; tuf; s ; mtuf; is fLikahf juepiygg; LjJ; tjpdhy ; ghjpff; gg; l khll; huf; s.;



14

4. mtu;fs; ek;gpf;ifahd, mu;j;jKs;s kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpakhd ez;gu;fisjq;fSld;

Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;fs;. Neu;ikahd egu;fs;> tof;fkhf Neu;ikahd ez;gu;fSld; ,ize;jpUg;ghu;fs;. mtu;fspd; ez;gu;fs; mtu;fsplk; vg;NghJk; cz;ikahf ntspg;gilahf ,Ug;ghu;fs; vd;fpw ek;gpf;ifAld; ,Ug;ghu;fs;.

5. mtu;fspd; rfhf;fs; mtu;fis ek;Gthu;fs;. cz;ikahd kw;Wk; nray; Nehf;fKs;s fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; MNyhridf;fhfkjpf;fg;gLk;; egu;fspy; xUtuhf ,Ug;ghu;fs;.

njhopy;KidNthu;fspy; Neu;ikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

njhopy;KidNthupd; Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfspy; xd;W Neu;ik. njhopy;KidNthu;

thbf;ifahsu;fs;,gzpahsu;fs; kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fSld; Neu;ikahf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ, mtu;fSld; gzp nra;gtu;fis mtu;fs; kjpf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij fhl;LfpwJ. njhopy;KidNthu; mtu;fSf;F mtu;fNs Neu;ikahf ,Ug;gJk; Kf;fpakhdJ. njhopy;KidNthu; Neu;ikahf ,Ug;gJ kpfg; ngupa ed;ikfSf;F vg;gb toptFf;Fk; vd;gij ehk; ghu;f;fyhk;.

Ÿ Neu;ik kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsu;fs;: njhopy;KidNthu; thbf;ifahsUld; Neu;ikahf

,Uf;Fk;NghJ> ,J cWjpahd cwTKiwfSf;F toptFf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; njhopy;;

tsu;r;rp milfpwJ. NkYk; tYthd thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;Gfs; fpilf;fpwJ.

Ÿ Neu;ik kw;Wk; gzpahsu;fs;: njhopy;KidNthu; mtu;fspd; gzpahsu;fSld;

Neu;ikahd cwTKiwfis cUthf;Fk; NghJ, ,J gzpaplj;jpy; mjpf;

ntspg;gilj;jd;ikf;F toptFf;fpwJJ; mjpf mstpyhd nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; rpwe;j

tpisTfisj; jUfpwJ.

Ÿ Neu;ik kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs;: njhopy;KidNthu;, KjyPl;lhsUld; Neu;ikahf

,Ug;gJ vd;gJ gyq;fis kl;Lk; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tJ vd;W ,y;yhky; xspTkiwtpd;wp

jw;Nghjia kw;Wk; rhj;jpakhd gytPdq;fs;,gpur;rpid gFjpfs; kw;Wk; jPu;T cj;jpfis

ntspg;gLj;Jjy;. KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F mjpf mstpyhd mDgtk; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gij kdjpy; nfhs;sTk;. NkYk; midj;J Gjpa epWtdq;fspYk; gpur;rpidfs; ,Uf;Fk; vd;W njupe;J nfhs;sTk;. midj;Jk; ed;whf ,Uf;fpwJ> kpfTk; rupahf midj;Jk; ,aq;Ffpd;wd vd;W $WtJ ngUk;ghyhd KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F vr;rupf;if mwpFwp.

Ÿ jdf;Fj; jhNd Neu;ikahf ,Ug;gJ: Fwpg;ghf njhopy;KidNthu;fis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy;> jdf;Fj; jhNd xUtu; Neu;ik ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gJ Nkhrkhd KbTfis Vw;gLj;jyhk;.vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; mtu;fspd; #o;epiy Fwpj;J ajhu;j;jkhf ,Ug;gJk;> mtu;fspd; epWtdj;jpd; xt;nthU mk;rKk; mJ cz;ikapNyNa vd;dntd;W Jy;ypakhff; fzpg;gJk; njhopy;KidNthu; ntw;wp ngWtjw;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

gzp newpKiwfs; vd;why; vd;d

gzpaplj;jpy; newpKiwfSld; ,Ug;gJ vd;why; cq;fSila KbTfs; kw;Wk; jfty;

njhlu;Gfs; midj;jpYk; Neu;ik, xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; kupahij Nghd;w kjpg;Gfis

ntspg;gLj;Jjy;. ,J ngha; nrhy;Yjy;, Vkhw;Wjy; kw;Wk; jpULjy; Nghd;w vjpu;kiwahd gz;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jhky; ,Ug;gJ vd;W mu;j;jk;.

gzpapl newpKiwfs>; epWtdjj; pd ; ,yhgjj; py ; ngupa gqF; tfpff; p dw; d. caue; j; mstpyhd xOqF; zuT; kwW; k ; $lL; Kawr; pAld ; ,Ugg; J epWtdjj; pwF; Kff; pakhdJ. mjdhyj; hd>; ngUkg; hyhd epWtdqf; s ; mtuf; spd ; gzpahsuf; shy ; gpdg; ww; gg; l Ntzb; a Fwpgg; pll; gzpapl newpKiw fSff; hd topfhlL; jyf; is epiygg; LjJ; fpwhuf; s.; ,ej; topfhlL; jyf; s ; nghJthf epWtdjj; pd ; gzpahsuf; spd ; ifNalb; y ; Fwpgg; plgg; lb; Uff; pdw; d.

cWjpahd gzp newpKiwfspd; $Wfs;

njhopy;KidNthu; cWjpahd gzp newpKiwfis ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;, NkYk;

gzpaplj;jpy; mNj mstpyhd gzp newpKiwfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; ek;gpf;ifAld;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


15

,Uf;Fk; me;j jdpegu;fis kl;LNk gzpapy; mku;j;j Ntz;Lk;. cWjpahd gzp newpKiwfspd; rpy $Wfs;:

Ÿ epGzj;Jtk;: ngUepWtd mikg;gpy; cq;fis ePq;fNs vg;gb Kd;itj;Jf; nfhs;fpwPu;fs; vd;gjpypUe;J gzpaplj;jpy; ePq;fs; vg;gb kw;wtu;fis elj;JfpwPu;fs; vd;gJ tiuapy; ,jpy; midj;Jk; mlq;Fk;.

Ÿ kjpg;gspf;Fk; jd;ik: mjhtJ #o;epiy vt;tsT mOj;jkhf my;yJ ntbf;ff;$ba mstpy; ,Ue;jhYk; nghUl;gLj;jhky; rkepiyapy; rhku;j;jpakhf ,Ug;gJ.

Ÿ rhu;e;jpUf;Fk; jd;ik: mjhtJ $l;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhs;s rupahd Neuj;jpy; tUtjhf

,Ue;jhYk; my;yJ Fwpj;j Neuj;jpy; gzpia toq;Ftjhf ,Ue;jhYk;, vg;NghJNk cq;fs; thu;j;ijfspd; gb ele;J nfhs;jy;.

Ÿ mu;g;gzpg;G: mjhtJ epakpf;fg;gl;l gzp epiwtilAk; tiuapy; ntspNaWtjw;F

kWg;gJ, NkYk; rhj;jpakhd tiuapy; kpfTk; rpwe;j mstpy; gzpia epiwT nra;jy;.

Ÿ cWjpg;ghL: mjhtJ jilfs; cq;fis epWj;Jtjw;F khwhf mtw;iw rthyhf

vLj;Jf;nfhz;L, tpUg;gkhd KbTfis miltjw;F> xU Nehf;fj;JlDk;

gpur;ridfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; jpwDlDk;; nray;gLjy;

Ÿ nghWg;G: mjhtJ cq;fs; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; cq;fs; eltbf;iffspd;

tpisTfSf;fhf nghWg;Gzu;Tld; ,Ug;gJ. NkYk; cq;fs; jtWfSf;fhf

rhf;FNghf;Ffs; nrhy;yhky; ,Ug;gJ.

Ÿ gzpTilik: mjhtJ midtupd; Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; fbd ciog;ig

xg;Gf;nfhs;jy;.NkYk;> rhjidfSf;fhd ed;kjpg;ig gfpu;e;J nfhs;jy;.

ey;y gzp newpKiwfis vg;gb Ngzp tsu;g;gJ

njhopy;KidNthuhf, gzpaplj;jpy; xt;nthU FO cWg;gpduplkpUe;J ePq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk;

elj;ijiag; gw;wp njspthf ePq;fs; tiuaWg;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ. gzpahsu;fs; ,itfs; Nghd;w Neu;kiwahd gzp newpKiwfis ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;W ePq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fpwPu;fs; vd;gij ePq;fs; njspTg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;:

Ÿ Neu;ik: tQ;rfk; my;yJ ngha; ,y;yhky;, xUtUf;F xJf;fg;gLk; midj;J gzpfSk;

KOikahd Neu;ikAld; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ rpwe;j mZFKiw: midj;J FO cWg;gpdu;fSk; ek;gpf;ifAlDk; Mw;wy; kw;Wk;Mf;fG+u;t czu;TlDk;; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ ek;gfj;jd;ik: gzpahsu;fs; mtu;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy;, vg;NghJ ,Uf;f Ntz;LNkh mg;NghJ ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ rpwej; gzp goff; qf; s:; gzpahsuf; s ; vgN; ghJk ; Neuj; j; pahfjqf; is ruP hf itjJ; ,Uff;

NtzL; k,; nghUjj; kww; nkhopia xU NghJk ; gadg; Ljj; f$; lhJ, vyy; h Neuqf; spYk ;

mtuf; is mtuf; Ns njhopyK; iwapy ; eljj; pfn; fhss; NtzL; k,; Nghdw; it.

Ÿ Kidg;G: Fiwe;jgl;rkhf nra;tJ NghjhJ. xt;nthU FO cWg;gpdUk; capu;g;ghf Kidg;ig ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. - negotiable.

Ÿ ek;gfj;jd;ik: ek;gpf;if Ngr;Rthu;j;ijf;Fl;gl;lJ my;y. gzpahsiu ek;g

Kbatpy;iy vd;why;, me;j gzpahsiu ntspNaw mDkjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ kupahij: gzpahsu;fs; epWtdk;, rl;lk;, mtu;fspd; gzp, mtu;fspd; rf gzpahsu;fs;

kw;Wk; mtu;fis mtu;fNs kjpf;f Ntz;Lk;.



16

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ ahuhtJ cq;fsplk; cz;ikiaAk;; ePq;fs; Nfl;f tpUk;ghjij nrhd;dhy; Nfhgg;gl Ntz;lhk;.

Ÿ vg;NghJNk cq;fSila jtWfSf;fhf nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj; jahuhf ,Uq;fs;.

Ÿ ehzak;: xt;nthU FO cWg;gpdUk; KOiahd newpKiwfSld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; NkYk; Nkd;ikahd elj;ijia vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ jpwd;: jpwikapy;yhj gzpahsu;fs; Neuk; kw;Wk; tsq;fis tPzhf;Fk; NghJ jpwikahd gzpahsu;fs; epWtdk; tsu;r;rpaila cjTthu;fs;.

1.1.5 Mf;fj;jpwd; kw;Wk; GJik: Mf;fj;jpwd; vd;why; vd;d

Mf;fj;jpwd; vd;why; tpj;jpahrkhf rpe;jpj;jy;. mjhtJ tp\aq;fis Gjpa topfspy;

my;yJ gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; ghu;j;J, gpd;du; ,e;j fUj;Jf;fis vy;yhk; cz;ikahf khw;Wjy;. Mf;fj;jpwdpy; ,uz;L gFjpfs; cs;sd: rpe;jpj;jy; kw;Wk; cw;;gj;jp nra;jy;. ntWk; fUj;Jf;fis kl;Lkitj;Jf;nfhs;;Sjy;cq;fis fw;gid jpwDilatuhf

nra;fpwJ, Mf;fj;jpwd;; my;y. vdpDk;> Nahrid nra;J mjd;gb ele;J nfhs;Sjy; cq;fis Mf;fj;jpwDilauhf nra;fpwJ.

cau;e;j mstpy; Mf;fj;jpwDld; ,Uf;Fk; egu;fspd; gz;Gfs;

Mf;fj;jpwDs;s egu;fspd; rpy gz;Gfs;:

Ÿ mtu;fs; fw;gidj;jpwDilatu;fs; kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lj;jdkhdtu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; gpur;rpidfis gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; ghu;g;ghu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; rpwpa tptuq;fis ftdpg;ghu;fs;

Ÿ mYj;Jf; nfhs;tij mtu;fs; rfpj;Jf; nfhs;s khl;lhu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; tpjpfs; kw;Wk; tof;fq;fis ntWg;ghu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; gfy;fdT fhZtij tpUk;Gthu;fs

Ÿ ;mtu;fs; kpfTk; Mu;tkhf ,Ug;ghu;fs;

GJik vd;why; vd;d

GJikf;F gy;NtW tiuaiwfs; cs;sd. vspa nrhw;fspy; nrhy;tnjd;why;, GJik

vd;gJ; kjpg;G Nru;;f;ff;$ba Nahridia jPu;thf khw;Wjy;. Gjpa jahupg;G, Nrit my;yJ

nray;Kiw nray;gLj;Jjy; my;yJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpy; jw;Nghija jahupg;G,Nrit my;yJ nray;Kiwia Nkk;gLj;Jtjpd; %yk; kjpg;G Nru;g;gJ vd;w nghUspYk; ,jid vLj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

cau;e;j mstpy; GJikahf ,Uf;Fk; egu;fspd; gz;Gfs;

GJikahd egu;fspd; rpy gz;Gfs;:

Ÿ mtu;fs; tp\aq;fis tpj;jpahrkhf nra;tij ghuhl;Lthu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fSf;F FWf;F topfspy; ek;gpf;if ,Uf;fhJ

Ÿ mtu;fs; tof;fj;jpw;F khwhf ,Ug;gJ Fwpj;J gag;gl khl;lhu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; cau;e;j mstpy; capu;g;ghf epiyahf ,Ug;ghu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; Vw;ghLfSld;, vr;rupf;ifahf ,Ug;ghu;fs; kw;Wk; Mgj;Jfis ntWg;ghu;fs;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


17

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ cq;fSila Mf;fj;jpwdhd gzpfspypUe;J tof;fkhf ,ilntspfs; vLj;J Gjpa fz;Nzhl;lj;ijg; ngWtjw;F cq;fis ePq;fs; uPrhu;[; nra;J nfhs;Sq;fs

Ÿ mbf;fb Kd;khjpupfs; jahu; nra;J, mtw;iw Nrhjpj;J ;,NkYk; Njitahdkhw;wq;fs;

nra;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;.

Neu Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ cq;fs; Neuj;ij epu;tfpf;Fk;nray;Kiw. NkYk; gy;NtW eltbf;iffSf;F ,ilNa cq;fs; Neuj;ij vg;gb xJf;FtJ vd;W KbT nra;jy;. rpwe;j Neu Nkyhz;ik vd;gJ jpwk;gl gzp nra;tjw;Fk; (Fiwthd Neuj;jpy; mjpf mstpy; nra;jy;) fbdkhf gzp nra;tjw;Fk;; (mjpfk; nra;tjw;fhf mjpf Neuk; gzpnra;jy;) ,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrk;.

,Wf;fkhd fhyf;nfLf;fs; kw;Wk; mOj;jkhd #o;epiyfis ePq;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;

NghjpYk; $l, jpwikahd Neu Nkyhz;ik jpwikahd gzp KbTfSf;F toptFf;Fk;.

kWGwk;, cq;fs; Neuj;ij jpwk;gl epu;tfpf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ jpwikaw;w tpisTfis

Vw;gLj;Jk;. NkYk; mOj;jk; kw;Wk; ftiyia mjpfupf;Fk;.

Neu Nkyhz;ikapd; ed;ikfs;

Neu Nkyhz;ik ,J Nghd;w ngupa ed;ikfSf;F toptFf;Fk;:

Ÿ mjpf mstpyhd cw;gj;jp

Ÿ rpwe;j njhopy;Kiw ew;ngau

Ÿ njhopy;Kiw Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd mjpf tha;g;Gfs;

Ÿ cau;e;j mstpyhd jpwd;

Ÿ Fiwthd mOj;jk

Ÿ ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F mjpf tha;g;Gfs;

Neuj;ij jpwk;gl epu;tfpf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ ,J Nghd;w tpUg;gkw;w tpisTfis Vw;gLj;jyhk;:

Ÿ fhyf;nfLfisj; jtwtpLjy;

Ÿ juf;Fiwthd gzpj; juk

Ÿ epWj;jg;gl;l njhopy;Kiw tho;f;if

Ÿ jpwdw;w gzp tpisTfs;

Ÿ Nkhrkhd njhopy;Kiw ew;ngau

Ÿ kd mOj;jk; kw;Wk; ftiy mjpfupj;jy;

Neuj;ij jpwk;gl epu;tfpf;Fk; Nkyhsu;fspd; gz;Gfs;

Neuj;ij jpwk;gl epu;tfpf;Fk; Nkyhsu;fspd; rpy gz;Gfs;:

Ÿ mtu;fs; jpl;lq;fis rPf;fpuj;jpNyNa njhlq;Fthu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; jpdrup Nehf;fq;fs; mikg;ghu;fs

Ÿ mtu;fs; rpwe;j KbTfSf;fhf, Njitg;gl;lhy; jpl;lq;fis khw;Wthu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; nefpo;Tjd;ikAld; ntspg;gilahf ,Ug;ghu;fs

Ÿ mtu;fspd; cjtp Njit vd;why; egu;fsplk; Kd;djhfNt njuptpg;ghu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fSf;F vg;gb ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;W njupAk;.

Ÿ mtu;fs; gzpfis Fwpg;gpl;l fhyf;nfLfSld; gpupg;ghu;fs;

1.1.6 Neu Nkyhz;ik: Neu Nkyhz;ik vd;why; vd;d



18

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ vg;NghJNk kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd gzpfis Kjypy; epiwT nra;Aq;fs;.

Ÿ jpdKk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; 7 – 8 kzpNeuk; Jhq;Fq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fs; ehis Kd;djhfNt njhlq;Fq;fs;.

Ÿ rpwpa, Kf;fpakw;w tptuq;fspy; mjpf Neuk; tPzhf;f Ntz;lhk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xt;nthU gzpf;Fk; Neu tuk;ig tFj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

Ÿ gzpfSf;F ,ilNa cq;fSf;F ePq;fNs nfhQ;rk; Xa;T nfhLq;fs.;

Ÿ mtu;fs; njhlu;e;J ePz;l fhy ,yf;Ffs; Ma;T nra;thu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; Njitg;gl;lhy; khw;W jPu;Tfis Nahrpg;ghu;fs;

Ÿ mtu;fs; Njitg;gLk; NghJ cjtp Nfl;ghu;fs

Ÿ mtu;fs; fhg;G jpl;lq;fs; cUthf;Fthu;fs;

jpwikahd Neu Nkyhz;ik El;gq;fs;

Fwpg;gpl;l Neu Nkyhz;ik El;gq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpd; %yk; ePq;fs; cq;fs; Neuj;ij rpwg;ghf epu;tfpf;fyhk;. rpy gaDs;s Fwpg;Gfs;:

Ÿ md;iwa ehSf;fhd gzpffSf;fhfTk;> mj;Jld; ePq;fs; re;jpf;ff;$ba FWf;fPLfSf;fhfTk; jpl;lkpLq;fs;. cq;fSila Neu jpl;lj;ij fz;lwpa cq;fSf;F ePq;fNs Fiwe;jgl;rk; 30 epkplq;fs; xJf;Fq;fs;;. cq;fs;

jpl;lj;jpy;,FWf;fPLfSf;fhf nfhQ;r Neuj;ij jpl;lkpLq;fs;.

Ÿ Fwpg;gpl;l mstpyhd gzpfis ePq;fs; epr;rakhf epiwT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W

,Uf;Fk;NghJ> “njhe;juT nra;a Ntz;lhk;” vd;fpw Fwpia itf;fTk;.

Ÿ cq;fs; kjpy; ftdr; rpjwy; ,y;yhky; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. xypf;fpd;w njhiyNgrpfisg; Gwf;fzpf;f cq;fSf;F ePq;fNs

gapw;rpaspAq;fs;;,mul;ilnra;jpfSf;F gjpyspf;f Ntz;lhk;. NkYk;> r%f Clf

jsq;fspypUe;J ,izg;ig Jz;bf;fTk;.

Ÿ cq;fs; gzpfisgfpu;e;J nfhLq;fs;. ,J cq;fs; gzpfis tpiuthf Kbg;gjw;F

cjTtJ kl;Lky;yhky;,cq;fis Rw;wp ,Ug;gtu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l jpwd;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; cjTk;;.

Ÿ js;spg;NghLtij epWj;jTk;. Njhy;tpf;fhd gak; my;yJ tp\aq;fis ePq;fs;

tpUk;gpathW Kiwahf nra;a KbahJ vd;fpw ek;gpf;ifapd; fhuzj;jhy; jhd; js;spg;NghLjy; nghJthf Vw;gLfpwJ vd;gij cq;fSf;F ePq;fNs epidTg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;;.

Ÿ Kd;Dupikg;gLj;Jq;fs;. mjDila mtruk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; tupirapy; epiwT nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba gzpfisg; gl;bayplTk;. gpd;du;> xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf

xt;nthU gzpiaAk; epiwT nra;tjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.

Ÿ cq;fs; gzp eltbf;iffspd; gjpit guhkupf;fTk;. ePq;fs; vt;tsT jpwk;gl ,Uf;fpwPu;fs;kw;Wk; jpdKk; vt;tsT Neuk; tPzhfpwJ vd;gij ePq;fs; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTtjw;F gjpit Ma;T nra;Aq;fs;.

Ÿ Neuk; tpuakhFtij Fiwg;gjw;F Neu Nkyhz;ik ,yf;Ffs; cUthf;Fq;fs

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


19

1.1.7 Nfhg fl;Lg;ghL: Nfhg fl;Lg;ghL vd;why; vd;d

Nfhg fl;Lg;ghl;bd; nray;Kiw:

1. ; ePq;fs; my;yJ NtW ahuhtJ Nfhgkilfpwhu; vd;gij fz;lwptjw;F fw;Wf;nfhs;jy;

2. rhjfkhd topapy; #o;epiyia mikjpahf;Ftjw;F rpwe;j eltbf;if vLg;gJ

Nfhg fl;Lg;ghL vd;gJ Nfhgj;ij mlf;Fjy; vd;W mu;j;jk; my;y.

Nfhg fl;Lg;ghl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

Nfhgk; vd;gJ rupahd rhjhuzkhd kdpj czu;T. cz;ikapy;, rupahd topapy;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ, Nfhgk; MNuhf;fpakhd czu;thff; fUjg;glyhk;. vdpDk;, ,ij

Nrhjid nra;atpy;iy vd;why;, Nfhgk; ek;ik KiwNflhf nray;gl nra;ayhk.; NkYk;>

ehk; mNefkhf gpd;du; tUj;jg;gLk; gbahd tp aq;fis NgRtjw;F my;yJ nra;tjw;F rtoptFf;fyhk;. mjpf mstpyhd Nfhgk;:

Ÿ cq;fis cly;uPjpahf fhag;gLj;Jk;: ,J ,ja Neha;, ePupopT, gytPdkhd Neha;

vjpu;g;G mikg;G, Jhf;fkpd;ik, kw;Wk; cau; ,uj;j mOj;jj;jpw;F toptFf;Fk;.

Ÿ cq;fis kduPjpahf fhag;gLj;Jk;: ,J cq;fs; rpe;jidia %b NkYk; kd mOj;jk;, kdr;Nrhu;T kw;Wk; kdey Rfhjhu gpur;rpidfSf;F toptFf;fyhk;

Ÿ cq;fSila njhopy;Kiw thof;ifia fhag;gLj;Jk;: ,J cq;fSila rf

gzpahsu;fs;, Kjyhspfs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsu;fis me;epag;gLj;jyhk; NkYk;

kupahij ,og;G Vw;gLk;.

Ÿ cq;fSila cwTKiwia fhag;gLj;Jk;: cq;fis ek;Gtjw;F, cq;fsplk;

Neu;ikahf ,Uf;f kw;Wk; cq;fsplk; nrsfupakhf czu;Tld; ,Uf;f cq;fspd; FLk;gj;jpdu; kw;Wk; ez;gufSf;F fbdkhd czu;T Vw;gLj;Jk;.

mjdhy; jhd; Nfhg fl;Lg;ghL, my;yJ rupahf Nfhgj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ, kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhdJ.

Nfhg fl;Lg;ghl;L cj;jpfs;

,q;Nf cq;fs; Nfhgj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpy cj;jpfs;:

cj;jp 1: Xa;ntLj;jy;

kpfTk; vspjhf Mokhf %r;RtpLjy; kw;Wk; MRthrg;gLj;Jk; glq;fisg; ghu;g;J Nfhg czu;Tfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; kpfTk; mw;Gjkhf Ntiy nra;fpwJ. ,e;j vspa %r;R gapw;rpia Kaw;rpf;fTk;:

1. cq;fspd; cjutpjhdj;jpypUe;J Mokhf %r;RtplTk; (cq;fs; khu;gpypUe;J %r;R tpl Ntz;lhk;)

2. cq;fSila tapw;wpypUe;J %r;R tUtij fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;

3. 'Xa;ntLf;fTk;" my;yJ 'vspjhf vLj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;' vd;fpw mikjpg;gLj;Jk; thuj;ijfis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nrhy;yTk;. (thu;j;ijfis kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nrhy;Yk; NghJ Mokhf %r;RtpLtij epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;)

4. MRthrg;gLk; jUzj;ij glkhf;fTk; (,J cq;fSila epidthw;wy; my;yJ cq;fSila fw;gidahf ,Uf;fyhk;)

,e;j Xa;ntLf;Fk; El;gj;ij jpdKk; gpd;gw;wTk;, Fwpg;ghf cq;fSf;F Nfhg czu;T

Vw;gLfpwJ vd;W ePq;fs; czUk; NghJ.

cj;jp 2: mwpthw;wyk; kWrPuikg;G

mwpthw;wy; kWrPuikg;G vd;why; ePq;fs; rpe;jpf;Fk; Kiwia khw;Wjy; vd;W mu;j;jk;. Nfhgk;

cq;fis rgpf;f nra;a, cWjp vLf;f, ngupJgLj;j kw;Wk; tpaf;Fk; mstpy; ele;J nfhs;s

nra;ayhk;. ,J Vw;gLk; NghJ, cq;fSila Nfhgkhd vz;zq;fis kpfTk; fhuzf;



Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ tpNuhjk; itj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F gjpyhf, cq;fSf;F Nfhgk; Vw;gLj;Jgtu;fis

kd;dpf;f Kaw;rpf;fTk;.

Ÿ fpz;ly; nra;J Jhf;fp vwpe;J mtkhdg;gLj;Jtij jtpu;f;fTk;. khwhf, mikjpahf

Kjpu;r;;rpahd Kiwapy; cq;fSila tpuf;jpf;fhd fhuzj;ij tpsf;f Kaw;rpf;fTk;.

Nfhg fl;Lg;ghl;bw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs;

gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Gfs; cq;fs; Nfhgj;ij fl;Lg;ghl;by; itf;f cjTk;:

Ÿ Nfhgjj; py ; NgRtjwF; Kdd; u ; cqf; s ; vzz; qf; is Nrfupff; nfhQr; Neuk ; vLjJ; fn; fhss; Tk.;

Ÿ ePq;fs; mikjpahdTld; vjpu;g;G my;yhj Kiwapy;, cq;fSila Nfhgj;jpw;fhd

fhuzj;ij cWjpahd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;jTk;.

Ÿ Nfhgk; tUfpwJ vd;W ePq;fs; czu;e;jTld; RWRWg;ghf XLjy; my;yJ eilgapw;rp nra;jy; Nghd;w rpy tifahd cly;uPjpahd clw;gapw;rpfis nra;aTk;.

Ÿ cq;fSila jpdrup tof;fj;jpy; FWfpa ,ilntspfs; vLf;fTk;, Fwpg;ghf kpfTk; kd mOj;jkhd ehl;fspy;.

Ÿ cz;ikapy; ftdk; nrYj;Jtjw;F khwhf, cq;fSf;F Nfhgk; Vw;gLj;Jk;

gpur;rpidf;F vg;gb jPu;T fhZtJ vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.

20

fhupaj; njhlu;Gila vz;zq;fSld; khw;Wtjw;F cq;fis ePq;fNs fl;lhag;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;sTk;. cjhuzkhf, 'midj;Jk; ghohfptpl;lJ' vd;W rpe;jpg;gjw;F gjpyhf cq; s; f

kdepiyia khw;wp ',J|| cyfj;jpd; KbT my;y NfhgkiltJ ,jw;F 'jPu;T fhJ|| Mvd;W cq;fsplk; ePq;fNs nrhy;Yq;fs;.

cj;jp 3: gpur;rpidf;F jPu;T fhZjy;

cq;fshy; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahj gpur;rpid gw;wp NfhgkiltJ rupahf ,aw;ifahd gjpy;

czu;T. rpy Neuq;fspy;, ePq;fs; vt;tsT Kaw;rp nra;jhYk;, ePq;fs; vjpu; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

rpukj;jpw;F jPu;T ,y;yhky; ,Uf;Fk;. mj;jifa re;ju;g;gq;fspy;, gpur;rpidf;F jPu;T

fhZtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jhky; khwhf gpur;rpidia ifahStjpy; vjpu;nfhs;tjpy; ftdk;

nrYj;jTk;. cq;fshy; Kbe;j tiuapy; rpwg;ghf ifahStPu;fs;, Mdhy; ePq;fs; tpUk;Gk;

jPu;T fpilf;ftpy;iy vd;why; cq;fis ePq;fNs gop nrhy;y khl;Bu;fs; vd;W cq;fSf;F ePq;fNs epidTg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

cj;jp 4: rpwe;j jfty; njhlu;G

ePq;fs; Nfhgkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ, Jy;ypakw;w KbTfs; vLg;gJ kpfTk; vspjhdJ. ,e;j

re;ju;g;gj;jpy;, ePq;fs; gjpyspg;gij epWj;j Ntz;Lk;, NkYk; ePq;fs; nrhy;y Ntz;baJ gw;wp

nrhy;Ytjw;F Kd;du; rpe;jpf;fTk;. cq;fs; %isapy; tUk; Kjy; tp\aj;ij nrhy;Ytij j; jtpu;f;fTk;. kw;wtu;fs; vd;d nrhy;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij ePq;fs; ftdkhf Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. gjpyspg;gjw;F Kd;du; ciuahly; gw;wp rpe;jpf;fTk;.

cj;jp 5: cq;fs; #o;epiyia khw;Wjy;

cq;fs; #o;epiy cq;fSf;F Nfhgk; Vw;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jhy;, Kaw;rp nra;J cq;fs;

#oypy; ,Ue;J ,ilntsp vLf;fTk;. cq;fSf;F ePq;fNs jdpg;gl;l Neuk; xJf;fp

nfhs;sTk;, Fwpg;ghf kpfTk; gugug;ghd kd mOj;jkhd ehl;fspy;. mikjpahf my;yJ

nfhQ;r Neuk; jdpahf ,Ug;gJ ePq;fs; mikjpailtjw;F epr;rak; cjTk;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


21

1.1.8 kd mOj;jj;jpd; fl;Lg;ghL: kd mOj;jk; vd;why; vd;d

ehk; RikAld; ek; Nky; Vw;wg;gl;Ls;s Rikia ifahs KbAkh vd;W njupahky; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ehk; 'kd mOj;jj;jpy;' ,Ug;gjhf nrhy;fpNwhk;. ek;Kila eyid mr;RWj;Jk; my;yJ rthypLk; vijAk; ehk; kd mOj;jk; vd;W tiuaWf;fyhk;. kd mOj;jk; ey;yjhf my;yJ Nkhrkhdjhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;gij ftdpg;gJ Kf;fpakhdJ. ey;y kd mOj;jk;

ek;ik ,af;Fk; NghJ, vjpu;kiwahd kd mOj;jk; ek;Kila kdk; kw;Wk; cly;

MNuhf;fpaj;ij Fiwf;fpwJ.

kd mOj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

kd mOj;jk; cl;Gw kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw fhuzpfshy; Vw;glyhk;

kd mOj;jj;jpd; cl;Gw fhuzq;fs;

Ÿ epue;jukhd ftiy

Ÿ ,Wf;fkhd rpe;jid

Ÿ rhj;jpakpy;yh vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs;

Ÿ mtek;gpf;if jd;ik

Ÿ vjpu;kiwahd Ra-Ngr;R

Ÿ midj;Jk; cs;s my;yJ midj;Jk; ,y;yhj mZFKiw

kd mOj;jj;jpd; ntspg;Gw fhuzq;fs;

Ÿ ngupa mstpyhd tho;f;if khw;wq;fs;

Ÿ cwTKiwfspy; rpukq;fs

Ÿ mjpf mstpy; nra;a Ntz;ba fl;lhak;

Ÿ gzpapy; my;yJ gs;spapy; rpukq;fs;

Ÿ epjp njhlu;ghd rpukq;fs;

Ÿ Foe;ijfs;/my;yJ FLk;gk; gw;wpa ftiy

kd mOj;jj;jpd; mwpFwpfs;

kd mOj;jk; mJthfNt gy tpjq;fspy; ntspg;glyhk;. kd mOj;jj;jpd; mwpthw;wy;,

czu;r;rp, cly;uPjpahd kw;Wk; elj;ij mwpFwpfisg; ghu;f;fTk;.

mwpthw;wy; mwpFwpfs; czu;r;rp mwpFwpfs;

Ÿ epidthw;wy; gpur;rpidfs;

Ÿ ftdk; nrYj;Jtjpy; gpur;rpidfs;

Ÿ jPu;khdpg;gjpy; FiwghL

Ÿ mtek;gpf;ifjd;ik

Ÿ gjl;lk;

Ÿ epue;jukhd ftiy

Ÿ kdr;Nrhu;T

Ÿ Nghuhl;lk;

Ÿ vupr;ryiljy;

Ÿ jdpik

Ÿ gjl;lk;

Ÿ Nfhgk;



Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ eqP f; s ; kd mOjj; jJ; ld ; ,UfF; k ; NghjpYk ; $l rpupff; cqf; is eqP f; s ; fll; hagg; Ljj; pf ;nfhsS; qf; s.; rpupgg; J> ekfF; jsut; hd kfpor; r; pahd czui; t mspff; pwJ.

Ÿ ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu; Nghd;W Nahrpg;gJ kw;Wk; czu;tij epWj;jTk;. cq;fSila mZFKiwia khw;wp capu;g;ghf ,Ug;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.

22

cly;uPjpahd mwpFwpfs; elj;ij mwpFwpfs;

Ÿ NehT kw;Wk; typ

Ÿ tapw;Wg;Nghf;F my;yJ kyr;rpf;fy;

Ÿ Fkl;ly;

Ÿ kaf;f czu;T

Ÿ neQ;R typ kw ;Wk ;/my;yJ Ntfkhd ,ja Jbg;G

Ÿ neQ;R typ kw ;Wk ;/my;yJ Ntfkhd ,ja Jbg;G

Ÿ mbf;fb rsp my;yJ [_uk; Nghd;w czu;Tfs;

Ÿ grp mjpfupj;jy; my;yJ Fiwjy;

Ÿ mjpf Jhf;fk; my;yJ NghJkhd msT Jhf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ

Ÿ R%fj;jpypUe;J tpyfp ,Ug;gJ

Ÿ ngWg;Gfisg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;

Ÿ kJ my;yJ rpfnul; vLj;Jf;nfhs;jy;

Ÿ efk; fbj;jy;, Ntff;fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w gjl;lkhd gof;fq;fs;

kd mOj;jj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs;

gpd;tUk; Fwpg;Gfs; cq;fs; kd mOj;jj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjpy; rpwg;ghf cjtyhk;:

Ÿ cq;fs; kd mOj;jj;jpd; gy;NtW ePq;fs; ifahsf;$ba gy;NtW %y fhuzq;fis topfis Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ cq;fshy; midj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;, Mdhy;

ePq;fs; vg;gb gjpyspf;fpwPu;fs; vd;gij fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.

Ÿ Nfhgj;Jld;, jw;fhg;G czu;Tld; my;yJ capu;g;gw;w Kiwapy; vjpu;nfhs;tjw;F

khwhf cq;fSila czu;Tfs;, fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffis tpthjpf;fTk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; kd mOj;jkhf czUk; NghJ jpahdk;, Nahfh my;yJ lha; r;rp Nghd;w

Xa;ntLf;Fk; El;gq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;jTk;

Ÿ clw;gapw;rp nra;tjpy; cq;fSila ehspd; gFjpia mu;g;gzpAq;fs;

Ÿ goq;fs;, fha;fwpfs; Nghd;w MNuhf;fpakhd czTfis rhg;gplTk;. Fwpg;ghf ru;f;fiu

mjpf mstpy; epiwe;jpUf;Fk; MNuhf;fpakw;w czTfisj; jtpu;f;fTk;

Ÿ cq;fSila ehis jpl;lkplTk; vdNt ePq;fs; Fiwthd kd mOj;jj;Jld;, cq;fs;

Neuj;ij rpwg;ghf epu;tfpf;fyhk;.

