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1

2

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3

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4

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6

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7

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8

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9

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10

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r%f epWtdq;fs; gytPdkilAk;. mdh;j;j kPl;rp kw;Wk; Gdh;eph;khz

kPl;rpfspd; NghJ ,lk;ngWk; Coy; njhlh;ghd epiyiaAk; ftdpg;gJ

,aw;if mdh;j;jj;jpy;; ,yFthdnjhd;wy;y. cjtp toq;Fdh; kw;Wk;

rh;tNjr epWtdq;fs; xj;Jjpaq;Ftjd; %yk; nfhs;ssT rf;jp

11

tpUj;jpahf;fg;gl;L Coy; jLg;gpw;F cjTfpwJ. ,yf;if

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tYT+l;lyhdJ cs;Sh; epWtdq;fisAk;>

rptpy; r%fj;ijAk; kw;Wk; r%f epWtdq;fisAk; mq;fPfhpg;gNjhL

cs;Shpy; jpwz;kpf;fth; mjpfhpg;gjdhy; NjitahdNghJ Njitahd

,lq;fspy; mtrpakhd njhopy;El;g MNyhrid toq;fg;gl;L

Njitahd nfhs;ifia mKy;gLj;jp Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd

ghJfhg;ig cWjp nra;Ak;.

,t;thwhd epWtd mgptpUj;jpahdJ murpdpYk;> kw;Wk;

muRrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspYk; mgptpUj;jp milAnkdpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

epjpKfhikj;Jtj;jpid NgZtjw;Fk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f eph;thf

Vw;ghl;ilAk;> nray;jpl;l mKyhf;fiyAk;> cjtp toq;Fdh;fspdhy;;

toq;fg;gl;l epjpapd; KOikahd gad;ghl;ilAk; cWjpnra;tNjhL

njhluhd fzf;F Nkw;ghh;itNahL fz;fhzpg;igAk;> kjpg;gpliyAk;

Nkw;nfhs;s tha;g;gpUf;Fk;. epWtd nfhs;ssT mgptpUj;jpahdJ

nghJg;ghJfhg;G rl;l kw;Wk; tplaq;fspy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;

mdh;j;j epiyfis njspthf tpsk;gug;gLj;Jk;.

nghJ xg;ge;jq;fspy; CoYf;F vjpuhd tpjpKiwfs;

cl;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy; mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; jtph;f;fg;gLtJld;

gapw;rpfSk; ed;dlj;ij NritfSk; chpa mYty;fSf;F

ghJfhg;gpid toq;Fk;. ,j;jifa eilKiwfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLk; NghJ

cldbj; Njitfs; mjpfhpf;fg;gLk; mNjNtis ,jw;F rkkhd

Vida Jiwfs; ,izahf tpidj;jpwd;kpf;fitahf;fg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;. rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fspy; Kd;Ndw;ghlhd rpy

eilKiwfs ; mKy ;gLj ;jg ; glht pl ; lhy ; Coy ; e piy

jtph;f;fKbahjjhfptpLk;. cjtp toq;FdHfs; ,j;jifa tplaq;fs;

njhlh;gpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfSf;F jq;fspd; epWtd nfhs;ssT

mgptpUj;jpf;F Njitahd xj;Jiog;G toq;FtJld; rh;tNjr hPjpahd

A.D.B, O.E.C.D Nghd;wtw;wpd; epWtd nfhs;ssT rf;jp mjpfhpg;gpid

tYt+l;lNtz;Lk;. epjptoq;Fk; cld;ghLfspd;NghJ gu];guk; rh;tNjr

eilKiwfis xj;J,aq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F mikthdjhf

,y;yhtpbd; nghUj;jkhd topKiwfs; Ngzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

12

Ntiyfs; njhlh;ghd kjpg;gPL cjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;l tpjk; gad;ghL>

rl;l eilKiw xOq;Ffs;> xg;ge;j toq;fy;> Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk;

jhkjkd;dpg;G Nghd;wtw;wpd; njhluhd mwpf;iffs; chpa

fhyg;gFjpf;Fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

mLj;j eltbf;ifmLj;j eltbf;ifmLj;j eltbf;ifmLj;j eltbf;ifmLj;j eltbf;if

A.B.D/O.E.C.D kw;Wk; buhd;];Ngud;rp ,z;lh;ne\dy;

Mfpait eilKiw xOq;if tpahgpf;fr; nra;tjw;F Njitahd

njhluhd $l;lq;fis elhj;Jk;. mj;NjhL

♦ rfy gq;FjhuHfspdJk;> ,U jpwg;G> gy;jpwg;G njhlh;Gfis

Vw ;gLj ;JtNjhL ,j ;jF mbg ;gil nray ;j pl ;lk ;

eilKiwg;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;jy;.

♦ ,t;tbg;gil Ntiyj;jpl;lk; njhlHghf rh;tNjr cjtp toq;Fk;

r%fk; Fwpg;ghf nghUshjhu kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp xj;Jiog;G

epWtdk; ,izaj;jsk; ClhfTk;> mNjNtis Vida

gq;FjhuHfisAk; ,Jnjhlh;gpy; gq;FgLj;Jk; kdpjhgpkhd

cjtp toq;FdHfsplKk; fye;JiuahLtJ.

♦ buhd;];Ngud;rp ,z;lh;ne\dypd; Njrpa gphpTfis ,j;jifa

mbg;gil Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,af;Ftjw;F Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

♦ ,jw;fhd xOq;Fg;ghijaikj;jiy ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tNjhL

,J Ie;jhtJ A.D.B / O.E.C.D epWtd Mrpa gRgpf;

kfhehl;by; jpl;lkplYf;Fk; topg;gLj;jYf;Fk;> fz;fhzpg;gpw;Fk;

kjpg;gplYk; mdh;j;j kPl;rp Gdh;eph;khz epjp tPzhf;fg;gLjiy

jtph;g;gjw;Fk;> J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F cl;gLtij jtph;g;gjw;fhd

nraw;ghl;L nranyhOq;F njhFjpnahd;wpid cUthf;Fjy;.

13

14

eltbf;if RUf;fk;eltbf;if RUf;fk;eltbf;if RUf;fk;eltbf;if RUf;fk;eltbf;if RUf;fk;


2004 brk ;gh ; khjk ; 26 Mk ; j pfj pad ;W xUr py

kzpj;jpahyq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w Rdhkpahy; ,e;J kfhrKj;jpuk; ngUk;

kdpjehrj;jpw;F cl;gl;lNjhL 03 ,yl;rj;jpw;F mjpfkhd kdpj

capHfis fhTnfhz;lJld;> flw;fiuia mz;kpj;J tho;e;j

gy;yhapuf;fz;fhd flw;fiuNahu r%fq;fis mopj;jJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l

gFjpfspy; mopTnjhlh;ghd mwpf;ifahdJ 11.5 gpy;ypad;

nlhyh;fnsd fzpg;gpl;Ls;sJ (M.m.t. mwpf;if 2005). ,jd;

fhuzkhf ngUkstpyhd kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs; gzkhTk;>

NritfshfTk; te;jile;jd. jpBnud Vw;gl;l gztUthahdJ>

ghhpastpyhd epjpNkhrbiaAk;;> tPz;tpuaq;fisAk; mjpfhu

J\;gpuNahfj;jpidAk; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. cjtp toq;fypy; Vw;gl;l

CoyhdJ kdpjhgpkhd eltbf;iffis Fiwthf kjpg;gpl;lJ.

‘nra;> ghjpg;gpy;iy’ epthuz cjtpfs;> czT> jz;zPh;> kUe;J

tiffs; kw;Wk; ciwtplq;fs; vd;gd ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F

vl;lhj tifapy; jpirjpUg;gg;gl;L rkj;Jtk; mw;w tifapy;

gfpug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; tpisthf tPl;Lhpikfs; Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpy;

ghjpf;fg;gl VJthapd. ghhpa mdh;j;j tpisTfspd; gpd;G kpf

ePz;lfhy Gdh;eph;khd gzpfs; njhlh;r;rpahd jukhd eilKiwfspd;

fPo; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Kiwaw ;w tpjj ;j pyhd jpl ;lk plyhdJ Kiwaw ;w

ghijfisAk ; > t PLfisAk ; mikg ; gNjhL t pahghu

Nehf ;fj ;j pw ;Fh pajhf mike ;J t pLtjdhy ; Kd ;dhs ; ;

chpikahsHfspd; kPs;tjptpl Njitia myl;rpag;gLj;Jtjhf

mikAk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf mth;fs; NkYk; tWik epiyf;F

js;sg;gLthHfs;. Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd toptiffspy; kPs;eph;khz

Kaw;rpfs; tpidj;jpwdhdJk;> rkj;Jkhd gq;fPl;bid toq;Ftij

cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

Rdhkp jhf;fj;jpd; gpd;G ,jw;fhd kjpg;gPLfisAk;> ghjpg;gpd;

15

msitAk; fzf;fpLtjw;fhf A.D.B / O.E.C.D ,e;NjhNdrpa

murhq;fk; vd;gd ,ize;J [fhh;j;jhtpy; 2005 [{iy 7>8

,Ujpdq;fspy; xU kfhehl;il elj;jpd. ,k;kfhehl;by; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

ehLfshd ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah> kNyrpah> khiyjPT> ,yq;if

kw;Wk; jha;yhe;J Mfpatw;wpd; gpujpepjpfs;> cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfs;>

rh;tNjr epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fey epWtdq;fSk; fye;Jnfhz;ld.

,e;NjhNdrpa murpd; rhh;gpy; ,e;j kfhehl;il Muk;gpj;J

itj;J ,e;NjhNdrpa epUthf kWrPuikg;G mikr;rh; “njsgPf;

vgz;b Rdhkp epthuz eltbf;ifapy; Coy; rk;ge;jkhd

tplaq;fis Muha;tjw;fhd re;jh;g;gj;ij tuNtw;W ciu

epfo;j;jpdhh;. mth; njhlh;e;J NgRifapy; Coy; vjph;g;gpw;fhd gzpapy;

tpNrl epGzj;Jtk; kpf;ftHfspd; Nehf;fpid ,t;tpU ehl;fspy;

mtjhdpg;gjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. buhd;];Ngud;rp ,z;lh;ne\dy; rhh;ghf

ciuahw;wpa “gPl;lh; Uf”; Rdhkp mdh;j;jj;jpd; gpd;G Vw;gl;l Coiy

muR kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. rptpy;

r%fj;jpd; ,j;jifa tplak; njhlh;ghd nghWg;gpid Fwpg;gpl;lNjhL

buhd;];Ngud;rp ,z;lh ;ne\dy; epWtdk; ,k;kfhehl;by;

fye;Jnfhs;s fpilj;jikia Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. M.m.tq;fpapd; “nkf;

n[g;]; ,k;kfhehl;by; Fwpg;gpLifapy;> ,k;kfhehL ,j;jifa Coiy

xopg;gjw;fhd Kbthd jPh;khdq;fis juhJ vdpDk;> epthuzg;

gzpa pYk ; Gdh ; e p h ;khzj ;j pYk ; xU Gj pa mba pid

vLj;Jitj;Js;sjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. ,k;kfhehL cjtp toq;Fjy;

kw;Wk; Gdh;eph;khzg; gzpfspYk; xt;nthU gq;FjhuhpdJk; jplkhd

Kd;Dhpikg; gq;fspg;gpid milahsk; fhZtjhfTk;> Coiy

jLg;gjw;fhd toptiffis Muha;tjw;fhfTk; mike;jJ.

nghUshjhu kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp epWtdk; rhh;ghf tuNtw;W ciu

epfo;j;jpa “ngl;hpf; NkhpNyl”;> Rdhkp mdh;j;jj;jpd; tpisthf xt;nthU

gq;FjhuHfspdJk; Jyhk;guj; jd;ik njhlh;gpy; cs;s nghWg;gpid

Fwpg;gpl;lNjhL Coy; xopg;G Kiw njhlh;gpyhd Kf;fpa fhuzq;fis

Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. ,k;kfhehlhdJ jpwe;jJk;> gue;jJkhd nraykHTfis

tl;l Nkir mkh;Tfshf nfhz;ljd; %yk; gy;NtW kl;l

16

Mf;fG+h;tkhd tplaq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd; gpujpepjpfshy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. mDgtk; kpf;f Kd;nkhopTfspd; %yk;

mKy;gLj;jf;$ba gy;NtW tplaq;fs; Muhag;gl;L> mit nfhs;if

tFg;ghshpw;Fk;> rptpy; r%fj;jpw;Fk; cjtp toq;FdHfspw;Fk;> rh;tNjr

epWtdq;fspw;Fk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tifapy; nray;jpl;lq;fshf

gpNuhpf;fg;gl;ld.

Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;

murhq;fq;fspd; mZFKiwmurhq;fq;fspd; mZFKiwmurhq;fq;fspd; mZFKiwmurhq;fq;fspd; mZFKiwmurhq;fq;fspd; mZFKiw

jiyik :jiyik :jiyik :jiyik :jiyik : fpNwl;lh ngd;dh;> ngh.m.x.epWtdk; kw;Wk;fpNwl;lh ngd;dh;> ngh.m.x.epWtdk; kw;Wk;fpNwl;lh ngd;dh;> ngh.m.x.epWtdk; kw;Wk;fpNwl;lh ngd;dh;> ngh.m.x.epWtdk; kw;Wk;fpNwl;lh ngd;dh;> ngh.m.x.epWtdk; kw;Wk;

Nfhg]; b ];nthl;> Nfhg]; b ];nthl;> Nfhg]; b ];nthl;> Nfhg]; b ];nthl;> Nfhg]; b ];nthl;> T.I. nrayfk; nrayfk; nrayfk; nrayfk; nrayfk;

2004 brk;gh; md;W RdhkpahdJ ,e;jpah> ,e;NjhNdrpah>

kNyrpah> khiyjPT> ,yq;if Nghd;w ehLfspd; nghUshjhuk;

kw;Wk; ehl;bd; gpuirfis gy;NtW msTfspYk; ghjpj;jJ.

,e;ehLfspd; nghUshjhuk;> murpay; kw;Wk; r%ff; fl;likg;Gfs;

vd;gtw;NwhL CoYf;F vjpuhd rfy mbj;js mikg;G xOq;FfSk;

ghjpg;gile;jd. ghjpf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU ehLk; gy;NtW tpjkhd

#o;epiyfspy; kPs;eph ;khzj;jpYk;> Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd

toptiffspYk; <LgLk;. xt;nthU ehLk; ,j;jifa #oiy

vjph;Nehf;Ftjw;F Vw;w rhjf epiyia Njhw;Wtpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

[fhh;j;jh kfhehlhdJ ,t;thW xt;nthU ehLk; vjph;Nehf;fpa

rthy;fisAk;> mtw;wpw;F mit Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;if njhlh;ghd

mDgtq;fisAk; gfph;e;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F tha;g;ghf mike;Js;sJ.

,j;jif mDgtq;fspd; gfph;thdJ CoYf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffis

gfph;e;Jf; nfhs;tNjhL Rdhkpf;F gpd;duhd eltbf;iffs; njhlh;ghd

Vw;ghLfs; njhlh;gpy; xg;GNehf;fp Nkyjpf eltbf;if njhlh;ghfTk;

tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f jPh;tpid ngw toptFf;Fk;.

17

kNyrpa ehl;by; ,lk;ngw;w ,aw;if mdh;j;jkhdJ Vida

ehLfNshL xg;gpLk;NghJ kpf rpwpa mstpdjhapDk; ,jDila

mopTg; ngWkjpahdJ A.v];. nlhyh; 17 kpy;ypad; vd

fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. kNyrpa ehl;bd; Njrpa ghJfhg;G gphpitr; Nrh;e;j

“`];dd; gpd; m`;kl; rfhhpah” ,d;Dk; ,e;j tplaj;jpy; Coy;

,lk;ngWtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. mth; NkYk; Fwpg;gpLifapy;>

nghWg;Gf;fs; rpjwbf;fg;gLk; NghJ ngUkstpyhd gz Coy;

,lk;ngWtjw;F VJthfpd;wJ. kNyrpahtpw;F jdJ Njrpa nfhs;if

Clhf ,j;jifa nghWg;Gf;fis topelhj;j Ntz;ba flikg;ghq;F

jdJ epWtdq;fspd; Clhf cs;sJ vd;whh;.

khiyjPit nghWj;jtiuapy; mjd; epyg;gFjpapd; 30% msT

Nrjkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; mopTg; ngWkjp Vwf;Fiwa 400 kpy;ypad;

A.v];. nlhyh;fshFk;. ,j;njhifahdJ khiyjPT ehl;bd; cs;ehl;L

cw;gj;jpapy; 60% tPjkhFk;. khiyjPtpd; epjp mjpfhhp Fwpg;gpLifapy;

Rdhkp mdh;j;j Gdh;eph;khz ek;gpf;if epjpak; cs;tUk; cjtpfs;

%yk; epUtfpf;fg;gLfpwnjd;whh;. ,j;jifa epjpak; 3 mur mjpfhhpfs;>

Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; eph;khz gphpTfspd; cWg;gpdh;fs;> If;fpa ehl;L

mgptpUj;jp jpl;l tjptpl gpujpepjpfs; MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpa xU

rigapdhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt ,JtiuapYk; vj;jifa

gz Nkhrb rk;ge;jkhd Kiwg;ghLfSk; Fwpg;gplg;gtpy;iy vd;gNjhL

cs;sf> ntspaf kw;Wk; jw;fhypf fzf;fhsh; FOtpdUk;

,lk;ngwf;$ba Coy; njhlh;gpy; fz;fhzpj;J tUtjhfTk;>

Nkyjpfkhf ehl;bYs;s Coy; jLg;G mjpfhu rigAk;> Gdh;eph;khz

gzpfis Nkw;ghh;it nra;tjhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

,yq;ifia nghUj;jstpy; 40>000 f;F Nkw;gl;l kf;fs;

capHfis ,oe;jJld; 01 ,yl;rj;jpw;Fk; mjpfkhd kf;fs;

ghjpf ;fg ;gl ;Ls;sdh;. ,yq;ifapd; kPd;gpbj;Jiw Kw;whf

ghjpg;gile;Js;sJ. fiuNahug; gFjpfSk;> ghijfSk;. uapy;Nt

Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; Kw;whf ];jk;gpjkile;Js;sd. ,yq;ifapd;

ntspehl;L cjtpfs; kw;Wk; tuTnryT jpizf;fs mjpfhhp

“fh];f`Ky;y nfju tpkyNrd jèhaf;f” mth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

18

,yq;ifauR ,t;thwhd ,aw ;if mdh ;j ;jq ;fSf ;fhd

Kd;Ndw;ghLfs; vjidAk; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. vt;thnwdpDk;

Rdhkpapd; gpd;dh; murhq;fk; 3 gilazpfis cUthf;fpaJ.