Ÿ Njitg;gLk; NghJ kf;fs; kw;Wk; tp\aq;fSf;F ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;Yq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fSila nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; Mu;tq;fis njhlUtjw;F Neuj;ij jpl;lkpLq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fSf;F Fiwe;jgl;rk; 7 - 8 kzpNeuk; Jhf;fk; fpilg;gij cWjp nra;aTk;

Ÿ ePq;fs; fh/gp; vLj;Jf;nfhs;tij Fiwf;fTk;

Ÿ FLk;gk; kw;Wk; ez;gu;fSld; nrytpLk; Neuj;ij mjpfupf;fTk;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


23

khdplu

kT];

fPNghu;b

MwÊwy;

nghjÊjhiz

vkÑfr 1.2.1 fPNghu;bd; ghfq;fs;

,e;j ghlj;jpd; Kbtpy;> ePq;fs; ,tw;iw nra;a KbAk;;:


1. fzpdpapd; mbg;gil ghfq;fis fz;lwpjy;

2. fPNghu;bd; mbg;gil ghfq;fis fz;lwpjy;

3. mbg;gil fzpdp nrhw;fis epidTgLj;Jjy;

4. mbg;gil fzpdp fPf;fspd; nray;ghl;il epidTgLj;Jjy;

5. MS Office -,d; Kf;fpa gad;ghLfis tpthjpj;jy;

6. Microsoft Outlook-,d; gad;fis tpthjpj;jy;

7. <-fhku;];-,d; ntt;NtW tiffis tpthjpj;jy;

8. tu;j;jfu;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fhd <-fhku;]; gyd;fis gl;baypLjy;

9. b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah gpur;rhuk; vt;thW ,e;jpahtpd; <-fhku;];-I Cf;Ftpf;f cjTk; vd;W tpthjpj;jy

10. ePq;fs; vt;thW xU <-fhku;]; jsj;jpy; xU g;uhlf;il tpw;gPu;fs; my;yJ Nrit GuptPu;fs; vd;W tpsf;Fjy;

gpuptpd; 1.2. b[pl;ly; ,yf;fpak;: xU kWghu;it

1.2.1 fzpdp kw;Wk; ,d;lu;nel; mbg;gilfs;:

Ÿ nrd;l;uy; g;uhr]pq; A+dpl; (rpgpA): ,J fzpdpapd; %isahFk;. ,J g;Nuhf;uhk; mwpTWj;jy;fis nkhopngau;j;J nray;gLj;Jk;.

Ÿ `hu;l; l;iut;: mjpf msT juTfis Nrkpf;ff;$ba xU rhjdk;.

Ÿ khdplu;: jfty;fis ghu;itf;F ntspg;gLj;Jk; fzpdp jpiu nfhz;l xU rhjdk;.

Ÿ kT]:; khdpll; upy ; nghUlf; is FwpapLtjwf; hf gadg; Ljj; gg; Lk ; xU ifahy ; ,aff; f$; ba rhjdk.;

Ÿ gpupz;lu;: fzpdpapy; ,Ue;J tUk; ntspg;ghLfis mr;rplg;gl;l fhfpj Mtzq;fshf khw;wf;$ba xU rhjdk;.

fPNghu;bd; mbg;gil ghfq;fsNfg;];

\rpg;l; ];Ng]; vd;lu; VNuh fP];

ghf;];Ng];

vkÑfr 1.2.2 fPNghu;bd; ghfq;fs;



24

Ÿ MNuh fP]; : cq;fs; fu;riu efu;j;Jtjw;F ,e;j fPf;fis mOj;jTk;.

Ÿ ];Ng]; ghu; : xU ];Ngi] Nru;f;Fk;.

Ÿ vd;lu; /upl;lu;d; : cq;fs; fu;riu xU Gjpa tupf;F efu;j;Jk;.

Ÿ rpg;l;: cq;fSf;F xU fPapd; Nky;Fwp Ntz;Lnkd;whNyh my;yJ Nfgply; nyl;lu; Ntz;Lnkd;whNyh ,jid mOj;jTk;.

Ÿ fhg;]; yhf; : ePq;fs; ilg; nra;j vOj;Jf;fs; midj;Jk; Nfg;gplyhf Ntz;Lnkd;why; ,e;j fPia mOj;jTk;> kPz;Lk; midj;ijAk; Nyhau; Nfrpy; Ntz;Lnkd;why; kPz;Lk; mjid mOj;jTk;.

Ÿ ghf;];Ng]; :cq;fs; fu;rUf;F ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; cs;s midj;ijAk; ePf;Fk;.

mbg;gil ,d;lu;nel; nrhw;fs;

Ÿ jp ,d;lu;nel;: jfty;fis gupkhWk; xU gue;j ru;tNjr fzpdp ,izg;Gfspd; njhFg;G.

Ÿ jp Ntu;y;l; itl; ntg;: ,d;lu;nel;by; cs;s jfty;fis cq;fSf;F mZfr; nra;Ak; mikg;G.

Ÿ ntg;irl;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;gpw;fhd jfty;fs; nfhz;l Ntu;y;l; itl; ntg; (kw;Wk; ,d;lu;nel;) ,y; cs;s xU ,lk;.

Ÿ N`hk;Ng[;: xU ,izajsj;ij gw;wp jfty;fis toq;FfpwJ kw;Wk; ,J ntg;irl;by; cs;s ,ju gf;fq;fSf;F topelj;JfpwJ.

Ÿ ypq;f;/i`g;gu;ypq;f;: cq;fis NtW xU Nfhg;G my;yJ Mg;n[f;l;-f;F vLj;J nry;Yf;Fk; xU i`iyl; nra;ag;gl;l my;yJ mbf;Nfhbl;l Ifhd;> fpuhgpf; my;yJ nlf;];l;.

Ÿ ntg; ml;u]; /AMu;vy;: ntg;irl;bd; Kftup.

Ÿ ml;u]; ghf;];: ntg; Kftupia ePq;fs; ilg; nra;tjw;F gpuTru; tpz;Nlhtpy; cs;s xU ngl;b.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ ePq;fs; xU ml;u];-f;F nry;Yk;NghJ> my;yJ www. -I ilg; nra;aj; .com http://

Njitapy;iy. ntWk; ntg;irl;bd; ngaiu ilg; nra;J> mOj;jpdhy; Ctrl + Enter

NghJkhdJ. (cjhuzk;: -f;F nry;tjw;F ' ' vd;W ilg; nra;J> www.apple.com apple

Ctrl + Enter mOj;jpdhy; NghJk;)

Ÿ nlf;];l;-,d; msit Fiwf;fTk; mjpfupf;fTk; fPia mOj;jp> my;yJ mOj;j Ctrl + -Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ xU gf;fj;ij kPz;Lk; Vw;w my;yJ GJg;gpf;f my;yJ mOj;jTk;.F5 Ctrl + R

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


25

1.2.2 MS Office kw;Wk; <nkapy;: MS Office gw;wp

MS Office myy; J Microsoft Office vdg; J Microsoft epWtdjj; hy ; cUthff; gg; ll; xU fzpdp

gN; uhfu; hk ; njhFgG; . ,J midjJ; gaduf; SfF; kj; hd ; vdw; hYk>; ,jpy ; khztuf; s>; tlP L; gaduf; s ; kwW; k ; tzpf gaduf; s ; vdW; Fwpgg; plgg; ll; nttN; tW gjpgG; fs ; css; d. midjJ; gN; uhfu; hkf; Sk ; tpzN; lh] ; kwW; k ; khff; pzN; lh\ ; ,uzb; Yk ; xjj; pireJ; nrayg; lf$; baJ.

kpfTk; gpugykhd Mgp]; g;uhlf;l;];

kpfTk; gpugykhd cyfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gad;ghLfspy; rpy:

Ÿ Microsoft Word: ,J> gadu;fs; xU Mtzj;jpy; nlf;];l;-I ilg; nra;aNth my;yJ

glq;fis Nru;f;fNth mDkjpf;Fk;.

Ÿ Microsoft Excel: ,J> xU ];g;nul;\Pl;by; juTfis GFj;Jtjw;F mDkjpf;Fk;. NkYk;>;

,jpy; fzf;fPLfs; kw;Wk; tiuglq;fis cUthf;Fk;.

Ÿ Microsoft PowerPoint:,J> gadu;fis ciu> glq;fs; kw;Wk; kPbah Nghd;wtw;iw

Nru;f;f mDkjpf;Fk; kw;Wk; ];iyl;N\h kw;Wk; g;Nunrz;Nl\d; Nghd;wtw;iw cUthf;Fk;.

Ÿ Microsoft Outlook:,J> gaduf; is kpdd; Qr; y ; mDgG; tjwF; k ; ngWtjwF; k ; mDkjpfF; k.;

Ÿ Microsoft One Note:,J> xU jhspy; Ngdhit itj;J tiujy; kw;Wk; Fwpg;Gfs; vLg;gJ Nghd;w czu;it gadu;fSf;F mspf;Fk;.

Ÿ Microsoft Access: ,J juTfis gy Nlgps;fshf Nrkpg;gjw;F mDkjpf;Fk;.

Vd; Microsoft Outlook I Nju;T nra;aNtz;Lk;

,J xU gpugykhd kpd;dQ;ry; epu;thf Nju;T. Fwpg;ghf gzpaplq;fspy;> - Microsoft Outlook,y; Kftup Gj;jfk;> Nehl;Gf;> ntg; gpuTru; kw;Wk; Nfyz;lu; Nghd;wit cs;sJ. ,e;j g;Nuhf;uhkpd; rpy Kf;fpa gyd;fs;:

Ÿ xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l Njly; nray;ghL: midj;J g;Nuhf;uhk;fspYk; cs;s juTfs; KOtjpYk; NjLtjw;F Kf;fpa nrhw;fis ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

Ÿ Nkk;gl;l ghJfhg;G: cq;fs; kpd;dQ;ryhdJ `hf;fu;];> [q;f; nkapy; kw;Wk; gp\;\pq; ntg;irl; <nkapy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.

Ÿ kpd;dQ;ry; xj;jpirT: cq;fs; kpd;dQ;riy cq;fs; Nfyz;lu;> njhlu;G gl;bay;-,y; cs;s Nehl;]; kw;Wk; cq;fs; NghDld; xj;jpirT nra;J nfhs;syhk;!

Ÿ kpd;dQ;rYf;F Mg;iyd; mZfy;: ,d;nlu;dl; ,y;iyah? xU gpur;ridAk; ,y;iy! kpd;dQ;ry;fis M/g;iydpy; vOjp> mtw;iw ePq;fs; kPz;Lk; ,d;lu;nel; ,izg;G ngw;wTld; mDg;gyhk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ kpd;dQ;rYf;F gjpyspf;f Ctrl+R vd;Dk; FWf;Ftop Kiwia mOj;jTk;.

Ÿ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd kpd;dQ;rYf;F kl;LNk mwptpg;Gfis njuptpf;FkhW cq;fs; nl];f;lhg;ig mikf;fTk;.

Ÿ nkNr[;-fis Nju;T nra;J ,d;ru;l; fPia mOj;jp tpiuthf gpshf; nra;Aq;fs;

Ÿ mbf;fb mDg;gg;gLk; kpd;dQ;riy kWgb gad;gLj;j nlk;g;Nyl;-Mf Nrkpf;fTk;.

Ÿ Kf;fpakhd kpd;dQ;riy Nfhg;Gfshf trjpahf NrkpAq;fs;.



26

1.2.3 <-fhku;];: <-fhku;]; vd;why; vd;d

<-fhku;]; vd;gJ nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis thq;Fjy; my;yJ tpw;gJ> my;yJ Nju;T my;yJ gzj;ij my;yJ juit ,d;lu;nel;-,y; kpd;dZ Kiwapy; gupkhw;wk; nra;tjhFk;. <-fhku;]; vd;gJ "vnyf;l;uhdpf; fhku;];"-,d; RUf;fk;.

<-fhku;];-,d; cjhuzq;fs;

<-fhku;];-apd; rpy cjhuzq;fs;:

Ÿ Md;iyd; rhg;gpq;

Ÿ kpd;dZ gzk; nrYj;jy;fs;

Ÿ Md;iyd; Vyk;

Ÿ ,d;lu;nel; ghq;fpq;

Ÿ Md;iyd; bf;nfl;bq;

<-fhku;]; tiffs;

guptu;j;jidapy; gq;Nfw;ghsu;fspd; tifapd; mbg;gilapy; <-fhku;]; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;. <-fhku;];-apd; Kf;fpa tiffs; ,it:

Ÿ gprpd]; L gprpd]; (gp2 gp): ,uz;L guptu;j;jid jug;gpdUk; tzpf egu;fs;.

Ÿ gprpd]; L fd;rpA+ku; (gp2 rp): tzpf egu;fs; Efu;Nthu;fSf;F kpd;dZKiwapy; tpw;gJ

Ÿ fd;rpA+ku; L fd;rpA+ku; (rp 2 rp): Efu;Nthu; xd;whf ,ize;J ,ju Efu;Nthu;fSf;F nghUl;fis tpw;gJ> thq;FtJ my;yJ tu;j;jfk; nra;tJ;.

Ÿ fd;rpA+ku; L gprpd]; (rp 2 gp): Efu;Nthu;fs; nghUl;fis cUthf;fp> mtw;iw tpepNahfk; nra;tjw;fhf epWtdq;fis NjLtJ;.

Ÿ gprpd]; L ml;kpdp];l;Nurd; (gp 2V): epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ epu;thfj;jpilNa elf;Fk; Md;iyd; guptu;j;jidfs;.

Ÿ fd;rpA+ku; L ml;kpdp];l;Nurd; (rp 2V): jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ epu;thfj;jpilNa elf;Fk; Md;iyd; guptu;j;jidfs;.

<-fhku;]; ,d; gyd;fs;

gprpd]; tu;j;jfu;fs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F> <-fhku;]; rpy gyd;fis mspf;Fk;.

thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fhd gyd;fs;:

Ÿ Md;iyd; ,Ug;gpd; epWty;

Ÿ Xtu;n`l; fl;lzq;fis ePf;fp ,af;f fl;lzq;fis Fiwj;jy;

Ÿ rpwe;j fPtu;l;];-I gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; g;uhz;l; tpopg;Gzu;it mjpfupj;jy;

Ÿ Gtpapay; kw;Wk; Neuf; fl;Lg;ghLfis ePf;fp tpw;gidia mjpfupj;jy;

thbf;ifahsu;fSf;fhd gyd;fs; :

Ÿ ve;j xU filiaf; fhl;bYk; gytifahd Nju;Tfis toq;FfpwJ.

Ÿ njhiyJ}u ,lq;fspy; ,Ue;J nghUl;fisAk; NritfisAk; ngwr; nra;Ak;.

Ÿ Efu;Nthu; tpiy xg;gPLfis nra;tjw;F mDkjpf;fpwJ.

b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah gpur;rhuk; 1

gpujku; eNue;jpu Nkhb mtu;fs; 2015-Mk; Mz;by; b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah gpur;rhuj;ij epWtpdhu;> ,jd; Nehf;fkhdJ ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s xt;nthU FbkfDk; b[pl;ly; Nritfs;> nghJmwpT kw;Wk; jftYf;F mZfiy toq;fNtz;Lk; vd;gNj MFk;. ,e;j gpur;rhukhdJ ehl;bd; Md;iyd; cs;fl;likg;ig Nkk;gLj;jp> ,d;lu;nel; ,izg;ig mjpfupj;J> ,jd;%yk; <-fhku;]; Jiwia Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.

1- http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


27

jw;NghJ> Md;iyd; guptu;j;jidfs; mjpf mstpy; ilau;2 kw;Wk; ilau;3 efuq;fspy; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. b[pl;ly; ,e;jpah gpur;rhuk; te;Jtpl;lhy;> muR jdJ Nritfis nkhigy; ,izg;Gfs; %yk; mspf;Fk;. ,jdhy; ehl;bd; njhiyJ}u %iyfspy; cs;s egu;fSf;Fk; ,d;nlu;dl;il toq;Ftjw;F cjTk;. ,J ,e;jpahtpd; ilau;4 efuq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; <-fhku;]; khu;f;nfl; Eiotjw;F cjTk;.

<-fhku;]; nray;

ePq;fs; Md;iydpy; tpw;f tpUk;Gk; xU g;uhlf;l; my;yJ Nritia Nju;T nra;aTk;. jw;NghJ cs;s <-fhku;]; jsq;fis vt;thW ePq;fs; gad;gLj;JtPu;fs; my;yJ Gjpa <-fhku;]; jsq;fis vt;thW cUthf;FtPu;fs;> cq;fs; g;uhlf;l; my;yJ Nritia vt;thW tpw;gPu;fs; vd;gij tpsf;fp xU rpwpa Fwpg;ig vOjTk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ cq;fs; <-fhku;]; jsj;ij epWTtjw;F Kd;> midj;ijAk; Nrhjpf;fTk;.

Ÿ cq;fs; r%f Clfj;jpw;F kpFe;j ftdk; mspf;fTk;.



28

1.3.1 jdpegh; epjp- Vd; Nrkp;;f;f Ntz;Lk;: Nrkp;g;gjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk



gpuptpd; 1.3. ;gzj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. gzk; Nrkp;g;gjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpthjp;j;jy;;

2. gzk; Nrkp;;;g;gjpd; ed;;ikfs; gw;wp tpthjp;j;jy;;

3. tq;fpapd; Kf;fpa fzf;F tiffis gw;wp tpthjp;j;jy;;

4. tq;fpap;;;y; fzf;F Jtq;FtJ gw;wp tpsf;fkspj;jy;

5. epiyahd nryT kw;Wk; khWk; nrytpw;F ,ilNa cs;s tpj;ahrk;

6. Kf;fpakhd KjyPl;L tiffs; Fwp;j;J tpsf;fkspj;jy;

7. gy tifahd fhg;gPL jp;l;l;;q;fs; Fwpj;J tpsf;fkspj;jy;

8. gy tifahd thpfs; Fwp;j;J tpsf;fkspj;jy;

9. ,iza tq;fpapd; gad;fs; Fwp;j;J tpthjp;j;jy

10. Kf;fpa kp;d;dZ gz; ghpth;;j;jidfs; Fwp;j;J tpthjp;j;jy;;

ek;Kila vjp;;h;fhyk; epr;rakw;wJ vd;W ekf;Fj; njhpAk;. ehis> mLj;j thuk; mLj;j tUlk; vd;d elf;Fk; vd;W cq;fSf;Fj; njhpahJ. mjdhy; jhd; Nrkp;g;G gof;fk; njhlh;e;J Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W tUfpwJ. gz Nrkpg;gpdhy; fhyg;Nghf;fp;;y; xUtUila epjp epiyik Kd;Nd;wwk; milfpwJ. ,jid njhpe;J nfhz;lhy; ePq;fs; mturj;jpw;fhf vLj;Jitj;j gzk; cq;fSf;F kd epk;kjpia mspf;Fk;. gzj;ij Nrkpg;gJ; gy tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhd fjit cq;fSf;Fj; jpwe;J itf;Fk;.

Nrkpg;ggjp;d; gad;fs;

gzk; Nrkp;;;f;;Fk; gof;fj;jpid tsh;g;gjhy; gy ed;ikfs; fpilf;Fk;. Nrkp;g;gpdhy; cq;fSf;F>

Ÿ nghUshjhu Rje;jpuk;: ePq;fs; NghJkhd gzk; Nrkpj;J itj;jpUe;jhy; ePq;fs; ghJfhg;ghf czUtPh;fs;. cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;j tpLKiwia Ntz;L;k;NghJ Njh;e;njLg;gjpypUe;J> cq;fSf;F Ntz;bagb Ntiyia khw;WtJ my;yJ Gjpa njhopy; njhlq;FtJ tiu cq;fSf;F Ntz;baij Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;.

Ÿ fy;tpf;fhf cq;fis KjyPL nra;jy; : gzk; Nrkp;j;jhy; ePq;fs; gbf;Fk; gbg;gpw;F Ntz;ba fl;lzj;ij nrYj;jyhk;. ,J cq;fs; mDgtj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjhy; Kbtpy; ey;y rk;gsk; fpilf;Fk; Ntiyf;F nry;yyhk;.

Ÿ fldpypUe;J tpLjiy: Nghjpa msT Nrkp;g;G itj;jpUe;jhy;> ePq;fs; ePz;l ehs; Njf;fpitj;jpUe;j fld; my;yJ fl;lzq;fis Nrkpg;gpypUe;J fl;btplyhk;.

Ÿ vjph;ghuh nrytpw;F jahuhf ,Uj;jy;: ifapy; gzk; Nrkpj;Jitj;jpUe;jhy; vjph;ghuh nryTfshd jpBnud;W Vw;gLk; fhh; kw;Wk; tPL gOJghu;j;jy; Nghd;w epfo;Tfis rpukkpd;wp vjph;nfhs;syhk;.

Ÿ jPBh; nryTfs;;: Nrkpg;gpdhy; jPBh; nryTfshd vjp;;;h;ghuj cly; eyf;FiwT my;yJ jtp;h;;;f;f Kbahj gazq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw gzr; rpukkpd;wp vjph;nfhs;syhk;.

Ÿ nghpa nryT m. nfhs;Kjy; m. ,yf;F vspjpy; KbAk;: Nrkpg;G fr;rpjkhf

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


29

nra;jpUe;jhy;> ePq;fs; thq;fNtz;Lk;; vd epidj;jpUe;j fhh; my;yJ tPL Nghd;w nghpa nfhs;Kjy; ,yf;FfSf;F vspjhf gzk; fl;lyhk;.

Ÿ xa;T ngWjy;: cq;fs; NtiyapypUe;J cq;fSf;F tUkhdk; fpilf;ffhj NghJk; ePq;fs; gy fhyk; Nrkpj;j gzk; cq;fis Rfkhf itj;jpUf;Fk;

Ÿ cq;fs; nrytopf;Fk; gof;ffj;ij epWj;Jq;fs;: xU thuj;jpy;>; xU nghUspy; mjpf gzk; nrytop;;;f;fhjPh;fs;. mjw;F gjpyhf ePq;fs; nryT nra;a epidj;jpUe;j gzj;ij Nrkpg;gpy; itj;jpLq;fs;.

Ÿ xU rpy thuj;jpy; xU rpy ehl;fspy; ePq;fs; ve;j nryTk; nra;akhl;Nld; vd KbT vLj;J mjid fl;lhak; nray;gLj;;Jq;fs;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

1.3.2 tq;fp fzf;Ffspd; tiffs;> xU tq;fp fzf;F Jtf;Fjy;: gytif tq;fp fzf;Ffs

,e;jpahtpy;> tq;fpfs; ehd;F tifahd fzf;F Nritfis toq;Ffpd;wd. mit

Ÿ elg;G fzf;F

Ÿ Nrkpg;G fzf;F

Ÿ njhlh; gz itg;G fzf;F

Ÿ epue;ju gz itg;G fzf;F

elg;G fzf;F

,ej; fzff; py ; gzk ; jput itgg; hf ,Ugg; jhy ; ,J tpahghpfSfF; k ; epWtdqf; SfF; k ;cfej; J. ,ej; fzfF; KjyLP kwW; k ; rpW NrkpgG; fSfF; cfej; J myy; vdg; jhy ; xU ehisfF; ,jj; id Kiwjhd ; ghpthj;; j; id nraa; NtzL; k ; vdg; J fll; hak ; fpilahJ. xU ehisfF; vjj; id Kiw NtzL; nkdw; hYk ; ghpthj;; j; id ; nraJ; nfhss; yhk.; ,ej; fzfi; f itjj; pUgg; thf; spd ; Nrkpgg; pwF; tlb; fpilahJ. rpy NritfSfF; fll; zk ; czL; .

Nrkpg;G fzf;F

Nrkpg;ig Cf;Ftpf;f ,e;j fzf;Ffs; Jtf;fg;gLtjhy; rk;gsk; ngWk; jdp egh;fs;> Xa;T ngw;wth;fs; kw;Wk; khzth;fSf;F jdpr; rYif cz;L. vt;tsT gzk; NghlNtz;Lk>; vt;tsT gzk; vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ve;jtpj jilAk; ,y;iy. Mdhy; gzk; vLg;gjpy; tiuaiw cz;L. ,jpy; fzf;F itj;jpUg;gth;fSf;F mth;fspd; Nrkpg;gpw;F tl;b cz;L.

njhlh; ,l;L itg;G fzf;F

Mh;b vdg;gLk; njhlh; gzitg;G fzf;F itj;jpUg;gth;fspd; fzf;Ffspy;; xl;L nkhj;jkhf Nrkpf;f Kbahky; ,Ug;gth;fs;; khjhkhjk; Nrkpf;fyhk;. ,e;j fzf;F itj;jpUg;gth;fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l rpwpa njhifapid xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; Nrkpf;fyhk;. (Fiwe;j gl;rk; 6 khj fhyk;) Fwp;g;gpl;l fhyfl;lj;jpy; gzk; fl;ltpy;iy vd;why; mjw;F mguhjj; njhif t#ypf;fg;gLk;. Fwp;g;gpl;l fhy Kbtpy; nkhj;j njhifAk; tl;bAld; Nrh;j;J jpUk;gf; fpilf;Fk;.

epue;ju ,l;L itg;G fzf;F

v/g;b vdg;gLk; epue;ju gzitg;gpy;; ePz;l ehisf;F gzitg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gth;fSf;F ,e;j Nrkpg;gpy; mjpf tl;b fpilf;Fk;. ,jw;fhd tl;b tpfpjk; njhifapid nghWj;Jk;> gzitg;G fhyj;jpid nghWj;Jk; tq;fpf;F tq;fp khWgLk;. ,e;j fzf;fpy; thbf;fiahshpd; gzk; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpw;F tq;fpapy; gzitg;G nra;ag;gLk;.



30

gzitg;G fhyk; Kbe;jJk; njhifapid ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. Ntz;Lnkd;why; njhif Kjph;tpw;F Kd;dNu ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. Mdhy;> mjw;fhd mguhjj; njhif gpbj;jk; nra;ag;gLk;. ,JTk; tq;fpf;F tq;fp khWgLk;.

tq;fp fzf;F Jtf;Fjy;

tq;fp fzf;ifj; Jtf;FtJ vspikahdJ. ePq;fs; vt;thW fzf;if Jtf;fyhk; vd;W fPNo ghh;f;fyhk;.

gb1. fzf;F Jtf;fg; gbtj;jpid G+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j gbtj;jpy; fPo;fz;l tptuq;fs; Njitg;gLk;.

Ÿ Ra tptuq;fs; (ngah> Kfthp> njhiyNgrp vz;> gpwe;j ehs;> ghypdk;> njhopy;)

Ÿ fzf;F tptuk; ngWk; Kiw (mr;Refy; / kp;d;d;Qry;)

Ÿ Muk;g itg;G tptuk; (nuhf;fk;/ fhNrhiy)

Ÿ cqf; s ; fzfi; f ,afF; k ; tpjk ; (,izak-; nryN; grp-toff; khd fhNrhiy kwW; k ; gwW; r ;rlP L; Kiw) ,jwF; Njitahd ,ljj; py ; ifnahgg; k ; ,ll; ij cWjp nraJ; nfhss; Tk.;

gb 2. cq;fs; Gifg;glj;jpid xl;;lTk;.

cq;fs; rkPgj;jpa Gifg;glj;jpid gbtj;jpy; mjw;nfd cs;s ,lj;jpy; xl;lTk;.

gb 3.cq;fs; thbf;ifahsiu mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs; (Nfxa;rp) tptuj;jpid mspf;fTk;

(Nfxa;rp) ,e;j Kiwapy; tq;fp jdJ thbf;ifahshpd; milahsk;> Kfthp Nghd;wtw;iw rhp ghh;f;fpwJ. xU tq;fpf; fzf;fpid Jtf;Ftjw;F xU thbf;fiahsh; rpy mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fis milahsj;jpw;fhfTk; Kfthp rhpghh;g;gpw;fhfTk; rkh;g;gpf;fNtz;Lk;. rpy mYty; hPjpahd Kf;fpa Mtzq;fs; (Xtpb) ,Njh>

Ÿ flTr;rPl;L

Ÿ xl;Leh; chpkk

Ÿ thf;fhsh; milahs ml;il

Ÿ tUkhd thp fzf;F ml;il

Ÿ Mjhh; ml;il

gb 4. midj;J Mtzq;fisAk; rkh;g;gpj;jy;

fzf;F Jtq;Fk; gbtk; kw;Wk; Nfxa;rp Mtzq;fis G+h;j;jp nra;J rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. me;j gbtq;fis; vy;yhk; rhpghh;j;j gpd;dh; fzf;F Jtf;fg;gLk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ rhpahd fzf;F tifapid Njh;e;njL;f;fTk

Ÿ gbtq;fis G+h;j;jp nra;aTk;.

Ÿ fl;lzk; Fwpj;J tprhupf;fTk;.

Ÿ tpjpKiwfis Ghpe;Jnfhs;sTk

Ÿ ,iza tq;fp fzf;fpy; NruTk;- mJ trjpahdJ.

Ÿ cq;fs; ifapUg;gpid fz;fhzpf;fTk;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


31

mbg;gil epue;ju nryT khWk; nryT

mh;j;jk; vt;tsT cw;gj;jpahdhYk; nryT khwhJ

cw;gj;jpf;Nfw;g nryT khWk;

,ay;G Neuj;jpw;F rk;ke;jg;gl;lJ mstp;w;F rk;ke;jg;gl;lJ

nrytpLjy; Vt;tsT cw;gj;jp nra;jhYk; xNu msT nryT MFk;

cw;gj;jp nra;jhy; jhd; nryT MFk;

myF tpiy

Vt;tsT cw;gj;jpahfpwNjh me;j tpfpjhrhugb khWk;

xU xU vz;zpf;ifapd; tpiy khwhJ

cjhuzk; Nja;khdk;> thlif> rk;gsk;> fhg;gPL> thpfs;

nghUl;fspd; nryT> $yp> juF> rpg;gkpLk; nryT Nghd;wit.

1.3.3 nryTfs;: epue;ju kw;Wk; khWk; nryT : vJ epue;ju nryT kw;Wk; khWk; nryT

epue;ju nryT kw;Wk; khWk; nryT jhd; xU epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;j nrythFk;. xU nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ xU epWtdk; ,uz;L tifahd nryTfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

epue;ju nrythdJ xU nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ khwhJ. mJ vg;NghJk; xNu khjphpahfj; jhd; ,Uf;Fk;.

Mdhy; khWk; nrythdJ xU nghUspd; cw;gj;jp mstpw;Nfw;g $lNth FiwaNth nra;Ak;;. mjhtJ ,e;j nryT cw;gj;jp mstpw;Nfw;g khWgLk;.

epue;ju kw;Wk; khWk; nrytpw;Fs;s tpj;ahrk;

epue;ju kw;Wk; khWk; nrytpw;Fs;s rpy Kf;fpa tpj;ahrq;fs; gpd;tUkhW

Ÿ xU nryT epue;ju nryth my;;yJ khWk; nryth vd;W eph;zapg;gjw;F fPo;fz;l Nfs;tpfisf; NfSq;fs;. epWtdk;> cw;gj;jpia epWj;jpa gpwFk; nryT khwpajh? ,y;iy vd;why; mJ epue;ju nryT. Mk; vd;why; mJ khWk; nryT.

Fwpg;Gfs;

1.3.4 KjyPL> fhg;gPL kw;Wk; thpfs;: KjyPL

KjyPL vd;why; vjph;fhyj;jpy; ,yhgk; ngwNtz;b ,;d;W nrytplg;gl;l gzk;. Kf;fpakhd KjyPLfs; tUkhW.

Ÿ gj;jpuq;fs;: mjpkhf gzk; ngwNtz;b jdpahh; kw;Wk; nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fs; gj;jpuq;fis ntspapLfp;d;wd.

Ÿ gqF; fs:; gqF; fs ; myy; J gqF; epWtdqf; shy ; ntspaplgg; lL; nghJ kff; shy ; thqf; gg; LtJ.

Ÿ rpW Nrkpg;G jpl;lq;fs;: kpfr; rpwpa mstpy; Nrkpf;fg;gLtij Cf;fg;gLj;JtJ rpW Nrkpg;G jpl;lq;fs;. njhopyhsh; itg;G epjp> Rfd;ah rk;hpjp kw;Wk; Njrpa Xa;Tjpa jpl;lk; Mfpad rpy gpugykhd jpl;lq;fshFk;.

Ÿ gu];gu epjp: KjyPl;lhsh;fsplkpUe;J epjpiag; ngw;W gy ghJfhg;ghd jpl;lq;fspy; KjyPl;bid nra;tJ xU njhopy;Kiw epjp fUtpahFk;.

Ÿ epue;ju ,l;Litg;G: xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhifia xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpw;F tl;bf;fhf epjp epWtdq;fsplk; itj;jpUg;gJ.

Ÿ tPl;Lkid tpw;gid epWtdq;fs;: tq;fpfsplkpUe;J fldhf epjpiag; ngw;W tPl;Lkidfs; thq;fp mjpf tpiyf;F ,yhgk; <l;l tpw;fg;gLtJ.



32

Ÿ n`l;[; epjpfs;: ,e;j tifahd epjpfs; jdpahh; kw;Wk; nghJ epjp tpahghu epjpfspy; KjyPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

Ÿ jdpahh; gq;F: jdpahh; gq;fpy; mjd; gq;Ffs; jdpahfNth my;yJ gq;Fr; re;ijapNyh ntsp;g;gilahf gl;bayplg;gLtJ ,y;iy.

Ÿ jdpahh; gq;F: jdpahh; gq;fpy; mjd; gq;Ffs; jdpahfNth my;yJ gq;Fr; re;ijapNyh ntsp;g;gilahf gl;bayplg;gLtJ ,y;iy.

fhg;gPL

,J ,uzL; tifgg; Lk ; xdW; MAs ; fhgg; LP kwn; whdW; MAs ; fhykyy; hj myy; J nghJf ; fhgg; LP .

MAs; fhg;gPL

kdpj tho;;f;iff;fhd midj;J fhg;gPLfSk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

MAs; fhg;gPL jpl;lq;fs;

Kf;fpa MAs; fhg;gPL jpl;lq;fs;:

Ÿ fhyf;fhg;gPL: ,J kpf vspikahd kypthd fhg;gPlhFk;. ,J> xU Fwpg;gpl;l fhy mstpw;F ghJfhg;gpidj; jUk;. Cjhuzkhf> 15 Kjy; 20 tUlq;fs;. ,jpy;; ,wg;gpw;F gpwF me;j FLk;gj;jpw;F Fwpg;gpl;l njhif fpilf;Fk;. Fwpg;gpl;lfhyk; tiu capUld; ,Ue;jhy; ve;j gzKk; fpilf;fhJ.

Ÿ nlhskd;;l; nfhs;if: ,jpy; fhg;gPL kw;Wk; KjyPL vd;w ,U trjpfs; cz;L. gFjp njhif fhg;gPL> jp;l;l njhifapYk; kPjj; njhif gq;fpYk; KjyPL nra;a;ggLfpwJ. ,jpy; xU Fwp;g;gplg;gl;l nkhj;j njhif> ghyprpjhuh; ,we;j gpwF my;yJ Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntsp;;;f;Fg; gpwF - ,tw;wpy; vJ Kjypy; elf;fpwNjh mg;NghJ me;j njhif mspf;fg;gLk;.

Ÿ Adpl; ypq;fl; fhg;gPL jp;l;lk;.: (Aypg;) ,jpy; gphpkpaj; njhifapy; xU gFjp MAs; fhg;gPl;bw;Fk; kPjj;njhif> gq;Ffs; my;yJ fld;fspYk; KjyPL nra;ag;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; Nrkpf;Fk; gof;fk; njhlUk;.

Ÿ gzk; jpUk;gtUk; MAs; fhg;gPL : ghyprpjhuh; capUld; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy;> capUld; ,Ug;gjw;fhd Cf;fj; njhif ghyprp fhyj;jpy; fpilf;Fk;. ghyprpjhuh; ,wf;Fk; gl;rj;jp;y; KO fhg;gPl;Lj; njhif kw;Wk; capUld; ,Ug;gjw;fhd njhifAk; fpilf;Fk;.

Ÿ KO MAs; fhg;gPL: ,jpy; fhg;gPL kw;Wk; KjyPL fpilf;fpwJ. ,jpy; xUthp;;;d; MAl;fhyk; my;yJ 100 tUlk; tiu fhg;gPL fpilf;Fk;.

nghJ fhg;gPL:

,jpy; nrhj;Jf;fshd fhy;eilfs;> tptrhag; gaph;fs;> nghUl;fs;> Miyfs;> fhh; Nghd;wtw;wp;w;F fhg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

nghJ fhg;gPL jpl;lq;fs;:

,jpy; cs;s jpl;lq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

Ÿ thfd fhg;gPL: ,J ehd;F kw;Wk; ,uz;L rf;fu thfdq;fSf;F nghUe;Jk;

Ÿ kUj;Jtf; fhg;gPL: ,jpy; cs;s fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;;lq;fshd jdpegh;> FLk;gk;> kpjit Rfhjhu fhg;gPL xUq;fpize;j kUj;Jtf; fhg;gPL>Kf;fpa Neha; fhg;gPL Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.

Ÿ gazf;fhg;gPL: ,jpy; jdpegh; gazf; fhg;gPL> FLk;g gazf; fhg;gPL> khzth; gazf; fhg;gPL> %j;;j Fbkf;fs; gazf; fhg;gPL Nghd;wit mlq;Fk;.

Ÿ ,y;yf;fhg;gPL: tPl;bw;Fk; tPl;by; cs;s midj;J nghUl;;fSf;Fk; Mgj;jpypUe;J ghJfhg;G jUfpwJ.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


33

Ÿ fly; fhg;gPL: ,e;j fhg;gPl;by; nghUl;fs;> ruf;Ffs; Nghd;wtw;iw vLj;Jr;nry;Yk; NghJ Vw;gLk; ,og;gpypUe;Jk; uapy;> rhiy> fly; kw;Wk; thd;topahf nfhz;Lnry;Yk; NghJ Vw;gLk; ,og;gpypUe;Jk; ghJfhg;G mspf;fpwJ.

thpfs;

thpfspy; ,uz;L tif cz;L - xd;W Neh;Kf thp kw;nwhd;W kiwKf thp

Neh;Kf thp

Neh;Kfthpfs; xU nghUspd; kPNjh my;yJ eghpd; kPNjh Nehpilahf tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy Neh;Kf thpfs; tUkhW:

Ÿ tUkhd thp: ,e;j thp cq;fSila Mz;L epjptUtha;f;fhf tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J jdpegh; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk;.