1. kPl;rp eltbf;if

2. ,ay;G epiyAk;> rl;lKk;> xOq;Fk;.

3. Njrj;ij kPsf;fl;bnaOg;Gk; gilazp vd;gjhFk;.

Njrj;ij kPsf;fl;bnaOg;GNthk; vDk; nraw;jpl;lj;jpy;

,dq;fhzg;gl;l Kf;fpa gzpfshdit tPlikg;G> kPd;gpbj;Jiw>

ghij rPuikg;G> ghjpf;fg;gl;l cs;Sh; r%fj;Jldhd MNyhrid

Nrit> Njrpa hPjpapy; kl;Lkd;wp khtl;l hPjpahfTk; nraw;gLj;jNy

MFk;. kPs; eph;khzg; gzpapid nghWj;jstpy; cjtp toq;Fk;

ehLfspd; fye;jhNyhridf;F Vw;g Gjpa eilKiw toptiffs;

mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. gy;NtW tpjkhd gpur;rpidfs; jw;NghJ

Muhag;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ flw;fiuNahuj;jpy;

100 kPw;wh; jtph;g;G tyak;> cjtp toq;fypy; jhkjk;> cjtp gfph;jypy;

gpuNjr hPjpahd ghFghL> nghJkf;fspd; gq;fspg;G Nghd;witahFk;.

jha ;yhe ;ijg ; nghWj ;jst py ; Nrj kj pg ; g P lhdJ

,e;NjhNdrpahitNah my;yJ ,yq;ifAlNdNah xg;gp;lf;$ba jy;y.

,tw;wpw;F khwhf gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhNdhUk;> gy;yhapuj;Jf;F

Nkw;gl;Nlhhpd; tho;f;ifAk; ,of;fg;gl;lJ. jha;yhe;J gpujk ke;jphpapd;

fhhpahyaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j nehq;fpuhd; rhd;Ntdpr;Nyhd; vd;gthpd;

fUj;Jf;F Vw;g murhq;fk; ,jw;F Kd; ,j;jifa mdh;j;jj;ij

re;jpj;jjpy;iy vdpDk;> cjtp ngWjypy; Coy; ,lk;ngwyhk;

vd;gjid czh;e;jJ. NkYk; rfy tpjkhd cjtpj; njhiffSk;

xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;L Rdhkp mdh;j;j epjpak; vDk; mikg;gpd; %yk;

epiwNtw;W rigahy; epUtfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rigapd; jiytuhf

gpujp gpujk ke;jphp fhzg;gLthh;. ngUkstpyhd fz;fhzpg;G FOTk;>

Kiwg;ghl;L eilKiwfSk; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJld;

Nkyjpfkhf ntspthhp fzf;fha;Tk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

,tw;wpw;nfy;yhk; Nkyhf Njitg;gbd; mtru cjtpfs; cld;

nrd;wiltjd; %yk; nraw ;ghl ;bd ; Jyhk ;guj ; jd;ik

19

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

ehl;bd; chpkk; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPh;khdk;ehl;bd; chpkk; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPh;khdk;ehl;bd; chpkk; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPh;khdk;ehl;bd; chpkk; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPh;khdk;ehl;bd; chpkk; kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPh;khdk;

vLj;jy; Jyhk;guj;jd;ikahf fUjg;gLk;.vLj;jy; Jyhk;guj;jd;ikahf fUjg;gLk;.vLj;jy; Jyhk;guj;jd;ikahf fUjg;gLk;.vLj;jy; Jyhk;guj;jd;ikahf fUjg;gLk;.vLj;jy; Jyhk;guj;jd;ikahf fUjg;gLk;.

jiyik :jiyik :jiyik :jiyik :jiyik : Lnlq; Ky;ah Ygp]; Lnlq; Ky;ah Ygp]; Lnlq; Ky;ah Ygp]; Lnlq; Ky;ah Ygp]; Lnlq; Ky;ah Ygp]; T.I. ,e;NjhNdrpah ,e;NjhNdrpah ,e;NjhNdrpah ,e;NjhNdrpah ,e;NjhNdrpah

kPl;rp kw;Wk; Gdh;eph;khz gzpfspy; xt;nthU ehl;bd; chpkKk;

gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPh ;khdk; vLj;jYk;> cjtp toq;Fk;

fl;likg;gpYk;> cjtp ngWNthh; gFjpapYk; Jyhk;guj;jd;ik

Nkk;gLtij cWjpnra;Ak;. cz;ikj; NjitfSf;fhf ,Uf;fpd;w

tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ mdhtrpa tPz;tpuaj;jpw;Fk;

Coypw;Fk;; ,lkspf;fg;glhJ. cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfs; ,J tplaj;jpy;

jq;fspd; KO tYitAk; fhl;lf;$bajhf ,Uf;fk;. kWGwj;jpy;

muR> ngUkstpyhd r%f kw;Wk; murpay; gq;Fgw;Wjiy cWjp

nra;a rptpy; r%fk; ,t;tpuz;Lf;Fk; ,ilapy; nefpo;g;gLj;jiy

Nkk;gLj;Jk;.

“Lnlq; Ky;ah Ygp]” ; T.I. ,e;NjhNdrpah mtHfs;

g hj pf ; fg ; gl ; l ehLfs ; jq ;fs ; t pidj ;j p widAk ; >

Jyhk;guj;jd;ikiaAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy; mtrpak; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

NkYk; mth; ,Jgw;wp Fwpg;gpLifapy; gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPh;khdk;

vLj;jy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf fUjpaNjhL Nkw;ghh;itAk;> mt;thwhf

chpikf;fhd topKiwahFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. nraykh;it

mwpKfg;gLj;Jk; NghJ Njitfs; ,dq;fhzYld; rfy

gq;FjhuHfspdJk; gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPh;khdNk mtrpak; vd

thjpj;jhh;.

2001 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpahtpd; F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l

G+fk;g mdh;j;jj;jhy; mur> ,aw;if mdh;j;j Kfhikj;Jt mjpfhu

rig ];jhgpf;fg;gl;L ghhpastpyhd kPs;eph ;khzg; gzpfs;

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

,e;jpa cs;Suhl;rp mgptpUj;jp mikr;rpd; “gpuNkhj; Fkhh;

kp];uh” mth;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb ,j;jifa mdh;j;j mDgtk; %yk;

20

r%f ika mZFKiwahdJ cah;kl ;lj ;j pyhd nghJ

chpkj;ijAk; cah;jukhd kPs;eph;khzj;jpw;Fk; topNfhypaJ vd;whh;.

NkYk; mth; Fwpg;gpLifapy; G+fk;gj;jpd; gpd;dh; cs;Sh; r%fg;

gpujpepjpfs; Neubahf jiyapl;L mdh;j;j tpisTfis kjpg;gPL

nra;jJld; ,k;kjpg;gPlhdJ Kiwahdjhf ,y;iynadpDk; kpfTk;

mjpfstpyhd nghwpapyhsHfspd; gq;fspg;gpdhy; 3 tUlq;fspd;

gpd; 215>000 f;Fk; mjpfkhd tPLfs; kPsikf;fg;gl;ld. chpikahsiu

ikakhff; nfhz;l nraw;wpl;lk; %yk; 80% mjpfkhd tPLfs;

kPsikf;fg;gl;ld. G+fk;g mdh;j;j ghJfhg;G jpl;lk; %ykhf

njhopy;El;g ghprPyidiaf; nfhz;L kpfTah;e;j juk; ,jpy;

Ngzg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf rhjhuz kl;l jfty; toq;fYk;

rl;l mwpTj; jfty;fSk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;ld. tiff;$wy;

tYT+l;lg;gl;lJld; 3 Mk; epiy fzf;fha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljd;

fhuzkhf cjtp toq;FduhYk;> murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fshYk;

,ize;j jukhd fzf;fha;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. r%f ghjpg;G kjpg;gply;

rhpahd Neuj;jpw;F kPs;eph;khzg; gzpfspy; gpd;D}l;liy toq;fpaJ.

ed;ikngWjy; njhlh;ghd Nkw;ghh;it KPMG fzf;fha;T %yk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

ehl;Lhpikia cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Rdhkpf;F gpd;duhd

cjtp toq;fypy; cjtp toq;Fdh;fSk;> ,yq;if murhq;fKk;

jdpj;jdpahf ntt;Ntwhd kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhz;ld. Njrj;ij

kPs;fl;bnaOg;Gk; gilazp ,t;tpU gFjpapdhpd; kjpg;gPLfspd;

njhFg;gpid jw;NghJ KbT nra;Js;shh;fs;. ,J gw;wp ,yq;if

ntspehl;L cjtp kw;Wk; tuTnryT ghjPl;L jpizf;fs mjpfhhp

“fh];f`Ky;y nfju tpkyNrd jèhaf;f” mth;fs; tpghpf;ifapy;

murhq;fk; kPs;eph;khz jpl;lkply;> thue;j kjpg;gply;> rptpy; r%fj;jpd;

gq;fspg;G vd;gd nghJf;fye;Jiuahlypy; FiwT vd;gNjhL khjhe;j

cjtp toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; murhq;f $l;lk; gw;wp mwptpf;f Ntz;Lnkd

Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. ehl;Lhpkk; ,j;jifa tplaq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdJ

vd;gNjhL ghjpf;fg;gl;NlhUld; ,Jtplaj;jpy; gue;jstpy; mth;fsJ

mgptpUj;jp gw;wp fye;Jiuahlyhk; vd;whh;. mtuJ ciuapd; Kbtpy;

21

,yq;if murpd; nray;jpl;lk; KOikahd nraw;gLjd;ik

cilanjd Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

cyf tq;fpapd; ,e;NjhNdrpah rhh;gpy; ciuahw;wpa “n[hapd;

n`y;kd;” ; Fwpg;gpLifapy; ehl;bd; kPs;eph;khz gzpapid

Kd;ndLf;Fk; tifapy; gy;NtW tpjkhd eilKiwfs;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf $wpdhh;. kPs;eph;khzj;jpw;fhd Kjd;ikj;

jpl;lKk;. kPs;eph;khzj;ij fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhf kj;jpa epiyankhd;iw

];jhgpj;jYk; ,e;eilKiwapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;lnjd;whh;. NkYk;

mth; Fwpg;gpLifapy; ,j;jifa eilKiwfs; fl;Lg;ghL

kpFe;jitahfTk;> ,j;jifa ghhpa gpur;rpidfis vjph;Nehf;Fk;

NghJ ve;j jdpegUk; epWtdKk; mtw;wpd; kPJ kPs; nraw;ghl;bid

nra;af; $bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vt;thwhd mZFKiwAk;

kj;jpa epiyaj;Jf;Fs;shf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLjNyhL ,it

gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F toptFf;Fk;. mj;Jld;

,e;eilKiw fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; jfty;fis kj;jpa muRf;F

gfph;tjw;Fk; mj;NjhL kPs;eph ;khz gzpfSf;F epjpapid

toq;Ftjw;Fk; VJthFk;.

kf;fSila chpkj;Jf;Fk; ehl;bd; chpkj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapyhd

cwT gw;wp “n[a#h;a fpU\he;j ntypaKd” (T.I. Sri Lanka)

Fwpg;gpLifapy;> ,yq;if jdJ mDgtj;jpy; ,Ue;J muR Gjpaij

tpl goikapNyNa kpfTk; mtjhdkhf ,Ug;gjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

cjhuzkhf ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; eilKiw njhlh;ghf

vJtpjkhd Kd;Ndw;ghl;L jfty;fSk; rpwg;G epWtdq;fis my;yJ

Kfth;fis epakpg;gjpy; njhlh;Gk; ,y;iynad Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. mth;

NkYk; Fwpg;gpLifapy; Kiwrhuh gphpT rk;ge;jkhf vJtpj

jfty;fSk; ,y;yhjNjhL ehl;bd; fiuNahu epiyik njhlh;gpy;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kd;Ndw;wk; vJTk; ,y;iynad Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

gfpuq;fkhf jfty;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; toptiffs; FiwT

fhuzkhf MNyhridfSk; gfpug;gLtJ Fiwthifahy; jPh;khdk;

Nkw;nfhs;tJ cjtp toq;FtJ njhlh;gpy; cldbj; jPh;it

fhzKbahJs;sJ.

22

,jd; fhuzkhf ,aw;if mdh;j;jj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;lth;

cjtpaw;wtHfs; MtNjhL gq;Fgw;Wdhfs; ,th;fis Kd;dh;

toq ;f pa cjt pfs pd ; mbg ; gila pNyNa mth ;fs ;

,j;Njitf;Fhpath;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhHfs;. ,th;fsplk; kpfTk;

mbg;gilahd Nfs;tpfis njhptpg;gjd; %yk; kpfTk; fhj;jpukhd

xU cjtp toq;Ftjw;fhd jPh;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s KbtNjhL

jukhd cjtpfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. Njitahd jfty;fis

ngw;Wf; nfhs;s $ba jfty; gbtq;fis tpepNahfpj;J jfty;

ngWtjd; %yk; nghJ kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wiy mjpfhpf;f nra;a

KbAk;. cjtp toq;Fjy; gw;wpa ,yf;fq;;fis ,izaj;jsk; %yk;

ntspg;gLj;JtJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ. ,aw;if mdh;j;j epiyfspd;

NghJ fzdp kw;Wk; ,izaj;js trjpfs; f\;lkhdjhfptpLk;.

jfty;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis nrd;wilaf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;

mtrpak;. gq;Fgw;WdHfs; gu];gu gpujpepjpj;Jtk; cilatHfshjy;

Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzk;: Rdhkp ek;gpf;if epjpa rigapd; mh;g;gzpg;ghFk;.

vt;thnwdpDk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhdJ rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gq;fspg;G

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYf;F rkkhdjd;W. ,jw;fikthf

murhq;fj;jpdhy; r%fj;jpd; ,J njhlHghd epWtdq;fspd;

gq;fspg;gpid fye;jhNyhrid nra;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rptpy; r%fKk; ,j;jifa eltbf;iffspy;

jq;fs; gq;fspg;gpid toq;FtNjhL> jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fis>

mgpg;gpuhaq;fis njhptpf;fyhk;. midj;ijAk; Nehf;Fk; NghJ

gu];gu tiff;$wyhdJ vy;yh gq;Fgw;Wdh;fs; kj;jpapYk;

fhzg;gLkhapd;> mJ kPs; eph;khz fl;likg;G NkYk; cWjpg;gLtij

cWjp nra;Ak;.

23

toq;fg;gLk; cjtp gw;wpa Jyhk;guj;jd;ikiatoq;fg;gLk; cjtp gw;wpa Jyhk;guj;jd;ikiatoq;fg;gLk; cjtp gw;wpa Jyhk;guj;jd;ikiatoq;fg;gLk; cjtp gw;wpa Jyhk;guj;jd;ikiatoq;fg;gLk; cjtp gw;wpa Jyhk;guj;jd;ikia

mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.

jiyik [f; N[k;]; jiyik [f; N[k;]; jiyik [f; N[k;]; jiyik [f; N[k;]; jiyik [f; N[k;]; A.D.B

Rdhkp epthuzk; njhlh;gpy; jdpahfTk;> gy;jug;gl;ltHfs;

ClhfTk; toq;fg;gLk; mjpfstpyhd ghhpa cjtpfs; ghhpa Coy;fs;

,lk;ngWtjw;F toptFf;Fk;. mj;NjhL cldb cjtpfSk;

ePz;lehisa cjtptoq;fy; Vw;ghLk; ,jw;F rhh;ghFk;. ,J tplaj;jpy;

Kiwahd eilKiw xd;iw tFg;gij cjtp toq;FdHfspy;

,Ue;J mijg; gad;gLj;Jgth; tiuapy; ,jid fz;fhzpg;gJ

,j;jifa Coy; ,lk;ngWtij jLg;gjw;F VJthFk;. rptpy; r%fk;

,j;jifa cjtpfs; ngWtij fz;fhzpf;fyhk;.