Ÿ Kyjd Mjhaq;fs; thp: ,e;j thpahdJ ePq;fs; fdprkhd njhifapid ngWk; NghJ tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; ,uz;L tif cz;L- FWfpafhy Kyjd Mjhaq;fs; thpahdJ 36 khjq;fSf;Fk; Fiwthd KjyPl;bw;Fk;> ePz;lfhy %yjd Mjhaq;fs; thp 36 khjj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd KjyPl;bw;Fk; tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ

Ÿ gq;F ghpth;j;jid thp: ,e;j thpahdJ gq;fpd; tpiyNahL Nrh;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J gq;fpid xt;nthU Kiw thq;Fk;NghJk; tpw;Fk; NghJk; tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ÿ Nky;tUkhdk; thp: ,e;j thpahdJ xU epWtdk; my;yJ Copah; rYiffis ngWk;NghJ tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

kiwKf thp:

kiwKf thpahdJ nghUs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;F tpjf;fg;gLfpwJ. rpy kiwKf thpfSf;F cjhuzq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

Ÿ tpw;gid thp: ,e;j thpahdJ xU nghUis tp;w;gjw;F tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ÿ Nrit thp: ,e;j thpahdJ ,e;jpahtpy; mspf;fggLk; NritfSf;F tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ÿ Rq;fthp kw;Wk; efh;Rq;f thp: Rq;fthpahdJ ntspehl;bypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gL;k; nghUl;fspd;kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. efh;Rq;f thpahdJ ,e;jpahtpy; khepyk; tpl;L khepyk; nry;Yk; nghUl;fsp;;d; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ÿ Rq;fthp kw;Wk; efh;Rq;f thp: Rq;fthpahdJ ntspehl;bypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gL;k; nghUl;fspd; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. efh;Rq;f thpahdJ ,e;jpahtpy; khepyk; tpl;L khepyk; nry;Yk; nghUl;fsp;;d; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Ÿ fyhy; thp: fyhy; thpahdJ ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp my;yJ jahhpf;fg;gl;;l nghUl;fsp;d; kPJ tpjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ cq;fSf;F ve;j mstpw;F Ntfkhf gzk; jpUk;g fpilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;J mjw;Nfw;wthW KjyPl;bid Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;.

Ÿ cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd rhpahd tif fhg;gPl;bidj; Njh;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ thpfs; fl;lhky; ,Ue;jhy; mjw;fhd jz;lidahf mguhjk; Kjy; rpiwjz;lid tiu ngw Nehplyhk;.



34

1.3.5 ,izajs tq;fpNrit- neg;l;> Mh;b[pv];> Kjypad: ,izajs tq;fp Nrit vd;why; vd;d ?

,izajs tq;fp Nrit my;yJ Md;iyd; tq;fpNrit vd;gJ tq;fpf; fzf;F itj;jpUg;gth;fs; jq;fSila fzf;F tpguq;fis jq;fSila kbf;fzpzp topahf ve;j gFjpapypUe;Jk; ngwyhk;. ,e;j Kiwapy; fzf;F gw;wpa fl;lisfis mDg;g KbAk;. xU fzf;F itj;jpUg;gth; jd;Dila fzf;fpid mZf mtUf;nfd;W xJf;fg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l milahs vz;izAk;> flTr;nrhy;ypidAk; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,izajs tq;fp Nritfis fPo;fz;ltw;wp;w;F gad;gLj;jyhk;:

Ÿ tq;fp fzf;fpy; cs;s ,Ug;gpid mwpe;Jnfhs;s

Ÿ xU fzf;fpy; ,Ue;J kw;nwhU fzf;fpw;F gz ghpkhw;wk; nra;a

Ÿ fhNrhiyfis mspg;gjw;F Vw;ghL nra;a

Ÿ fl;lzq;fs; nrYj;j cj;jputpl

Ÿ fhNrhiy Gj;jfk; ngw

Ÿ fzf;Ffs; gw;wpa mwpf;if ngw

Ÿ epue;ju gzitg;G nra;a

kpd;dD gzg;ghpth;j;jid

kp;d;dZ gzg; ghpth;j;jid topahf vspjhf; tPl;bypUe;J ekf;F gpbj;j Neuj;jpy; xUq;fpize;j tq;fp fUtpfshd ,izajs my;yJ nry;Ngrp tq;fp Nrit topahf xUtUf;F gzk; mDg;gyhk;.

,jpy;> kpd;dZ Eiothapy; topahf kpf vspjhf ghpth;j;jid nra;ayhk;. ,e;j ,izajs tq;fp Kyk; ePq;fs; fPo;fz;l Nritapid Njh;e;njLf;fyhk;:

Ÿ mNj tq;fpapYs;s cq;fs; fzf;fpw;F gzk; mDg;gyhk;

Ÿ mNj tq;fpapYs;s kw;wth;fs; fzf;fpw;F gzk; mDg;gyhk;

Ÿ kw;w tq;fpapYs;s kw;w fzf;FfSf;F ne/g;l; trjpapd; %yk; gzk; mDg;gyhk;.

Ÿ kw;w tq;fpfSf;F Mh;b[pv]; %yk; gzk; mDg;gyhk;.

Ÿ gy;NtW fzf;FfSf;F Ivk;gp;]; %yk; gzk; mDg;gyhk;.

ne/g;l;

neg;;l; (NEFT- National Electronic Funds Transfer) vd;gJ Njrpa kpd;dZ gzg; ghpth;j;jid

vd;gjp;;d; RUf;fk;. ,e;jg; gzghpth;j;jidapy; cq;fs; fzf;fpypUe;J ve;j tq;fp fzf;fpw;Fk;> mNj tq;fp my;yJ ve;j tq;fpahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;. ne/g;l; trjpAld; jdp egh;> epWtdq;fs;> ngUepWtdq;fs; Nghd;wit tq;fp fzf;FfSf;fpilNa gzg;ghpkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

,J Nghd;W gzg;ghpkhw;wk; ne/g;l; topahf nra;a ,uz;L tpraq;fs; Kf;fpkhf Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ gzk;nrYj;Jk; tq;fp

Ÿ gzk;ngWk; tq;fp

ne/g;l topahf gzg;ghpkhw;wk; nra;tjw;F Kd;G gzk; ngWk; gadhsp gw;wpa tptuq;fis gjpT nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. gjptpid KOikahf;f gpd;tUtdtw;iw nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ gzk; ngWgth; ngah;

Ÿ gzk; ngWgthpd; fzf;F vz;

Ÿ gzk; ngWgthp;d tq;fpapd; ngah;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


35

Ÿ gzk; ngWgthpd; Ivg;v];rp NfhL

Mh;b[pv];

(RTGS- Real Time Gross Settlement) ,e;j gzg; ghpkhw;w Kiwapy; gzk; xU tq;fpapypUe;J

kw;nwhU tq;fp;f;F mNjNeuj;jp;;y; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf gzg;gghpkhw;wk; nra;ayhk;. ,t;thW mDg;gg;gl;l gzk;> gzk; mDg;Ggthpd; fzf;fpypUe;J cldbahf fopf;fg;gl;L gzk; ngWgthpd; fzf;fpy; cldbahf tuT itf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mh;b[pv]; Eiothapy; ghuj hprh;t; tq;fpapdhy; eph;tfpf;fg; gLfpwJ. tq;fpfSf;fpila kpd;dZ Kiwapy; ghpth;j;jid nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

Mh;b[pv]; Kiwapy;> jdpegh; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; mjpf msT gzg; ghpth;j;jid nra;a ,aYk;. gzk; mDg;Gtjw;F Kd;dh; gadhspapd; fzf;F gw;wpa tptuq;fis ,izajs tq;fp fzf;F %yk; gjpT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j gjptpid Nkw;nfhs;s fPo;fz;l tptuq;fs; Njitg;gLk;:

Ÿ gzk; ngWgth; ngah

Ÿ gadhspapd; tq;fp tpyhrk;

Ÿ gzk; ngWgthpd; fzf;F vz

Ÿ gzk; ngWgthpd; Ivg;v];rp NfhL

Ivk;gpv];

Ivk;gpv]; (IMPS - Immediate Payment Services) ,jdhy; xNu Neuj;jpy;; cldbahf ,e;jpah

KOtJk; cs;s tq;fpfspy; gzg; ghpkhw;wk; nra;a KbAk;. Ivk;gpv]; Kiwapy; kpd;dZ gzg; ghpth;j;jid Kiwapy; nkhigy; tq;fp my;yJ FWQ;nra;jp Kiwapy; nry;Ngrp topahf nra;a ,aYk;. ,jid jhdpaq;fp gzk; gl;Lthlh ,ae;jpuk; vdg;gLk; Vbvk;

(ATM ) topahf my;yJ ,izak; topahfTk; nra;ayhk;. ,e;j trjp. 24 kzp NeuKk;

thuj;jpw;F 7 ehl;fSk; cz;L. ,e;j Kiw kpfTk; ghJfhg;ghdJ. fl;lis epiwNtw;wg;gl;l cld; xg;Gjy; te;JtpLk;.

,e;j Kiwapy; ePqfs; gzk; mDg;g nra;a Ntz;banjy;yhk;:

Ÿ Ivk;gpv]; trjp ngw tq;fpapy; gjpT nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ tq;fpapypUe;J nkhigy; kzp Ibd;bigah; (MMID) ngw Ntz;Lk;

Ÿ vk;gpIvz; tq;fpapypUe;J ngw Ntz;Lk;.

XUKiw ngw;Wtpl;lhy; cq;fSila tq;fp fzf;fpw;F nrd;W my;yJ FWQ;nra;jp %ykhf njhif mDg;g Ntz;b Nfhhpf;if itf;fyhk;.

gadhsp gzj;jpidg; ngw mtUf;F

1. mtUila nry;Ngrp vz; mtUila fzf;Fld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

2. vk;gpIvz; tq;fpapypUe;J ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Ivk;gpv]; %yk; gzg;ghpth;j;jid Jtf;f fPo;fz;l tptuq;fs; Njitg;gLk;.

1. gadhspapd; nkhigy; vz;

2. gadhspap;;d vk;vk;Ib

3. ghpkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLk; njhif

4. cq;fSila Ivk;gpvz

cq;fs; fzf;fpypUe;J gzk; fopf;fg;gl;l cld; kw;Wk; gadhspapd; fzf;fpy; gzk; tuT itf;fg;gl;l cld; cq;fSf;F ghpkhw;wk; nra;jjw;fhd Fwpg;G vz;> vjph;fhy Fwpg;gp;;w;fhf FWQ;;nra;jpahf mDg;gg;gLk;;.



36

neg;l> Mh;b[pv]; kw;Wk; Ivk;gpv];;f;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL

mbg;gil neg;> NEFT Mh;b[pv]; RTGS Ivk;gpv];; IMPS

jPh;T mzp mzpahf nra;ag;gLfpwJ;

okLrfod le; okLrfod le;

KO totk;National Electronic

Fund TransferReal Time Gross

SettlementImmediate Payment

Service

Neuk;jpq;fs; Kjy; nts;sp tiu

8.00 kzp Kw;gfy;- 6.30 kzp gpg


24x7

Neuk;rdp;f;fpoik



24x7

khw;Wtjw;F Fiwe;j gl;r

njhif`2 yl;rk; `1

khw;Wtjw;F mjpfgl;r njhif

Hprh;t; tq;fpapd; Mizg;gb mjpfgl;r fl;lzk;

`1 yl;rk;

`10 yl;rk;`10 yl;rk;

xU ehisf;F `2 yl;rk;

10>000 tiu U2.5U10>000 Kjy;

1yl;rk; tiu - U51yl;rj;jpw;F Nky; 2 yl;rj;jpw;Fs; U

152 yl;rj;jpw;F Nky; 5 yl;rj;jpw;Fs -

U 255 yl;rj;jpw;F Nky; 10 yl;;rj;jpw;Fs; -

U25

2 yl;rj;jpw;F Nky; 5

yl;rj;jpw;Fs - U 25

5 yl;rj;jpw;F Nky; 10

yl;;rj;jpw;Fs; -U50

10>000 tiu U5U10>000 Kjy;

1yl;rk; tiu - U51yl;rj;jpw;F Nky; 2 yl;rj;jpw;Fs; U 15

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ kpd;dQ;rypy; tUk; cq;fs; fzf;Ffs; Fwpj;j ,iza tq;fpapd; ve;j ,izg;igAk; fpsp;;f; nra;a Ntz;lhk;.

Ÿ ,iza tq;fp Nritapid gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ cq;fs; tuT nryT tptuk; Nfl;fg;gLtJ ,y;iy.

Ÿ cq;fs; ,izajs flTr; nrhy;iy khw;Wtij tof;fkhf nfhz;bUq;fs;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


37



gpuptpd; 1.4. Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; RaNtiytha;g;Gf;F jahHnra;jy;

1. xU NeHfhzYf;F jahuhtjw;fhd gbepiyfis tpthjpj;jy;

2. xU gaDs;s jw;Fwpg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gbepiyfis tpthjpj;jy;

3. kpfTk; mbf;fb Nfl;fg;gLk; NeHfhzy; Nfs;tpfis tpthjpj;jy;

4. kpfTk; mbf;fb Nfl;fg;gLk; NeHfhzy; Nfs;tpfSf;F vt;thW gjpyspg;gJ vd;gij tpthjpj;jy;

5. mbg;gil gzpapl nrhw;gjq;fis tpthjpj;jy;

1.4.1 NeHfhzYf;F jahuhjy;: xU NeHfhzYf;F jahuhtJ vg;gb

ePq;fs; tpUk;Gk; gzpiag; ngWtjpy; ntw;wpailtJ vd;gJ xU gzpf;fhd NeHfhzy; vg;gb ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijg; nghWj;Nj ngUk;ghYk; ,Uf;fpwJ. vdNt> ePq;fs; cq;fs; NeHfhzYf;F nry;tjw;F Kd;dH> NeHfhzYf;fhf xU ey;y mstpyhd Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; jpl;lkplYld; jahuhtJ Kf;fpakhFk;. xU NeHfhzYf;F ed;whfj; jahuhtjw;Fg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba gpd;tUk; gbepiyfis ghHf;fTk;:

1. ePq;fs; NeHfhzy; nry;y Ntz;ba epWtdk; Fwpj;J Ma;T nra;jy;.

Ÿ epWtdk; Fwpj;J Kd;dNu njupe;Jnfhs;tJ cq;fSf;F NeHfhzy; Neuj;jpy; cjTk;. epWtdj;ijg; gw;wpa cq;fspd; mwpthdJ NeHfhzy; Neuj;jpy; cq;fSf;F gjpyspf;f cjTfpwJ kw;Wk; cq;fis kpfTk; jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;ftuhf czu itf;fpwJ. ,J cq;fis kw;wtHfsplk; ,Ue;J epr;rakhf NtWgLj;jpf;fhl;LfpwJ.

Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; gpd;Gyk; Fwpj;j jfty;fisj; NjlTk;. epWtdk; gw;wpa fz;Nzhl;lk; kw;Wk; mjd; njhopw;rhiy tptuj;ij fz;Lgpbf;fTk;.

Ÿ epWtdk; vd;d nra;fpwJ vd;gijg; gw;wpj; ed;whfj; njupe;Jnfhs;s epWtdj;jpd; tiyjsj;ijg; ghHitaplTk;. Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis xU epWtdj;jpd; tiyjsk; toq;FfpwJ. epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;F Fwpj;j mwpf;ifiag; gbj;J> Gupe;Jnfhs;sTk;. epWtdj;jpd; jahupg;Gg;nghUl;fs;/ Nritfs; kw;Wk; thbf;ifahsupd; gl;bay; Fwpj;J ftdpf;fTk;. epWtdj;jpd; vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; epiyj;jd;ik Fwpj;J xU vz;zj;ijg;ngw VjhtJ nra;jpj;jhs; ntspaPl;bd; %ykhfg; gbf;fTk;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; Ma;T epiwtile;j gpwF> cq;fSf;F VNjDk; Nfs;tpfs; ,Ue;jhy; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.

2. gzpf;fhd NjitfSf;F cq;fspd; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; fy;tpj;jFjp nghUe;Jfpwjh vd;gJ Fwpj;J Nahrpf;fTk;.

Ÿ gzpapd; tptuk; Fwpj;J ftdkhfg; gbj;J> gFg;gha;T Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ gzpf;fhd Njitfis g+Hj;jp nra;tjw;F Njitahd mwpT> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; jpwikfs; Fwpj;J njupe;Jnfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; gjtpfspd; gbepiy mikg;ig ghHf;fTk;. me;j mikg;gpy; ePq;fs; tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; gjtp vq;F cs;sJ vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbf;fTk;.

3. ngUk;ghYk; Nfl;fg;gl;l tof;fkhd NeHfhzy; Nfs;tpfs; Fwpj;J gbj;J> mjw;fhd cq;fspd; gjpy;fisj; NjHT nra;aTk;.



38

Ÿ ngUk;ghyhd NeHfhzy;fspy; jw;Fwpg;G rhHe;j> kNdhghtk; rhHe;j kw;Wk; fs Ma;T Fwpj;j fyitahd Nfs;tpfNs Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ ,e;j %d;W gpupTfspy; Nfl;fg;gLk; tof;fkhd Nfs;tpfSf;F ePq;fs; mspf;fg;NghFk; gjpy;fs; Fwpj;J Nahrpf;fTk;.

Ÿ cq;fshy; ek;gpf;ifahf kw;Wk; njspthf ntspg;gLj;j KbAk; tiuapy; me;j gjpy;fis gapw;rp nra;aTk;.

4. NeHfhzYf;fhd cq;fs; cilia jpl;lkplTk;.

Ÿ mYty;rhHe;j jw;nrayhd cilia mzpayhk; vd;W ntspg;gilahf njuptpj;jpUe;jhy; jtpu> mYty;rhHe;j rhjhuzkhd cilia NjHT nra;tJ vg;nghOJk; ghJfhg;ghdJ MFk;. (ve;j #oYf;F vJ Njit vd;gij ePq;fNs KbT nra;ayhk;).

Ÿ cq;fs; Milfs; J}a;ikahfTk;> ryit nra;ag;gl;Lk; ,Ug;gij cWjp nra;aTk;. eLepiyahd epwq;fisj; NjHT nra;aTk;- kpfTk; mlHj;jpahfTk; Ntz;lhk;> kq;fyhfTk; Ntz;lhk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; mzpAk; fhyzpfs; cq;fs; MilfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mit Rj;jkhfTk;> NeHfhzYf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; xU njhopy;Kiwapyhd> kpfTk; jpwikahd egH vd;w czHit ePq;fs; re;jpf;Fk; xt;nthU eguplKk; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj cq;fspd; Nehf;fk; vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;.

5. NeHfhzYf;F cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd midj;ijAk; vLj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sPHfs; vd;gij cWjpnra;aTk;.

Ÿ cq;fs; jw;Fwpg;gpd; rpy gpujpfis vLj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;. cq;fspd; jw;Fwpg;ig gpujpnaLf;f ey;y jukhd fhfpjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jTk;.

Ÿ vg;nghOJk; xU ePskhd Nehl;Ngl; kw;Wk; xU Ngdhit vLj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ tpz;zg;g gbtj;ij epug;Gtjw;F cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd midj;J jfty;fisAk; vLj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ Njitg;gl;lhy;> cq;fs; gzpapd; rpy khjpupfis vLj;Jr;nry;yTk;.

6. nrhw;fs;-my;yhj jfty;njhlHgpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ jd;dk;gpf;ifia ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F gapw;rp nra;aTk;.Gd;diff;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; fz;izg; ghHj;J Ngr Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpy;nfhs;sTk;. cWjpahf if;FYf;f gapw;rp nra;aTk;.

Ÿ cly; nkhopapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij epidtpy; itf;fTk;. epkpHe;J Neuhf mkHtjw;F gapw;rp nra;aTk;. glglg;ghf ,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; fhy;fisj; jl;Ljy; Nghd;w gjl;lkhd iriffis epWj;j Rakhf gapw;rp nra;Jnfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; nray;ghLfis rupghHj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; gapw;rp nra;Jnfhs;sTk;. cq;fspd; Kf ghtidfs; cq;fspd; cz;ikahd czHTfs; Fwpj;j ey;y ghHitia mspf;Fk; vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;. xU NeHkiwahd Njhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F gapw;rp nra;Jnfhs;sTk;.

7. NeHfhziy epiwT nra;tjw;fhd Nfs;tpfspd; gl;baiy jahH nra;aTk;.

Ÿ cq;fSf;F VNjDk; Nfs;tpfs; cs;sjh vd;w NeHfhzy; nra;gtupd; Nfs;tpAlNdNa ngUk;ghyhd NeHfhzy;fs; epiwtilfpd;wd. ePq;fs; epiwa Ma;T nra;Js;sPHfs; kw;Wk; epWtdj;ijg; gw;wp NkYk; epiwa fw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F MHtj;Jld; ,Uf;fpwPHfs; vd;gijf; fhl;l ,JNt cq;fSf;fhd tha;g;ghFk;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


39

Ÿ NeHfhzy; nra;gtH cq;fsplk; ,e;jf; Nfs;tpiaf; Nfl;ftpy;iynadpy;> ePq;fs;

rpy tpraq;fis tpthjpf;f tpUk;Gtjhf mtHfsplk; njuptpf;fTk;. epWtdj;ijg; gw;wp ePq;fs; gbf;Fk;nghOJ ePq;fs; jahH nra;j Fwpg;Gfis Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;Ltjw;F ,Jjhd; rupahd NeukhFk;.

Ÿ gpd;tUgit ,e;j Neuj;jpy; ePq;fs; Nfl;f Ntz;ba rpy ey;y Nfs;tpfs; Mfk;:

¡ ,e;jg; gzpapy; ehd; ntw;wpfukhf ,Ug;gjw;F kpf Kf;fpakhd jFjpahf ePq;fs; vijf; fUJfpwPHfs;?

¡ vdJ nray;jpwd; vt;thW kjpg;gplg;gLk;?

¡ Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F vd;ndd;d tha;g;Gfs; cs;sd?

¡ gzpakHj;Jk; nray;Kiwapy; mLj;jLj;j gbepiyfs; vd;d?

Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; tiyj;jsj;jpy; vspjhff; fpilf;ff;$ba jfty;fs; gw;wp vg;nghOJk; Nfl;ff;$lhJ vd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ cs;shHe;j kw;Wk; tprhupf;ff;$ba Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fTk;.

Ÿ jfty; njhlHG Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghOJ> Gd;dif nra;jy;> fz;izg; ghHj;J NgRjy; kw;Wk; jPtpukhf ftdpj;jy; kw;Wk; jiyairj;jy; Nghd;w rpwe;j cly;nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;jTk;. rupaw;w Kiwapy; cl;fhUjy; kw;Wk; efUjy;> mUfpYs;s nghUl;fSld; tpisahLjy;> glglg;ghf ,Uj;jy;> fk; nky;Yjy; my;yJ KZKZj;jy; Mfpatw;iw nra;af;$lhJ.

1.4.2 xU rpwg;ghd jw;Fwpg;ig jahHnra;jy;: xU rpwg;ghd

jw;Fwpg;ig jahHnra;tJ vg;gb

xU jw;Fwpg;G vd;gJ xU tpz;zg;gjhuupd; gzp mDgtk;> fy;tpj;jFjp kw;Wk; jpwd;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; gl;bay; nfhz;l xU Kiwahd MtzkhFk;. tpz;zg;gjhuH NeHfhzy; nra;ag;gLtjw;F jFjpahdtH vd;W rhj;jpaKs;s gzpakHj;JdH ek;gf;$ba tifapy; NghJkhd jfty;fis xU ey;y jw;Fwpg;G mspf;fpwJ. vdNt xU gaDs;s jw;Fwpg;ig cUthf;FtJ Kf;fpakhFk;. xU gaDs;s jw;Fwpg;ig cUthf;Ftjw;fhd gbepiyfisg; ghHf;fTk;:

gbepiy 1: Kftup gFjpia vOjTk;

Kftup gFjpahdJ cq;fs; jw;Fwpg;gpd; Nky;gFjpapy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jpy; cq;fspd; ngaH> Kftup> njhiyNgrp vz; kw;Wk; kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup Nghd;w jfty;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. cq;fs; jw;Fwpg;gpd; kw;w gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,ijg; gpupj;Jf;fhl;l> ,e;jg; gFjpapd;fPo; xU jbkdhd Nfhl;il cs;Eiof;fTk;.

cjhuzk;:

fpahjp Nkj;jhgpuPr; Nfz;b> Kk;ig - ,e;jpah

njhlHG vz;: +91 2223678270

kpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected]



40

gbepiy 2: jw;Fwpg;gpd; RUf;fg; gFjpiar; NrHj;jy;

cq;fs; jw;Fwpg;gpd; ,e;jg; gFjpapy; cq;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j gzp mDgtq;fs;> rhjidfs;> tpUJfs;> rhd;wpjo;fs; gw;Wk; gyq;fs; Mfpait gl;bayplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ePq;fs; cq;fspd; RUf;fkhd jw;Fwpg;ig 2-3 Gy;yl; Gs;spfshf FWfpajhf jahH nra;ayhk; my;yJ 8-10 Gy;yl; Gs;spfshf ePz;ljhf jahH nra;ayhk;.

cjhuzk;:

jw;Fwpg;gpd; RUf;fk;

Ÿ xU rpyy; iw tpwg; id epiyaji; j epHtfpgg; jpy; 6 MzL; fs; gzp mDgtk; nfhzL; ss; > jpyy; p gyf; iyff; ofjj; py; ,UeJ; gll; k; ngwW; ss; xU fs Nkwg; hHitahsH.

Ÿ fhrhsHfs; kw;Wk; jsj;jpy; gzpGupAk; gzpahsHfs; cl;gl rpy;yiw tpw;gid epiya CopaHfis epHtfpg;gjpy; epGzj;Jtk;.

gbepiy 3: cq;fspd; fy;tpj;jFjpfisr; NrHj;jy;

cq;fspd; fy;tpg; gjpTfisg; gl;baypLk;nghOJ> cq;fspd; mjpfgl;r fy;tpj;jFjpia Kjypy; gl;byplTk;. mjpfgl;r fy;tpj;jFjpf;F fPo; ,uz;lhtJ mjpfgl;r fy;tpj;jFjpia NrHf;fTk;> NkYk; mNjNghy; NrHj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;yTk;. cq;fspd; fy;tp gpd;Gyk; Fwpj;J xU njspthd kw;Wk; Jy;ypakhd fz;Nzhl;lj;ij mspf;f> ePq;fs; gl;baypl;Ls;s xt;nthU gl;lk; my;yJ rhd;wpjOf;Fkhd cq;fspd; epiy> juepiy> rjtpfpjk; my;yJ rpgpI Fwpj;j jftiy NrHf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

eqP f; s; VjhtJ rhdw; pjo; gbgG; fs; myy; J gapwr; pfs; Kbjj; pUej; hy>; cqf; spd; fyt; pjj; Fjp gFjpfF; foP ; eqP f; s; gapwr; pfs; kwW; k; rhdw; pjof; s; gFjpia eqP f; s; NrHff; yhk

cjhuzk:; .;

fy;tpj; jFjpfs;

Ÿ <fyt; p fww; epWtdjj; pd; ngaH>-y; ,UeJ; <rjtpfpjk; myy; J nghUjj; khd gpw kjpgn; gz;

mikgG; >cld; <fyt; pjj; Fjpia css; plTk>; <jFjpngww; Njjpia css; plTk>;

gbepiy 4: cq;fspd; njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fisg; gl;bayplTk;

cq;fspd; njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fisg; gl;baypLk;nghOJ> ePq;fs; kpfTk; epr;rakhf ek;Gfpw jpwd;fSld; Kjypy; njhlq;fTk;. cq;fSf;F mjpfg;gbahf ,y;yhj gpw jpwd;fis gpd;dH NrHf;fTk;. xU Fwpg;gpl;l jpwd; kl;LNk cq;fspd; jw;Fwpg;Gf;F tYNrHf;f NghJkhdJ vd;W ePq;fs; fUjpdhy;> me;j xNu xU jpwid kl;LNk NrHg;gJk; KOikahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;fNj MFk;. cq;fsplk; njhopy;El;g jpwd;fs; vJTk; ,y;iynadpy;> ePq;fs; ,e;jg; gbepiyia jtpHj;Jtplyhk;.

cjhuzk;:

njhopy;El;gj; jpwd;fs;

Ÿ <nghUjj; khdjhf ,Uej; hy>; cqf; spd; njhopyE; lg; jpwid ,qN; f css; plTk>;

gbepiy 5: cq;fspd; fy;tpf;$l nra;Kiwj; jpl;l mDgtj;ij cs;Eiof;fTk;

ePq;fs; gzpGupe;j midj;J Kf;fpakhd nra;Kiwj; jpl;lq;fisAk; gl;bayplTk;.

,e;jg; gFjpapy; gpd;tUk; jfty;fis NrHf;fTk;:

• jpl;lj; jiyg;G • epWtdk • gad;gLj;jpa jsk

• gq;fspg;G • tpsf;fk;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


41

cjhuzk;:

fy;tpf;$l nra;Kiwj; jpl;lq;fs;

Ÿ jpl;lj; jiyg;G: (jpl;lj;jpd; jiyg;ig cs;splTk;)

Ÿ epWtdk;: (ePq;fs; nra;Kiwj; jpl;lj;ij nra;j epWtdj;jpd; ngaiu cs;splTk;)

Ÿ gad;gLj;jpa jsk;: (VjhtJ jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpapUe;jhy;>mij cs;splTk;)

Ÿ gq;fspg;G: (,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpw;fhd cq;fspd; gq;fspg;ig cs;splTk;)

Ÿ tpsf;fk;: (jpl;lj;ijg; gw;wpa xU tpsf;fj;ij xU tupapy; cs;splTk;)

• gpwe;j Njjp • ghypdk; kw;Wk; jpUkz epiy

• ehl;Lupik • njupe;j nkhopfs;

gbepiy 6: cq;fs; gyq;fisg; gl;bayplTk;

,q;Nfjhd; cq;fspd; Kf;fpakhd gyq;fs; midj;ijAk; ePq;fs; gl;baypl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gFjpahdJ xU Gy;yl; ,lg;gl;l gl;bay; tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzk;:

gyq;fs;

Ÿ kpfr;rpwe;j Ngr;R> vOj;J kw;Wk; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;Jjy; jpwd;

Ÿ nray;ghL-rhHe;j kw;Wk; KbTfspy;-ftdk; nrYj;jf;$ba jpwd;

Ÿ kpfr;rpwe;j Neu Nkyhz;ik jpwd;fs;

gbepiy 7: cq;fspd; fy;tprhuh nray;ghLfisg; gl;bayplTk;

cq;fSf;F gy Jiwfspy; MHtKs;sJ vd;Wk;> cq;fs; tho;f;ifapy; fy;tpiaj; jtpu epiwa cs;sJ vd;Wk; ntspg;gLj;JtJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. cq;fspd; fy;tprhuh nray;ghLfisr; NrHg;gjhy;> cq;fisg; Nghd;Nw fy;tp kjpg;ngz;fs; kw;Wk; nra;Kiwj; jpl;l mDgtq;fs; cs;s mNgl;rfHfistpl cq;fSf;F $Ljy; gyd;fis mspf;Fk;. ,e;jg; gFjpahdJ xU Gy;yl; ,lg;gl;l gl;bay; tbtj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzk;:

cq;fspd; fy;tprhuh nray;ghLfisg; gl;bayplTk;

Ÿ (cq;fspd; fy;tprhuh nray;ghl;il ,q;Nf cs;splTk;. v.fh.: -f;fhf tpisahlg;gl;l -d; cWg;gpduhd (tpisahl;bd; ngaH)mstpy;> (gupR/tpUjpd; ngaH) ntd;whH)

gbepiy 8: cq;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tptuq;fis vOjTk;

cq;fs; jw;Fwpg;gpd; ,Wjpg;gFjpahdJ gpd;tUk; jdpg;gl;l jfty;fisf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;:

cjhuzk;:

jdpg;gl;l tptuq;fs;

Ÿ gpwe;j Njjp: Nk 25>1981

Ÿ ghypdk; kw;Wk; jpUkz epiy: ngz;> jpUkzkhfhjtH

Ÿ ehl;Lupik: ,e;jpad;

Ÿ njupe;j nkhopfs;: Mq;fpyk;> ̀ pe;jp> jkpo;> /gpnuQ;R



42

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ cq;fs; jw;Fwpg;G Nfhg;gpd; ngaiu RUf;fkhf> vspikahf kw;Wk; jftyspf;Fk; tifapy; itf;fTk;.

Ÿ jw;Fwpg;G njspthfTk;> mr;Rg; gpiofs; ,y;yhky; ,Ug;gijAk; cWjpnra;aTk;.

Ÿ vg;nghOJk; cq;fspd; jw;Fwpg;ig ntw;W nts;isj;jhspy; kl;LNk jahHnra;aTk;.

NeHfhzypy; kpfTk; mbf;fb Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfs; kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;F vt;thW gjpyspg;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;j rpy gaDs;s Fwpg;Gfisg; ghHf;fTk;.

Nf 1. cq;fisg; gw;wpf; nfhQ;rk; $w KbAkh?

gjpy; mspg;gjw;fhd Fwpg;Gfs;:

Ÿ cq;fspd; KOikahd Ntiytha;g;G my;yJ jdpg;gl;l jfty;fis toq;f Ntz;lhk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; kpfTk; kjpg;Gkpf;fjhf kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhdjhff; fUJk; 2-3 Fwpg;gpl;l gzp mDgtq;fisf; Fwpg;gplTk;.

Ÿ ,e;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l gzpf;F cq;fspd; me;jg; gzp mDgtq;fs; vt;thW cq;fisj; jFjpAilatuhf Mf;fpaJ vd;gijf; $wp epiwT nra;aTk;.

Nf 2. ,e;j fhypg;gzpaplk; Fwpj;J cq;fSf;F vt;thW njupate;jJ?


Ÿ ,e;jg; gzp Fwpj;J ePq;fs; vt;thW Nfs;tpg;gl;BHfs; vd;W NeHfhzy; nra;gtuplk; njuptpf;fTk;-mJ xU ez;gH %ykhfth(ez;gupd; ngaH)> epfo;r;rp my;yJ fl;Liu (mtw;wpd; ngaiuf; $wTk;) %ykhfth my;yJ xU Ntiytha;g;G ,izajsk; (ve;j xd;W vd;W $wTk;) %ykhfth vd;W $wTk;.

Ÿ ,e;jg; gzpaplk; Fwpj;J cq;fSf;F kfpo;r;rpaspg;gJ vJ kw;Wk; ,e;jg; gzpaplj;jpy; cq;fisf; Fwpg;ghff; ftHe;jJ vJ vd;W tpsf;fTk;.

Nf 3. cq;fSf;F epWtdj;ijg; gw;wp vd;d njupAk;?


Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; 'vq;fisg; gw;wp" vd;w tiyg;gf;fj;ij mg;gbNa xg;gpf;f Ntz;lhk;.

Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;Ffs; Fwpj;J ePq;fs; Gupe;Jnfhz;Ls;sij kw;Wk; ftdj;Jld; ,Ug;gijf; fhl;lTk;.

Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; kw;Wk; kjpg;Gfspy; ePq;fs; Vd; ek;gpf;iff; nfhz;bUf;fpwPHfs; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

Nf 4. cq;fSf;F ,e;j Ntiy Vd; Njitg;gLfpwJ?


Ÿ ePq;fs; ,e;j Ntiyapd;kPJ MHtj;Jld; ,Uf;fpwPHfs; vd;gijf; fhl;lTk;.

Ÿ ,e;j Ntiy cq;fSf;F Vd; rpwg;ghf nghUe;JfpwJ vd;gij milahsk; fhzTk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; epWtdj;ij Vd; Nerpf;fpwPHfs; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

Nf 5. ehq;fs; Vd; cq;fis gzpakHj;j Ntz;Lk;?


Ÿ ePq;fs; gzpfis kl;Lk; nra;ahky;> epr;rakhf kpfr;rpwe;j KbTfis cq;fshy; mspf;f KbAk; vd;gij cq;fs; thHj;ijfs; %yk; ep&gpf;fTk;.

1.4.3 NeHfhzypy; mbf;fb Nfl;fg;gLk; Nfs;tpfs;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


43

Ÿ mzpapdH kw;Wk; gzpr;#oYld; ePq;fs; Vd; rpwe;j nghUj;jkhf ,Ug;gPHfs; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

Ÿ gpw tpz;zg;gjhuu;fis tpl;Ltpl;L cq;fis Vd; NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij tpsf;fTk;.

Nf 6. cq;fspd; kpfr;rpwe;j njhopy;Kiw gyq;fs; vd;d?


Ÿ NeHikahf ,Uf;fTk;-ePq;fs; nrhd;dhy; rpwg;ghf ,Ug;gjhf epidg;gijtpl> cq;fspd; cz;ikahd gyq;fs; rpytw;iw gfpuTk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; gzpaplj;jpw;F nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;gpl;l gyq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; $wTk;.

Ÿ ,e;jg; gyq;fis ePq;fs; vt;thW nray;gLj;jpf;fhl;bAs;sPHfs; vd;gij cjhuzq;fSld; $wTk;.

Nf 7. cq;fs; gytPdkhf ePq;fs; vijf; fUJfpwPHfs;?


Ÿ cq;fspd; Ra-tpopg;GzHT kw;Wk; NeHikia kjpg;gpLtNj ,e;jf; Nfs;tpapd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F fLikahfg; NghuhLk;> Mdhy; Nkk;gLj;j Kbahj xU gz;ig cjhuzkhff; $wTk;.

Nf 8. ePq;fs; vjpHghHf;Fk; Cjpaq;fs; vd;d?


Ÿ ePq;fs; tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; gzpf;fhd Cjpa tpfpj tiuaiw Fwpj;J Kd;dNu Ma;T nra;J> fz;Lgpbf;fTk;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; gzp Kd;mDgtk;> fy;tpj;jFjp kw;Wk; jpwd;fspd; mbg;gilapy; me;j Cjpa tpfpjj;jpy; ePq;fs; ve;j ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwPHfs; vd;gij fz;Lgpbf;fTk;.

Ÿ tise;J nfhLf;Fk; jd;ikAld; ,Uf;fTk;. cq;fspd; jpwd;fs; kjpg;Gkpf;fit> cq;fSf;F ,e;jg; gzp Njit vd;gjhy;> Cjpak; Fwpj;J Ngr;RthHj;ijapy; <Lglyhk; vd;W NeHfhzy; nra;gtuplk; njuptpf;fTk;.