,e;NjhNdrpa murpd; jpl ;lkply; mikr;ir rhh;e ;j

“rpah`phpad; nyhapl;ld” ; mth;fs; rh;tNjr r%fj;jpd; ,J

njhlh;ghd mf;fiwia ghuhl;bdhh;. ,e;NjhNdrpa murhq;fk;

gj;jphpf;if Rje;jpu fl;Lg;ghl;il jsh;j;jpaijAk;> rl;lj;Jiwia

tYthf;Ftjw;fhf vLj;j gy eilKiwfisAk; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy; fye;JiuahlYld; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;

Njrpa nraw;wpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gLtNjhL> murhq;fk; kPs;eph;khz

jpl;lj;jpd; tpistpid mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd ghjPl;L topKiw xd;wpidAk;

ifahsTs;sJ. ,Wjpahf xU ,ytr njhiyNgrp trjpnahd;iw

Vw;gLj;jp nghJkf;fspd; Kiwg;ghL njhlh;gpyhd gjptpid

Nkw;nfhs;s Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

Kiwahd jfty; gh pkhw ;wNk cjtp ngUf;fypd ;

Jyhk;guj;jd;ikf;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzpahFk;. O.E.C.D. ,d; gpujpepjp

“a];kpd; m`kl”; tpghpf;ifapy; gue;jstpyhd jfty;fs; O.E.C.D.

,d; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd cjtp fkpl;b (D.A.C.) xt;nthUthplKk;

Nrfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd Fwpg;gpl;lhh;.

jfty; Nrfhpg;gjpy; gy;yhz;L Kiwahd toptif fhuzkhf

,j;jfty;fs; mtrukhd cjtp toq;fy; eilKiwapy;

gad;gLj;jKbatpy;iy vdpDk; kw;wtifapy; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd cjtp

fkpl;b NtnwhU tifapy; Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L Rdhkp epthuzk;

24

njhlh;gpy; 2005 njhlh;ghf jfty;fis jpul;bAs;sJ.

Nkyjpf jfty;fs; njhlh;ghd Kf;fpaj;Jtk; vjpnuhypf;Fk;

NghJk; rh;tNjr kdpjhgpkhd tiff;$wy; gq;Fjhuh; “rpah rTj;hp

Fwpg;gpLifapy;> ntspg;gLj;jd;ik mjpfhpf;fg;gLtjw;F jfty; njhpT

Kiw gyjug;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lnkd

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. mj;NjhL murhq;fq;fspdJk;> I.eh. tpYk; cs;s

ngUkstpyhd jfty;fs; Kuz;gl;litahfTk; ,aw;if epajpf;F

NghJkhditahfTk; ,y;yhJs;sjd; fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l

kf;fshy; ,tw;iw Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; f\;lk; cs;sjhf

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. jfty;fs; Kiwahf Ngzg;glNtz;Lnkdpd;

mjw;fhd mtrpakhd chpa jfty;fspd; tpz;zg;gg;gbtq;fs;

t pe pNahf pf ;fg ; gl ;L mit Vw ;Wf ;nfhs ;sj ;jf ;fitahf

Ngzg;glNtz;Lk;.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f kl;lj;jpy; my;yhJ ngwg;gl;l cjtp toq;fy;

njhlh;ghf Fwpg;gpl;l I.eh. rigapd; kdpjhgpkhd tptfhu mjpfhhp

u];l; fhypNfhq; nghUshjhu cjtpfs; rk;ge;jkhd GydwpAk;

tifapy; Arisa Water House Coopris epWtdj;jpd; cjtpAld;

,izaj;jsk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. (http://ocha.unog.ch/

ftd) ,e;j topKiwahdJ I.eh. epWtdk; Clhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk;

rfytpjkhd topfs; njhlh;gpy;> Gjpa ,izaj;jsk; xd;wpid

Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,j;jifa Gydha;T Kiw I.eh epWtd Kfth;fs;>

gy;epWtdq;fs; mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspd; jfty;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf

mtw;wpw;F toq;fg;gLk; jfty;fs; njhlh;ghd gjpTfis

Ngzpitj;jpUf;Fk;. ,jid ,ytr Nritahf gwpkhw KbahJ.

gq;Fgw;Wduhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nkyjpf jfty;fs; kl;Lk;

cjtptoq;fspd; ntspg;gLjd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F NghjhJ.

khwhf mj;jifa jfty;fspd; %yk; ghtpf;fg;gl;l epjpfspd; %yk;

ntspf;nfhzug;gl;l gad;fSk; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf>

,e;Njhndrpa murpdhy; mz;ikapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l (Blue Print

for Ache) vDk; mz;ika tplaj;jpy; 1000 jw;fhypf ciwtplq;fs;

25

mikg;gJ njhlh;gpy; 30% kl;LNk ghJfhf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd;

tPlikg;gpw;fhf gad;gLj;jgl;lijAk;> ,t;tplak; njhlh;gpy;

$Wtjhapd; cjtp toq;Fdh;fs; nghJkf;fs; fye;Jiuahly;

gq;Fgw;wy; xOq;FKiwia gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,jid

Fiwf;fyhk; vd;whh;.

,e;NjhNdrpa murpd; Njrpa mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; jpl;lkply;

mikr;rpd; ‘= Ky;ahdp ,e;uhtjp| ,jpy; ,ize;J Fwpg;gpLifapy;

kj;jpa epiyakhdJ kPseph ;khz gzpfspy; Nkw;ghh ;it

Nkw ;nfhs ;siyAk ; > e pj p toq ;fypy ; fz;fhzpg ;igAk ;

Nkw;nfhs;Skhapd; murhq;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffSf;F ,J

J}z;LNfhyhf mikAk;. cjtptoq;Fdhfs; jq;fSf;Fs;shf xU

,izg;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; murhq;fq;fspd;

nfhs;iff;F Vw;g ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd; cjtp toq;fiy cWjp

nra;Ak;. nghJkf;fspd; gq;fspg;G njhlh;gpy; ,th; fUj;J

njhptpf;ifapy;> muR kf;fspd; MNyhrid gw;wp kpfTk; Jyhk;gukhf

,Uf;f Ntz;baJld;> muR jdJ eltbf;if njhlh;gpy; Kbtpid

Nkw;nfhz;L Kd;nry;yNtz;Lk;.

Coiy Fiwg;gjw;fhd eph;thf nfhs;ssTk;> epjp%yCoiy Fiwg;gjw;fhd eph;thf nfhs;ssTk;> epjp%yCoiy Fiwg;gjw;fhd eph;thf nfhs;ssTk;> epjp%yCoiy Fiwg;gjw;fhd eph;thf nfhs;ssTk;> epjp%yCoiy Fiwg;gjw;fhd eph;thf nfhs;ssTk;> epjp%y

ghJfhg;ig tYg;gLj;jYk;.ghJfhg;ig tYg;gLj;jYk;.ghJfhg;ig tYg;gLj;jYk;.ghJfhg;ig tYg;gLj;jYk;.ghJfhg;ig tYg;gLj;jYk;.

jiyik: [hhp tprpl; tlfd; jiyik: [hhp tprpl; tlfd; jiyik: [hhp tprpl; tlfd; jiyik: [hhp tprpl; tlfd; jiyik: [hhp tprpl; tlfd; T.I. jha;yhe;J jha;yhe;J jha;yhe;J jha;yhe;J jha;yhe;J

ntspehl;L mgptpUj;jp epWtdj;ij rhh;e;j “Nghy; `hh;tp”

,J gw;wp Fwpg;gpLifapy; mgptpUj;jp cjtp epiyikfs; rpy

Ntisfspy; Mjpf;fkpf;f rh;tNjr toq;fy;fshYk; Fwpf;fg;gl;l

cs;Sh; FOf;fshYNk cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ghJfhf;fg;gl;l gpuNjr

kf;fs; td;Kiwahjy; ,ay;ghjjhy; CoYf;fhd tYf;fs; mjpfhpj;J

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjtp toq;FdHfSf;Fk; muRf;Fk; ,ilNaahd

26

cwT mtru cjtp toq;fspd; NghJ xUth; kw;nwhUtUld; Nghl;b

epiyapid cUthf;FfpwJ. ,t;thwhd epiyapd;NghJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;f

Coy; nghWg;Gf;fs; epjp kw;Wk; eph;thf eltbf;iffspy; Vw;gLtJ

gifikia cUthf;Fk;. ,jdhNyNa mdh;j;jj;jpw;F Kd;NgNa

,jw;fhd top Kiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl;L cjtp toq;Fdh;fSf;Fk;

cjtp ngWeh;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ek;gpf;if cUthf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

murhq;fj;jpd; epjpKfhikj;Jtj;ij tYthf;Ftjd; %yk;

cjtp toq;FdHfSf;Fk;> murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f

tiff;$wiy fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;.

,e;NjhNdrpah cah; fzf;fha;T epWtd “,`\;b

m`\;uha”; rpyNtis ,j;jifa ,ay;ghf;fy; epiy kw;Wk; ,izg;G

kpfTk; f\;lkhdJ vdpDk; Fwpg;ghf vg;gb cjtp toq;fy; fhuzpfs;

kw;Wk; ,izg;Gfs; ghpkhw;wj;jpw;fhd tha;g;gpid Fiwg;gJ Nghy;

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd tsq;fis mjpfhpg;gjw;Fk; tha;g;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.