Nf 9. gzpf;F ntspapy; ePq;fs; vd;d nra;a tpUk;GfpwPHfs;?


Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; fyhr;rhuj;Jld; ePq;fs; nghUe;JtPHfsh vd;gij rupghHg;gNj ,e;jf; Nfs;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

Ÿ NeHikahf ,Uf;fTk; - cq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jkhd kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rpaspf;Fk; nray;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghOJNghf;Ffs; Fwpj;J jpwe;j kdJld; gfpHe;Jnfhs;sTk;.

Nf 10. ePq;fs; xU tpyq;fhf ,Ue;jhy;> ve;j tpyq;fhf ePq;fs; ,Uf;f tpUk;gpapUg;gPHfs;?


Ÿ cqf; shy; Rakhf Nahrpff; Kbfpwjh vdg; ij rupghHgg; Nj ,ej; f; Nfst; papd; Nehff; khFk.;

Ÿ jtwhd gjpy; vd;W vJTk; ,y;iy-Mdhy; cq;fspd; gjpypd; %ykhf cq;fspd; gyq;fs; my;yJ jdpg;gl;l gz;Gfs; Fwpj;J xU ey;y jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fTk;.

Nf 11: ek;khy; rpwe;jjhf my;yJ tpj;jpahrkhf vd;d nra;a KbAk; vd;W ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPHfs;?




44

Ÿ ePq;fs; epWtdj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;T nra;Js;sPHfsh vd;gij rupghHg;gJk;> ePq;fs; tpj;jpahrkhf Nahrpj;J Gjpa vz;zq;fis mspf;fpwPHfsh vd;gij gupNrhjpg;gJNk ,e;jf; Nfs;tpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

Ÿ Gjpa Nahridfisg; gupe;Jiuf;fTk;. ,e;j Nahridfis nray;gLj;j cq;fspd; <LghL kw;Wk; epGzj;Jtk; vt;thW ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gijf; fhl;lTk;.

Nf 12: ePq;fs; vq;fsplk; NtW VNjDk; Nfl;f tpUk;GfpwPHfsh?


Ÿ epWtdj;jpd ; tiyjsj;jpy; vspjhf gjpy; fz;Lgpbf;ff;$ba my;yJ xU tpiuthd Md;iyd; Njly; %ykhf gjpy; fz;Lgpbf;ff;$ba Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;f Ntz;lhk;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf Nahrpf;Fk; jpwidf; fhl;lf;$ba mwpTg;g+Htkhd Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;fTk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ gjpyspf;Fk;nghOJ NeHikahf kw;Wk; jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; ,Uq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; gjpy;fs; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,Uf;f> cq;fspd; fle;jfhy mDgtq;fspy; ,Ue;J cjhuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jTk;.

1.4.4 jahuhf cs;s thHj;ijfs; - nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; nrhw;gjq;fs;:

gzpapl mbg;gil nrhw;gjq;fs;xt;nthU gzpahsUk; gpd;tUk; nrhw;fs; Fwpj;J ed;whf mwpe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;:

Ÿ tUlhe;jpu tpLKiw: gzpakHj;JgtHfshy; gzpahsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; Cjpaj;Jld; $ba tpLKiwf;fhy tpLg;G.

Ÿ gpd;Gyj;ij rupghHj;jy;: tpz;zg;gjhuu;fshy; mspf;fg;gLk; jfty;fspd; Jy;ypaj;jd;ikia rupghHf;f gzpakHj;JgtH gad;gLj;Jk; xU Kiw.

Ÿ rYiffs;: gzpahsupd; Cjpa Ngf;Nf[pd; xU ghfk;.

Ÿ ,ilNtisfs:; gzpNeuqf; spd ; ,ilNa gzpahsHfs ; XaT; vLfF; k ; FWfpa XaT; Ntisfs.;

Ÿ Cjpa Ngf;Nf[;: gzpakHj;JgtHfshy; jdJ gzpahsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; rk;gsk; kw;Wk; rYiffspd; njhFg;G.

Ÿ <Lnra; Neuk; (<L Neuk;): Cjpaj;jpw;F gjpyhd tpLg;G.

Ÿ xg;ge;j gzpahsH: xU epWtdj;jpw;fhf gzpGupAk; xU gzpahsupd; Nritia kw;nwhU epWtdj;jplk; jpl;l mbg;gilapy; my;yJ Neu mbg;gilapy; me;j epWtdk; tpw;gid nra;jy;.

Ÿ Ntiytha;g;G xg;ge;jk;: xU gzpahsH Cjpak; my;yJ rk;gsj;jpw;F khw;whf gzpia toq;f xg;Gf;nfhz;L> mJ gzpakHj;Jgtuhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;nghOJ> Ntiytha;g;G xg;ge;jk; eilKiwf;F tUfpwJ.

Ÿ ngUepWtd fyhr;rhuk;: xU epWtdj;jpd; midj;J cWg;gpdHfshYk; gfpug;gLk; ek;gpf;if kw;Wk; kjpg;Gfs;> xU jiyKiwg; gzpahsHfsplk; ,Ue;J mLj;j jiyKiwf;F nfhz;Lnry;yg;gLfpwJ.

Ÿ vjpH cupikr;rYif/vjpH cj;Njr rYif: xU epWtdj;jhy; mspf;fg;gLk;

rk;gsj;jpd; msit mjpfupf;f Ntiy ngWk; rhj;jpaKs;s tpz;zg;gjhuu;fshy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Ngr;RthHj;ij cj;jp.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


45

Ÿ NkYiw fbjk;: mNgl;rfupd; jw;Fwpg;Gld; NrHe;JtUk; xU fbjk;. mNgl;rfupd; jw;Fwpg;gpy; cs;s Kf;fpa tpraq;fis ,J vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ. NkYk;> vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; gzpaplj;jpw;fhd gq;fspg;ig Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpz;zg;gjhuupd; jpwid ep&gpf;Fk; cz;ikahd cjhuzq;fis mspf;fpwJ.

Ÿ Ratptuf;Fwpg;G(rptp) /jw;Fwpg;G: tpz;zg;gjhuupd; rhjidfs;> fy;tpg; gpd;Gyk;> gzp

Kd;mDgtk;> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; gyq;fs; gw;wpa RUf;fk;.

Ÿ kWg;Gf; fbjk;: gzpakHj;Jgtuhy; gzpahsUf;F toq;fg;gl;l Ntiytha;g;G rYifia kWj;J> gzpahsuhy; gzpakHj;JgtUf;F mDg;gg;gLk; xU fbjk;.

Ÿ gpbj;jq;fs;: gzpahsupd; Cjpaj;jpy; ,Ue;J fopf;fg;gLk; njhifs;.,it gzpahsupd; rk;gs tptuj;jpy; gl;bayplg;gLk;.

Ÿ ghFghL: xU egiu kw;nwhU egiug;Nghy; rhjfkhf elj;jhj nray;.

Ÿ gzpahsH: Cjpaj;jpw;F khw;whf kw;nwhU eguplk; gzpGupAk; xU egH.

Ÿ gzpahsH gapw;rp: gzpahsupd; ed;ikf;fhf Nkw;ghHitahsuhy; gzpahsH fye;Jnfhs;s mDkjpf;fg;gLk; gapw;rp tFg;G my;yJ cs;shHe;j gapw;rp.

Ÿ Ntiyapy;yh fhyk;: NtiyfSf;F ,ilNa Ntiyapy;yhky; ,Ue;j fhyk;.

Ÿ epiyahd tpjpKiw xg;ge;jk;: xg;Gf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Njjpapy; ,uj;J nra;ag;gLk; Ntiytha;g;G xg;ge;jk;.

Ÿ gpd;-njhlHr;rp: jdJ jw;Fwpg;ig rkHg;gpj;j gpwF> xU Ntiytha;g;G mspf;Fk; rhj;jpaKs;s gzpakHj;Jgtiu tpz;zg;gjhuH njhlHGnfhs;Sk; nray;.

Ÿ gFjp Neu gzpahsHÆMNyhrfHÆRje;jpukhd xg;ge;jjhuH: jdf;fhf gzpGupAk;> ntt;NtW gzpakHj;JgtHfspd; jw;fhypf Ntiyfis nra;JKbf;Fk; xU egH.

Ÿ tpLKiw: Cjpaj;Jld; $ba Ntiyapy;yh ehs;.

Ÿ kzpNeu Cjpak;: 60 epkplq;fs; nra;Ak; Ntiyf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; rk;gsk; my;yJ Cjpa njhif.

Ÿ cs;SiwT gzp: xU Ntiytha;g;Gf;F jFjpAs;s gzpahsUf;F> cs;SiwT gzp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; gzpakHj;Jgtuhy; toq;fg;gLk; Ntiytha;g;G. ,jpy; epWtdj;jpw;fhf gzpahsH xU epiyahd> tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fhyj;jpw;Fg; gzpGupa Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ NeHfhzy;: xU Ntiytha;g;Gf;F jFjpAs;s gzpahsiu gzpakHj;jyhkh vd;gij jPHkhdpf;f> Ntiytha;g;gspf;Fk; rhj;jpaKs;s gzpakHj;JgtH kw;Wk; gzpahsH ,ilNa eilngWk; ciuahly;.

Ÿ gzpff; hd tpzz; gg; k:; mNglr; fupd ; ngaH> Kftup> njhlHG tptuqf; s ; kwW; k ; gzp mDgtk ; Nghdw; mNglr; fupd ; jftyf; isf ; NflF; k ; xU gbtk.; xU Fwpgg; pll; epWtdjj; py ; gzpGupa tpzz; gg; jhuH MHtjJ; ld ; ,Uff; pwhH vdg; ijf ; fhlL; tNj xU tpzz; gg; jhuH gzpff; hd tpzz; gg; ji; j rkHgg; pgg; jpd ; Nehff; khFk.;

Ÿ Ntiytha;g;G: xU Ntiytha;g;Gf;F jFjpAs;s gzpahsUf;F gzpakHj;Jgtuhy; toq;fg;gLk; Ntiyf;fhd tha;g;G.

Ÿ Ntiy Njly; KftH: fhypg;gzpaplq;fisj; NjLtjw;fhf epuypy; cs;s gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s tiuaiwfis NjHT nra;tjd;%yk;> tpz;zg;gjhuHfs; Ntiytha;g;Gfis NjLtjw;fhd xU epuy;.

Ÿ jwf; hypf gzptpyff; y:; gzpahsUfF; mspff; gzpakHjJ; duplk ; vej; NtiyAk ;,yi; ynadpy>; gzpakHjJ; dH jwf; hypkhf gzpahsiu Ntiyapy ; ,UeJ; tpyfF; k ; nray.;



46

Ÿ tpLg;G: tpLg;G my;yJ gzpf;F tuhky; ,Ug;gjw;F gzpakHj;Jduhy; gzpahsUf;F mspf;fg;gLk; Kiwahd mDkjp.

Ÿ Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; fbjk;: Ntiytha;g;G toq;Fk; xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; gzp tpjpKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw cWjpnra;J xU gzpahsUf;F xU gzpakHj;Jduhy; nfhLf;fg;gLk; fbjk;.

Ÿ xg;ge;j fbjk;: Ntiytha;g;gpd; tpjpKiwfis Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Lk; xU fbjk;.

Ÿ gupe;Jiuf; fbjk;: xU egupd; gzpj;jpwid cWjpnra;Ak; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf vOjg;gLk; xU fbjk;.

Ÿ NgWfhy tpLg;G: fHg;gkhf ,Uf;Fk; my;yJ rkPgj;jpy; Foe;ij gpurtpj;j ngz;fshy; vLf;fg;gLk; tpLg;G.

Ÿ mwpTiuahsH: cq;fspd; njhopy;Kiw tho;f;if Fwpj;J cq;fSf;F mwpTiu mspj;J> topfhl;Lk; cq;fis tpl caHgjtpapy; gzpakHj;jg;gl;Ls;s xU egH.

Ÿ Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpak;: xU kzpNeu mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLk; Fiwe;jgl;r Cjpak;.

Ÿ mwptpg;G: Ntiytha;g;G xg;ge;jkhdJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Njjpapy; epiwtilAk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;L xU gzpahsH my;yJ gzpakHj;Jgtuhy; nra;ag;gLk; mwptpg;G.

Ÿ Ntiytha;g;G xg;ge;jk; : gzpapy; Nru Ntz;ba Njjp> rk;gsk;> gzp epge;jidfs; Nghd;w Ntiy njhlHghd Kf;fpa jfty;fs; mlq;fpa> gzpakHj;Jgtuhy; gzpahsUf;F mspf;fg;gLk; xU fbjk;.

Ÿ jpwe;j xg;ge;jk;: gzpahsH my;yJ gzpakHj;JgtH ,uj;J nra;Ak;tiu njhlHe;J nray;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk; xU Ntiytha;g;G xg;ge;jk;.

Ÿ kpifj;jFjp: xU egH Njitg;gLtijtpl mjpf Mz;Lfs; gzp mDgtk; my;yJ mjpf fy;tpj;jFjpfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy; my;yJ jw;nghOJ my;yJ Kd;dH mjpf rk;gsj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;gjhy;> me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l gzpf;F nghUe;jhky; ,Uj;jy;.

Ÿ gFjp-Neug; gzpahsH: rhjhuzkhf Ntiy nra;ag;gLk; Neuj;ijtpl Fiwthd Neuq;fSf;Nf gzpGupAk; xU gzpahsH.

Ÿ je;ijf;fhd tpLg;G: rkPgj;jpy; je;ijahd xU gzpahsUf;F mspf;fg;gLk; tpLg;G.

Ÿ gzpf;F NjHT nra;gtHfs;ÆngUepWtd jiyikg; gjpTf;F NjHT nra;gtHfs; ÆmYtyHfisj; NjLk; epWtdq;fs;: xU Fwpg;gpl;l gzpf;fhd egHfisj; NjLtjw;F gzpakHj;JgtHfshy; Cjpakspf;fg;gLk; njhopy;Kiw epGzHfs;.

Ÿ gjtp tpyfk;: jdJ gzpia tpl;L tpyFtjhf> xU gzpahsH jd;id gzpakHj;jpatuplk; Kiwahfj; njuptpj;jy;.

Ÿ Ra-Ntiytha;g;G: xU gzpahsuhf Ntiy nra;ahky;> jdJ nrhe;j tpahghuj;ij Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xU egH.

Ÿ gzpNeuj; jhs;: xt;nthU ehSk; gzpahsH vj;jid kzpNeuq;fs; gzpGupe;jhH vd;gijj; njuptpf;f> gzpahsu; gzpakHj;jpatuplk; rkHg;gpf;Fk; xU gbtk;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


47



gpuptpd; 1.5. njhopy;Kiditg; gw;wpg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;

1. njhopy;Kidtpd; fUj;Jg;gbtk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

2. njhopy;Kidtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

3. njhopy;Kidtpd; gz;Geyd;fs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

4. njhopy;Kidtpd; gy;NtW tiffis tpsf;Fjy;

5. xU rpwe;j jiytupd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy;

6. xU rpwe;j jiyikapd; ed;ikfis tpthjpj;jy;

7. xU rpwe;j mzpapd; gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy;

8. jpwk;gl ftdpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

9. jpwk;gl vt;thW ftdpg;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

10. jpwk;gl NgRjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

11. jpwk;gl vt;thW NgRtJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

12. gpur;rpidfis vt;thW jPHg;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

13. Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidfSf;F jPHT fhZk; gz;Gfisg; gl;baypLjy;

14. gpur;rpidfSf;F jPHT fhZk; jpwd;fis kjpg;gpLk; topfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

15. Ngr;RthHj;ij jpwdpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

16. vt;thW Ngr;RthHj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

17. Gjpa tzpf tha;g;Gfis milahsk; fhZtJ vg;gb vd;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

18. cq;fspd; tzpfj;jpw;Fs; Gjpa tzpf tha;g;Gfis milahsk; fhZtJ vg;gb vd;gJ

Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

19. njhopy;KidNthH vd;gjd; nghUis tpsf;Fjy;

20. gy;NtW tifahd njhopy;KidNthHfs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

21. njhopy;KidNthHfspd; gz;Geyd;fisg; gl;baypLjy;

22. njhopy;KidNthupd; ntw;wpf; fijfis epidT$Hjy;

23. njhopy;KidT nray;ghL Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

24. njhopy;KidT #oiy tptupj;jy;

25. ~,e;jpahtpy; jahupg;Nghk;| gpur;rhuj;jpd; Nehf;fk; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

26. njhopy;KidNthHfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd Kf;fpa jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

27. njhopy;KidT kw;Wk; mghak; ,ilNa cs;s cwT Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

28. njhopy;KidT kw;Wk; kPz;nlOjy; ,ilNa cs;s cwT Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;

29. kPz;nlOk; njhopy;KidNthupd; gz;Geyd;fis tptupj;jy;

30. Njhy;tpia vg;gb rkhspg;gJ vd;gJ Fwpj;J tpthjpj;jy;



48

1.5.1 fUj;Jg;gbtk; Fwpj;j mwpKfk;> (xU njhopy;KidNthupd;

gz;Geyd;> epWtdq;fspd; tiffs; Æ tpahghu epWtdq;fspd;

tiffs;): njhopy;KidNthHfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;KidT

ve;jtpjkhd mghak; ,Ue;jhYk;> xU tzpfk; njhlq;f KbT nra;Js;s xt;nthUtUk; xU njhopy;KidNthH MFk;. njhopy;KidNthHfs; jq;fspd; Ranjhopiy elj;JfpwhHfs;> epjprhHe;j mghaq;fSf;F nghWg;ngLj;Jf;nfhs;fpwhHfs;. NkYk;> njhopypy; ntw;wpaila jq;fspd; gilg;Gj;jpwd;> Mf;fj;jpwd; kw;Wk; mjpf mstpyhd Ra-Cf;fj;ijg; gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;. mtHfs; ngupajhf fdT fhz;fpwhHfs; kw;Wk; jq;fspd; vz;zq;fis rhj;jpaKs;s nray;fshf khw;Wtjw;F vd;d Ntz;LkhdhYk; nra;a Kaw;rpf;fpwhHfs;. xU epWtdj;ij cUthf;FtNj xU njhopy;KidNthupd; Fwpf;Nfhs; MFk;. epWtdj;ij cUthf;Fk; ,e;j nray;ghNl njhopy;KidT vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

njhopy;Kidtpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

njhopy;KidT vd;gJ gpd;tUk; fhuzq;fSf;fhf kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;:

1. ,J Gjpa epWtdq;fis cUthf;f toptFf;fpwJ

2. ,J re;ijaplj;jpw;F Gjpa rpe;jidfisf; nfhz;LtUfpwJ

3. ,J tho;f;ifj; juk; Nkk;gl toptFf;fpwJ

4. ,J xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhuk; tsHr;rpaila cjTfpwJ

njhopy;KidNthHfspd; gz;Geyd;fs;

midj;J ntw;wpfukhd njhopy;KidNthHfSk; rpy nghJthd Fzhjpraq;fisf; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;. mit:

Ÿ jq;fspd; gzpapy; kpfTk; MHtj;Jld; ,Ug;ghHfs;

Ÿ jq;fs;kPJ ek;gpf;if itj;jpUg;ghHfs;

Ÿ xOf;fj;JlDk;> mHg;gzpg;G czHTlDk; ,Ug;ghHfs;

Ÿ Cf;fj;JlDk; ce;JjYlDk; nray;gLthHfs;

Ÿ mjpf gilg;Gj;jpwd; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;

Ÿ vjpHfhy ,yf;F Fwpj;j ghHit nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;

Ÿ jpwe;j kdJld; ,Ug;ghHfs;

Ÿ KbntLf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;

njhopy;KidNthHfs; gpd;tUk; jd;ikiaAk; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;:

Ÿ mjpf mghaj;ij nghWj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;

Ÿ xt;nthd;iwAk; KOikahfj; jpl;lkpLjy;

Ÿ jq;fspd; gzj;ij Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf epHtfpj;jy;

Ÿ jq;fspd; thbf;ifahsHfSf;F Kd;Dupik mspj;jy;

Ÿ jq;fspd; jahupg;Gg;nghUs; kw;Wk; mjd; re;ij Fwpe;J tptukhfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;

Ÿ Njitg;gLk;nghOJ epGzHfsplk; ,Ue;J mwpTiu ngWjy;

Ÿ jq;fspd; ,og;Gfis vg;nghOJ Fiwf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njupe;Jitj;jpUj;jy;

Gfo;ngw;w njhopy;KidNthHfSf;F cjhuzq;fs;

rpy Gfo;ngw;w njhopy;KidNthHfs;:

Ÿ jpUgha; mk;ghdp (upiyad;];)

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


49

Ÿ lhf;lH. fHrd;gha; gNly; (epHkh)

Ÿ m]pk; gpNuk;[p (tpg;Nuh)

Ÿ mdpy; mfHthy; (Ntjhe;jh upNrhHr];)

epWtdq;fspd; tiffs;

,e;jpahtpy; cs;s xU njhopy;KidNthuhf> gpd;tUk; VjhtJ xU tifapyhd epWtdj;ij ePq;fs; nrhe;jkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L> ,af;fyhk;:

jdpegH cupikjhuH

jdpegH cupikjhuH epWtdj;jpy;> me;j epWtdj;ij xU jdpg;gl;l egH nrhe;jkhf itj;Jf;nfhz;L> epHtfpf;fpwhH kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwhH. rl;lg;g+Htkhd eilKiwfSf;F ,e;j tifahd tzpfk; kpfTk; vspjhd xd;whFk;. tzpfk; kw;Wk; cupikahsH MfpNahH rl;lg;gb ntt;NtwhdtH ,y;iy. ,yhge\;lq;fs; midj;Jk; cupikahsiuNa rhUk;- njhopy;KidNthUf;fhd flik tiuaiw ,y;yhjJ MFk;.

gq;FjhuH

xU gq;F epWtdk; vd;gJ ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F mjpfkhd egHfshy; cUthf;fg;gLk;.epWtdj;jpd; cupikahsHfs; gq;FjhuHfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwhHfs;. midj;J gq;FjhuHfshYk; gq;F gj;jpuk; ifnahg;gkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. epWtdk; kw;Wk; mjd; gq;FjhuHfs; MfpNahH rl;lg;gb ntt;NtwhdtHfs; ,y;iy. ,yhgq;fs; gq;FjhuHfshy; gfpHe;Jnfhs;sg;gLk;. e\;lq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> gq;FjhuHfspd; flik tiuaiw ,y;yhjJ MFk;. xU epWtdkhdJ tiuaWf;fg;gl;l MAisf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. gq;FjhuHfspy; ahuhtJ xUtH ,we;JNghdhNyh> Xa;Tngw;Wtpl;lhNyh> jpthyhfptpl;lhNyh my;yJ kdeyk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhNyh> ,J fiye;JNgha;tpLk;.

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G nfhz;l gq;FjhuH (vy;vy;gP)

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G nfhz;l gq;FjhuH my;yJ vy;vy;gp-apy;> epWtdj;jpd; gq;FjhuHfs; epiyahd ,Ug;G kw;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;G Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; mDgtpf;f KbAk;. xt;nthU gq;Fjhuupd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nghWg;Gk; vy;vy;gp-apy; mtHfspd; gq;fspg;gpw;F Vw;g ,Uf;Fk;. gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; mjd; gq;FjhuHfs; rl;lg;gb jdpj;jdpahf ,Ug;ghHfs;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ kw;wtHfspd; jtWfspy; ,Ue;J fw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ cq;fSf;F vd;d Njit vd;gjpy; njspthf ,Uq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; Nahridf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf gpur;rpidiaj; NjLtijtpl> jPHT fhz;gjw;F gpur;rpidiaj; NjLq;fs;.

1.5.2 jiyikg; gz;G kw;Wk; FOg;gzp:

jiyikg; gz;G kw;Wk; jiytHfs;

kw;wtHfs; gpd;gw;w xU cjhuzj;ij mikg;gNj jiyikg;gz;G vdg;gLk;. xU ey;y cjhuzj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ vd;why;> cq;fshy; tpUg;gg;gl;L nra;aKbahj xd;iw kw;wtHfisr; nra;a nrhy;Yjy; my;y. jiyikg;gz;G vd;gJ xU FOthf kw;Wk; xU epWtdkhf ntw;wpngw vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbg;gNjahFk;.

jiytHfs; rupahd tp\aq;fisNa nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ek;GthHfs;.kw;wtHfs; rupahd tp\aq;fisr; nra;tjw;Fk; mtHfs; cjTthHfs;. xU rpwe;j jiytH vd;gtH:

Ÿ vjpHfhyj;ijg; gw;wpa xU Cf;fkspf;Fk; njhiyNehf;Fg;ghHitia cUthf;FfpwhH.



50

Ÿ me;jj; njhiyNehf;Fg;ghHitia nray;gLj;j jdJ FOtpdUf;F Cf;fkspf;fpwhH.

midj;J njhopy;KidNthUf;Fk; Njitahd jiyikg; gz;Gfs;

xU njhopyK; idNthH kpfrr; pwej; jiyikg ; gzG; fisg ; ngww; pUej; hy ; klL; Nk> xU ntw;wpfukhd epWtdj;ijf; fl;likg;gJ rhj;jpakhFk;. gpd;tUgit xt;nthU njhopyK; idNthUk ; fzb; gg; hf nfhzb; Uff; Ntzb; a rpy Kff; pakhd jiyikg ; gzG; fs:;

1. gpur;rpidfisj; jPHg;gjw;fhf kw;Wk; mghaq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf ajhHj;jj;jd;ik:midj;J jilfs; kw;Wk; rthy;fisAk; rkhspf;Fk; jpwd;.

2. jtWfis nkd;ikahf kw;Wk; gzpthf xj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; kw;Wk; cq;fspd; gzpT:nray;fSf;fhf tpiuthf nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ ,jd; mHj;jk; MFk;. jtWfis rupnra;a Ntz;ba rthy;fshfg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk;> Fiwnrhy;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfshf fUjf;$lhJ.

3. kpfTk; tise;JnfhLf;Fk;jd;ikAld; ,Ug;gJk;> tise;JnfhLf;Fk;jd;ik:khw;wq;fSf;F vspjhf xj;Jg;NghtJk; xU ey;y jiytUf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. vg;nghOJ xj;Jg;Nghf Ntz;Lk;> vg;nghOJ xj;Jg;Nghff;$lhJ vd;gijj; njupe;Jnfhz;bUg;gJk; mjw;F rkkhf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.

4. cq;fspd; gyk; kw;Wk; cq;fspd; gytPdk; Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; fhl;Ljy; ek;gfj;jd;ik:vd;gJ ,jd; mHj;jk; MFk;. kdpjdhf ,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; kw;wtHfsplk; kdpjj;jd;ikAld; ,Uj;jy; vd;gJ ,jd; mHj;jkhFk;.

5. Njitg;gLk;nghOJ cq;fs; jiyikg;gz;G ghzpia GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;:GJg;gpj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy; my;yJ khw;wpf;nfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ ,jd; mHj;jkhFk;. ,ijr; nra;tjw;F> cq;fspd; jiyikg;gz;gpy; vq;Nf ,ilntsp cs;sJ vd;gijf; fw;Wf;nfhs;tJk; mij rupnra;a vd;d tsq;fs; Njit vd;gijf; fz;Lgpbg;gJk; Kf;fpakhFk;.

6. cq;fis kw;wtHfs; vg;gb ghHf;fpwhHfs; vd;gijf; fz;lwpa Neuj;ij tpopg;GzHT:vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ ,jd; mHj;jkhFk;. cq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;stHfis cq;fspd; ,Ug;G vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; ,jd; mHj;jkhFk;.

rpwe;j jiyikg;gz;gpd; ed;ikfs;

rpwe;j jiyikg;gz;gpdhy; vz;zw;w ed;ikfs; cs;sd. rpwe;j jiyikg;gz;ghdJ jiytHfSf;F gpd;tUgitfis ntw;wpfukhf mspf;fpwJ:

Ÿ FO cWg;gpdHfspd; tpRthrk; kw;Wk; flikAzHitg; ngWjy;

Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhis miltjw;fhf FOtpdiu Ntiy nra;a Cf;Ftpj;jy;

Ÿ FO cWg;gpdHfsplk; kd typikiaf; fl;likj;jy; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;Jjy;

Ÿ FO cWgg; pdHfis gu]g; uk ; GupeJ; nfhss; CfF; tpjj; y ; kwW; k ; FOgg; wi; w Vwg; LjJ; jy;

Ÿ khw Ntz;ba #oy; Vw;gLk;nghOJ khw;wj;jpd; Njitia FO cWg;gpdHfsplk; typAWj;jp ek;g itj;jy;.

FOg;gzp kw;Wk; FOf;fs;

xU nghJthd ,yf;if miltjw;fhf xU gzpaplj;jpy; cs;s egHfs; jq;fspd; jdpg;gl;l jpwd;fis xd;whfr; NrHf;Fk;nghOJ FOg;gzp Njhd;WfpwJ. ,e;jg; nghJthd ,yf;if miltjw;fhf xd;whfr; NrHe;J gzpGupAk; jdpg;gl;l egHfshy; rpwe;j mzp Vw;gLfpwJ. xU rpwe;j FOtpdH ,Wjp KbT fpilg;gjw;F jhq;fNs nghWg;Ngw;Wf;nfhs;thHfs;.

njhopy;KidT ntw;wpapy; FOg;gzpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

xU njhopy;KidAk; jiytUf;F> xU rpwe;j FOitf; fl;likg;gJ me;j epWtdj;jpd; ntw;wpapy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. jhd; fl;likf;Fk; FOtpdH rpy Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfs;> Fzhjpraq;fs; kw;Wk; gz;Geyd;fisf; nfhz;bUg;gij xU njhopy;KidNthH fz;bg;ghf cWjpnra;a Ntz;Lk;. gpd;tUgitfisf; nfhz;bUg;gJ xU rpwe;j FOthFk;:

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


51

1. midj;J FO cWg;gpdHfSk; mzpapd; Nehf;fk;> ghHit kw;Wk; xNu Nehf;fk;:,yf;Ffs; Fwpj;J rkkhd nghWg;GzHTld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; mij njspthfg; NkYkGupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

2. FO cWg;gpdHfs; jq;fspd; gpur;rpidfis rpwe;j njhlHGnfhs;Sk; jpwd;fs;:ntspg;gLj;Jjy;> re;Njfq;fis Nfl;ly; kw;Wk; rpf;fyhd jfty;fisj; njuptpf;f tpsf;fg;glq;fs; kw;Wk; ml;ltiziag; gad;gLj;Jjy; Mfpa jpwd;fisg; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

3. xt;nthU cWg;gpdUk; Gjpa Nahridfs; Fwpj;J tof;fkhf xj;Jiof;Fk; jpwd;:fUj;J njuptpg;gij cupikahff; fUj Ntz;Lk;.

4. mzpapy; nray;jpwDld; $ba jdpegHfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Kd;ndLf;Fk; jpwd;:cWg;gpdHfs; Gjpa NahridfSld; tUjy;> jw;NghJs;s Nahridfis Nkk;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; Rakhf Ma;T nra;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; MHtk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

5. nfhz;l cWg;gpdHfs;:vjpHtug;NghFk; gpur;rpidfis njhiyNehf;Fg;ghHit:milahsk; fz;L> me;j rhj;jpaKs;s gpur;rpidfs; cz;ikahd gpur;rpidfshf khWtjw;F Kd;dH mjpy; eltbf;if vLf;Fk; jpwid FOtpdH ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

6. khw;wk; vd;gJ xU Mf;fg;g+Htkhd nray; vd;W FO ek;g rpwe;j jftikg;G jpwd;fs;:Ntz;Lk;. khw;wk; vd;gij Gjpa tp\aq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd kw;Wk; Kaw;rpg;gjw;fhd tha;g;ghff; fUj Ntz;Lk;.

7. rpwe;j epWtd jpwd;fs;: epiyahd gzp nray;Kiwfs;> rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;> rupahfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;l jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; MHXI-I mstpLtjw;fhd rupahd Kiwfs; Mfpa jpwid FOtpdH ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ cq;fspd; Kjy;fl;l NahridapNyNa ,Uf;f Ntz;lhk;. mJ gupzkpg;gjw;F > khWtjw;F mDkjpAq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; gytPdk; Fwpj;J njupe;Jitj;jpUq;fs; kw;Wk; cq;fspd; Fiwfis <Lnra;Ak; FOitf; fl;likAq;fs;.

Ÿ rupahd egHfis gzpakHj;JtJ kl;Lk; NghJkhdJ my;y. mtHfis Cf;fg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mtHfSf;F ePq;fs; gjtp caHT my;yJ Cf;fj;njhif mspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; FOtpdupd; kupahijia rk;ghjpAq;fs;.

1.5.3 jfty;njhlHG jpwd;fs;: ftdpj;jy; kw;Wk; NgRjy;:

rpwg;ghf ftdpj;jypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

jfty; njhlHG nray;Kiwapd;nghOJ nra;jpia rupahfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; kw;Wk; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; jpwNd ftdpj;jy; vdg;gLk;. ftdpj;jy; vd;gJ rpwe;j jfty;njhlHGf;F Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. rpwe;j ftdpf;Fk; jpwd; ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jhy;> nra;jpfs; jtwhfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jdhy; jfty;njhlHgpy; ,ila+W Vw;gLk; kw;Wk; nra;jpia mDg;GgtH kw;Wk; ngWgtH ,ilNa vupr;ry; cz;lhFk;.

ftdpj;jYk; fhjhy; Nfl;lYk; xd;wy;y vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhFk;. fhjhy; Nfl;ly; vd;gJ ePq;fs; Nfl;Fk; rj;jj;ij kl;LNk Fwpf;Fk;.ftdpj;jy; vd;gJ mijtpl ,d;Dk; mjpfkhdJ MFk;. ftdpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> xUtH ftdj;ijf; Ftpf;f Ntz;Lk ; . fijia ntWkNd ftdpg ;gJ kl;Lky;yhky; > fij vt;thW njhlHGgLj;jg;gLfpwJ> nkhop kw;Wk; Fuy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiw kw;Wk; NgRgtH vt;thW



52

jd; cly;nkhopia gad;gLj;JfpwhH vd;gjpYk; ftdj;ijf; Ftpg;gJ vd;gJ ,jd; mHj;jk; MFk;. nrhw;fs; epiwe;j kw;Wk; nrhw;fs; my;yhj nkhopfis xUtH vt;thW rpwg;ghf cs;thq;fpf;nfhz;L Gupe;Jnfhs;fpwhH vd;gijg; nghWj;Nj ftdpf;Fk; jpwd; cs;sJ.

rpwg;ghf ftdpg;gJ vg;gb

rpwg;ghf ftdpf;f> ePq;fs;:

Ÿ NgRtij epWj;j Ntz;Lk;

Ÿ ,ila+W nra;af;$lhJ

Ÿ vd;d nrhy;yg;gLfpwNjh mjpy; KOikahf ftdk; nrYj;jTk;

Ÿ jiyairf;fTk; kw;Wk; cw;rhf%l;Lk; thHj;ijfs; kw;Wk; iriffisg; gad;gLj;jTk;.

Ÿ jpwe;j kdJld; ,Uq;fs;

Ÿ NgRgtupd; ghHitiag; gw;wp Nahrpf;fTk;

Ÿ kpf>kpf nghWikahf ,Uq;fs;

Ÿ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhdp kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;

Ÿ NgRgtupd; cly;nkhopfs;> Kf ghtidfs; kw;Wk; fz;ghHitfs; kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;

Ÿ NgRgtiu mtrug;gLj;j Ntz;lhk;

Ÿ NgRgtupd; ghtidfs; my;yJ gof;fq;fs; cq;fis vupr;rY}l;l my;yJ ftdj;ij jpirjpUg;g mDkjpf;f Ntz;lhk;

rpwg;ghf NgRtjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

xU nra;jp vt;thW ntw;wpfukhf njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ mij ePq;fs; vt;thW KOikahfg; Gupe;Jnfhz;Ls;sPHfs; vd;gijg; nghWj;Nj ,Uf;fpwJ. xU rpwe;j Ngr;rhsH vd;gtH njspthd thHj;ijfis ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;> thHj;ijfis rupahf cr;rupf;f Ntz;Lk;> rupahd thHj;ijfis NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; vspjhfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; tifapy; ,ilntsp tpl;Lg; Ngr Ntz;Lk;. ,ijj;jtpu> cuf;fg; Ngrg;gLk; thHj;ijfshdJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; iriffs;> njhdp kw;Wk; cly;nkhopAld; nghUe;j Ntz;Lk;.

ePq;fs; vd;d nrhy;fpwPHfs; kw;Wk; mij ePq;fs; nrhy;Yk; njhdp Mfpait vz;zw;w czHTfis cUthf;Fk;. xU egH jaq;fpj; jaq;fpg; Ngrpdhy;> mtH Fiwthd Rakupahij nfhz;ltuhf my;yJ tpthjpf;fg;gLk; jiyg;gpy; mtUf;F NghJkhd mwpT ,y;yhjjhf czHe;Jnfhs;sg;gLk;. xUtH mikjpahd Fuypy; Ngrpdhy;>mtH $r;r Rghtk; cs;stuhf Kj;jpiuaplg;gLthH. xUtH cuj;j Fuypy; kpfTk; njspthfg; Ngrpdhy;> mtH mjpf ek;gpf;ifAs;stuhff; fUjg;gLthH. ,J NgRtij xU kpf Kf;fpahd jfty;njhlHG jpwdhf Mf;FfpwJ.

rpwg;ghf NgRtJ vg;gb

rpwg;ghf NgRtjw;F> ePq;fs;:

Ÿ cq;fspd; Ngr;rpy; fz;fisg; ghHj;jy;> Gd;difj;jy;> jiyairj;jy;> irif nra;jy; Nghd;w cly; nkhopfis NrHj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ eqP f; s ; czi; kahfg ; Ngrg ; NghtjwF; Kdd; H cqf; s ; Ngrr; pd ; tiuitf ; fll; ikff; Tk.;

Ÿ cqf; spd ; czHrr; pfs ; kwW; k ; czHTfs ; midjJ; k ; flL; gg; hlb; y ; css; ij cWjp nraa; Tk.;

Ÿ cq;fs; Ngr;ir rupahd RUjp kw;Wk; Fuypy; cr;rupf;fTk;. cq;fspd; Ngr;R midj;J Neuq;fspYk; njs;sj;njspthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


53

1.5.4 gpur;rpidfSf;F jPHT fhZjy; kw;Wk; Ngr;RthHj;ij jpwd;fs;:

xU gpur;rpid vd;why; vd;d

Mf;];/NghHL mfuhjpapd;gb(1995)> xU gpur;rpid vd;gJ>�xU jPHit vjpHNehf;Fk; xU re;Njfj;Jf;Fupa my;yJ fbdkhd tp\ak;" MFk;.

midj;J gpur;rpidapYk; ,uz;L tp\aq;fs; cs;sd:

1. ,yf;Ffs; 2. jilfs;

,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf jilfis milahsk; fz;L> mtw;iw ePf;FtNj gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPHT fhz;gjpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;.

gpur;rpidfSf;F jPHT fhz;gJ vg;gb

gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPHT fhz;gjw;F gFj;jwpAk; jpwd; mtrpakhFk;. xU gpur;rpidia vjpHnfhs;Sk;nghOJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba rpy jHf;fuPjpahd gbepiyfs; ,q;Nf cs;sd:

gbepiy 1: gpur;rpidia milahsk; fhZjy;

gbepiy 2: gpur;rpidiag; gw;wp tpupthf Ma;T nra;jy;

gbepiy 3: rhj;jpaKs;s midj;J jPHTfisAk; gl;baypLjy;

gbepiy 4: rpwe;j jPHTfis NjHT nra;jy;

gbepiy 5: NjHT nra;ag;gl;l jPHit eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

Ÿ NgRk;nghOJ kfpo;r;rpahd> ,ay;ghd njhdpapy; NgrTk;. ePq;fs; xU Ngr;Rtof;fpy; Ngr Kw;gLtjhfNth my;yJ ,ay;gw;w Kiwapy; NgRtjhfNth ghHitahsHfs; czuf;$lhJ.

Ÿ cq;fspd; nra;jpia njuptpf;f> RUf;fkhd kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghd thHj;ijfisg; gad;gLj;jTk;. njsptpy;yhky; NgRtij fz;bg;ghfj; jtpHf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; Ngr;R jHf;f uPjpahf rupahf ,Ug;gij cWjpnra;aTk;.

Ÿ Njitahdijg; NgrTk;. Njitaw;w jfty;fs; vijAk; NrHf;f Ntz;lhk;.

Ÿ glg;ghf ,Uj;jy;> eLq;Fjy; Nghd;w vupr;rY}l;Lk; ghtidfis jtpHf;f Kaw;rpf;fTk;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; thHj;ijfis ftdkhfj; NjHT nra;aTk;. ngUk;ghyhd ghHitahsHfs; Gupe;Jnfhs;s rpukg;glhj tifapy; vspikahd thuj;ijfisg; gad;gLj;jTk;.

Ÿ gjhif my;yJ nts;isg;gyif Nghd;w fhl;rpg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jTk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; vd;d nrhy;fpwPHfs; vd;gijg; ghHitahsHfs; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk;tifapy; nkJthfg; NgrTk;. vdpDk;> kpfTk; nkJthfg; Ngrf;$lhJ vd;gjpy; ftdkhf ,Uq;fs;> Vnddpy; ,J tpiwg;ghdtuhf> xOq;fhf jahH nra;ahjtuhf my;yJ kw;wtHfis jho;thdtHfshf epidg;gtuhf fUjr;nra;JtpLk;.

Ÿ rupahd jUzq;fspy; ,ilepWj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij epidtpy;nfhs;sTk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ kw;wtHfs; vd;d nrhy;fpwhHfs; vd;gijf; ftdpg;gJ cq;fSf;F rpukkhf ,Ue;jhy;> mtHfs; $wpa thHj;ijfis cq;fs; kdjpw;Fs; jpUk;g nrhy;ypg;ghHj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ vg;nghOJk; NgRk;nghOJk;> ftdpf;Fk;nghOJk;> ePq;fs; njhlHGnfhs;Sk; egupd; fz;izg; ghHj;J njhlHGnfhs;sTk;. ,J ciuahlypy; <Lghl;il Vw;gLj;Jk; kw;Wk; Cf;fg;gLj;Jk;.



54

gbepiy 6: midjJ; gpurr; pidfSk ; czi; kapNyNa jHP ff; gg; lL; ss; jh vdW; cWjpnraj; y;

gpur;rpidf;F jPHT fhz;gjw;fhd Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfs;

tzpf cupikahsHfs; kw;Wk; mjd; gzpahsHfs; Mfpa ,UtUf;Fk; ed;F Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPHTfhZk; jpwd; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. gpur;rpidfs; vt;tsT rpwg;ghf jPHf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gjpy; gpd;tUk; MSikg; gz;Gfs; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd:

• rupahd Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;ly;

• gjl;lkpy;yhky; ,Uj;jy;

• jpwe;j kdJld; ,Uj;jy;

• Jbg;ghf ,Uj;jy;

• NeHkiwahd mZFKiwiaf nfhz;bUj;jy

• rupahd gpur;rpidapd;kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;

gpur;rpidfSf;F jPHT fhZk; jpwd;fis kjpg;gpLtJ vg;gb

xU njhopy;KidNthuhf> xU tpz;zg;gjhutpz;zg;gjhuiu gzpakHj;Jk; Kd;dNu mtupd; gpur;rpidf;F jPHT fhZk; jpwid kjpg;gpLtJ xU ey;y Nahridahf ,Uf;Fk;. gpd;tUgit ,e;jj; jpwid kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd rpy topfs; MFk;:

1. tpz;zg;g gbtq;fs;: tpz;zg;gjhutpz;zg;gjhuupd; gpur;rpidia jPHf;Fk; jpwd;fSf;fhd rhd;iw tpz;zg;gg; gbtj;jpy; g+Hj;jp nra;AkhW $wTk;.

2. cstpay; gupNrhjidfs;: jpwDs;s tpz;zg;gjhuHfSf;F jHf;fuPjpahf fhuzk; mwpjy; kw;Wk; tpkHrd uPjpapy; rpe;jpj;jy; Mfpa NjHTfisf; nfhLj;J> mtHfs; vt;thW ,Uf;fpwhHfs; vd;W gupNrhjpj;jy;.

3. NeHfhzy;fs;: xU cj;Njrkhd gpur;rpidf;Fupa #oiy cUthf;fp my;yJ newpKiw rhHe;j Nfs;tpfis vOg;gp> tpz;zg;gjhuHfs; vt;thW gjpyspf;fpwhHfs; vd;W ghHf;fTk;.

4. El;gkhd Nfs;tpfs;: ep[ tho;tpy; ,Ue;J rpy gpur;rpidfis tpz;zg;gjhuHfsplk; nfhLj;J> mtHfspd; rpe;jpf;Fk; nray;Kiwia kjpg;gplTk;.

Ngr;RthHj;ij vd;why; vd;d

Ngr;RthHj;ij vd;gJ NtWghLfis jPHg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU KiwahFk;. rHr;irfis jtpHf;Fk;nghOJ> rkurk; my;yJ xg;ge;jk; %ykhf NtWghLfisf; fistNj Ngr;RthHj;ijapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. Ngr;RthHj;ij elf;ftpy;iynadpy;> rr;ruTfshy; kdpjHfSf;F ,ilNa kdf;frg;G Vw;glf;$ba tha;g;Gs;sJ. rpwe;j Ngr;RthHj;ij jpwd;fshdJ ,uz;L jug;gpdiuAk; jpUg;jpgLj;Jk; kw;Wk; typikahd cwTfis ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F tsHf;Fk;.

Vd; Ngr;RthHj;ij elj;jNtz;Lk;

xU tzpfj;ij njhlq;Fk;nghOJ epiwa Ngr;RthHj;ijfs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rpy Ngr;RthHj;ijfs; rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk;> mNjNeuk; kw;witfs; me;j njhlf;fj;ij cUthf;Fk; my;yJ cilf;Fk; mstpw;F Kf;fpakhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gzpaplj;jpd; cs;NsAk; Ngr;RthHj;ij Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. xU njhopy;KidNthuhf> Ngr;RthHj;ij Nkw;nfhs;tJ vg;gb vd;W ePq;fs; kl;Lk; njupe;Jnfhs;shky;> cq;fSila gzpahsHfSf;Fk; Ngr;RthHj;ij fiyapy; gapw;rpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ngr;RthHj;ij elj;JtJ vg;gb

ePq;fs; Ngr;RthHj;ij elj;Jtjw;F cjTk; rpy gbepiyfisg; ghHf;fTk;:

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


55

gbepiy 1: Ngr;RthHj;ijf;F- Kd; jahHnra;jy;

gpur;rpid Fwpj;J tpthjpf;f vq;Nf re;jpg;gJ vd;W xg;Gf;nfhs;Sjy;> ahH ahnuy;yhk; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;jy; kw;Wk; tpthjj;jpw;F Neu tiuaiw mikj;jy;.

gbepiy 2: gpur;rpidia tpthjpj;jy;

gbepiy 3: Fwpf;Nfhis njspTgLj;jpf;nfhs;Sjy;

gbepiy 4: ,uz;L jug;gpdUf;Fk; ntw;wp vd;gij Nehf;fkhf nfhs;Sjy;

gbepiy 5: xg;ge;jj;ij njspthf tiuaWq;fs;

gbepiy 6: Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l jPHTfis eilKiwg;gLj;Jq;fs;

,jpy; Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;ly;> kw;w jug;gpdH nrhy;tijf; ftdpj;jy;> cq;fspd; ghHitfisj; njuptpj;jy; kw;Wk; re;Njfq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jjy; Mfpait cs;sd.

,uz;L jug;gpdUk; xNu gpur;rpidf;F jPHTfz;L> xNu ,yf;if mila tpUk;GfpwhHfs; vd;gij cWjpnra;jy;.

Ngr;RthHj;ij elj;Jk;nghOJ Kbe;j msT jpwe;j kdJld; ,Uf;f Kaw;rpAq;fs;. ,uz;L jug;gpdUk; xU KbTf;F te;J> xj;Jg;NghFk;tifapy; rkurk; nra;J> khw;Wj; jPHTfis $Wq;fs;.

xU xg;ge;jk; Vw;gl;lgpwF> me;j xg;ge;jj;jpd; tptuq;fs;> Gupe;Jnfhs;shky; Nghtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; ,y;yhky; ,uz;L jug;gpdUf;Fk; njspthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

jPHTfis nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nray;ghLfSf;F xg;Gf;nfhs;Sjy;

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ xd;iwg; ngWtjw;fhf ciof;Fk;Kd;dH> cq;fSf;F epr;rakhf vd;d Ntz;Lk; vd;gijj; njupe;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;

Ÿ NgRtijtpl> ftdpg;gjw;F kw;Wk; rpe;jpg;gjw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLq;fs;

Ÿ mLj;jtiu nty;tijtpl xU cwitf; fl;likg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;

Ÿ cq;fspd; jpwd;fs; Kbitg; ghjpf;Fk; vd;gij epidtpy;nfhs;Sq;fs;

Ÿ vg;nghOJ ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;W njupe;Jitj;jpUq;fs; - rpyNeuq;fspy; xU xg;ge;jj;ij miltJ rhj;jpakpy;yhky; Nghfyhk;

1.5.5 tzpf tha;g;Gfis milahsk; fhZjy;:

njhopy;KidNthHfs; kw;Wk; tha;g;Gfs;'njhopy;KidNthH vg;nghOJk; khw;wj;ij vjpHNehf;fp> mjw;Nfw;g nray;gl;L> mij xU

tha;g;ghf gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;thHfs;." - gPl; h buf;fHl

tzpf tha;g;Gfis milahsk;fhZk; jpwd; vd;gJ xU njhopy;KidNthupd; mtrpakhd gz;ghFk;.

xU tha;g;G vd;why; vd;d

tha;g;G vd;w thHj;ijahdJ VjhtJ xd;iwr; nra;tjw;F #oy;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; xU ey;y tha;g;G my;yJ xU rhjfkhd #oiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

xU tzpf tha;g;G vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l #oypy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l tzpfj;ij nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhf cs;s xU ey;y my;yJ rhjfkhd khw;wk; MFk;.

njhopy;KidNthHfs; vjpHnfhs;Sk; nghJthd Nfs;tpfs;

jq;fSf;F rupahd xU tzpf tha;g;ig vg;gbf; fz;Lgpbg;gJ vd;gNj midj;J njhopy;KidNthHfSk; vjpHnfhs;Sk; xU Kf;fpakhd Nfs;tpahFk;.



56

gpd;tUgit njhopy;KidNthHfs; vg;nghOJk; rpe;jpf;Fk; rpy nghJthd Nfs;tpfs; MFk;:

Ÿ Gjpa epWtdkhdJ> g+Hj;jp nra;ag;glhj NjitfSf;fhfg; Gjpa nghUs; my;yJ Nritia mwpKfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lkh?

Ÿ Gjpa epWtdkhdJ> xU re;ijapy; ,Ue;J jw;nghOJ fpilf;Fk; nghUs; my;yJ Nritiaj; NjHTnra;J> mit fpilf;fhj NtW xU ,lj;jpy; mspf;f Ntz;Lkh?

Ÿ NtW vq;fhtJ ntw;wpfukhf Kaw;rpj;J> Nrhjid nra;ag;gl;l Kiwapd;gb epWtdk; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh?

vdNt> Gjpa kw;Wk; jw;NghJs;s tzpf tha;g;Gfis milahsk; fhZtJ kw;Wk; mJ ntw;wpailtjw;fhd tha;g;ig kjpg;gpLtJ Mfpatw;iw xU njhopy;KidNthH fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;

vg;nghOJ xU rpe;jid xU tha;g;ghfpwJ

xU rpe;jid vg;nghOJ xU tha;g;ghfpwJ vd;why;:

Ÿ mJ xU thbf;ifahsUf;F kjpg;Gfis cUthf;Fk;nghOJ my;yJ NrHf;Fk;nghOJ

Ÿ mJ xU Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidia jPHf;Fk;nghOJ> rpf;fyhd tp\aj;ij mfw;Wk;nghOJ my;yJ xU Njitiag; g+Hj;jpnra;Ak;nghOJ

Ÿ xU typikahd re;ij kw;Wk; ,yhg tuk;G ,Uf;Fk;nghOJ

Ÿ rupahd ,lk; kw;Wk; rupahd Neuj;jpy; epWtdH kw;Wk; epHthf FOtpdUld; ed;whfg; nghUe;Jjy;

tha;g;Gfis vjpHNehf;Fk;nghOJ fUjg;gl Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;

tzpf tha;g;Gfis vjpHNehf;Fk;nghOJ> gpd;tUgitfisf; fUj;jpy;nfhs;sTk;:

Ÿ nghUshjhug; Nghf;Ffs;

Ÿ re;ijg; Nghf;Ffs;

Ÿ epjpAjtpfspy; khw;wq;fs;

Ÿ murpay; Mjutpy; khw;wq;fs;

Ÿ tpw;gidahsHfs;> gq;FjhuHfs;

Ÿ ,yf;F ghHitahsHfspy; khw;wk kw;Wk; nghUs; toq;FgtHfs; ,ilNa cs;s cwTfspy; khw;wk;

Gjpa tzpf tha;g;Gfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd topfs;

1. re;ij jpwikapd;ikfis milahsk;fhZjy;

xU re;ijiag; ghHf;Fk;nghOJ> me;j re;ijapy; vd;ndd;d jpwikapd;ikfs; cs;sd vd;gij fUj;jpy;nfhs;Sq;fs;. me;jj; jpwikapd;ikfis rupnra;tjw;fhd topfs; Fwpj;J NahrpAq;fs;.

2. Kf;fpa ,ila+Wfis mfw;Wq;fs;

xU Gjpa nghUs; my;yJ Nritia cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gjpyhf> ePq;fs; xU nghUs;> Nrit my;yJ nray;Kiwia GJikahf Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

3. Gjpjhf rpytw;iw cUthf;Fjy;

jw;NghJs;s tzpf khjpupfspd; mbg;gilapy;> thbf;ifahsHfSf;F GJikahd mDgtj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ vg;gb vd;W NahrpAq;fs;.

4. xU tsUk; Jiw / njhopw;rhiyia NjHTnra;jy;

ve;j Jiwfs; my;yJ njhopw;rhiyfs; tsHfpd;wd vd;W Ma;Tnra;J> mjpy; vd;d tha;g;Gfis gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;W NahrpAq;fs;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


57

5. nghUl;fis tpj;jpahrg;gLj;Jtijg; gw;wp Nahrpj;jy;

cq;fspd; kdjpy; Vw;fdNt xU nghUs; ,Ue;jhy;> mij jw;NghJs;s xd;wpy; ,Ue;J ve;j topfspy; jdpj;Jf;fhl;LtJ vd;W NahrpAq;fs;.

cq;fspd; tzpfj;jpw;Fs; tzpf tha;g;Gfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd topfs;

1. ];Nthl; gFg;gha;T

];Nthl; gFg;gha;it cUthf;FtJ cq;fspd; tzpfj;jpw;Fs; tzpf tha;g;Gfis milahsk; fhz;gjw;fhd xU rpwe;j topahFk;. ];Nthl; vd;w RUf;fkhdJ gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fs;> tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; Mgj;Jfisf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

tzpf tha;g;Gfis vjpHNehf;Fk;nghOJ gpd;tUgitfisf; fUj;jpy;nfhs;sTk;:

];Nthl; fl;likg;igg; gad;gLj;jp cq;fisAk;> cq;fs; Nghl;bahsHfisAk; ghHf;Fk;nghOJ ePq;fs; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tha;g;Gfis cq;fshy; ntspg;gLj;j KbAk;

];Nthl; gFg;gha;T fl;likg;G:

gyk;cq;fspd; gyq;fs; vd;d?cq;fsplk; vd;d jdpj;Jtkhd jpwd;fs; cs;sd?kw;wtHfistpl ePq;fs; vt;thW rpwe;jtH?cq;fspd; gyq;fshf kw;wtHfs; czHtJ vd;d S

1.5.1. ];Nthl; gFg;gha;T

gytPdk;gytPdk; cq;fspd; gytPdq;fs; vd;d?

cdJ Nghl;bahsHfs; cd;idtpl vij rpwg;ghf

nra;fpwhHfs;?

tha;g;Gfs; ve;jg; Nghf;F cq;fis Mf;fg;g+Htkhfg; ghjpf;fpwJ?cq;fSf;F vd;ndd;d tha;g;Gfs; fpilf;fpd;wd?Mgj;J

Mgj;J cq;fsplk; cWjpahd epjp

trjp ,Uf;fpwjh?ve;jg; Nghf;F cq;fis

vjpHkiwahfg; ghjpf;fpwJ?

W

O T

kw;Wk; cq;fspd; ntw;wpf;F ,ila+whf ,Uf;Fk; Mgj;Jfis epHtfpf;f kw;Wk; mfw;w KbAk;.

2. cq;fspd; a+v];gP-I Vw;gLj;Jjy;

cq;fspd; Nghl;bahsHfsplk; ,Ue;J cq;fspd; a+v];gP kw;Wk; epiyikia tpj;jpahrkhf Vw;gLj;jTk;. Vd; cq;fsplk; ,Ue;J thbf;ifahsHfs; thq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij milahsk;fz;L> me;jf; fhuzj;ij tpsk;gug;gLj;jTk;.

tha;g;ig gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

ePq;fs; tha;g;ig xUKiw milahsk; fz;l gpwF> ePq;fs; mijg; gFg;gha;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;. xU tha;g;ig gFg;gha;T nra;a> ePq;fs;:

Ÿ Nahridapy; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;

Ÿ me;j Nahridf;fhd re;ijapd;kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;

Ÿ Nahrid Fwpj;J njhopw;rhiy jiytHfsplk; NgRq;fs;

Ÿ Nahridf; Fwpj;J nray;gLgtHfsplk; NgRq;fs;



58

1.5.6 njhopy;KidNthUf;F Mjuthd #oy;:

xU njhopy;KidNthH vd;why; vd;d

xU njhopy;KidNthH vd;fpw xU egH:

Ÿ xU gzpahsUf;fhf Ntiy nra;tjpy;iy

Ÿ xU rpwpa epWtdj;ij elj;JfpwhH

Ÿ epWtdk;> vz;zk;> nghUs; my;yJ Nrit Mfpatw;wpd; midj;J Mgj;Jfs; kw;Wk; ntFkjpfisAk; mDkhdpf;fpwhH

njhopy;KidNthHfspd; tiffs;

gpd;tUgit njhopy;KidNthHfspd; ehd;F Kf;fpa tiffs; MFk;:

Ÿ ghuk;gupa njhopy;KidNthH: ,e;j tifahd njhopy;KidNthH nghJthf rpy tifahd jpwidf; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;- mtHfs; xU jr;rH> nkf;fhdpf;> rikay;fhuH Nghd;wtHfshf ,Uf;fyhk;.mtHfs; gy Mz;Lfshf cztfq;fs;> filfs; kw;Wk; jr;R Ntiyf;fil Nghd;w tzpfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thHfs;. mNj njhopypy; jq;fspd; nrhe;j tzpfj;ij mtHfs; njhlq;Fk;nghOJ> mtHfs; me;jf; Fwpg;gpl;l njhopypy; Vuhskhd mDgtj;ijg; ngw;wpUg;ghHfs;.

Ÿ tsUk; jpwDs;s njhopy;KidNthH: tsuf;$ba xU epWtdj;ij njhlq;fp> gy thbf;ifahsHfis rk;ghjpj;J> Vuhskhd gzk; <l;LtNj ,e;j tifahd njhopy;KidNthupd; tpUg;gk; MFk;. xU ey;y ,yhgj;jpw;F jq;fspd; epWtdj;ij tpw;gid nra;tNj mtHfspd; ,Wjpahd Nehf;fk; MFk;. mj;jifa njhopy;KidNthHfs; mwptpay; my;yJ njhopy;El;g gpd;Gyj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;.

Ÿ jpl;lk;-rhHe;j njhopy;KidNthH: ,e;j tifahd njhopy;KidNthHfs; nghJthf fiy my;yJ cstpay; gpd;Gyj;ijf; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;. mtHfSf;F kpfTk; tpUg;gkhd xd;iwg; gw;wp mtHfspd; epWtdk; ftdk; nrYj;Jk;.

Ÿ tho;f;ifKiw njhopy;KidNthH: ,e;j tifahd njhopy;KidNthH nghJthf xU MrpupaH my;yJ xU nrayhsuhf Ntiy nra;jpUg;ghH. mtHfs; mjpfkhd gzk; rk;ghjpg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf> kf;fs; tpUk;Gk; rpytw;iw tpw;gjpy; MHtkhf ,Ug;ghHfs;.

xU njhopy;KidNthupd; gz;Gfs;

ntw;wpfukhd njhopy;KidNthHfs; gpd;tUk; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;:

Ÿ mtHfs; mjpfkhf Cf;fg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;ghHfs;

Ÿ mtHfs; GJikahf Nahrpg;gtHfshf> rpe;jidiaj; J}z;LgtHfshf ,Ug;ghHfs;

Ÿ mtHfs; xt;nthU gzpiaAk; nra;tjw;F kdjstpy; jahuhf ,Ug;ghHfs;

Ÿ mtHfs; rpwe;j tzpfj; jpwd;fisf; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs;-jq;fspd; gzg;Gof;fk;> tpw;gid kw;Wk; tUthia vt;thW kjpg;gpLtJ vd;gij mtHfs; njupe;J itj;jpUg;ghHfs;

Ÿ mtHfs; mjpf mghaq;fs; epiwe;j fhupaq;fisr; nra;tjw;F tpUk;GthHfs;

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ tha;g;Gfs;> #oy; rhHe;jit vd;gij epidtpy;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

Ÿ xU ep&gpf;fg;gl;l rhjidiag; ghUq;fs;.

Ÿ rkPg fhyq;fspy; gpugykhf ,Ug;gij jtpUq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; Nahridia NerpAq;fs;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


59

Ÿ mtHfs; kpfTk; RWRWg;ghf ,Ug;ghHfs;-kw;wtHfs; xU Ntiyiar; nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhj;jpUf;fhky; mtHfNs me;j Ntiyia nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;GthHfs;

Ÿ mtHfs; xU njhiyNehf;Fg;ghHitiaf; nfhz;bUg;ghHfs; - mtHfs; ngupajhf rpe;jpj;Jg; ghHg;ghHfs;

Ÿ mtHfs; tise;JnfhLf;Fk;jd;ikAld;> jpwe;j kdJld; ,Ug;ghHfs;

Ÿ KbTfs; vLg;gjpy; rpwe;jtHfshf ,Ug;ghHfs;

njhopy;KidNthH ntw;wpf; fijfs;

jpUgha; mk;ghdp

jpUgha; mk;ghdp> fpHdhH kiyapy; thu ,Wjpfspy; Gdpj ahj;jpiu gazpfSf;F ||g[pah];|| tpw;gjd;%yk; jdJ njhopy;KidT tho;f;ifia njhlq;fpdhH. 16 tajpy;> mtH Vkd; nrd;W vupthA-epiya cjtpahsuhfTk;> xU vz;nza; epWtdj;jpy; vOj;juhfTk; gzpGupe;jhH. mtH 50>000 &ghAld; ,e;jpah te;J> xU [Tsp tpw;gid epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhH. rHtNjr re;ijfspy; gzj;ij <l;Lk; Kjy; ,e;jpa epWtdkhfTk;> /NghHg;]; 5000 gl;baypy; NrHe;j Kjy; ,e;jpa epWtdkhfTk; upiyad;]; cUthdJ.

lhf;lH.fHrd;gha; gNly;

fHrd;gha; gNly; jdJ tPl;bd; gpd;gf;fj;jpy; ryitj;J}is jahH nra;jhH. mtH tPLtPlhfr; nrd;W xt;nthU nghUisAk; tpw;W> mtH tpw;w xt;nthU nghl;lyj;jpw;Fk; gzk; jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;fhd cj;juthjk; mspj;jhH. me;j Neuj;jpy; kypthd ryitj;J}Ns xU fpNyhTf;F &.13 vd;W ,Ue;jnghOJ> mtH xU fpNyhTf;F &.3 kl;LNk t#ypj;jhH. lhf;lH.gNly; epHkh epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhH> mJ ,e;jpa cs;ehl;L ryitj;J}s;

1re;ijapd; KO mq;fkhf khwpaJ.

njhopy;KidT nray;Kiw

njhopy;KidT nray;Kiwfspd; gbepiyfisg; ghHf;fyhk;.

gbepiy 1: jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;.xU njhopy;KidNthuhy; Nahrpf;fg;gl;l jpl;lj;JlNdNa njhopy;KidT nray;Kiw njhlq;FfpwJ. jpl;lk; vd;gJ jPHf;fg;gLk; rhj;jpaKs;s xU gpur;rpidahFk;.

gbepiy 2: mUk;Gjy; my;yJ mq;fPfupj;jy;. ,e;jg; gbepiyapy;> milahsk; fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidf;F xU rhj;jpaKs;s jPHit Nahrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

gbepiy 3: jahuhjy; my;yJ gFj;jwpTld; Ma;Tnra;jy;. gpur;rpid NkYk; Ma;Tnra;ag;gl;L> mNj gpur;rpidf;F kw;wtHfs; vt;thW jPHT fhz Kaw;rpj;jhHfs; vd;W Ma;Tnra;a Ntz;Lk;.

gbepiy 4: milfhj;jy; my;yJ fw;gid nra;jy;. mjpf NahridfSld; tUk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf GJikahf rpe;jpg;gJ ,e;jg; gbepiyahFk;. gpur;rpidf;Fupa gFjpfSf;F Fiwthd Nahrid nfhLf;fg;gLk;.

gbepiy 5: rhj;jpaj;jd;ikia Ma;Tnra;jy;: ,e;jj; jpl;lkhdJ ,yhgj;ij Vw;gLj;Jkh vd;gijj; jPHkhdpf;f rhj;jpaj;jd;ikia Ma;Tnra;tNj mLj;j gbepiyahFk;.

gbepiy 6: njsptiljy; my;yJ czHjy;. njsptw;w midj;Jk; jpBnud njspthf MFk; jUzk; ,J. jdJ jpl;lk; ed;ikia mspf;Fk; vd;W njhopy;KidNthH ek;gpf;ifahf czHthH.

gbepiy 7: rupghHj;jy; my;yJ cWjpnra;jy;. ,e;j ,Wjpg;gbepiyapy;> jpl;lk; ed;whf nray;gLkh kw;Wk; gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fkh vd;W rupghHf;fg;gLk;.

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60

,e;jr; nray;Kiwiag; gw;wp ed;whfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s> fPNo cs;s glj;ijg; ghHf;fTk;.

njhopy;KidT #oy; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

njhopy;KidTf;F Mjuthd #oyhdJ njhopy;Kidtpd; xl;Lnkhj;j kw;Wk; KOikahd ,ay;igf; Fwpf;fpwJ. Gjpa epWtdq;fshdJ cUthfp>nropg;ghf ,Ug;gJ> mijj; njhlq;fpa ijupakhd> njhiyNehf;Fg;ghHit nfhz;l njhopy;KidNthHfshy; kl;Lk; my;y> mtHfs; epWtdj;ij mikj;j xU tsUk; #oy; my;yJ jdpahH kw;Wk; nghJ gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; ,Uf;Fk; #oypaYk; xU fhuzkhFk;. ,e;j tifahd nray;ghl;lhsHfs; Gjpa epWtdq;fis tsHj;J> mij jf;fitg;ghHfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;KidNthupd; Kaw;rpfis Cf;Ftpg;ghHfs;.

xU njhopy;KidT #oypy; gpd;tUk; MW Kf;fpa fsq;fs; cs;sd:

1. rhjfkhd fyhr;rhuk;: mghaq;fs; kw;Wk; jtWfis rfpj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;> kjpg;Gkpf;f tiyaikg;G kw;Wk; njhopy;KidNthupd; Mf;fg;g+Htkhd rKjha epiy Mfpait ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;.

2. nfhs;iffis vspjhf;Fjy; kw;Wk; jiyikg;gz;G: xOq;FKiw fl;likg;G Cf;fkspg;Gfs; kw;Wk; nghJ Muha;r;rp ikaq;fs; ,Uj;jy; Mfpait ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;.

3. kfspH epjpAjtpf;FO> ntd;rH Nfg;gplyp];l; kw;Wk; FW epjpAjtpf;fhd tha;g;Gfs;:fld;fs; Mfpait ,jw;fhd rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; MFk;.

4. gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; gapw;rpaspf;fg;glhj gzpahsHfs;> kdpj %yjdk;:njhopy;KidNthHfs; kw;Wk; njhopy;KidT gapw;rpj; jpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.

5. ,J nghUs; my;yJ Nritf;F cs;s nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; NritfSf;F cfe;j re;ij:re;ij my;yJ re;ijf;fhd tha;g;ig Fwpf;fpwJ.

6. epWtd kw;Wk; cs;fl;likg;G cjtp: rl;l kw;Wk; epjp MNyhrfHfs;> njhiyj;njhlHGfs;> b[pl;ly; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J cs;fl;likg;G kw;Wk; njhopy;KidT tiyaikg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs; Mfpait ,jpy; cs;slq;Fk;.

xU typikahd njhopy;KidTf;F Mjuthd #oy; ,Uf;fpwjh>; ,e;jr; #oiy NkYk; Cf;Ftpf;f murhq;fk; vd;d eltbf;iffs; vLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,e;jf; fsq;fs; fhl ;Lfpd;wd. MW fsq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; glkhf fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fjy;

mUk;Gjy;(mq;fPfupj;jy;)

jahuhjy;(gFj;jwpTld; Ma;Tnra;jy;)

milfhj;jy; (fw;gid nra;jy;)

rupghHj;jy;(cWjpnra;jy;)

njsptiljy; (czHjy;)

rhj;jpaj;jd;ikia Ma;Tnra;jy;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


61

Muk;gfl;l thbf;ifahs

Hfs;

re;ij

nfhs

;if

epjp

fyhr;rhuk;

MjuT

fs;

kdpj

%yjdk;njhopy;KidT

• t¨f[

ke;qDr

iw¡th fuf/k

• futh bD

oVh

• lkoZtfud i

w¡th cktkj

• dtZ

glk;.1.5.2. njhopy;KidT xU ghHit

ŸfUj;ij M

uk;gj;jpy; Vw;gtHfs;

Ÿ nghU

s; jahupg;gpy; epGzHfs;

Ÿ Nkw;Nfhs

; thbf;ifahs

HŸ

Kjy; kjpg;gha;T

Ÿ tpepNahf topKiwfs;

tiyaikg;Gfs;

Ÿnjhopy

;KidNthH

tiyaikg;Gfs;

Ÿ gue;j tiyaikg;Gfs;

Ÿ gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs;

jiyikg;gz;G

Ÿ<Lnra;aKbahj MjuT

Ÿr%f cz;ikj;jd;ik

Ÿtpthjj;jpw;F jpwe;j kdJld;

,Uj;jy;

Ÿnjhopy;KidT cj;jp

Ÿmtruk;> neUf;fb kw;Wk; rthy

;murhq;fk;

ŸepWtdq;fs; v.fh.

KjyPL> cjtp

Ÿepjp cjtp v.fh.

Muha;r;rp kw;Wk;

Nkk;ghl;bw;fhf>

njhlq;f

ŸxOq;FKiw fl;likg;G Cf;fk; v.fh.

tupr;rYiffs;

ŸMuha;r;rp epWtdq;fs; KjyPl;lhU

f;F

rhjfkhd

rl;lk;

Ÿv.fh. jpthy

hjy;> xg;ge;j mkyhf;fk;>

nrhj;Jupik kw;Wk; gzpahs

H

gzpahs

H

Ÿjpwd;kpf;f kw;Wk; jpwdw;w

ŸnjhlHr;rpahd

njhopy;KidNthHfs;

Ÿgpe;ija jiyKiwf; FLk;gk;

fy;tp epWtdq;fs;

ŸnghJ

g; gl;lq;fs; (njhopy;Kiw kw;Wk;

fy;tpapay;)

ŸFwpg;gpl;l njhopy;KidTg; gapw;rp

cs;fl;likg;G

Ÿnjhi

yj;njhlHGfs;

ŸNghf;Ftuj;J kw;Wk;

yh[

p];bf;];

ŸMw;wy;

Ÿ%yjdk;

MjuT

fs; fyhr;rhuk;

Ÿrl;lk;

Ÿfzf;Fg;gpupT

ŸKjyPl;L tq;fpahs

Hfs;

muR-rhuh epWtdk;

Ÿ,yhgkpy;yht

w;wpy;

njhopy;Kidit Nkk;gLj;Jjy;

Ÿtzpfj;jpl;l Nghl;bfs;

ŸkhehLfs;

Ÿnjhopy;KidNthU

f;F

,zf;fkhd

rq;fk;

epjp %yjdk;

ŸFW-fld;fs;

Ÿngz; KjyPl;lhs

Hfs;>

ez;gHfs;> FLk;gj;jpdH

Ÿ[PNuh-epiy KjyPl;L

%yjdk;

ntw;wpf;fijfs;

Ÿfhz

f;$ba ntw;wpfs;

ŸepWtdHfspd; nry;tk; ngUFjy;

ŸrHt

Njr Gfo;

rKjha Nfhl;ghLfs;

Ÿmghak;>jtWfs;>Njhy

;tpfis

rfpj;Jf;nfhs

;Sjy;

ŸGj;jhf;fk;> GJik> Nrhjid Kaw;rp

Ÿnjhopy;KidNthupd; rKjha epiy

Ÿnry;tk; cUthf;Fjy;

Ÿnfhs

;if> ,af;fk;> Njly;



62

xt;nthU njhopy;KidNthupd; #oYk; jdpj;Jtkhf ,Uf;Fk; kw;Wk; #oypy; cs;s tp\aq;fs; midj;Jk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W rhHe;jpUg;git. ngUk;ghYk; midj;Jg; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; njhopy;KidT #oYk; Nkw;fz;l mk;rq;fshy; tpupthf tptupf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk;> xt;nthU #oypYk; Mapuf;fzf;fhd tp\aq;fs; kpfTk; rpf;fyhd kw;Wk; jdpj;Jtkhd topapy; xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlHG nfhz;bUf;Fk;.

njhopy;KidT #oyhdJ (kpfg;ngupajhf) Ra-rhHGilajhf MfpapUf;Fk;. MW fsq;fSk; tise;J nfhLf;Fk; jd;ikAld; ,Ue;jhy;> mit gu];guk; ed;ikailAk;. ,j;jifa #oypy;> murhq;fj;jpd; <Lghl;il Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT Fiwf;f KbAk;. #oiyj; jf;fitf;f jiytHfs; mjpfkhf KjyPL nra;aj; Njitapy;iy. njhopy;KidT nghJj#oy; Cf;fkspg;GfshdJ #oiyj; jf;f itg;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ vd;gij epidtpy;nfhs;sTk;.