Fwpf;fg;gl;l tiff;$wy; fl;likg;Gk;> epjp Kfhikj;Jt

nfhs;ssTk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ rptpy; r%f kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs;

,jpy; gpujhd gq;F tfpg;gjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. ,jd;NghJ Clfq;fspd;

gq;Fk; gpujhdkhfpd;wJ. If;fpa mnkhpf;fhtpd; rh;tNjr

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd gpujpepjp n[hp Xgpuapd; Fwpg;gpLifapy;> Clfj;jpd;

gad;ghL ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLtJld;

nghJkf;fs; Rje;jpukhf KiwapLtjw;fhd tha;g ;Gf ;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpahf ,j;jifa nfhs;ssT

tphpthf;fyhdJ jdpahh; JiwapYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjd; %yk;

,q;Fk; CoYf;F fhuzkhd fhuzpfs; jtph;f;fg;glyhk;. ,JTk;

gpujhdkhFk;.

njw;fhrpa fzf;fhsh; epWtdj;jpd; Kd;dhs; jiyth; m[pj;

fg;uhy; mth;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb> epjp Kfhikj;Jt nranyhOq;F

fl;likg;gpd; mgptpUj;jpahdJ mgptpUj;jpf;fhd xOq;NfhL ,ize;J

mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gLtJld;> mjdJ ,yf;ifAk; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijAk;

mstpLtjw;F VJthf ,Uf;Fnkd Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. epUthf nfhs;ssT

mjpfhpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ mDgtk; kpf;ftHfspd;

27

NjitahdJ mtrpag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; mth;fshNyNa

ntspthhp kw;Wk; cs;thhp %yq;fspd; gad;ghl;;bdhy; Vw;gLk;

tpisTfis rkg;gLj;j toptiffis fhl;lf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Njitawpe;J mjw;fhd KOikahd MNyhridfis

nfhs;ssT rf;jp tphpthf;fypd; NghJ toq;fg;gLtjd;wp> ntWkNd

xg;gpw;fhf ,jid toq;FtJ tPz; gpuaj;jdkhFk;. ,Wjpahf

Kd;ida mdh;j;j tpisTfspd; NghJ Vw;gl;l ghjpg;Gfis xt;nthU

gphpT hPjpahf xg;GNehf;fp mjw;Nfw;w tifapy; me;j epUthf

Kfhikj;Jt gphptpd; nfhs;rf;jp mjpfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

gq;Fgw;WdHfs; vg;NghJk; cs;Sh; mDgt];jHfspd;

gq;fspg;ig cWjpnra;a NehpLk; vd;gNjhL ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpawpT

tPjk; njhd;D}W tPjkhf ,Ug;gjhYk; Njitf;fjpfkhd

fy;t pawpthsHfs; ,Ug ;gjhYk; Ntiyaw;NwhH mjpfk ;

fhzg;gLtjhYk; mth;fspd; gad;ghl;il ntspMNyhrfhpYk; ghh;f;f

mjpfkhf gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;gydhf nfhs;ssT

mgptpUj;jpahdJ cs;Sh; rf;jp ts Nkk;ghl;bid mjpfhpg;gNjhL

tpidj;jpwidAk; mDgtj;jpwidAk; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

kdpjhgpkhd gq;fhsh;fs; kpf Kf;fpakhd gpur;rpidahf

chpa epjp Kfhikj;Jt ghJfhg;Gk; kw;Wk; eph;thf tY rk;ge;jkhf

Fwpg;gpLifapy; rh;tNjr muRrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fSk; rpy Ntisfspy;

FiwNfs; mjpfhhpapd; rl;l jpl;lq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;s kWg;gijAk;

mth;fs; fl;lhakhf ,tw;wpw;F mbgzpe;J jq;fspd; epjpaply;

njhlh;ghd eltbf;ifapd; NghJ jq;fspd; jiyik ehl;bd;

rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F mika epjp rk;ge;jkhd rl;lq;fis cUthf;f

Ntz;Lk;. cs;Sh; r%f epWtdq;fs; murhq;fq;fs; cjtp

toq;Fdh;fs; Nghd;w midj;J jug;gpdUk; epjpKfhikj;Jtk;

njhlh;ghd Jyhk;guj;jd;ikia ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpa

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

,r;nraykh;tpd; ,Wjpapd; NghJ jha;yhe;J gpujpepjp n[dhp

tprpl; tlfd; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ> r%f ePjp milaNtz;Lkhapd; Rdhkp

Nghd;w mdh;j;jq;fs; Kd;$l;ba mwptpg;G xOq;FKiw Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL cjtpfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpw;F

nrd;wiltJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ mit r%f gq;FjhuHfspdJk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jpdhpJk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f nrayhf fhzg;gl

Ntz;Lnkd;whh;.

28

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f ntspg;gLj;Jiftpidj;jpwd; kpf;f ntspg;gLj;Jiftpidj;jpwd; kpf;f ntspg;gLj;Jiftpidj;jpwd; kpf;f ntspg;gLj;Jiftpidj;jpwd; kpf;f ntspg;gLj;Jif

kw;Wk; mKyhf;fiy vspjhf;fy;.kw;Wk; mKyhf;fiy vspjhf;fy;.kw;Wk; mKyhf;fiy vspjhf;fy;.kw;Wk; mKyhf;fiy vspjhf;fy;.kw;Wk; mKyhf;fiy vspjhf;fy;.

jiyik: gPw;wH gP]; jiyik: gPw;wH gP]; jiyik: gPw;wH gP]; jiyik: gPw;wH gP]; jiyik: gPw;wH gP]; O.E.C.D

epthuz kw;Wk; GzHepHkhd Kaw;rpfspd; mKyhf;fg; gFjp

Fwpg;ghf CoYf;F rhHghditahfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,j;jifa

nghWg;Gfs; ngUk;ghYk; ,uz;L jug;ghYNk epfo;e;Js;sJ.

FWfpafhy Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; ePz;lfhy Gduikg;G gzpfspYk;

,j;jifa Coy;fs; ,lk;ngWtJz;L. cjtp toq;FdHfs;

nghUj;jkhd topKiwfis Nritfis toq;Fk; NghJk;>

nfhe;juhj;J toq;Fk; NghJk;> muR ,tw;wpd; ,izg;ghf gzpahw;Wk;

NghJk>; mKyhf;fypd; NghJk>; rptpy; r%fKk;; murpd; eltbf;ifia

mtjhdpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,uz;Lk; Jyhk;gu jd;ikia NgZjy;

mtrpakhFk;.

jpl;l mKyhf;fYk;> ntspg;gLj;Jk; jd;ikAk; kpf Kf;fpa

gpid mstpyhd tpiykjpg;Gfis ngWk; vdyhk;. OECD ,d;cWg;gpdH “gPlH gPy;” mtHfs; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ ntspg;gLjd;ikahy;

cz;lhFk; ed;ikfs; njhpAk;. vdpDk;> ,Jtplaj;jpy; mtH Fwpg;gpl;L

$Wk; NghJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;dntdpy;> ,it Jyhk;guk;;

gLj;Jk; NghJ eilKiw nryTk;> cz;ikahd cw;gj;jp

ntspg;gLj;Jifapd; cz;ikj; njhpTk; FiwAk; vd;fpwhH.

jpl;l Kd;Ndw;wg;ghl;bd; NghJ gy;NtW tpjkhd topKiwfs;

ntspg;gLj;Jifia Nrfhpg;gjw;F ifahsg;gl Ntz;Lk;. N[Hkdpapd;;

TI epWtdj;ijr; rhHe;j “ikf;fy; tPzz;” ; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ

nghUj;jkhd nghWg;Gk; kjPg;gpl;bd; NjitAk; Coiy xJf;fp

itf;Fk; vd;fpwhH. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf vj;jifa eilKiw

Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ mjpfkhd Coy;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wjd;

fhuzk; vy;yhtw;Wf;Fs;Sk; epHthf fl;lzq;fs; rPhpd;ikAk;>

ngUe;njhifahd gzk; jpuz;L tUjYk;> Nkyjpfkhd rl;lq;fSk;

,jw;F fhuzkhfpd;wd.