,e;jpahtpy; jahupg;Nghk; gpur;rhuk;

xt;nthU njhopy;KidNthUf;Fk; rpy Njitfs; ,Uf;Fk;. gpd;tUgit rpy Kf;fpakhd Njitfs; MFk;:

Ÿ vspjhf fld; ngWjy;

Ÿ KjyPl;lhsHfis vspjhff; fz;Lgpbj;jy;

Ÿ tup tpyf;Ffisg; ngWjy;

Ÿ tsq;fs; kw;Wk; ey;y cs;fl;likg;ig vspjhf mZFjy;

Ÿ jilfs; ,y;yhj> tpiuthd eilKiwia mDgtpj;jy;

Ÿ kw;w epWtdq;fSld; vspjhf gq;Fjhuuhf NrHjy;

gpujkH Nkhbahy; njhlq;fg;gl;l ,e;jpahtpy; jahupg;Nghk; vDk; gpur;rhukhdJ> ,sk;> MHtKs;s njhopy;KidNthHfspd; midj;J NjitfisAk; g+Hj;jpnra;fpwJ. mjd; Fwpf;NfhshdJ:

Ÿ KjyPl;il vspjhf;Fjy;

Ÿ Gjpa jpl;lq;fSf;F Mjutspj;jy;

Ÿ jpwd; Nkk;ghl;il mjpfupj;jy;

Ÿ njhopy;KidNthHfspd; jpl;lq;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;gspj;jy;

Ÿ nghUl;fis cw;gj;jpnra;a cyfj;juk;tha;e;j trjpfis cUthf;Fjy;

njhopy;KidNthHfis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd Kf;fpaj; jpl;lq;fs;

njhopy;KidNthHfSf;F cjt murhq;fk; gy jpl;lq;fis mspf;fpwJ. ,e;jj; jpl;lq;fshdJ> Kjy; jiyKiw njhopy;KidNthHfSf;F cjTtjw;fhf gy;NtW mikr;rfk;Æ,e;jpa muRj; Jiwfshy; ,af;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhopy;Kidit Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd rpy Kf;fpa jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;Jg; ghHf;fyhk;:

t.vz; jpl;lj;jpd; ngaH

1. gpujkH Kj;uh Nah[dh - FW njhopy;fs; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; epjpAjtp Kfik (Kj;uh)>

2. epkpHe;Jepy; ,e;jpah

3. gpujkH Ntiytha;g;G cUthf;fj; jpl;lk; (gp.vk;.,.[p.gP)

4. rHtNjr xj;Jiog;G

5. nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; fld; kjpg;gPL

6. re;ijg;gLj;jy; cjtpj; jpl;lk;

7. gl;ilf; FwpaPl;Lf;fhd gjpTf; fl;lzj;ij jpUk;g mspj;jy;

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


63

8. khepy Æ khtl;l mstpyhd tHj;jf fz;fhl;rpfspy; rpW>FW kw;Wk; eLj;ju epWtdq;fis gq;Nfw;f nra;jy; kw;Wk; epjpAjtp mspj;jy;

9. njhopy;El;g GJg;gpg;Gf;fhd fldpy; %yjd khdpa cjtp

10. FW kw;Wk; rpW epWtdq;fSf;F fld; cj;juthj cjtp (rp[pv/g;vk;v];,)

11. Iv];X juepiyfs; ngWtjw;fhd rhd;wpjo; fl;lzq;fis jpUk;g mspj;jy;

12. tptrhaj;ij re;ijg;gLj;jy;

13. rpW tptrhaj;ij re;ijg;gLj;jy;

14. nkfh czTg;g+q;fh

15. Mjpthrp kfspH rh]; mjpfhu Nah[dh

1. gpujkH Kj;uh Nah[dh - FW njhopy;fs; Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; epjpAjtp Kfik (Kj;uh)>

tpsf;fk;

gpujkH Kj;uh Nah[dhtpd; ghJfhg;ghd cjtpAld;> Kj;uh jdJ Muk;gfl;l nghUl;fs; / jpl;lq;fis Vw;fdNt cUthf;fptpl;lJ. tsHr;rp Æ Nkk;ghl;L epiy kw;Wk; gad;ngWk; FW epWtdk; Æ njhopy;KidNthupd; epjpj; Njitfisf; Fwpg;gjw;fhf kw;Wk; mLj;j fl;l gbepiy Æ tsHr;rpf;fhd xU Nkw;Nfhs; mspg;gjw;fhf> ,ilaPLfSf;F ~rpR|> ~fpN\hH| kw;Wk; ~jUz;| vd ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ:

a. rpR:&. 50>000Æ- tiuapyhd fld;fs;

b. fpN\hH:&. 50>000Æ- Kjy; &. 5 ,yl;rk; tiuapyhd fld;

c. jUz;: &. 5 ,yl;rk; &. 10 ,yl;rk; tiuapyhd fld;

ahH tpz;zg;gpf;f KbAk;?

cwg; jj; p> nrayg; LjJ; jy>; tHjj; fk ; myy; J NritjJ; iw Nghdw; gzi; z-rhuh njhopypy ;tUkhdk ; <lL; tjwf; hd tzpfj ; jpll; k ; css; > &. 10 ,ylr; jj; pwF; f ; Fiwthf fld ;NjitAss; vej; ,ej; paf ; FbkfDk ; xU tqf; p> vkv; /gI; myy; J tqf; prhuh epjp

1epWtdqf; is gpujkH Kju; h Nah[dh (gvP knfxa); jpll; jj; pdf; oP ; Kju; h fldf; s ; ngwyhk.;

2. epkpHe;Jepy; ,e;jpah

tpsf;fk;

xU Gjpa epWtdj;ij mikg;gjw;fhf> xU tq;fpf; fpisapy; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;G (v];rp) my;yJ goq;Fbapd tFg;igr; (v];b) NrHe;j xU fld; ngWgtH kw;Wk; Fiwe;jgl;rk; xU ngz; fld; ngWgtUf;F &. 10 ,yl;rk; Kjy; &. 1 Nfhb tiuapyhd tq;fpf;fld; nfhLj;J cjTtNj epkpHe;Jepy; ,e;jpah jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fk; MFk;. ,e;j epWtdkhdJ cw;gj;jp> Nritfs; my;yJ tHj;jfj; Jiwapy; ,Uf;fyhk;. jdpegH my;yhj epWtdq;fs; vdpy;> 51% gq;F itj;jpUg;G kw;Wk;

2fl;Lg;ghL xU v];rp Æ v];b my;yJ ngz; njhopy;KidNthuplk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.


v];rp > v];b kw;Wk; ngz;fs;

3. gpujkH Ntiytha;g;G cUthf;fj; jpl;lk; (gPvk;,[pgP)

tpsf;fk;

,ej; j ; jpll; khdJ> jiyik epWtdkhd fhjp kwW; k ; fpuhkj ; njhopyf; s ; Mizajj; hy ;(NftpIrp) Njrpa mstpy ; eilKiwgg; Ljj; gg; LfpwJ. khepy mstpy>; ,ej; j ; jpll; khdJ khepy NftpIrp ,afF; dufqf; s>; khepy fhjp kwW; k ; fpuhkj ; njhopyf; s ; thupak ; (NftpIgp)> khtll; njhopy ; ikaqf; s ; kwW; k ; tqf; pfshy ; eilKiwgg; Ljj; gg; LfpwJ. ,ej; j ;jpll; jj; pdg; bahd murhqf; khdpakhdJ> milahsk ; fhzgg; lL; ss; tqf; pfspd ; %ykhf

gydhspfs ; / njhopyK; idNthHfSfF; mtHfspd ; tqf; pf ; fzfF; fspy ; NftpIrp %ykhf ,Wjpahf tpepNahfpff; gg; Lk.;

1- http://www.mudra.org.in/offerings2- http://vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/scheduled-caste-welfare-1/stand-up-india-scheme



64

gPvk;,[pgP-d;fPo; gydhspfspd; tiffs;

gFjp (jpl;lk; / epWtdj;jpd; miktplk;)

10% 15%

05% 25%

35%

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

xU jpl;lk; Æ epWtdj;jpw;F cw;gj;jp Jiwapd;fPo; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfgl;r njhif &. 25 ,yl;rk; kw;Wk; tzpfk; Æ Nritj; Jiwapd;fPo; mDkjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfgl;r njhif &. 10 ,yl;rk; MFk;. gPvk;,[pgP-d;gb epjpAjtpapd; msTfs;:

gydhspfspd; gq;fspg;G

(jpl;l nrytpy;)

khdpaj; njhif (jpl;l nrytpy;)

nghJg;gpupT

rpwg;Gg;gpupT (v];rp / v];b / Xgprp / rpWghd;ikapdH/ ngz;fs;> Kd;dhs; ,uhZtj;jpdH> cly; CdKw;NwhH> vd;<MH> Fd;W kw;Wk; vy;iyNahug; gFjpfs;> Nghd;wit cl;gl)

efHg;Gwk; fpuhkg;Gwk;

nkhj;j jpl;lr; nrytpd; kPjKs;s njhifahdJ tq;fpfshy; fld;fshfTk;> nray;gLk; %yjdkhfTk; mspf;fg;gLk;.


18 taJf;F Nky; cs;s ve;j jdpegUk; tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. cw;gj;jp Jiwapy; &.10 ,yl;rj;jpw;F mjpfkhfTk;> tzpfk; Æ Nritj; Jiwapy; &.5 ,yl;rj;jpw;F mjpfkhfTk; jpl;lr; nryT cs;stHfs; Fiwe;jgl;rk; vl;lhk; tFg;G NjHr;rp ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. gPvk;,[pgP-d;fPo; Gjpa jpl;lq;fs; kl;LNk xg;Gjy; mspg;gjw;F fUj;jpy;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Racjtpf;FOf;fs; (NtW ve;j jpl;lj;jpd;fPOk; rYiffs; ngwtpy;iynadpy; tWikf;Nfhl;Lf;F fPo; cs;stHfs; cl;gl)> $l;LwT gjpTr;rl;lk;> 1860-d;fPo; gjpTnra;Js;s epWtdq;fs;@ cw;gj;jp $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;>kw;Wk; mwepiya bu];l;fSk; jFjpngw;wit MFk;. jw;NghJs;s epWtdq;fs; (gPvk;MHxa;>MH,[pgp my;yJ NtW VjhtJ khepy muR my;yJ kj;jpa muRj; jpl;lj;jpd;fPo;) kw;Wk; NtW VjhtJ khepy muR my;yJ kj;jpa muRj; jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; Vw;fdNt murhq;f khdpak; ngw;Ws;s epWtdq;fSf;F

1jFjp ,y;iy .

4. rHtNjr xj;Jiog;G

tpsf;fk;

,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; nray;ghLfs; ,Uf;Fk;:

a. njhopy;El;gj;ij cl;GFj;Jjy; Æ GJg;gpj;jYf;fhd Gjpa tp\aq;fis Ma;Tnra;jy;> $l;L KjyPl;Lf;F cjTjy;> FW> rpW kw;Wk; eLj;ju epWtdg; nghUl;fSf;fhd re;ijia Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> ntspehl;L $l;L xj;Jiog;igg; ngWjy; Mfpatw;Wf;fhf FW> rpW kw;Wk; eLj;ju epWtd tzpfg; gpujpepjpfis NtW ehLfSf;F mDg;Gjy;.

b. ,e;jpahtpy; kw;Wk; ntspehl;by; elf;Fk; rHtNjr fz;fhl;rpfs;> tHj;jf fz;fhl;rpfs; kw;Wk; rHtNjr gq;Nfw;G cs;s tpw;gidahsH - thq;FgtH re;jpg;G Mfpatw;wpy; ,e;jpa vk;v];vk;,-f;fs; gq;Nfw;wy;.

;1c. vk;v];vkv] njhlHghd jiyg;Gfspy; rHtNjr khehLfs; kw;Wk; fUj;juq;Ffs;

elj;Jjy;.

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

Irpv]; jpl;lkhdJ>njhopy;KidNthHfspd; tpkhdf; fl;lzk; kw;Wk; ,l thliff;fhd epjpAjtpia toq;FfpwJ. epWtdj;jpd; msT kw;Wk; tifapd; mbg;gilapy; cjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.

1- http://www.kviconline.gov.in/pmegp/pmegpweb/

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


65


a. khepy Æ kj;jpa muR epWtdq;fs;@

b. njhopw;rhiy Æ epWtd $l;likg;Gfs;@ kw;Wk;

c. gjpTnra;ag;gl;l rq;fq;fs; Æ bu];l; kw;Wk; vk;v];vk;, tsHr;rp kw;Wk; Nkk;ghl;Lld; 1

njhlHGila epWtdq;fs;

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

5. FW kw;Wk; rpW epWtdq;fSf;fhd nray;jpwd; kw;Wk; fld; kjpg;gPL tpsf;fk;

FW kw;Wk; rpW epWtdq;fspy;> mtw;wpd; nray;ghLfspd; gyq;fs; kw;Wk; gytPdq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; fld; kjpg;Gj;jd;ik Fwpj;J tpopg;GzHT Vw;gLj;JtNj ,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

yhgk; vk;v];vk;, mikr;rfj;jhy; jpUg;gpaspf;fg;gl Ntz;ba fl;lzk;

&.50 ,yl;rq;fs; tiu

&. 50 ,yl;rq;fs; Kjy; &. 200 ,yl;rq;fs; tiu

&.200 ,yl;rq;fSf;F Nky;

kjpg;gpLk; epWtdj;jhy;> mjpfgl;rkhf &.15>000 - tiu /

fl;lzj;jpy; 75% t#ypf;fg;gLk;

kjpg;gpLk; epWtdj;jhy;> mjpfgl;rkhf &.30>000 - tiu /

fl;lzj;jpy; 75% t#ypf;fg;gLk;

kjpg;gpLk; epWtdj;jhy; fl;lzj;jpy; 75% t#ypf;fg;gLk;


,ej; pahtpy ; FW myy; J rpW epWtdkhf gjpT nraJ; ss; vej; epWtdKk ; tpzz; gg; pff; yhk.;

6. re;ijg;gLj;jy; cjtpj; jpl;lk;

tpsf;fk;

gpd;tUk; nray;ghLfSf;F cjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ:

a. ntspehl;by; fz;fhl;rpfs; elj;Jjy; kw;Wk; rHtNjr fz;fhl;rpfs; / tHj;jf fz;fhl;rpfspy; gq;FngWjy;

b. kw;w epWtdq;fs; / njhopw;rhiy $l;likg;Gfs; / Kfikfs; Mfpatw;why; elj;jg;gLk; fz;fhl;rpfSf;F ,iz epjpAjtpaspj;jy;

c. tpw;gidahsH - thq;FgtH re;jpg;G> jPtpukhd gpur;rhuq;fs; kw;Wk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; tpsk;gu epfo;Tfs; Mfpatw;iw Vw;ghL nra;jy;

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

njhopy;KidNthHfspd; tpkhdf; fl;lzk; kw;Wk; ,l thlifapy; 95% tiu epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ. epWtdj;jpd; msT kw;Wk; tifapd; mbg;gilapy; cjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ. ,iz epjpAjtpaspf;Fk; epWtdj;jpw;F> mjpfgl;rkhf &.5 ,yl;rj;jpw;F cl;gl;L> nkhj;j nrytpy; 40% tiu epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.


vk;v];vk;,-f;fs;> njhopw;rhiy $l;likg;Gfs; kw;Wk; vk;v];vk;, Jiw njhlHGila gpw epWtdq;fs;.

7. gl;ilf; FwpaPl;Lf;fhd gjpTf; fl;lzj;ij jpUk;g mspj;jy;

tpsf;fk;

gl;ilf; FwpaPL gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> xNu xUKiwf;fhd gjpTf; fl;lzj;jpy; 75% jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;F epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk;> Kjy; %d;W Mz;LfSf;F kPz;Lk; nrYj;j

Ntz;ba Mz;Lf; fl;lzj;jpy; 75% vk;v];,-My; [pv];1-f;F nrYj;jg;gLfpwJ.

1- http://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/Sch-vol1-151214.pdf-sri.pdf



66

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

xUKiw kw;Wk; kPz;Lk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba gl;ilf; FwpaPL gjpTf;fl;lzq;fspy; 75% jpUk;gg; ngWtjw;F epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ.


,vk; gjpTnfhz;l midj;J vk;v];vk;,-f;fs;.

8. khepyÆkhtl;l mstpyhd tHj;jf fz;fhl;rpfspy; rpW>FW kw;Wk; eLj;ju epWtdq;fis gq;Nfw;f nra;jy; kw;Wk; epjpAjtp mspj;jy;

tpsf;fk;

cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; vk;v];vk;,-f;fSf;F re;ijg;gLj;Jk; jsj;ij mspf;f> khepyÆkhtl;l mjpfhupfs;Ærq;fshy; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLk; khepyÆkhtl;l mstpyhd fz;fhl;rpfspy; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;jy;.

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

tHj;jf fz;fhl;rpfspy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F gjpT ,ytrk;

Fwpg;G: tpz;zg;g gbtk; rkHg;gpf;fg;gl;l gpwF> gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; vk;v];vk;,-bI-My; NjHT nra;ag;gLthHfs;.

1. vk;v];vk;,-f;fSf;F (nghJthd tif njhopy;KidNthHfs;) mUfpYs;s ,uapy; epiyak;ÆNgUe;J epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J fz;fhl;rp eilngWk; ,lj;jpw;F Fiwthd J}uk;ÆNeub ,uapypy; (,uz;L mLf;F Vrp tFg;G tiu) te;J nry;tjw;fhd fl;lzj;jpy; 50% tiu jpUk;g mspf;fg;gLk; kw;Wk; ,l thlif fl;lzq;fspy; 50% tiu jpUk;g mspf;fg;gLk;.

2. ngz;Æv];rpÆv];b njhopy;KidNthHfs; kw;Wk; ,e;jpa murpd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tUk; njhopy;KidNthHfSf;F> NkNy (2)-y; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;sjpy; 80% tiu jpUk;g mspf;fg;gLk;.

Fwpg;G: ngz;Æv];rpÆv];bÆcly; CdKw;w njhopy;KidNthHfSf;F nkhj;jkhf jpUk;g mspf;fg;gLk; njhif mjpfgl;rkhf xU epWtdj;jpw;F &. 30>000Æ- Mf ,Uf;Fk;. kw;w epWtdq;fSf;F xU vk;v];vk;,-f;F xU egUf;F mjpfgl;rkhf &. 20>000Æ- Mf ,Uf;Fk;. Fwpg;G: gzk; jpUk;gg;ngWtjw;F gq;Nfw;ghsHfs; fye;Jnfhz;L te;jgpwF mjw;fhd rhd;Wfis rkHg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. \\vdJ tpz;zg;gq;fs;" vd;w gpuptpd;fPo; Md;iydpYk; rhd;Wfis rkHg;gpf;f KbAk; my;yJ bI mYtyfj;ij Neubahfj; njhlHGnfhz;Lk; rhd;Wfis rkHg;gpf;fyhk;.



9. njhopy;El;g GJg;gpg;Gf;fhd fldpy; %yjd khdpa cjtp

tpsf;fk;

njhopy;El;gj;ij GJg;gpg;gjw;fhf vk;v];vk;,-f;fs; ngw;w fldpy; %yjd khdpa cjtp

(~15%)ngw KbAk;. cjtpapd; ,ay;Gfld; ngWtjw;fhd epjpAjtp

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

fld; ngWtjw;fhd epjpAjtp.


Ÿ cjtp ngWtjw;fhf tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fs; brp -vk;v];vk;,-f;F tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;.

Ÿ fld; kw;Wk; %yjd khdpak; ngWtjw;F vk;v];vk;,-f;fs; cupa tq;fpfis Neubahfj; njhlHGnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


67

tpz;zg;gpg;gJ vg;gb?

ePq;fs; xU epjp epWtdkhf ,Ue;jhy;> ",g;nghOJ tpz;zg;gpf;fTk;" nghj;jhd;kPJ f;spf; nra;aTk; my;yJ ePq;fs; brp- vk;v];vk;, mYtyfj;ij Neubahfj; njhlHGnfhs;syhk;. brp- vk;v];vk;, mYtyfj;jpd; njhlHG tptuq;fis ePq;fs; ghHj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;. ePq;fs;

xU vk;v];vk;, Mf ,Ue;jhy;> jpl;lj;jpd; topfhl;Ljypy; gl;bayplg;gl;Ls;s tq;fpfs; / epjp epWtdq;fis ePq;fs; Neubahfj; njhlHGnfhs;syhk;.

10. rpW>FW kw;Wk; eLj;ju epWtdq;fSf;fhf gpizapy;yh fld; toq;Fjy;

tpsf;fk;

,e;jj; jpl;lj;jpd;fPo; tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fs; epjpAjtp mspf;fpd;wd> vdNt mtw;why; vk;v];vk;,-f;fSf;F gpizapy;yh fld; toq;f KbfpwJ.

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

vk;v];vk;,-f;fSf;F gpizapy;yh fld; toq;Ftjw;F tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fSf;F fld; cjtp.


cjtp ngWtjw;fhf brp- vk;v];vk;,Ævk;v];vk;, -bI mYtyfj;jpy; tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fs; tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;. fld; ngWtjw;fhf cupa tq;fpfis vk;v];vk;,-f;fs; Neubahfj; njhlHGnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

11. Iv];X juepiyfs; ngWtjw;fhd rhd;wpjo; fl;lzq;fis jpUk;g mspj;jy;

Iv];X9000Æ Iv];X 14001rhd;wpjo; fl;lzk; jpUk;g mspj;jy;.

tpsf;fk;

Iv];X18000ÆIv];X22000ÆIv];X27000 rhd;wpjo; ngWk; vk;v];vk;, cw;gj;jp epWtdj;jpw;F> mjw;fhd xUKiw nryit jpUk;g mspf;f ,e;jpa murhy; epjpAjtp toq;fg;gLk;.

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

Iv];X juepiyfisg; ngw;wjw;fhf nra;j nryitj; jpUk;gg;ngWjy;.



12. tptrhaijj; re;ijg;gLj;jy;

tpsf;fk;

Cuf fplqF; fis flL; tjwF; ÆruP ikgg; jwF; %yjd KjylP L; khdpak.; mwptpayg; +Htkhd Nrkpgg; f trjpia cUthfF; jy ; kwW; k ; tpwg; id ghjpff; gg; Ltij jLjj; y.;

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

tptrhapfSf;F 25% khdpak;> epWtdq;fSf;F jpl;l nrytpy; 15%

ahH tpz;zg;gpf;f KbAk;

vd;[pX-f;fs;>Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs;>epWtdq;fs;> $l;LwT rq;fk;.

13. rpW tptrhaj;ij re;ijg;gLj;jy;

tpsf;fk;

tzpf Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf gq;fspg;G tbtj;jpy; KjyPl;L cjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; gapw;rpfs; kw;Wk; tptrha-KidNthHfspd; tUiff;F Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

tptrhapfspd; Ntshz;ik tzpf rq;fk; tzpf Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf gq;fspg;G tbtj;jpy; KjyPl;L cjtp toq;fg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; gapw;rpfs; kw;Wk; tptrha-KidNthHfspd; tUiff;F Vw;ghL nra;ag;gLfpwJ.

cjtpapd; ,ay;G



68

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ cq;fspd; njhopy;Kidit nray;gLj;j> jw;NghJs;s re;ijia Ma;Tnra;J> gpw njhopy;KidNthHfs;> %yjd KjyPl;lhsHfs;> ngz; KjyPl;lhsHfs; MfpNahUld; tiyaikg;gpy; ,iz e;J nfhs;iffis KOikahf Ma;T nra;aTk;.

Ÿ Njhy;tp vd;gJ gbf;fw;fNs> mJ rhiyapd; KbT my;y. cq;fs; kw;Wk; cq;fs; rfhf;fspd; Njhy;tpia kjpg;gha;T nra;J> mij vjpHfhy KjyPl;by; rupnra;Jnfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; #oypy; RWRWg;ghf nray;gLq;fs;. cq;fs; #oypd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis milahsk;fz;L> cq;fs; njhopy;KidTf;F Mjuthd #oypy; Ra jf;fitf;Fk; jd;ikia cWjpnra;a mtw;iw tsg;gLj;jTk;.

&5 ,yl;rk; tiuapyhd epjp cjtp.


jdpegHfs;> tptrhapfs;> cw;gj;jp FOf;fs;> gq;FjhuHÆcupikahsH epWtdq;fs;> Ra cjtpf; FOf;fs;> tptrha-KidNthHfs; Nghd;wtHfs;.

14. nkfh czTg;g+q;fh

tpsf;fk;

kjpg;G $l;liy mjpfupf;f> tptrhapfspd; tUkhdj;ij Nkk;gLj;j> Cufg;gFjpapy; Ntiytha;g;ig cUthf;f> tptrha cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; re;ijia ,izg;gjw;fhd Kiw.

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

&.50 Nfhb tiu jpl;l nrytpy; 50% tiu xUKiw mspf;fg;gLk; %yjd khdpak;.


tptrhapfs;> tptrhaf; FOf;fs;> Ra cjtpf;FOf;fs;

15. Mjpthrp kfspH rh]; mjpfhu Nah[dh

tpsf;fk;

v];.b gpupT ngz;fspd; nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd rYifj; jpl;lk;.

cjtpapd; ,ay;G

jpl;l nrytpy; 90% tiu rYif tl;btpfpjj;jpy; fld; rYif.


goq;Fb ,dg; ngz;fs;.

1.5.7 mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;Sjy; & kPz;nlOjy;:

njhopy;KidT kw;Wk; mghak;njhopy;KidNthHfs; ,ay;ghfNt Jzpe;J nray;gLgtHfs; mtHfs; ,Uf;Fk; ghijapy; nry;gtHfs; my;y> ghijia cUthf;FgtHfs;. xU rhjhuz> vr;rupifAs;s egH Nghy; ,y;yhky;> xU njhopy;KidNthH jdJ Ntiyia (jdJ xNu tUkhdk;) tpLtjw;F ,uz;L Kiw Nahrpf;f khl;lhHfs;. mtHfs; jq;fs;kPJ> jq;fs; jpl;lj;jpd;kPJs;s ek;gpf;ifapy; Jzpe;J nray;gLthHfs;.

1- http://msme.gov.in/sites/default/files/Sch-vol1-151214.pdf-sri.pdf

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


69

jdJ fdTfis nray;gLj;Jk;nghOJ> a+fq;fs; ngha;j;Jg;Nghfyhk; kw;Wk; vjpHghuhj epfo;Tfs; Vw;glyhk; vd;gij xU njhopy;KidNthH njupe;Jitj;jpUg;ghH. vz;zw;w gpur;rpidfis rkhspj;j gpwFk;> ntw;wp vd;gJ cj;juthjkhdJ my;y vd;gij mtH

njupe;Jitj;jpUg;ghH. njhopy;KidT tpy; Jzpe;J nray;gLk; jpwDk; xd;whFk;. ,e;jj; jpwNd mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;Sjy; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jj; njhopy;KidT FzhjprakhdJ ghjp kuGuPjpahf tUk; kw;Wk; ghjp jhdhf tUk;.

mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;Sjy; vd;why; vd;d

mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;Sjy; vd;gJ jdJ ,yf;Ffis miltjw;fhf xU epWtdj;jpd; Jzpe;J nray;gLk; jpwidf; Fwpf;fpwJ. mbg;gilapy;> rhj;jpaKs;s ,yhgq;fs; kw;Wk; #oypy; (nghUshjhu mikg;G> nfhs;iffs; Nghd;wit) Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fshy; cUthFk; mghaq;fSf;F ,ilNa cs;s xU epWtdj;jpd; rkepiyia ,J Fwpf;fpwJ. mjpf mghaq;fis vjpHnfhs;tJ mjpf ntFkjpfis mspf;fyhk;> Mdhy; mjpf ,og;GfSf;fhd rhj;jpaq;fSk; cs;sd. Mdhy;> goikthj Fzj;Jld; ,Ug;gJ> tsHtjw;fhd ey;y tha;g;Gfis jtwtpl;L> epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;Ffis miltij jtwtpLtjhy;> mJ epWtdj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nry;yyhk;.

mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;Sk; msTfshdJ \\Fiwthd"> \\kpjkhd" kw;Wk; \\mjpfkhd" vd;W gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. epWtdj;jpd; njhopy;KidNthH(fs;) midj;J rhj;jpaKs;s khw;WfisAk; kjpg;gpl;L> ntw;wpngWtjw;F mjpf rhj;jpaKs;s tha;g;ig NjHTnra;a Ntz;Lk;. epWtdq;fspd; mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;Sk; msTfshdJ> ntt;NtW Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;F Vw;g khWgLk;. msTfs; gpd;tUgitfis rhHe;J ,Uf;Fk;:

Ÿ njhopw;rhiyapd; tif

Ÿ re;ij mOj;jq;fs;

Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

cjhuzkhf> xU Gul;rpfukhd fUj;Js;s njhlf;f epWtdk;>kpf mjpfkhd Jzpr;riyf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. me;j njhlf;f epWtdk; ePz;l fhy ntw;wpia milAk;Kd;dH> FWfpa fhy Njhy;tpfis rkhspf;f KbAk;. ,e;j tifahd Jzpr;ry; epiyahf ,Uf;fhJ@ ,J epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija #oy;fSf;F Vw;g rupnra;ag;gLk;.

mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd mwpf;if

jq;fspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; tha;g;Gfs; njhlHghf vLf;fg;gl;l KbTfSf;F Vw;g mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;StJ Fwpj;J> epWtdq;fs; tiuaWf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; njspthf $w Ntz;Lk;. mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd mwpf;if vd;gJ tzpfj;jpy; mghaj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tij kw;Wk; epHtfpg;gij njspthf Fwpg;gpLk; xU fl;likg;ig ngWtjw;fhdJ MFk;. ,J epWtdj;jpw;Fs; Jzpr;ryhf nray;gLtjw;fhd tiuaiwfis mikf;fpwJ. mghaj;ij vjpHnfhs;tjw;fhd mwpf;if gpd;tUgitfisj; njuptpf;f Ntz;Lk;:

Ÿ tzpfk; vjpHnfhs;Sk; mghaj;jpd; ,ay;G.

Ÿ ve;j tifahd mghaj;ij epWtdk; vLf;fyhk; kw;Wk; ve;j mghaq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sKbahjit.

Ÿ midj;J mgha tiffspYk; vt;tsT mghaj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.

Ÿ mghak; kw;Wk; ntFkjp ,ilNa cs;s tpUk;gpa rkepiy.

Ÿ mgha mstPLfs; mgha ntspg;ghLfis gupNrhjpf;Fk; kw;Wk; xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs;.

njhopy;KidT kw;Wk; kPz;nlOk;jd;ik

njhopy;KidNthHfs; kPz;nlOk;jd;ik vd;w xU Fzhjpraq;fspd; njhFg;ghy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwhHfs;. xU epWtdj;ij tsHf;Fk; Muk;g fl;lq;fspy; ,e;jf; Fzhjpraq;fs; Kf;fpa gq;Ftfpf;fpd;wd. mghaj;jpy; ,Ue;J kPz;nlOjy; vd;gJ tzpfr; #oypy; cs;s rthy;fs; kw;Wk; khw;wq;fspy; ,Ue;J njhopy;KidNthHfisg; ghJfhg;gjhf



70

ek;gg;gLtjhy;> mJ xU kpfTk; kjpg;Gkpf;f gz;G MFk;.

kPz;nlOk; njhopy;KidT vd;why; vd;d

jq;fspd; tho;f;if kw;Wk; njhopy;fspy; Vw;gl;l gpd;dilTfspy; ,Ue;J kPz;L tUk; jdpegHfspd; jpwidf; Fwpf;f kPz;nlOjy; vd;w thHj;ij gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. xU kPz;nlOk; egH vd;gtH gpd;dilTfspy; ,Ue;J vspjhf kw;Wk; tpiuthf kPz;L tUk; jpwDila egH MthH. xU njhopy;KidNthUf;F> kPz;nlOjy; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhd gz;ghFk;. njhopy;Kidtpy; kPz;nlOjiy gpd;tUk; topfspy; Nkk;gLj;jyhk;:

Ÿ gapw;rpahsHfs; kw;Wk; mwpTiuahsHfs; epiwe;j xU njhopy;Kiw tiyaikg;ig cUthf;Ftjd;%yk;

Ÿ khw;wk; vd;gJ tho;f;ifapd; xU gFjp vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjd;%yk;

Ÿ jilfs; vd;gJ fle;Jtuf;$ba xd;W vd;W ghHg;gjd;%yk;

xU kPz;nlOk; njhopy;KidNthupd; gz;Gfs;

gpd;tUgit jdJ tzpf epWtdj;ij KOikahf elj;Jtjw;F> xU njhopy;KidNthH kPz;nlOtjw;F NghJkhd gz;Gfs; MFk;:

Ÿ cs;SzHTfis typikahff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy

Ÿ gutyhf;f kw;Wk; tpupthf;fj; jpwd

Ÿ typikahd r%f ,izg;Gfs

Ÿ kPl;gH mZFKiw

Ÿ gpd;dilTfspd; ,Ue;J fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; jpwd

Ÿ gzg;Gof;f czHT Fwpj;j gof;fq;fs; njhiyNehf;fpy; ghHf;Fk; jpwd

Ÿ tptukhf ftdpj;jy

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ thbf;ifahsHfs;> nghUs; toq;FgtHfs;> rfg; gzpahsHfs;> ez;gHfs; kw;Wk; FLk;gj;jpdH nfhz;l xU ngupa tiyaikg;ig cUthf;Fq;fs;. ,J cq;fspd; tsHf;f cjTtNjhL kl;Lky;yhky;> Gjpa tha;g;Gfis milahsk;fhz> fw;Wf;nfhs;s kw;Wk; re;ijapy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;J njupe;Jnfhz;bUf;f cq;fSf;F cjTfpwJ.

Ÿ gpd;dilTfisf; fz;L Jts Ntz;lhk;. NkYk; Kd;Ndwp nry;tjw;F vd;d cq;fSf;Fj; Njit vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; nryTfisf; Fiwf;f Kaw;rpf;Fk;nghOJ> mJ cq;fspd; tsHr;rpf;fhd nryTfisg; ghjpf;ff;$lhJ vd;gij cWjpnra;Aq;fs;.

10.5.8 ntw;wpfs; kw;Wk; Njhy;tpfs;: njhopy;Kidtpy;

ntw;wpfs; kw;Wk; Njhy;tpfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;

\;ahk; jdJ ntw;wpf; fijf;fhf mwpag;gLk; xU Gfo;ngw;w njhopy;KidtH Mthu;. Mdhy;> epiwa egHfSf;F njupahjJ vd;dntdpy;> jdJ epWtdk; ntw;wpfukhf MFk; Kd;dH \;ahk; gyKiw Njhy;tpaile;jpUf;fpwhH. njhopy;KidT vd;why; cz;ikapy; vd;d vd;gijj; njupe;Jnfhs;s> Njhy;tp kw;Wk; ntw;wp ,uz;ilAk; re;jpj;j ,e;j njhopy;KidNthupd; NeHfhziyg; gbAq;fs;.

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71

NeHfhzy; nra;gtH: \;ahk;> njhopy;KidNthH vd;gtHfs; ve;jtpj gaKk; ,y;yhky; kpfTk; Jzpr;ryhf ,Ug;ghHfs; vd;W ehd; Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpNwd;. mJ cz;ikah?

\;ahk;: `h`h> ep[j;jpy; mJ cz;ikapy;iy! njhopy;KidNthHfs; gakpy;yhky; MHtj;Jld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ngUk;ghyhd egHfs; ek;GfpwhHfs;. Mdhy;> cz;ikapy;> ePq;fs; xU epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;f jpl;lkpLk;nghOJ> gak; vd;gJ xU rhjhuzkhd> rupahd kdpj czHT MFk;!cz;ikapy;> ehd; Njhw;WtpLNtNdh vd;W kpfTk; gae;Njd;. cz;ikapy;> njhopy;KidNthHfs; ntw;wpailAk; msT Njhy;tpAk; milfpwhHfs;. cq;fspd; jpl;lq;fSld; Kd;Ndhf;fp nry;Yk;nghOJ> Njhy;tp gak; cq;fis jLf;fhky; ,Ug;gNj ,jpy; cs;s je;jpuk; MFk;. Njhy;tp vd;gJ vjpHfhy ntw;wpf;fhd ghlq;fs; vd;gij epidtpy;nfhs;sTk;!

NeHfhzy; nra;gtH: njhopy;KidNthH Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd fhuzk; vd;W ePq;fs; vij epidf;fpwPHfs;?

\;ahk;: njhopy;KidNthH Njhy;tpailtjw;F xNu fhuzk; vd;W vJTk; ,y;iy. njhopy;KidNthH Njhy;tpailtjw;F vz;zw;w fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. cq;fspd; Njhy;tp gak; cq;fis Njhw;fbj;jhy;$l ePq;fs; Njhy;tpaila Neuyhk;. ePq;fs; cq;fs;

Ntiyiag; gpupj;Jf;nfhLf;f tpUk;ghky; ,Uf;fyhk;. “ePq;fs; vijAk; nra;ayhk;> Mdhy; vy;yhtw;iwAk; nra;a KbahJ!" vd;W xU gonkhop cs;sJ. ePq;fs; vspjhf tpl;Lf;nfhLg;gjhy; $l ePq;fs; Njhy;tpailayhk;- ePq;fs; tplhg;gpbahf Kaw;rpf;fhkYk; ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;. Kf;fpakhd nray;fis nra;ahky;> cq;fspd; Mw;wiy rpwpa> Kf;fpakw;w nray;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jpajhYk; ePq;fs; Njhy;tpailayhk;. jtwhd egHfSld; $l;L NrUjy;> cq;fspd; nghUis rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd tpiyapy; rupahd thbf;ifahsHfsplk; tpw;f Kbahky; NghFjy; Mfpait Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd gpw

fhuzq;fs; MFk;… kw;Wk; gy fhuzq;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;!

NeHfhzy; nra;gtH: xU njhopy;KidNthuhf> Njhy;tpia vg;gb ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPHfs;?

\;ahk;: midj;J Njhy;tpfisAk; vjpHkiwahfg; ghHf;fhky;> xU nrhj;jhfg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; ek;GfpNwd;. cq;fsplk; xU jpl;lk; ,Ue;jhy;> mJ Njhy;tpailtjw;fhd tha;g;G ,Ue;jhYk; ePq;fs; mij Kaw;rpj;Jg; ghHf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; ghHf;fpNwd;. Vnddpy;> Kaw;rpf;fhky; ,Ug;gNj xU Njhy;tpjhd;! NkYk;> Njhy;tp vd;gJ Vw;glhkNy ,Uf;f Ntz;ba xU Nkhrkhd tp\ak; my;y. Kaw;rpf;fNt ,y;iynad;why; ehd; tUj;jg;gLNtd;. mjdhy; Kaw;rpj;J> cz;ikapy; Njhy;tpailtNj guthapy;iy.

NeHfhzy; nra;gtH: ePq;fs; Kjy;Kiw Njhy;tpaile;jnghOJ ePq;fs; vt;thW czHe;jPHfs;?

\;ahk;: ehd; KOikahf nehWq;fptpl;Nld;! mJ xU typkpFe;j mDgtk;. Mdhy;> ePq;fs; Njhy;tpapy; ,Ue;J kPs;tJ xU ey;y nra;jpahFk;. NkYk;> xt;nthU mLj;jLj;j Njhy;tpfspYk;> kPz;nlOjy; vd;gJ vspjhf MdJ. Vnddpy; ePq;fs; xt;nthU Njhy;tpiaAk; kPz;Ltu Kbahj xU jilahf my;yhky; xU ghlkhf ghHf;f njhlq;fpapUg;gPHfs;. mJ cq;fSf;F ntw;wpaila cjTk;. Njhy;tpapy; gy ed;ikfs; cs;sij ePq;fs; czu Muk;gpg;gPHfs;.

NeHfhzy; nra;gtH: Njhy;tpailjypd; rpy ed;ikfis cq;fshy; $w KbAkh?

\;ahk;: Njhy;tpfs; vd;id xU tp\aj;ij Gjpa Nfhzj;jpy; ghHf;f itj;jd vd;gJ ehd; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; vjpHnfhz;l Njhy;tp mDgtj;jpd; ed;ikfspy; xd;whFk;. vdf;F ,jw;FKd; fpilf;fhj tpilfis mJ vdf;F nfhLj;jJ. Njhy;tp cq;fis typikahdtuhf;Fk;. mJ cq;fspd; mfq;fhuj;ijf; fl;Lg;ghl;by; itf;Fk;.

NeHfhzy; nra;gtH: jq;fspd ; nrhe ;j epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;fg ;NghFk ; njhopy;KidNthHfSf;F ePq;fs; vd;d mwpTiu $WtPHfs;?

\;ahk;: rpy Muha;r;rpfs; nra;J> mtHfspd; nghUs; cz;ikapNyNa thbf;ifahsHfSf;F Njitahd xd;Wjhd; vd;gij cWjpnra;Jnfhs;SkhW ehd; $WNtd;. mtHfspd;



72

gq;FjhuHfs; kw;Wk; gzpahsHfis kpfTk; Gj;jprhypj;jdkhf> ftdj;Jld; NjHT nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; $w tpUk;GfpNwd;. jPtpuj;jd;ikAld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; $w tpUk;GfpNwd;. cq;fspd; nghUl;fis Kbe;j msT ntspNa mDg;gp> re;ijg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. xU epWtdj;ij njhlq;FtJ mjpf nryTkpf;fJ. vdNt gzk; ,y;yhj #oiy rkhspf;f jahuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; vr;rupf;f tpUk;GfpNwd;.

xU ePz;lfhy ,yf;if cUthf;fp> mij miltij Nehf;fp nray;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ehd; $w tpUk;GfpNwd;. cz;ikapy;> jdpj;Jtkhd xU nghUisf; fl;likf;FkhW ehd; mtHfSf;Ff; $w tpUk;GfpNwd;. ePq;fs; kw;nwhU njhlf;f epWtdj;ij efnyLf;ftpy;iy vd;gjpy; kpfTk; vr;rupf;ifahf ,Uf;fTk; kw;Wk; cWjpnra;Jnfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpahf> mtHfs; rupahd KjyPl;lhsHfisf; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij ehd; mtHfSf;F $w tpUk;GfpNwd;.

NeHfhzy; nra;gtH: ,J cz;ikapy; kpfTk; cjtpfukhd mwpTiu> \;ahk;! ,J jq;fspd; gazj;ij njhlq;f jahuhFk; midj;J njhopy;KidNthHfSf;Fk; cjtpfukhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W ehd; epr;rakhff; $WNtd;! cq;fspd; mwpTg;g+Htkhd ghHitf;F kpf;f ed;wp!

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ KbahjJ vJTk; ,y;iy vd;gij epidtpy;nfhs;sTk;.

Ÿ njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;dH cq;fs; gzp kw;Wk; Nehf;fj;ij milahsk; fhzTk;.

Ÿ cq;fspd; mLj;j gbepiyfSf;Fj; jpl;lkplTk; - mtrug;gl;L KbTfs; vLf;f Ntz;lhk;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


73



gpuptpd; 1.6. njhopy;KidNthuhf Maj;jkhFjy;

1. vt;thW re;ij Muha;r;rp Nkw;nfhs;sgLfpwJ vd;W tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

2. khu;nfl;bq; y;cs;s ehY \\gp" fis tptupf;f KbAk;.

3. Nahridfis cUthf;Ftjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

4. mbg;gil njhopy; nrhy;ypay;fis epid$u KbAk;.

5. rp.Mu;.vk; d; Njitia tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

6. rp.Mu;.vk;.d; gad;ghLfis tpthjpf;f KbAk;

7. nel;nthu;fpq; d; Njitia tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

8. nel;nthu;fpq; d; gad;ghLfis tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

9. Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; mikg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

10. FWfpa fhy> kj;jpa fhy kw;Wk; ePz;l fhy Fwpf;Nfhs;fis NtWgLj;jp fhl;l KbAk;.

11. njhopy; jpl;lk; mikg;gJ vg;gb vd;W tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

12. epjpepiyf;Fupa jpl;l nray;Kiwia tpsf;f KbAk;.

13. cq;fsJ Mgj;Jfis rkhspf;Fk; topKiwfis gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

14. epjpf;F tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; topKiwfisAk; nray;KiwfisAk; tptupf;f KbAk;.

15. cq;fsJ nrhe;j epWtdj;ij epu;tfpg;gJ gw;wp tpthjpf;f KbAk;.

16. xt;nthU njhopy;KidNthUk; xU njhopiy njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;G Nfl;fg;glNtz;ba Nfs;tpfis gl;baypl KbAk;.

1.6.1 re;ijiag; gw;wp gbj;jy;Ækhu;nfl;bq;d; ehY 'gp'

fs;ÆNahridapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;: re;ij Muha;r;rp

gw;wp Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy;.

re;ijapy; tpw;f$ba xU nghUisg; gw;wpNah Nritiag; gw;wpNah gFg;gha;e;J> tptuq;fs; Nrfupj;J Jgh\pj;J Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nray;Kiwia re;ij Muha;r;rp MFk;.,jpy; NkYk; mlq;fpa jfty;fs;:

Ÿ fle;j> epfo; kw;Wk; tUq;fhy Efu;Nthu;fs;.

Ÿ Efu;Nthupd; Fzeyd;fs; kw;Wk; nryT nra;Ak; jd;ik.

Ÿ ,yf;F re;ijf;ffhd NjitAk; ,lKk;.

Ÿ xl;Lnkhj;j epWtdk;

Ÿ njhlu;Gila Nghl;bahsu;fs;.

re;ij Muha;r;rp ,uz;L jfty;fis cs;silf;fpaJ:

Ÿ Kjd;ik jfty;:,J cq;fshy; my;yJ cq;fis Ntiyf;F mku;j;jpatuhy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fshFk;.

Ÿ ,uz;lhk;epiy jfty;: Vw;fdNt cs;s jfty;. ,jpy; ekf;F Njitahdij fz;lwpe;J cgNahf;f Ntz;Lk;.



74

Kjd;ik Muha;r;rp:

Kjd;ik Muha;r;rp ,uz;L tifg;gLk;:

Ÿ Muha;jy; rk;ge;jkhd: ,jpy; tpupthd fl;likg;gl;l;w Neu;f;fhdy;fs; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.

Ÿ Fwpg;gpl;l: ,jpy; Jy;ypakhd fl;likg;Gila Kiwahd Neu;f;fhdy;fs; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J Nkw;$upa Muha;r;rpiafhl;bYk; nryT mjpfdkhdJ.

,uz;lhk;epiy Muha;r;rp:

,J ntspj;jfty;fisf; nfhz;lJ.rpy ,uz;lhk;epiy Mjhuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW.

Ÿ nghJ Mjhuq;fs;:,jpy; mjpf Njitahd jfty;fs; fpilg;gNjhL ,J Kw;wpYk; ,ytrkhFk;. vLj;Jfhl;bw;F murhq;f Jiwfs; kw;Wk; njhopy; Jiwfspd; E}yfq;fs;.

Ÿ tpahghu Mjhuq;fs;: ,jpy; kjpg;Gkpf;f Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;Fk;.. mdhy; fl;lzq;fs; tR+ypf;fg;gLk;. vLj;Jfhl;bw;F Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tzpf rq;fq;fs;> tq;fpfs;>gpw epjpj;Jiw epWtdq;fs;.

Ÿ fy;tp epWtdq;fs;: ,J jfty; fsQ;rpaq;fshfFk;>vLj;Jfhl;bw;F fy;Y}upfs;> gy;fiyfofq;fs; njhopy;El;g epWtdq;fs;.

khu;nfl;bq;-d; ehY 'gp|| fs;:

khu;nfl;bq;-d; ehY 'gp' fs; ahnjdpd; nghUs;> tpiy> ,lk; kw;Wk; tpUj;jp. ,jid tpupthf fhzyhk;.

nghUs;

xU nghUnsd;gJ

Ÿ xU cWjpahd tpahghug; nghUs;.

Ÿ xU njhl;Lzu Kbahj Nrit.

ve;jxU nghUis tpUk;gpf; nfhLf;fpNwhNkh> mjdpd; jdpj;Jt Fzeyd;fis njspthf tpku;rpj;J Gupe;J nfhz;l gpwNf re;ij nray;Kiwfis njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;ePq;fs; cq;fisNa Nfl;Lf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Nfs;tpfs;:

Ÿ mg;nghUs; my;yJ NritapypUe;J Efu;Nthupd; Njitia fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ ve;j Njitia mJ G+u;j;jp nra;fpwJ ?

Ÿ NkYk; rpy trjpfis mjpy; Nru;f;f KbAkh?

Ÿ mjpy; VNjDk; Njitaw;w tpiy cau;e;j trjp cs;sjh?

Ÿ Efu;Nthu; mjid vt;thW gad;gLj;Jthu;fs;?

Ÿ mjid vd;dntd;W miof;f Ntz;Lk;?

Ÿ mJ njhlu;Gila gpw nghUs;fsplkpUe;J vt;thW tpj;jpahrg;gl;Ls;sJ?

Ÿ mjid cw;gj;jp nra;a vt;tsT gzk; nrythFk;?

Ÿ mjid yhgj;jpw;F tpw;f KbAkh?

tpiy:

xU nghUis jahupf;f Njitahdtw;iw epWtpa gpd;du; mg;nghUspd;

tpiy kw;Wk; Njitia fzf;fpy; vLj;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.nghUspd; tpiy vd;gJ

mjd; yhgk; >toq;fy;>Njit kw;Wk; khu;nfl;bq; je;jpuj;ijg; nghUj;jJ.

ePq;fs; cq;fisNa Nfl;Lf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba Nfs;tpfs;:

Ÿ Efu;NthUf;F mg;nghUs; my;yJ Nritapd; kjpg;G vd;d?

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


75

Ÿ cs;Shu; nghUfs; Nritfspd; tpiy Gs;spfs; epWtg;gl;Ls;sjh?

Ÿ Efu;Nthu; tpiyia xg;Gnfhs;fpuhu;fsh?

Ÿ rYiffs; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lkh?

Ÿ cq;fsJ Nghl;bahsu;fspd; tpiyNahL cq;fs; tpiyia vt;thW xg;gpLfpwPu;fs;?

tpUj;jp (tpsk;guk);:

nghUSk; mjd; tpiyAk; cWjpahd gpd;du; mjid tpUj;jp nra;a Nahridfs; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. rpy Nahridfs;: tpsk;gug;gLj;Jjy;> r%f tiyjsq;fspy; khu;nfl;bq; nra;jy;> kpd;dQ;ry; khu;nfl;bq;> Njly; ,ae;jpuk; %yk; khu;nfl;bq; nra;jy;> fhnzhsp %yk; khu;nfl;bq; nra;jy;.


Ÿ vq;F cq;fsJ nghUs; Nritia tpsk;gug; gLj;j Ntz;Lk;?

Ÿ thbf;ifahsu;fis Nru;tjw;F vJ rpwe;j Clfk; ?

Ÿ nghUs; Nritia tpsk;gug; gLj;j vJ rpwe;j Neuk; ?

Ÿ cq;fsJ Nghl;bahsu;fs; vt;thW tpsk;gug; gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;?

,lk;:

khu;nfl;bq;-d; mbg;gil ahjdpy;> xU nghUs;/ Nritia rupahd tpiyapy;> rupahd ,lj;jpy;> rupahd Neuj;jpy; khu;nfl;bq; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf > rupahd ,lj;ij Nju;T nra;jy; tUq;fhy thbf;ifahsu;fis epue;jukhf;fpnfhs;s KbAk;.


Ÿ cq;fsJ nghUs; Nritia filfspNyh Md;iydpNyh tpw;gid nra;a KbAkh?

Ÿ mjw;fhd rpwe;j tpepNahf Nrdy;fSf;F vd;d mZFKiwia ifahs NghfpwPu;fs;?

Ÿ cq;fSf;F tpw;gid gil Njitg;gLkh?

Ÿ cq;fsJ Nghl;bahsu;fs; vq;F mtu;fsJ nghUs; Nritia tpw;gid nra;fpwhu;fs;?

Ÿ cq;fs; Nghl;bahsu;fspd; fhy;jlq;fis gpd;gw;WfpwPu;fsh?

Ÿ cq;fs; Nghl;bahsu;fsplk; ,Ue;jJ VNjDk; tpj;jpahrk; fhl;LfpwPu;fsh?

Nahridapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:

NahridfNs tsu;r;rpapd; mbj;jsk;.xU Nahrid rpwpjhfNth >rhjpf;f vspjhfNth> my;yJ nray;gLj;j kpfTk; fbdkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;.vJ vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk; NahridNa jFjpiaj; jUk;.Nahrid ,y;yhky; vijAk; rhjpf;f KbahJ.gupfhrj;jpw;F gae;J gyu; jq;fsJ Nahridfis ntspNa $Wtjpy;iy.vdpDk; ePq;fs; njhopy;KidNthuhf GJik fhz;gtuha;Nghl;bf;Fcupatuha; ,Ug;gpd; cq;fs; Nahridfis ntspf;nfhzu Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

,jid Nkw;nfhs;s rpy topfs;:

Ÿ cq;fSf;fhf gq;fspf;f tpUk;Ggtu;fis nfhz;L Nahridfis tpthjpf;fyhk;.

Ÿ cq;fsJ Nahridia cuf;f nrhy;tjd; %yk; gpwupd; MNyhridfisg; ngwyhk;.

Ÿ cq;fsJ Nahrid Nfypf;Fupajhf ,Ug;gpDk; mjid tpthjpf;f jaq;ff;$lhJ.

Ÿ cq;fsJNahrid clNd Ntis nra;ahky; ,Ug;gpd; mjid Jl;r;g;gLj;j $lhJ. NkYk; mjid NjitNfw;g gbg;gbahf gpd;dhspy; jpUj;jk; nra;ayhk;.



76

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ rpwe;j Nahridfs; vg;nghOJNk jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;W mtrpakpy;iy vd;gij kdjpy; itj;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ rupahd Neuk;jhd; cq;fs; Nahridfis ntw;wp ngw itf;Fk;.

Ÿ R+o;epiyfSk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk; khWtjw;F Vw;whu;Nghy NahridfisAk; khw;wpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk

1.6.2 tpahghu epWtdf; fUj;Jf;fs;: mbg;gil tpahghu nrhy;ypay;

tpahghuk; njhlq;fp nray;g;gLj;j tpisNthu; rpy mbg;gil tpahghu nrhw;fis Gupe;Jnfhs;Sjy; mtrpakhFk;.

gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis xt;nthU njhopy;KidNthUk; njupe;Jitj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;.

Ÿ fzf;fpay;: epjpg; gupkhw;wq;fis mwpf;if jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; gjpT nra;Ak; Kiw.

Ÿ nryT fzf;F: xU epWtdk; mjw;F fld; nfhLj;jtu;fSf;fhf fld; gl;Ls;s gzk;.

Ÿ tuT fzf;F: epWtdj;jpd; thbf;ifahsu;fs; %yk; ngwg;gl;l gzk;.

Ÿ nrhj;Jfs;: epWtdj;jpw;F nrhe;jdkhd midj;jpd; kjpg;Gk; kw;Wk; mjd; %yk; tpahghuk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

Ÿ ,Ug;Gepiy: Fwpg;gpl;l jUzj;jpy; me;epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;j nrhj;Jfs; fld;fs;> cupikahsupd; gq;Ffs; mlq;fpa tptuk;.

Ÿ fPo;tup: xU khjf; filrpapy; mt;tpahghuj;jpd; %yk; rk;ghupf;fg;gl;l;l my;yJ tplg;gl;l nkhj;j njhifapd; fzf;F.

Ÿ tpahghuk;: yhgk; <l;Lk; Nehf;fj;jpy; nray;gLk; xU epWtdk;.

Ÿ tpahghuk; 2 tpahghuk;: xU tpahghuj;jpd; %yk; ,d;ndhU tpahghuj;jpw;F nghUs; Nritfis tpw;wy;.

Ÿ tpahghuk; 2 Efu;Nthu;: xU tpahghuj;jpd; %yk; filepiy Efu;NthUf;F Neubahf nghUs; Nritia tpw;wy;.

Ÿ %yjdk;: xU tpahghuj;jpd; fzf;Ffs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; KjyPLfspy; cs;s nkhj;j gzk;. ,J gw;W kw;Wk; gq;F vd;W ,U tifg;gLk;.

Ÿ gzg;Gof;fk;: xt;nthU khjj;jpYk; tpahghuj;jpy; epfOk; epjpg; gupkhw;wk;. ,jDs; tUtha;fSk; nryTfSk; mlq;Fk;.

Ÿ gzgG; off; mwpfi; f: Fwpgg; pll; fhyjj; py ; css; tUtha ; kwW; k ; nryTff; hd mwpfi; f.

Ÿ xg;ge;jk;: Ntiy ghu;g;gjw;F Copak; nfhLj;jYf;fhd Kiwahd cld;ghL.

Ÿ Nja;khdk;: fhyg;Nghf;fpy; nrhj;Jf;fspd; kjpg;G Fiwjy;.

Ÿ nryT: tpahghu nray;ghLfSf;fhd njhif.

Ÿ epjp: Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; epjp xJf;fPL kw;Wk; nrhj;Jf;fs;.

Ÿ epjp mwpf;if: tpahghu gupkhw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; nryTfspd; tpupthd fzf;F. epiyahd njhif: xU Kiw nryT.

Ÿ tUtha; mwpf;if: (yhg e\;l mwpf;if):Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; tpahghuj;jpd; yhgg; Nghf;fpid fhl;Ljy;.

Ÿ fld;fs;: kw;wtu;fSf;fhf tpahghuk; %yk; fld;gl;bUf;Fk; njhif.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


77

Ÿ khu;nfl;bq;: xU nghUs;ÆNritia' tpsk;gug;gLj;Jjy;> tpw;wy;>gfpu;e;jspj;jy;.

Ÿ nkhj;jh tUtha;Æyhgk;: tUtha; - nryTfs;.

Ÿ nkhj;j kjpg;G: tpahghuj;jpd; nkhj;j kjpg;G.

Ÿ jpUg;gpnrYj;Jk; fhyk;: Muk;gfhy KjyPl;il jpUk;gg;ngw vLf;Fk; fhyk;.

Ÿ yhg msT: yhgj;jpw;Fk; tUtha;f;Fkhd tpfpjk;> rjtpfpj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.

Ÿ KjyPl;bd; kPjhd tUtha;: KjyPLfspd; %yk; tpahgu;j;jpu;f;fhf fpilf;fg; ngWk; njhif.

Ÿ tUtha;: nryTfis fopg;gjw;F Kd;G cs;s nkhj;j tUtha;.

Ÿ tpw;gid Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;: xU rhj;jpakhd Efu;Nthu;.

Ÿ rg;gisau;: tpahghuj;jpw;F Njitahdij rg;gis nra;gtu;.

Ÿ ,yf;F re;ij: xU epWtdj;jpd; nghUis Fwpg;gpl;l thbf;ifahsu;fis Fwpitj;J tpw;gid nra;jy;.

Ÿ kjpg;gPL: xU tpahghuj;jpd; xl;Lnkhj;j kjpg;gPL.

Ÿ khWgLk; tpiy: tpahghuj;jpdhy; khwg;gLk; nrytpd; tpfpjk;.

Ÿ %yjdk; (Ntiy): jw;g; Nghija nrhj;Jf;fs; - jw;Nghija fld;fs;

Ÿ tpahghug; gupkhw;wq;fs;: ,J %d;W tifg;gLk;. mit:

¡ rhjhuz gupkhw;wq;fs;: tpw;gtUf;Fk;> Efu;NthUf;Fk; Md xU Kiw gupkhw;wk; MFk; vLj;Jfhl;bw;F> fhg;gp thq;Fjy;.

¡ rpf;fyhd gupkhw;wq;fs;: KOg; gupkhw;wk; KbAk; Kd;G gy tu;j;jfq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;. vLj;Jfhl;bw;F> tPL thq;Fjy;.

¡ ele;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; gupkhw;wq;fs;: xg;ge;jq;fspd; gb gzk; nrYj;Jjy;/ ngWjy;. vLj;Jfhl;bw;F> tpw;gtuplk; cld;gbf;if Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.

mbg;gil fzf;F R+j;jpuq;fs;(ghu;Kyhf;fs;):

njhopy;KidNthu; mtrpak; njupe;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba fzf;F ghu;Kyhf;fs; gpd;tUkhW.

1. fzf;F rkd;ghL: xU epWtdk; tpahghuk; nra;a itj;jpUf;Fk; nkhj;j nrhj;Jfs;.

ghu;Kyh:

nrhj;Jf;fs; = fld;fs;+ cupikahsupd; gq;Ffs;.

2. nkhj;j tUtha;: epWtdj;jpd; yhgk;.

ghu;Kyh:

nkhj;j tUtha;= tUtha; - nryTfs;.

3. gpNuf;-<td; Gs;sp :,g;Gs;spapy; epWtdj;jpw;F yhgKk; ,y;iy. e\;lKk; ,y;iy.nkhj;j tUthAk; nryTk; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

ghu;Kyh:

gpNuf;-<td; = epiyahd tpiy / tpw;gid tpiy - xU gpuptpw;fhd khwg;gLk; tpiy.

4. fhR tpfpjk;: epWtdj;jpd; nkhj;j ,Ug;G( gzkhf).

ghu;Kyh:

fhR tpfpjk; = fhR / jw;Nghija fld;fs;.

5. yhgf; fzf;F: ,J rjtpfpj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. tpahghuj;jpy; midj;J nryTfisAk; <Lfl;ba gpd;du; vQ;rp ,Uf;Fk; tpw;gid rjtPjk; MFk;.



78

ghu;Kyh:

yhgf;fzf;F = nkhj;j tUtha; / tpw;gid.

6. fld; - gq;F tpfpjk;: ,e;j tpfpjk; %yk; xU epWtdk; mjd; fld; kw;Wk; gq;Ffisf; nfhz;L mjd; nrhj;jpw;F epjp gpul;bj;j;UfpwJ vd;W mwpayhk;. NkYk; gq;Fjhuu;fspd; gq;F %yk; tpahghuj;jpy; e\;lk; te;j NghjpYk; fld; gl;ltu;fSf;F mjd; flikia epiwNtw;w KbAkh vd;W mwpayhk;.

ghu;Kyh:

fld; - gq;F tpfpjk; = nkhj;j fld;fs; / nkhj;j gq;Ffs;.

7. tpw;w nghUs;fspd; tpiy: xU nghUs; / Nritia cUthf;f Njitg;gl;l nkhj;j gzk; MFk;.

ghu;Kyh:

tpw;w nghUs;fspd; tpiy = nghUl;fspd; tpiy / ruf;F - ntsp<Lfspd; tpiy.

8. KjyPl;bd; kPjhd tUtha;: ,J rjtpfpj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. cz;ik tpiyiaf; nfhz;L KjyPl;bd; yhgj;ij rjtPjj;jpy; fzf;fplg;gLk;.

ghu;Kyh:

KjyPl;bd; kPjhd tUtha; = nkhj;j yhgk; / nkhj;j KjyPL * 100.

9. rhjuhd tl;b: Muk;g Kjypl;bidf; nfhz;L <l;Lk; tUthahFk;.

ghu;Kyh:

A = P (1+rt) ; R = r * 100

,jpy;>

A = nkhj;j njhif( mry; + tl;b)

P = mry; njhif

I = tl;b

r = xU tUlj;jpw;fhd tl;b; r= R/ 100

t = fhy mtfhrk;( khjk; Æ tUlk;)

10. tUlhe;jpu $l;L tl;b: fld; / itg;gpd; nkhj;j njhiff;fhd $l;L tl;b.

ghu;Kyh:

A = P(1+r/n)^nt ;

,jpy;>

A = fld;ÆKjyPl;bw;f;fhd vjpu;fhy kjpg;G > (tl;bAld;)

P = mry; (Muk;g itg;G epjp Æ fld;)

r = tUlhe;jpu tl;b.

n = xU tUlj;jpy; tl;b $l;lg;gLk; vz;zpf;if.

t = gzk; fld; Æ KjyPL nra;ag;gl;l tUlq;fspd; vz;zpf;if.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


79

1.6.3 thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;G Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk; nel;nthu;f;fpq;

thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;G Nkyhz;ik. Kw;fhyj;jpy; thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;G Nkyhz;ik vd;why; thbf;ifahsu;fs; cldhd epWtdj;jpd; cwitr; nrk;ikahfg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tJ vd;gjhf mu;j;jk; nfhs;sg; gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ> thbf;ifahsu;fs; cldhd ,e;j cwit Nkk;gLj;j cjTk; jfty; njhopy;El;gk; mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUl;fs; thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;G Nkyhz;ik vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;G Nkyhz;ikf;fhd Njit

ehk; ve;j mstpw;F ekJ thbf;ifahsu;fis ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;NwhNkh> me;j mstpw;F ek;Kila epWtdk; tsu tha;g;G fpilf;Fk;. ve;j xU njhopy; KidNthUf;F> jd;dplk; Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; thbf;ifahsu;fisj; jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;tJk;> GJ thbf;ifahsu;fisg; ngWtJk; mtrpak; Mfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; jhd; thbf;ifahsu;fSld; jpdKk; njhlu;G nfhs;s> mtu;fis Nkyhz;ik nra;a cjTk; njhopy;El;g mikg;Gfs; gutyhfp tUfpd;wd.

gadu; Njitfs; ehSf;F ehs; kpf Ntfkhf khwpf; nfhz;Nl tUfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy; mtu;fspd; Njit khw;wj;ij Neupy; fz;L gpbf;f cjTfpd;wJ ,e;j thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;G Nkyhz;ik mikg;Gfs;. ,jd; %yk; ehk; gadu;fspd; Njitia fz;fhzpj;J> mjw;F clNd gjpy; mspf;f KbAk;. ,J kl;Lk; my;yhky;> ,jd; %yk; ekJ epWtdj;ij khw;wpf; nfhz;Nl> ekJ gadu;fspd; Njitfis G+u;j;jp nra;a KbAk;. ,jd; %yk; xt;nthU epWtdKk; jdJ gadupd; kjpg;ig czu KbAk;.

,jd; ed;ikfs;

thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;G Nkyhz;ik mikg;gpd; ed;ikfs; gpd;tUkhW

Ÿ ,jd; %yk; ekJ gadu;fSldhd cwit Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jd; %yk;

¡ tpw;gidia mjpfupf;f KbAk;

¡ thbf;ifahsu; Njitia mwpa KbAk;

¡ NkYk; jahupg;Gfis mtu;fSf;F mDg;g KbAk;

Ÿ ,jd; %yk; xU epWtdj;jpd; jahupg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nritfis rpwg;ghf tpsk;gug; gLj;j KbAk;.

Ÿ ,J thbf;ifahsu; jpUg;jpia mjpfg; gLj;Jfpd;wJ

Ÿ ,jpy ; yhgk ; jUk ; gaduf; is fzl; wpeJ; mtuf; SfF; r ; rpwgG; r ; rYiffis mspff; KbAk;

nel;nthu;f;fpq; vd;why; vd;d?

nel;nthu;f;fpq; vd;gJ tzpfj;jpy;> cq;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; tzpf kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l cwitg; gad;gLj;jp jq;fsJ tzpfj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJ. ,J kl;Lky;yhky; ,J xU rpwg;ghd> nrytpy;yh tpsk;gu cj;jpahf mikAk;. ,jd; %yk; vspikahf tpw;gid tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; njhlu;Gfis cUthf;f KbAk;. nel;nthu;f;fpq; vd;gJ njhiyNgrp> kpd;dQ;ry;> r%f Clfk; kw;Wk; ,iza tzpf gf;fq;fspd; %yk; elf;fyhk;.

nel;nthu;f;fpq;fpd; Njit

nel;nthu;f;fpq; vd;gJ xt;nthU njhopyjpgUf;Fk; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jFjpahFk;. cwTfis Nkk;gLj;Jjypd; Nkk;gl;l jFjp MFk;. njhopy; KidNthu; mikg;gpy; nel;xu;f;fpq; kpfg; ngupa mq;fk; tfpf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ,jd; %yk; topfhl;ly;fis ,ytrkhfg; ngw KbAk;.

cyfk; KOtJk; eilngWk; rpW nel;nthu;f;fpq; epfo;r;rpfs;> xNu Nehf;fk; nfhz;l gy;NtW KidNthiu xNu ,lj;jpy; nfhz;L Nru;f;fpd;wd. ,jd; %yk; jfty; njhlu;G> vz;zq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; Kjypatw;iw gupkhwpf;nfhz;L> mjw;fhfg; ghLgl KbAk;. ,J kl;Lky;yhky; ,jd; %yk; njhopy; KidNthu; jq;fsJ KjyPl;lhsu;fSlDk; njhlu;G nfhs;s KbAk;. njhopy; KidNthu; gy;NtW gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;jpUe;jhYk; mtu;fsplk; xNu Fwpf;Nfhs; ,Ug;gijf; fhz KbAk; - mtu;fSf;F njhlu;Gfs;> cj;Ntfk;> MNyhridfs;> tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; topfhl;bfs; mtrpak;. ,ij nra;a nel;nthu;f;fpq; mtrpak;.



80

nel;nthu;f;fpq;fpd; ed;ikfs;

nel;nthu;f;fpq; njhopy; KidNthUf;Fg; gy;NtW gad;fis mspf;fpd;wJ. mtw;Ws; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

Ÿ cau; ju thbf;ifahsu;fisg; ngWtJ

Ÿ tzpf tha;g;Gfis mjpfg; gLj;JtJ

Ÿ xj;j njhlu;GfSf;F ,izg;Gfisj; jUtJ

Ÿ cq;fisg; Nghd;w njhopy; KidNthupd; topfhl;Ljy;fs;

Ÿ kw;wtu;fSf;F cq;fisg; gw;wpa tptuq;fis nfhz;L Nru;g;gJ

Ÿ Neu;kiw vz;zq;fSk;> Mu;tKk; nfhz;l kf;fSld; ,izg;gJ

Ÿ jd;dk;gpf;ifia mjpfupg;gJ

Ÿ kw;wtu;fSf;F cjtpa jpUg;jpiaj; jUtJ

Ÿ ePz;l fhy el;Gfis cUthf;FtJ

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ thbf;ifahsu; Njitfis mwpa kw;Wk; mtu;fs; fUj;Jf;fis Nrfupf;f r%f Clfq;fisg; gad; gLj;Jq;fs;

Ÿ nel;nthu;f;fpq; nra;Ak; nghOJ Mk;> ,y;iy vd;w gjpy; nrhy;Yk; Nfs;tpfisf; Nff;fhky;> tpupthd gjpy; nfhz;l Nfs;tpfisf; NfSq;fs;

1.6.4 tzpfj; jpl;lk; : ,yf;Ffspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

xt;nthU tzpfj;ij Jtf;Ftjw;F Kd;Gk; ekf;F xU ,yf;F mtrpak;. ,yf;Ffis epu;izapg;gjd; %yk;> FWfpa fhyj;jpy; ekf;Fj; Njitahd cj;Ntfj;ijAk;> ePz;l fhy mbg;gilapy;> Njhiy Nehf;Fg; ghu;itiaAk; jUfpd;wd. xt;nthU tzpfj;jpw;F %d;W tifahd ,yf;Ffs; Njit - FWfpa fhy ,yf;Ffs;> ePz;l fhy ,yf;Ffs;> ,ilg;gl;l eLj;ju fhy ,yf;Ffs;

FWfpa fhy ,yf;Ffs;:

Ÿ ,e;j ,yf;Ffs; cldbahf XupU ehl;lfs; my;yJ xU thu fhyj;jpw;F mila Ntz;bait.

cjhuzj;jpw;F: cq;fs; njhopw;rhiyapy; gOjile;j ve;jpuj;ij rup nra;tJ

eLj;ju fhy ,yf;Ffs;:

Ÿ ekf;F ,Uf;Fk; FWfpa fhy ,yf;Ffis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,e;j eLj;ju fhy ,yf;Ffs; epu;zapf;fg; gl Ntz;Lk;

Ÿ ,e;j ,yf;Ffs; FWfpa fhy ,yf;Ffs; Nghd;W> kpfj; njspthf ,Uf;fj; Njit ,y;iy

cjhuzj;jpw;F: ,dp njhopw;rhiyapy; ve;jpuq;fs; gOjilahky; ,Uf;f> xU FOit mikg;gJ my;yJ mjw;fhd ty;Yeu;fis epakpg;gJ

ePz;l fhy ,yf;Ffs;

ve;j xU ntw;wpf;Fk;> ePz;l fhy ,yf;Ffs; kpfTk; mtrpakhdit. mtw;iwj; njspthfj; jpl;lk; ,l Ntz;Lk;.

ePz;l fhy ,yf;Ffis mila Fiwe;jJ xU tUlk; vLf;Fk;gb jpl;lk; Ilh Ntz;Lk;.

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


cjhuzj;jpw;F: Gjpa ve;jpuq;fis thq;Ftjw;fhd epjpia jahu; nra;tJ

xU tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpd; mtrpak;

tzpfj; jpl;lk; vd;gJ>cq;fSila njhopiy KOikahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;s cq;fSf;F cjTk;. ,ijf; nfhz;L> xt;nthU fhy ,ilntspapYk; ePq;fs; mile;j ntw;wpfs;> milaj; jtwpa ,yf;Ffs; Mfpatw;iw fz;fhzpf;f KbAk;. ,jd; %yk; tzpfj;jpd; ghijiaAk; fz;L jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;. nghJthf ,e;j tzpfj; jpl;lq;fspy; xU epWtdj;jpd; 3-5 tUl gazk; fzpf;fg;gl;L> me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy;> me;j epWtdk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba topKiw> <l;l Ntz;ba tUtha; Mfpait jpl;lkplg; gLk;. ,J jtpu Kf;fpakhd gzpahsu;fSf;F ,yf;Ffis epu;zapf;fTk;> KjyPl;lhsu;fis <u;f;fTk; ,e;j tzpfj; jpl;lq;fs; kpfTk; mtrpak;.

nghJthf> xU tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpy; gpd;tUk; vl;L gFjpfs; ,Uf;Fk;.

tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpd; $Wfs;

epu;thfr; RUf;f mwpf;if

xU tzpfj; jpl;lj;jpy;> jiyg;igj; njhlu;e;J epu;thfr; RUf;f mwpf;if ,lk; ngWk;. ,e;j RUf;f ciuapy;> xU epWtdkhf ePq;fs; mila epidf;Fk; ,yf;Ffisj; njspthf vLj;Jiuf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J cq;fs; tzpfk; kw;Wk; ,yf;Ffspd; NkNyhl;lkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ij mjpf gl;rk; 1-2 gf;fq;fSf;Fs; Kbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;

cq;fs; epu;thfr; RUf;f mwpf;ifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd jfty;fs;

Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; : cq;fs; epWtdj;ij gj;J thu;j;ijfspy; tptupAq;fs; cjhuzj;jpw;F: ief;fp epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; thrfk;

ief;fp epWtdj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; thrfk; "cyfpy; ,Uf;Fk; midj;J tpisahl;L tPuu;fSf;Fk; cj;Ntfk; kw;Wk; GJikia mspg;gJ"

Ÿ epWtdk; Fwpj;j jfty;fs;: ,e;jg; gFjpapy; ePq;fs; ,e;j tzpfj;ij njhlq;fpa tUlk;> ,ij epWtpatu;fs;> mtu;fS xt;nthUtUila gq;F> epWtdj;jpy; Ntiy nra;Ak; gzpahsu;fspd; vz;zpf;if> cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; gzpaplq;fs; Mfpait Fwpg;gplg; gl Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ tsu;r;rp tptuq;fs;: cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; epu;thf kw;Wk; tUtha; tsu;r;rp Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpLq;fs;. Njitahd ,lj;jpy; tiuglq;fs; %yk; ,ij tpsf;Fq;fs;.

Ÿ epWtdj;jpd; jahupg;Gfs; my;yJ Nritfs;: cq;fs; epWtdk; jahupf;Fk; jahupg;Gfs; my;yJ Fwpj;j tpupTiu.

Ÿ epjp epiyik Fwpj;j jfty;fs;: ePq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; thq;fp> cq;fs; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; Fwpj;j jfty;fs;.

Ÿ tUq;fhyj; jpl;lq;fspd; RUf;fk;: ,jpy; cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; ePl fhy ,yf;if tptupf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,d;Dk; gj;J Mz;Lfspy;> cq;fs; epWtdk; mila Ntz;Lnkd ePq;fs; epidf;fpd;w ,yf;iff; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

tzpf tptuq;fs;

,uz;lhk; gFjpahd ,e;jg; gf;fj;jpy;> cq;fs; epWtdk; kw;Wk; tzpfj;jpd; gy;NtWk; $WfisAk; Fwpj;Jj; njspthf> tpupthf tptupf;f Ntz;Lk;. cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; rupahd gad; kw;Wk; ,yf;F> ePq;fs; mspf;f ,Uf;Fk; jdpj;Jtkhd Nrit - ,it ,uz;ilAk; Fwpj;J KjyPl;lhsu;fs; ,e;jg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;Nj mwpa KbAk;.