,e;eltbf;ifSf;F kpfg; ghuJ}ukhd tpisthdJ VyNt

,t;tyaq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;w Kuz;ghLfs;. ,it vt;tifapYk;

kf;fs; ,t;tplaq;fspy; itj;jpUf;Fk; ek;gpf;if ,d;ik. vdpDk;>

29

,j;jifa eilKiwfs; f\;lkhFk;. ,j;jifa gpur;rpizfspy;

,Ue;J kPs;tjhapd; cz;ikj; Njitapd;; kjpg;gPLfs; nra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL> ,tw;wpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSk; cs;SH>

murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fSk; nghJthd rl;l tiuaiwf;Fs; nghJthd

xU mikg;gpdhy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Mr; gpuNjrj;jpy; jw;fhypfkhf ,lk;ngaHe;j kf;fSf;fhf

mikf;fg;gl;l jw;fhypf ciwtpl mikg;gpy; ntspg;gL jd;ik

fhzg;gltpy;iy vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jw;fhypf; nfhl;lif

mikf;fg;gLtjpy; Fwpg;gpl;l kf;fspw;F ,J njhpahj tifapy;

jpwe;j jd;ik Ngzg;gltpy;iy vd;gNjhL ,jw;fhd nfhl;liffs;

guk;giuahf mt;tplj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w kf;fspd; vJtpj MNyhridAk;

,y;yhkNy nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

,yq;ifapy; 100 kPw;wHf;F mg;ghy; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplak;

,J Nghd;wNj. ,e;j tplaj;jpy; rpyH njsptw;w epiyapNyNa

cs;sdH. Vnddpy;> ,e;j 100 kPw;wHf;F mg;ghy; vDk; Fwpg;ghdJ

kf;fspd; ghJfhg;G fUjpa Kbthf fiuNahu kPs vLg;gjpw;fhd

Kaw;rp vd;gNjahFk;. murhq;fj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;

rfytpjkhd tplaq;fs; njhlHgpYk; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;Ljy;

mtrpakhFk;. khiyjPT ehL ,t;thwhd nghUj;jkhd jw;fhy

nfhl;liffs; mikg;gjpy; rpukj;ij vjpH Nehf;fpajhy; cjtp

toq;fg;gl;l ciwtplq;fis ghtpf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W.

nraykHtpd; ,Wjpapy; “ikf;fy; tPdd;”; fUj;J njhptpf;ifapy;

ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; mKyhf;fy; tplaj;jpYk;; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l nghJkf;fs;

tplaj;jpYk; Kiwahf fye;JiuahLtjd; %yk; ,U jug;gpw;Fk;

,ilapy; G+uzkhd ntspg;gL jd;ik Ngzg;gLjYf;Fk; jpl;lj;jpd;

KOg;gaidAk; ntspf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,aYkhdjhFk;. NkYk;

mtHFwpg;gpLifapy; ntspg;gLjd;ik fhuzkhf ,jd; ngWkjpahdJ

CoYf;fhd nraiy tpl mjpfkhdjhFk;.

30

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fz;fhzpg;igAk;tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fz;fhzpg;igAk;tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fz;fhzpg;igAk;tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fz;fhzpg;igAk;tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fz;fhzpg;igAk;

kjpg;gpliyAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;.kjpg;gpliyAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;.kjpg;gpliyAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;.kjpg;gpliyAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;.kjpg;gpliyAk; cWjpg;gLj;jy;.

jiyik: gw;wpf; %Nyl; jiyik: gw;wpf; %Nyl; jiyik: gw;wpf; %Nyl; jiyik: gw;wpf; %Nyl; jiyik: gw;wpf; %Nyl; O.E.C.D

jpl;l fz;fhzpg;igAk;> kjpg;gpliyAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

xU tplak; ntspgLjd;ikNaahFk;. cs;SH> kw;Wk; ntsp

fzf;fha;Tk;> Nritfs; toq;fSk; Nrit njhlHghd Ma;Tk;

,izf;fg;gLtjd; %yk; ,j;Njitia G+Hj;jp nra;ayhk;.

,e;jpa nghJtptfhu kd;wj;jpd; gpujpepjp NfhgFkhH jk;gp

Fwpg;gpLifapy; ,t;thwhd fz;fhzpg;G kw;Wk; kjpg;gply; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

kf;fSf;F mjpf mjpfhuj;jpid toq;Ftjd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd;whH. mtH NkYk; Fwpg;gpLifapy; kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l

kjpg;gply; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghHitahdJ mjpf rf;jpahdJ vd;gNjhL

c+khf ,it fhzg;gLk; gpur;rpid kPJ gpd;D}l;ly; toq;fyhk;>

jukhdJk; cz;ikahdJkhd Nritfis toq;fyhk ; .

mJkl;Lky;yhJ ,jDila tshr;rpf;fhd MNyhridfis

toq;fyhk;. ,e;jpahtpy; ,uz;L tpjkhd kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;l

Nkw;ghHit topfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs; mwpf;if ml;il

(CRC)> kw;Wk; r%f Gs;sp tpgu ml;il (CSC) ,it ,uz;Lk;

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpuNahrdk; $baNjhL gytPdkhd gFjpfs;

,dq;fhzg;gl toptFg;gNjhL Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epWtd tsHr;rpia

mtjhdpf;fyhk;. Kbthf r%f kakhd mZFKiwahdJ

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;JtJld; gq;FjhuHfs;

,jid gpd;gw;WtJ nghUj;jkhFk;.

jha;yhe;jpd; ,aw;if tsq;fs; kw;Wk; Rw;whly;; mikr;ir

rhHe;j “gpd;rhf; Ruh];tjp” ,Jgw;wp Fwpg;gpLifapy; nghUshjhu

cjtpfs; njhlHgpy; jtwhd ,yf;Ffs; jPHkhdpf;fg;gl;ljhy;

jq;fSila ehL mdHj;j cjtpfs; njhlHgpy; rthiy

vjpHNehf;fpajhfTk; mtru fhy epiyapy; rpukkhd khw;wq;fs;

Vw;gLtjhy; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Nkw;ghHit mnrsfhpakhdnjdTk;

31

Fwpg;gpl;lhH. ,j;jifa nrad;Kiw nghUj;jkhd epjp toq;fYf;F

chpa rhpahd Kiwad;W. NkYk; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd

Rtp]; gpujpepjp “`hd;]; kpA+yH” Fwpg;gpLifapy; cjtp toq;fy;

fzpg;gPLk;> kjpg;gPLk;> epjpgd;Kfg;gLj;jYk; tpidj;jpwd;kpf;fjhf

miktJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;whH;. cjhuzkhf

Kiwahd jpl;lkplYf;Fk;;> epiwNtw;wYf;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyk; vLf;Fk;

mNjNtis gq;FjhuHfSk; cjtp toq;FdHfshy; rpyNtisfspy;

mtHfSf;Fs; jpBH mdHj;j Ntisfspy; nghpaytpshd epjp

gq;fpLtjhy; mstplw;fhpa mOj;jj;ij vjpH Nehf;FthHfs;.

,t;thwhd epiyapy; Nkw;ghHitAk; kjpg;gPLk; kpfTk; f\;lkhd

fhhpakhFk;. jukhd cjtp toq;Fdhpd; ngWNgw;iw ,J

jhkjg;gLj;Jk;. ,t;thwhd tplaq;fspy; rHtNjr jukhdJ epiyngw

,tw;iw gad;gLj;j Ntz;baJ kdpjhgpkhd epWtdq;fSk; cjtp

toq;FdHfSNkahFk;.

,e;NjhNdrpa Coy;; ftdpg;ghsH “wpjhyh yh xNl epf;Nfhth”

Fwpg;gpLifapy; Nkw;ghHitAk; fzpg;gPLk; jw;nghOJ eilKiwapy;

cs;s Coy; jLg;G eltbf;iffspy; ,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNjhL Kf;fpakhd tplak; njhlHgpy; Rje;jpukhf fUj;J

ntspapLjy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

vt;thnwdpDk; cs;SH gq;FjhuHfspd; njhifahd Coy;fs;

ghhpastpy; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. r%fj;jpd; mZFKiwahdJ

,j;jifa tplaq;fspy; nghpastpyhd jpl;lq;fis fz;fhzpg;gjw;F

,ayhnjd thjplg;;gl;lJ. vt;thnwdpDk; ghhpastpyhd ,j;jpl;lq;fs;

mjd; gFjpf;Nfw;wthW gFjpfshf;fg;gl;L r%f mZFKiw

fz;fhzpg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLkhdhy; mJ MNuhf;fpakhdjhFk;.

tpj;jpahrkhd Nkw;ghHitfs; tpj;jpahrkhd nraw;;jpl;lq;fSf;F

mtrpak; vd;gij gq;F jhuHfs; czHe;jhHfs;. rfy gq;F jhuHfSk;

xUkpj;j fUj;jpy; nraw;gl Ntz;Lnkd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,it

32

rpyNtis cs;SH ghJfhg;G Vw;ghLfs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fspy;

fbdkhFk;.

kjpg;gply; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fnjdpd;

nghJkf;fspd; gq;Fngw;WjYk; xU xOq;FKiwahdjhFk;.

kf;fSf;F mtHfSf;fhd Fwpg;gpl;l jpl;lq;fs; njhlHgpy; NghjpasT

njspT ,Uf;Fkhdhy; jpl;l mKyhf;fj;jpd; NghJ mJ njhlHghd

fz;fhzpg;gpYk; mjd;ngWNgw;wpYk; kpfTk; ftdkhf ,Ug;ghHfs;.

jpl;lj;jpd; gpd;duhd kjpg;gPL njhlHghd tplaq;fSk; kf;fSf;F

njhpag;gLkhapd; J\;gpuNahf mwpf;ifAk;> nkr;rj;jf;fjhf mikAk;.