,e;jg; gFjpapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jfty;fspd; gl;bay;

Ÿ cq;fs; tzpfj;jpd; ,ay;G Fwpj;j tpupthf;fk;

Ÿ ePq;fs; G+u;j;jp nra;a my;yJ jpUg;jpg;gLj;j ,Uf;Fk; re;ij (kf;fs; FO) Fwpj;j tpsf;fk;

Ÿ mtu;fspd; Njitia cq;fs; jahupg;G my;yJ Nrit vg;gb G+u;j;jp nra;Ak;

81



vd;gJ Fwpj;j jfty;

Ÿ ePq;fs; Nrit toq;f ,Uf;Fk; thbf;ifiaahsu; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; Fwpj;j tptuq;fs;

Ÿ cq;fs; Nghl;b epWtdq;fspy; ,Ue;J ePq;fs; khWgl;L ,Uf;Fk; tpjk;

thbf;ifahsu; re;ij gFg;gha;T

nghJthf tzpf tptuq;fs; gFjpiaj; njhlu;e;J> cq;fs; thbf;ifahsu; re;ijapd; gFg;gha;T tptuq;fs; cs;splg; gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jg; gFjpapd; Kf;fpa (kiwKf) Nehf;fk;> ePq;fs; cq;fsJ thbf;ifahsu; re;ij Fwpj;J vt;tsT J}uk; mwpe;J itj;jpUf;fpwPu;fs; vd;W vLj;Jiug;gNj MFk;. re;ij epytuk; Fwpj;j cq;fsJ Ma;Tfs;> Ma;T KbTfs; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg;gpl ,JNt rupahd gFjpahFk;.

cq;fsJ thbf;ifahsu; re;ij gFg;gha;T gFjpapy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;ba jfty;fs;

Ÿ cq;fs; njhopy;Jiw Fwpj;j tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; NkNyhl;l tptuq;fs;

Ÿ cq;fs; Neub thbf;ifahsu; re;ij Fwpj;j jfty;fs;

Ÿ cq;fs; thbf;ifahsu; re;ij Njitfs; kw;Wk; tpsf;fg; glq;fs;

Ÿ cq;fs; thbf;ifahsu; re;ijapd; vz;zpf;if msT

Ÿ ePq;fs; ifg;gw;w epidf;Fk; re;ij msT

Ÿ cq;fs; jahupg;Gfspd; tpiy epu;zak;

Ÿ cq;fs; Nghl;bahsu;fs; Fwpj;j gFg;gha;T

Ÿ xOq;FKiw Njitfs;

mikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nkyhz;ik

epr;rakhf> re;ij gFg;gha;T gFjpf;Fg; gpwF ,e;jg; gFjp ,lk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jg; gFjpapy; gpd;tUk; jfty;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd

Ÿ cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; epu;thf mikg;G

Ÿ cq;fs; epWtd gq;Fjhuu;fs; kw;Wk; cupikahsu;fs;

Ÿ cq;fs; epu;thff; FOtpd; tptuq;fs;

Ÿ cq;fs; epWtd epu;thf ,af;Fdu;fspd; jFjp

Ÿ cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; fPo; ,aq;Fk; xt;nthU Jiuapd; tptuk; kw;Wk; mjd; gzpfs;

Ÿ ePq;fs; cq;fs; gzpahsUf;F toq;Fk; Cjpak; kw;Wk; ,ju ed;ikfs;

Ÿ ePq;fs; toq;Fk; ,ju rYiffs;

jahupg;G my;yJ Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

,jw;F mLj;j gFjp jahupg;G my;yJ Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; . ,e;jg; gFj;bapy; ePq;fs; toq;Fk; jahupg;G my;yJ Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> gad;> mjdhy; cq;fs; jw;Nghija thbf;ifahsu;fs; kw;Wk; tUq; fhy thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfs; Fwpj;J tptupf;f Ntz;Lk;. RUf;fkhf nrhy;y Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> ,e;jg; gFjpapy; cq;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fs;> cq;fs; jahupg;Gfis thq;ff; fhuzkhf ,Uf;Fk; midj;ijAk; tptupf;f Ntz;Lk;

cq;fs; jahupg;G my;yJ Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gFjpapy; gpd;tUk; jfty;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;

Ÿ cq;fs; jahupg;G my;yJ Nrit tptuk;

Ÿ cq;fs; jahupg;G my;yJ Nritapd; MAs; Row;rpapd; tpsf;fk;

82

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


Ÿ cq;fs; jahupg;G kPjhd cq;fsJ fhg;Gupik tptuq;fs;

Ÿ ePq;fs; nra;a ,Uf;Fk; Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; tsu;r;rp jpl;lq;fs;

khu;f;nfl;bq; kw;Wk; tpw;gid

cq;fs; jahupg;G kw;Wk; Nrit Fwpj;j tptuq;fis tptupj;j gpwF> ehk; tpsf;f Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd gFjp khu;f;nfl;bq; kw;Wk; tpw;gid. ehk; kpf tpj;jpahrkhd jahupg;ig nfhz;L te;jpUe;jhYk;> mij vg;gb khu;f;nfl;bq; %yk; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F nfhz;L Nru;f;f Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd;gij tptupf;fNt ,e;jg; gFjp. ,e;jg; gFjpapy; gpd;tUk; cj;jpfisj; jpl;lkpl;L tptupf;f Ntz;Lk;

Ÿ re;ij CLUty; cj;jp: Vw;fdNt re;ijapy; ,Uf;Fk; jahupg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; kj;jpapy;> cq;fs; jahupg;ig vg;gb NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;b> tpw;fg; Nghfpd;wPu;fs; vd;w cj;jpia tprhupf;Fk; gFjp ,J.

Ÿ tsur; r; p cjj; p: Fiwej; fhyjj; py ; tpiyiaf ; FiwjJ; > yhgji; jf ; FiwjJ; f ; nfhzl; hYk>; rpwpJ fhyjj; pwF; g ; gpwF cqf; s ; tUthia vgg; bg ; gbgg; bahf cauj; j; g ; Nghfpdw; uP f; s ;vdg; ij tptupff; ,ej; gbgg; bahf cauj; j; g ; Nghfpdw; uP f; s ; vdg; ij tptupff; ,ej; g ; gFjp.

Ÿ tpepNahf Kiw cj;jp: ePq;fs; tpw;gid nra;tJ jahupg;ghf ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy;> mij vg;gb tpw;gid nra;ag; Nghfpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij tptupf;f ,e;jg; gFjp. ,jpy; nkhj;j tpw;gidahsu;fs;> rpy;yiw tzpfu;fs;> tpepNahfp];ju;fs;> ,izak; vd midj;ijAk; tptupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ jfty; njhlu;G cj;jp: ,jpy; vOj;J tbtj; njhlu;G (kpd;dQ;ry;> FWQ;nra;jp)> tha;topj; njhlu;G (miyNgrp miog;Gfs;> fhnzhsp mul;il> Neubj; njhlu;Gfs;)> tpsk;gu gyif cj;jpfs; (FwpaPLfs;> ,izajsg; gf;fq;fs;> milahsf; FwpaPLfs;) vd midj;ijAk; tptupf;f Ntz;Lk;.

cq;fs; tpw;gid cj;jpfs; gf;fj;jpy;> gpd;tUk; cj;jpfs; tptupf;fg; gl Ntz;Lk;:

Ÿ tpw;gidf; FO cj;jpfs; : ,e;j gFjpapd; Kf;fpa ,yf;F> epWtdj;jpd; tUthia mjpfupg;gJ Fwpj;j cj;jpia tptupg;gJ. ,jpy; tpw;gidf;F FO Fwpj;j jfty;fs; Fwpg;gplg; gl Ntz;Lk;

Ÿ cq;fs; tpw;gid eltbf;iffs; : ,e;jg; gFjpapy; ePq;fs; vg;gb cq;fs; jahupg;Gfs; my;yJ Nritfis tpw;gid nra;ag; Nghfpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij tptupAq;fs; - ,izaj;jpy myyJ filfspyh> tpw;fhj; jpl;lkpLk; vz;zpf;if> jpl;lkpl;l tpiy vd midj;Jk; ,jpy; mlq;Fk;.

KjyPLfSf;fhd Nfhupf;if

,e;jg; gFjp jq;fs; epWtdq;fSf;F KjyPL jpul;Ltjw;nfd cUthf;fg;gLk; tzpfj; jpl;lq;fspy; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

,e;jg; gFjpapy; gpd;tUk; jfty;fs; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ cq;fs; epWtdj;jpw;F ePq;fs; jpl;lkpl;l epjp KjyPL

Ÿ ePq;fs; mLj;j Ie;J tUlj;jpy; cq;fs; epWtdj;jpw;Fj; jpul;l jpl;lk; ,l;Ls;s KjyPL. ,J cq;fs; ePz;l fhy jpl;lj;ijg; nghWj;J khWk;.

Ÿ ePq;fs; jpul;lj; jpl;lkpLk; KjyPL tif. ePq;fs; vjw;F Ntz;LkhdhYk; nryT nra;af; $ba tifapyhd KjyPl;il vjpu; ghu;f;fpwPu;fsh my;yJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l tif KjyPl;il vjpu; ghu;f;fpwPu;fsh vd;gij tptupAq;fs;

Ÿ ePz;l fhy njhopy; cj;jpfs;. ,jpy; cq;fs; epWtdj;jpw;fhd ePz;l fhy jpl;lj;ij tptupj;J> mtw;iw nray; gLj;j vt;tsT KjyPL Njit vd;gij njspthf tptupf;f Ntz;Lk; fle;j fhy epjp epiyikj; jfty;fs; kw;Wk; tUq;fhy fzpg;Gfs; - cq;fs; epWtdk; njhlq;fpa ehspy; ,Ue;J midj;J Mtzq;fisAk; Nrkpj;J itg;gjd;

83



%yk; ,e;j gFjpia tiuaWf;f KbAk;. ,e;jg; gFjpapy; epWtd epjp Fwpj;j midj;J jfty;fSk; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sg; gl Ntz;Lk;. cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; fld;fs;> cq;fs; tUkhdk; kw;Wk; tUtha;> cq;fSila tUkhd tup Fwpj;j jfty;fs;> ,J jtpu gzj; jl;Lg;ghL> gz cgup (%d;W tUlj;jpw;Fk; Fiwahky; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ) ,g;gb midj;ijAk; njspthf tiuglq;fSld; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. ,ij tUfhyj;jpw;F cq;fshy; fzpj;Jf; $w KbAk; vd;why; kpfTk; eyk;.

tuT nryT fzf;F guhkupg;G

ePq;fs; cq;fs; epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;G cq;fs; epjpg; gad;ghl;ilj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ nryT> tuT kw;Wk; KjyPl;bw;fhd jpl;lk;. epjpj; jpl;lk; jPl;Ltjw;fhd gbg;gb Kiwfis fPNo fhzyhk;

topKiw 1: cq;fsJ epjpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Kjy; gFjp> cq;fs; ,yf;Ffs;> mjw;fhd cj;jpfs;> mij Kbf;fj; jpl;lkpl;l ehs;fs; Mfpatw;iw Fwpg; ngLj;Jf; nfhs;tJ

topKiw 2: Kf;fpakhd tuT nryT Mtzq;fis jahu; nra;J itj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;. xU Nfhg;gpy; ePq;fs; ngl;uh KjyPL Fwpj;j tptuq;fs;> tq;fpf; fzf;F mwpf;if> fpnubl; fhu;L urPJfs;> fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;l Mtzq;fs; kw;Wk; midj;J epjp njhlu;ghd Mtzq;fisAk; Nrkpj;J itAq;fs;

topKiw 3: cq;fsJ epfu nrhj;Jf; fzf;if kjpg;gpLq;fs;. mjthJ cq;fsJ efUk; kw;Wk; efuh nrhj;Jf;fs; (epyk;> tPL> tq;fp fzf;Ffs;> KjyPLfs;). ,jw;Fg; gpwF cq;fs; fld;fis kjpg;gpLq;fs; (fld; tptuq;fs;> nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;lq;fs;). nrhj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J fld;fis fopj;jy; cq;fSila nkhj;j; epfu nrhj;Jf; fzf;F fpilf;Fk;

topKiw 4: njspthd nryTf ; fzfi; f jpll; kpLqf; s.; mjhtJ cqf; SfF; vqf; pUeJ; gzk ; tu ,Uff; pdw; J> mij vgg; b vyy; hk ; nryT nraa; ,Uff; pwuP f; s ; vdg; ij jpll; kpLqf; s.;

topKiw 5: mtru fhy epjpia xJf;fp itAq;fs;. mtru fhy epjpapy; Fiwe;jJ MW khjq;fSf;fhd nryTj; njhifia Nrkpj;J itg;gJ kpfTk; ey;yJ.

topKiw 6: cldbahf cq;fs; epWtdj;jpw;Ff; fhg;gPL nra;Aq;fs;. ,jd; %yk; cq;fs; epWtdj;jpw;F ePz;l fhy epjpg; ghJfhg;G fpilf;Fk;.

mgha Nkyhz;ik

xU njhopy; Kidgtuhf> cq;fs; cq;fs; njhopy; Jiwapy; tuhfp $ba mghaq;fis fzpj;J mjw;F jpl;lq;fis tFg;gJ cq;fs; flik. ,ij cq;fs; epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;Ng jpl;lkpLq;fs;. tu ,Uf;Fk; mghaq;fis fzpj;j gpwF> gpd;tUk; topKiwfspd; %yk; mtw;iw epu;tfpf;f KbAk;

Ÿ cq;fs; Jiwapy; ,Uf;Fk; epWtdq;fs; re;jpj;j mghaq;fs;> mtu;fs; mtu;fs; mijj; jtpu;j;j tpjk; Fwpj;J MuhAq;fs;

Ÿ jw;Nghija re;ij epytuj;ij mwpe;J> rkPg fhyj;jpy; cq;fs; jahupg;G Nghd;w jahupg;Gfs; vg;gb ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;gijAk;> thbf;ifahsu;fs; vg;gb mij vg;gbg; ghu;f;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijAk; MuhAq;fs;.

Ÿ cq;fs; jahupg;Gfs; my;yJ Nritfis ntspapl cq;fSf;Fg; NghJkhd epGzj;Jtk; ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;

Ÿ cq;fs; epjp epiyikia Muha;e;J> cq;fSf;F NghJkhd tUkhdk; ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd;gijAk; rup ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;

Ÿ cq;fs; ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;ij gbj;J> mjd; jw;Nghija epiyik Fwpj;J mwpe;J> mjd;gb cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; Nghf;if jpl;lkpLq;fs;

Ÿ njspthd tzpfj; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fq;fs;

84

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


njhopy; KidNthUf;F ,Uf;Fk; kpfg;ngupa gpur;rid> jq;fs; epWtdj;jpw;fhd Kjy; fl;l epjpiaj; jpul;LtJ. gy;NtW epjp KjyPl;L topfs; ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy;> ve;j KjyPL jq;fSf;F kpfTk; rhjf khdjhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gij mtu;fNs KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy; rpW njhopy; KidNthUf;F> epjpd; toq;Ftjpy; tq;fpfs; Kjyplk; tfpf;fpd;wd. tq;fpfspd; %yk; xt;nthU tUlKk; Mapuf; fzf;fhd rpW njhopy; epWtdq;fSf;F epjp cjtp toq;fg; gLfpd;wJ.

epjp cjtp fpilf;f njhopy; KidNthu; jq;fs; tq;fpfspy; nfhLf;f Ntz;ba Mtzq;fs;

xU tq;fpiaj; njhlu;G nfhs;Sk; Kd;G> me;j tq;fpfs; njhopy; KidNthiuj; Nju;e;J vLf;f gpd;gw;Wk; topKiw> jFjpfs;> fld; tl;b tpfpjk;> epjp cjtp toq;Fk; Kiw cs;spl;l midj;ijAk; njupe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mwj;njhL tq;fpf;F Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis cz;ikahff; nfhLg;gjw;fhd mtrpaj;ijAk; njhopy; KidNthu; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; fld; thq;Fgtu;fspd; epjp epiyikia fz;fhzpg;gJ epjp epWtdq;fSf;F vspjhf ,Uf;Fk;. tq;fpfsplk; epjp cjtp ngw tpUk;Gk; njhopy; KidNthu;> jq;fs; rhd;Wfs;> epjp epiyik kw;Wk; cWjpg; gj;jpu nrhj;Jf;fs; Mfpatw;iwj; njspthff; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

nghJr; rhd;Wfs;

,e;jg; gFjpapy;> xU njhopy; KidNthuhf ePq;fs; gpd;tUk; jfty;fis tq;fpf;F toq;f Ntz;Lk;:

Ÿ mwpKff; fbjk;: cq;fis ed;F njupe;j> kw;wtu;fSf;F mwpKfg; gLj;jf; $ba epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; xU njhopyjpguhy; ,ld;`hf; fbjk; vOjg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jf; fbj;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk;> cq;fsJ fle;j fhy rhjidfis mtu;fSf;F vLj;Jiuj;J> cq;fs; kPjhd ek;gpf;ifia $l;LtNj MFk;

Ÿ cq;fs; Ratptuk;: RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;y Ntz;Lnkd;why;> ,J cq;fSila jw;Fwpg;G. ,jpy; cq;fSila fy;tpr; rhjidfs;> Njhop rhu;e;j gapw;rpfs;> jFjpfs;> gzp tuyhW kw;Wk; kw;w rhjidfs; Fwpj;J tq;fpf;F njupa itf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ tzpf NkNyhl;l rpw;NwL: nghJthf xU tzpf rpw;Nwl;by;> me;j epWtdk;> jahupg;G> Nrit> thbf;ifahsu;> epWtdk; ,aq;fp te;j ehl;fs; Fwpj;j jfty;fs; Fwpg;gplg; gl Ntz;Lk;.

Ÿ tq;fpf; Fwpg;Gfs;: ePq;fs; kw;w tq;fpfspy; tq;fp fzf;F itj;jpUe;jhy;> mJ Fwpj;j Fwpg;Gfis toq;FtJ kpfTk; ey;yJ.

Ÿ epWtd cupik kw;Wk; gjpTr; rhd;wpjo;fs;: rpy Neuq;fspy; ePq;fs; tq;fpf;F cq;fs; epWtd cupik kw;Wk; gjpTr; rhd;wpjo;fis mspg;gJ mtrpak; Mfpd;wJ. cq;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; fld;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLtJk; mtrpak; Mfyhk;.

1.6.5 tq;fp epjpAjtpf;fhd nray;Kiw kw;Wk; tiuKiwfs; :

tq;fp epjpAjtpf;fhd mtrpak;

Ÿ midj;J $WfSk; cq;fSila jpl;lj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gl;L tpl;ldth vd;gij cWjp nra;Aq;fs;

Ÿ midj;J fzf;FfisAk; gy Kiw cWjp nra;Aq;fs;

Ÿ eilKiwapy; elf;ff; $baij Fwpg;gpLq;fs;. cq;fs; fdTfis Fwp,g;gpLk; ,lk; ,Jty;y.

Ÿ fzpg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ngupJ gLj;jhky;> cz;ikiaf; $Wq;fs;

Ÿ Njitahd ,lq;fspy; tiuglq;fis gad; gLj;Jq;fs;

85

Fwpg;Gfs;



epjp epiyik epytuk;

rpy tq;fpfs; cq;fSila epWtdj;jpd; epjp epiyik Fwpj;j Mtzq;fis vjpu; ghu;f;fyhk;. nghJthf epjp epytu Mtzq;fspy; gpd;tUk; jfty;fs; ,lk; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.

Ÿ ,Ug;Gepiy

Ÿ ,yhg e\;lf; fzf;F

Ÿ gzg; Gof;f mwpf;if

Ÿ fzpf;fg;gl;l tUtha; kw;Wk; tpw;gid

Ÿ tzpfj; jpl;lk;

Ÿ nrayhf;f Ma;T

cj;juthjq;fs; kw;Wk; cWjpg; ghj;jpuq;fs;

nghJthf tq;fpfs; rupahd cj;juthjk; ,y;yhky; fld; toq;Ftjpy;iy. ePq;fs; rupahd Neuj;jpy; flid jpUg;gtpy;iy vd;why;> tq;fpfs; cq;fsJ nrhj;ij ifafg; gLj;jp> mij kw;wtu;fSf;F tpw;f KbAk;. mira nrhj;Jf;fshd ve;jpuq;fs;> thfdq;fs; Kjypa tw;iwAk; tq;fpfs; cj;juthjkhf vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.

tq;fpf; fld;fSf;fhd mbg;gilj; jFjpfs;

fPo;f;fz;l mbg;gilj; jFjpfis ePq;fs; nfhz;bUe;jhy;> tq;fpfsplk; njhopy; KidNthu; fld; ngWtJ kpfTk; vspJ

Ÿ NghJkhd gzg; Gof;fk;

Ÿ NghJkhd msT gq;Fjhuu; epjp KjyPL

Ÿ NghJkhd cj;juthjk;

Ÿ tzpfj;jpy; Njitahd msT Kd; mDgtk;

Ÿ ew;ngau;

topKiw

tq;fpfspy; epjp cjtpf;F tpz;zg;gpf;f> fPo;f;fhZk; topKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.

1. cq;fs; tpz;zg;gk; kw;Wk; Njitahd midj;J Mtzq;fisAk; tq;fpfspy; rupahf rku;g;gpAq;fs;

2. tq;fpfs; cq;fsJ epWtdj;jpd; jFjpfshd epu;thfk;> epjp epiyik> nray;ghL> Jiw epiyg;ghL> ,J jtpu tUtha; vd midj;ijAk; jPtpukhf myrp Muha;thu;fs;.

3. ,jw;Fg; gpwF cq;fs; epWtdj;jpw;F fld; toq;fyhkh Ntz;lhkh vd;gij mtu;fs; KbT nra;thu;fs;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ fld; cjtp ngWtJ Fwpj;j gy;NtW topfis mDgtk; nfhz;l njhopyjpgu;fsplk; Nfl;L mwpAq;fs;

Ÿ cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd msit tpl mjpfkhff; fld; thq;Ftijj; jtpUq;fs;. Njitia tpl mjpf fhyj;jpw;Nfh> mjpf tl;bf;Nfh fld; thq;Ftijj; jtpUq;fs;.

86

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


1.6.6 epu;thf Nkyhz;ik - cq;fs; epWtdj;ij vg;gb

Nkyhz;ik nra;tJ vd;gJ Fwpj;j NkNyhl;lk;

cq;fsJ epWtdj;ij epu;tfpf;f> ePq;fs; cq;fs; epWtdj;ij gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. md;whl nray; ghLfis kl;Lk; my;yhky;> epfo ,Uf;Fk; ngupa ngupa mstpyhd epfo;TfisAk; fzpf;f Ntz;Lk;. cq;fs; epWtdj;ij jpwikahf epu;tfpf;f cjTk; topKiwfisf; fPNo fhzyhk;

topKiw 1: cq;fs; jyikg; gz;Gfis cgNahfpAq;fs;. Njitg;gLk;NghJ cjtpia ehLq;fs;

cjhuzj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; rpW njhopy; njhlq;fp ,Uf;Fk; uhKit vLj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;. uhKtpw;F rpwe;j jiyikg; gz;Gfs; cz;L - mtu; Neu;ikahdtu;> vijAk; njspthf vLj;Jiuf;ff; $batu;> Ntiyfisg; gpwUf;Fg; gpupj;J toq;Ftjpy; ty;ytu;. ,e;jj; jiyikg; gz;Gfs;> jdJ epWtdj;ij epu;tfpg;gjpy; uhKTf;F kpfTk; cjtpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd. MdhYk; rpy rkaq;fspy; epWtdj;jpw;F NeUk; gpur;ridfis rkhspf;f mtuhy; Kba tpy;iy. ,e;j rkaj;jpy; uhK vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;? ,e;jj; jUzq;fspy; uhK ,uz;L jPu;Tfisf; ifahsyhk;. xd;W jdJ epWtdj;jpw;F ey;y mDgtk; cs;s Nkyhz;ik ,af;Fdiuj; Nju;T nra;J gzpapy; mku;j;jyhk;. my;yJ jdJ jpwikiag; gad;gLj;jp kw;w epWtdj;jpy; gzp GupAk; ,af;Fdu;fis ez;gu;fshf;fpf; nfhz;L> mtu;fspd; Jiz nfhz;L> epWtdj;ij epu;tfpf;fyhk;.

topKiw 2: cq;fSf;Fs; Ntiyfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sq;fs; - cq;fshy; midj;J NtiyfisAk; nra;a KbahJ vd;gij czUq;fs;

cyfpNyNa kpfTk; jpwikahd Nkyhz;ikahsuhy; $l> jdJ epWtdj;jpd; xt;nthU gzpiaAk; jhdhf rpwg;ghfr; nra;J Kbf;f KbahJ. jdJ epWtdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; midtUlDk; jdJ Ntiyfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tNj> epWtdk; ntw;wp ngw rpwe;j typ vd;gij xU rpwe;j epu;thfp Gupe;J nfhs;thd;. rpwe;j ,yf;Ffis mila Ntz;Lk; vd;why;> rupahd Kiwapy; Ntiyfisg; gpupj;J mspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ijr; rupahfr; nra;a tpy;iy vd;why;> cq;fs; Ntiy ,ul;bg;ghfTk; re;ju;g;gk; cz;L. ,ijr; rupahf nra;a xU cj;jpiaf; ifahSq;fs;.,uz;L gl;bay;fisj; jahu; nra;Aq;fs; - cq;fshy; nra;J Kbf;ff; $ba gzpfs;> kw;wtu;fshy; nrk;ikahf nra;J Kbf;f KbAk; vd;W ePq;fs; vz;zpa gzpfs;. ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ePq;fs; kw;WnkhU jtiwr; nra;J tpl tha;g;Gfs; cz;L. midj;J NtiyfisAk; kw;wtu;fSf;Nf mspj;J tpLtJ. ,JTk; Kw;wpYk; jtwhd Nghf;F. ,jpy; ,Uf;Fk; gpur;rid vd;dntd;why;> epiwa gzpfis kw;wtu;fSf;F toq;Fk; NghJ> mijf; fz;fhzpg;gNj kpfg;ngupa Ntiy Mfp tpLk;. ,jdhy; cq;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; kpff; Fiwe;j NtiyfisAk; Kbf;f cq;fSf;F Neuk; ,y;yhky; Ngha; tpLk;. rupahf gzpfis kw;wtu;fSf;Fg; gpupj;J mspAq;fs;.

topKiw 3: rupahd egu;fis j;Nju;e;J vLj;J>gzpapy; mku;j;Jq;fs;

cq;fsJ epWtdj;ij epu;tfpg;gjpy; cq;fs; gzpahsu;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd thq;F tfpf;fpwhu;fs;. rupahd jFjp tha;e;j gzpahsu;fisj; Nju;e;J vLf;f> cq;fSf;F kpfTk; vspjhd rpwg;ghd> njspthd Neu;fhzy; Kiw mtrpak;. gzpapy; Nru ,Uf;Fk; gzpahsu;fis rupahd Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;L> mtu;fspd; gjpy;fis jPtpukhf Muha;e;J ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. xU gzpahsupd; gpd;Gyj;ij Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJk; rpwe;j nrayhFk;. ,e;jg; gzpahsu;fs; cq;fsJ epjpia Neubahf epu;tfpf;fg; Nghfpd;whu;fs; vd;why;> mtu;fsJ epjp epiyikia Muha;e;J ghu;g;gJk; rupahd top MFk;. xt;nthU Ntiyf;Fk; njspthd xU tpsf;fj;ij cUthf;Fq;fs;. mij cq;fs; gzpahsu;fs; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhz;lhu;fsh vd;gijAk; cWjp nra;Aq;fs;. ,jd; %yk; mtu;fSf;F rupahd nghWg;Gfis rupahd Neuj;jpy; toq;f KbAk;. ,J jtpu gzpahsu;fsplk; ePq;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; mj;jid tp\aq;fisAk;> njspthf tpsf;Fk; xU rpw;Nwl;il mtu;fSf;F mspAq;fs;. ,J mtu;fSf;F xU cj;Ntfj;ijj; jUk;. ,jd; %yk; xU epWtdk;> rupahd gzpahsu;fisf; nfhz;L MNuhf;fpakhd Kiwapy; tsUk;.

topKiw 4: cq;fsJ gzpahsu;fis Cf;Ftpj;J> rpwe;j Kiwapy; mtu;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp mspAq;fs;

cq;fsJ gzpahsu;fs; NghJkhd cj;Ntfj;Jld; nray; gl;lhy; kl;LNk> nrk;ikahd

87



Kiwapy; epWtdj;ij typ elj;j KbAk;. ,jw;F Kjypy; gzpahsu;fs; cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;ij njspthfg; Gupe;J nfhz;L> mij mila KO kdJld; nray; gLtij ePq;fs; cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,ij cWjp gLj;j> cq;fs; gzpahsu;fis Cf;Ftpf;f mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; ntFkjpfis toq;fyhk;. ,J jtpu nghJ epfo;r;rpfspy;> mtu;fSila nray; ghLfshy; epWtdk; mile;j rhijidfis kw;wtu;fSf;F mwptpg;gjd; %yk; mtu;fis Cf;Ftpf;fyhk;. ,J mtu;fis ngUikg; gl itf;Fk;. NkYk; mtu;fSf;F nghWg;G czu;itj; je;J mtu;fis Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.

Mdhy; cq;fSila gzpahsu;fs; rpwg;ghfg; gdp Gupa cj;Ntfk; kl;Lk; NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;fhJ. ,J jtpu mtu;fSf;F mikjp njhopy;El;gq;fspy; NghJkhd gapw;rp kpfTk; mtrpak;. epidtpy; nfhs;sTk;> gapw;rp vd;gJ Xu; Kiw ,yf;F my;y. ,J midtuhYk; epiyahfg; gpd;gw;w vtz;ba ePz;l fhyj; jpl;lk; MFk;.

topKiw 5: cq;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fisf; ifahs cq;fs; gzpahsu;fSf;F fw;Wf; nfhLq;fs;

thbf;ifahsu; Nkyhz;ikapy; cq;fs; gzpahsu;fs; fha; Nju;e;jtu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. gzpahsu;fNs cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; KJnfYk;G. mjdhy; mtu;fspd; Njitfs; vd;ndd;d> mtu;fis vg;gbf; ifahs;tJ vd;w EZf;fq;fis cq;fs; gzpahsu;fSf;Ff; fw;Wf; nfhLq;fs;. ,ij mtu;fs; fw;Wf; nfhs;s> ePq;fs; vg;gb rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; thbf;ifahsu;fis ifahSfpwPu;fs; vd;gij mtu;fs; fhz Ntz;baJ mtrpak;. ,jd; ngau;> kw;wtu;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbahfj; jpfo;tJ. ePq;fs; vg;gb cs;sg; G+u;tkhf cq;fsJ thbf;ifahsu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;L> mtu;fsJ Njitfisg; Gupe;J mtu;fSf;F cjt jf;f gjpy; mspf;fpwPu;fs; vd;gijg; Gupa itAq;fs;. ePq;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fsplk; Nfl;Fk; Nfs;tpfspd; %yk;> mtu;fSf;F thbf;ifahsu; vz;z Xl;lj;ijg; Gupa itAq;fs;

topKiw 6: cq;fsJ epWtdj;ij rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsk;gug; gLj;Jq;fs; .

cq;fsJ jpwd;fisAk;> cq;fSila gzpahsu;fspd; jpwd;fisAk; nfhz;L> cq;fsJ epWtdj;ij rpwg;ghf tpsk;gug; gLj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;. ,e;j nray;ghLfspy; cq;fSf;F cjtp Njitg;gl;lhy;> cupa epWtdq;fspd; Nritia ehLq;fs;.

,g;nghOJ ePq;fs; fw;Wf; nfhz;l Fwpg;Gfis vg;nghOJk; epidtpy; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,g;nghOJ cq;fs; epWtdj;ijf; ifahStJ kpfTk; vspjhfp tpLk;.

Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ cq;fs; epWtdj;jpw;F epjp cjtp ngWtJ Fwpj;J mDgtk; tha;e;j epjp epu;thfpfSld; tpthjpAq;fs;

Ÿ cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd msit tpl mjpfkhff; fld; thq;Ftijj; jtpUq;fs;. Njitia tpl mjpf fhyj;jpw;Nfh> mjpf tl;bf;Nfh fld; thq;Ftijj; jtpUq;fs;.

1.6.7 njhopy; KidNthuhf MFk; Kd;G cq;fis ePq;fNs

Nfl;Lf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba Nfs;tpfs;

1. ehd; Vd; ,e;jj; njhopiy njhlq;f ,Uf;fpNwd;?

2. ehd; jPu;f;Fk; gpur;rid vd;d? vd; jahupg;ig Vd; kf;fs; thq;f Ntz;Lk;?

3. ,e;jg; gpur;ridfis jPu;f;f ,Jtiu ahuhtJ Kad;W ,Uf;fpwhu;fsh? mtu;fs; ntw;wp mile;jhu;fsh Njhy;tp mile;jhu;fsh?

4. ,e;jj; njhopy; mDgtk; tha;e;j ahuhtJ vdf;F topfhl;bahf1 ,Uf;f KbAkh?

5. vd;Dila rupahd thbf;ifahsu;fs;2 ahu;?

6. vd;Dila Nghl;bahsu;fs;3 ahu; ahu;?

7. kw;wtu;fspd; tzpfj; jpl;lj;ij tpl ek;Kila tzpfj; jpl;lk; vt;thW khWgLfpd;wJ?

88

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL


Fwpg;Gfs;

Ÿ cq;fsJ Neuk; kw;Wk; gzj;ij KjyPL nra;Ak; Kd;G> cq;fs; tzpfj; jpl;lk; rupahdjh vd;gij Kjypy; cWjp nra;Aq;fs;

Ÿ ePq;fs; cq;fisNa Nfl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; xt;nthU Nfs;tpAk;> gpd;dhspy; cq;fs; epWtdj;jp nrk;ikahf elj;j cq;fSf;F cjTk;.

mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;

1. ekfF; tzpfjj; py ; cjtp> ekk; fF; topfhll; j ; jahuhf ,Ugg; tuf; s ; topfhlb; fs ; Mthuf; s ;

2. thbf;ifahsu; vd;gtu; ekJ jahupg;Gfs; my;yJ Nritfisg; gad;gLj;jj; jahuhf ,Ug;gtu;fs;

3. Nghl;bahsu;fs; ekJ jahupg;Gfs; Nghd;Nw jahupg;Gfis my;yJ Nritfis ekJ thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F tpw;gtu;fs;

4. gyk>; gytdP k>; thag; G; fs ; kwW; k ; mrR; Wjj; yf; s ; - cqf; spd ; epWtdjj; pd ; kjP hd gyk>; gytdP k>; thag; G; fs ; kwW; k ; mrR; Wjj; yf; is Muha mtwi; w glb; ayplL; cWjp nraa; Tk ;

5. Fiwej; glr; jahupgG; vdg; J ehk ; ekJ thbfi; fahsUfF; tpwF; k ; mstpwF; k ; tbtikjj; jahupgG; . ,J thbfi; fahsupd ; fUji; jg ; ngWtjwf; hf klL; Nk jahupff; g ; gLk.;

6. xU epWtdk; jdJ tUthapd; %yk;> jdJ nryTfis <L nra;Ak; NghJ yhgkhdjhff; fUjg;gLk;

7. rl;l mikg;G jdp cupikahsuhfNth> gq;Fjhuu; epWtdkhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;

8. ,uz;L tif tupfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd - xd;W Neubahf epWtdk; my;yJ kf;fs; nrYj;Jk; tup. ,uz;L> jahupg;G kw;Wk; Nritfs; kPjhd kiwKf tupfs;

9. mNj Nghy; ,uz;L tiff; fhg;gPLfs; cz;L. xd;W MAs; fhg;gPL kw;nwhd;W nghJthd fhg;gPL. MAs; fhg;gPL xUtupd; MAisAk;> nghJf; fhg;gPL kw;w nghUl;fs;> tpyq;FfSf;fhfTk; toq;fg; gLfpd;wJ.

8. vd;Dila jahupg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Nritfspd; rpwg;gk;rk; vd;ndd;d?

9. ehd; vd;Dila gyk;> gytPdk;> tha;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; mr;RWj;jy;fis4 jPtpukhf Muha;e;J tpl;Bu;fsh?

10. cq;fs; jahupg;Gfs; my;yJ Nritfis thq;f ,Uf;Fk; thbf;ifahsupd; vz;zpf;if vt;tsT?

11. cq;fsJ ,e;j cj;jpia rup ghu;f;f cq;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Fiwe;j gl;r jahupg;G5 vd;d?

12. ehd; ,e;j tzpfj;ijj; njhlq;fhj Njitahd Fiwe;j gl;rj; njhif5 vt;tsT?

13. ehd; fld; ngw Ntz;baJ mtrpakh?

14. vt;tsT rPf;fpuj;jpy; vdJ jahupg;Gfs; my;yJ Nritfs; jahuhFk;?

15. vg;NghJ vd; tUtha; vdJ ,og;Gfis rup fl;Lk;6 my;yJ vg;NghJ ehk; yhgkh milag; Nghfpd;Nwhk;?

16. vdJ tzpfj;jpy; KjyPL nra;Ak; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; vg;gb yhgk; milag; Nghfpd;whu;fs;?

17. vdJ epWtdj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd rl;l mikg;ig7 ehd; vt;thW cUthf;fg; Nghfpd;Nwd;?

18. ehd; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tupfs;8 vd;ndd;d?

19. vdf;F ve;j tifahd fhg;gPL9 Njitg;gLfpd;wJ?

20. ehd; ,Jtiu vd;Dila thbf;ifahsu; fUj;ijf; Nfl;l Jz;lh?

89



Fwpg;Gfs;

90

gq;Nfw;ghsu; ifNaL



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