,r; nraykHtpd; ,Wjpahf OSCD If; NrHe;j ngl;bq; NkhNyl;

epthuz kw;Wk; GdHepHkhz gzpfspy; Rje;jpukhd Nkw;ghHit

Ngzg;gLjy; ntspg;gLjd;ikia Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jk;. mtH NkYk;

Fwpg;gpLifapy; Clfq;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYld; ek;gpf;ifia rfyuJ

kj;jpapYk; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fNs Kjy; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk; vd Fwpg;gpl;lhH.

CoYf;F vjpuhd tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f mOj;jq;fSk; CoYf;F vjpuhd tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f mOj;jq;fSk; CoYf;F vjpuhd tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f mOj;jq;fSk; CoYf;F vjpuhd tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f mOj;jq;fSk; CoYf;F vjpuhd tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f mOj;jq;fSk;

Kiwg;ghLfis ifahs;tJ njhlHghd nrad; KiwAk;Kiwg;ghLfis ifahs;tJ njhlHghd nrad; KiwAk;Kiwg;ghLfis ifahs;tJ njhlHghd nrad; KiwAk;Kiwg;ghLfis ifahs;tJ njhlHghd nrad; KiwAk;Kiwg;ghLfis ifahs;tJ njhlHghd nrad; KiwAk;

jiyik :- jpdp tpjpah];Lb. jiyik :- jpdp tpjpah];Lb. jiyik :- jpdp tpjpah];Lb. jiyik :- jpdp tpjpah];Lb. jiyik :- jpdp tpjpah];Lb. cWg;Giu (19)

Rdhkpahy; Vw;gl;l mopTfs; fhuzkhf gy ehLfspd; CoYf;F

vjpuhd mOj;jq;fs; gytPdk; mile;Js;sd. gue;j mstpyhd

Coy;fs; kPs;epHkhd gzpfspy;; <LgLtij jtpHg;gjw;fhf cs;Shpy;

CoYf;F vjpuhd rf;jpfis gyg;gLj;j Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.

kNyrpa ehl;bd; Coy; vjpHg;G epWtd (ACA) gpujpepjp CoYf;F

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33

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34

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35

cjtpahdJ tpNrlkhf mtHfsJ nfsutjjpw;Fk; mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;

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36

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37

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38

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39

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40

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$ba epiyaq;fshf mikj;Js;sJ. kf;fspd; Nkyjpf

jfty;fSf;fhf Nkyjpf jfty; epiyaq;fisAk; gy ,lq;fspy;

epWtpAs;sJld; cjtpfs;> cjtp toq;fy;fs; nghUspay; tsq;fs;>

vd;gd njhlHghd jfty;fisAk; je;JjtpAs;sJ.

murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fSk;> nghJkf;fSf;fhd mwpT+l;ly;

epiyaq;fis epWtpAs;sJld;> nrl;L (Satu) epWtd %ykhf

nfhs;iffs;> kw;Wk; jpl;lkply; njhlHghd tplaq;fis nraw;gLj;jp

tUfpd;wd.

m. Nrj kjpg;gPLfs;m. Nrj kjpg;gPLfs;m. Nrj kjpg;gPLfs;m. Nrj kjpg;gPLfs;m. Nrj kjpg;gPLfs;

kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ghdJ kpfTk; mj;jpahtrpakhd ,d;ndhU

JiwahdJ Nrj kjpg;gPL nra;Ak; gzpahFk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd;

gq;fspg;Gld; epthuz cjtpfs; rkgq;fpYk; tpid jpwDilajhfTk;>

KiwahfTk; gfpug;gLtjw;F mtrpakhfpd;wJ. xt;nthU kjpg;gPl;L

FOtpDk;;> xU nghwpapayhsH thp kjpg;gPl;L jpizf;fs mjpfhhp>

cs;Sh; MrphpaH xUtH my;yJ murrhHgw;w epWtd gpujpepjp

cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU kjpg;gPLk; Kiwahf top

fhl;lYf;F mikthf kjpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Kuz;ghLfis

jtpHg;gjw;fhf mopTs;s xt;nthU tPl;bdJk; Gifg;glq;fs;

vLf;fg;gl;L mit Nrfhpj;J itj;jpUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;jifa

eilKiwfs; fhuzkhf Nkw;$wg;gl;lNrfhpg;Gfs; ghjpg;G Vw;glhky;

ghJfhg;gjw;F cjTk; vdyhk;.

M. jpl;l mKyhf;fk;.M. jpl;l mKyhf;fk;.M. jpl;l mKyhf;fk;.M. jpl;l mKyhf;fk;.M. jpl;l mKyhf;fk;.

ghJfhg;G kjpg;gply; gzpf;F Nkyjpfkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis

NtW gy JiwfspYk; gq;fhw;w nra;a Ntz;bajhf cs;sJ.

kpfTk; mtrpakhd Vida Jiwfshf kPs;FbNaw;wk; rpyNtisfspy;;>

NjitNaw;gbd;; cs;SH jdp mur epWtdq;fis fpuhkkl;lj;jpw;F

mioj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;b Vw;gLk;. fpuhk kl;l FOtpduhy; vLf;fg;gLk;

jd;dpr;ir KbTfs; rpy tplaf;fspy; gpur;ridfis cUthf;Fk;.

fpuhk kl;l rptpy; Ntiy FOf;fs; ghlrhiy tFg;giw

jpUj;jq;fspYk;> Nkyjpfkhd efu mgptpUj;jp jpl;lj;jpYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

41

kf;fSld; ,ize;J nraw;gLtH. gq;FjhuHfspd; cjtpAld;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l 04 Kf;fpa efuq;fspYk; jpl;lq;fs; vLf;fg;gl;ld.

NkYk; tPlikg;G cjtpfs; ngsjPf Kd;Ndw;wk; fUjp jtid

Kiwapyhd toq;fy;fs; Nfhug;gl;lJ. ,j;jifa nfhLg;gdTfs;

mur nghwpapayhsHfspd; rpghHR ew;rhd;wpjo; ngwg;gl;l gpd;dH

tq;fpfs;; ClhfNt toq;fg;gl;ld. mNj Ntis kPs;epHkhd

GdUj;jhud cjtpfspy; <Lgl;l NtW gy epWtdq;fs; %ykhf

%d;whe; jug;G fzf;fha;Tk; ,tw;wpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

,. fz;fhzpg;G,. fz;fhzpg;G,. fz;fhzpg;G,. fz;fhzpg;G,. fz;fhzpg;G

jpl;lkplw; nraw;ghlhdJ juKila cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l

mur MNyhrizf;FO murrhHgw;w epWtd gpujpepjpfs; kw;Wk;

gpw mDgtrhypfs; MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l FOtpduhw; fz;fhzpg;G

nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;. Nkyjpfkhf jpl;lkplw; FOthdJ fz;fhzpg;Gld;

kjpg;gPliyAk; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf

Fwpj;njhf;fg;gl;lJ fiytiwaiuapyhd fz;fhzpg;Gfs; Mrpa

mgptpUj;jp tq;fp cyftq;fp kw;Wk; mur kl;l kPsha;T FOf;fspdhy;

fhyj;Jf;F fhyk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. F[uhj; khepy ,aw;if

mdHj;j mjpfhu rig Fwpg;gpl;l rfyUf;Fk; ,J rk;ge;jkhd

khjhe;j fhyhz;L kw;Wk;> tUlhe;j mwpf;iffs; rkHg;gpf;Fk;.

rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhd Njrpa Mizf;FO> r%f

nghUshjhu gytPdFOf;fspd;> ngz;fs; midtUk; jpl;l mKyhf;f

kPsha;tpy; ,izjy; Ntz;Lk;. mtrpakhd Neuj;jpy; rKf cld;ghL

kjpg;gPl;L fy;tp ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpy; toq;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk; . gaid fz;fhdpf ;Fk ; kjpg ;g plypy ; cjtpfs;

toq;fg;gLifapy; <LgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

<. kdf;Fiwfis jPHj;jy;<. kdf;Fiwfis jPHj;jy;<. kdf;Fiwfis jPHj;jy;<. kdf;Fiwfis jPHj;jy;<. kdf;Fiwfis jPHj;jy;

kPs;epHkhd GdUj;jhud jpl;lkhdJ ,uz;L FOf;fshy;

nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. fpuhk kl;lj;jpy; r%f gytPdf; FOtpd;

gpujpepjpAk;> ngz;fs; epWtdj;jpd; gpujpepjpAk;> rpWghd;ik

,dj;Njhiur; rhHe;j gpujpepjpAk; > khtl;l kl;lj;jpy; 05 mur

rhHgw;w epWtd gpujp epjpfSk;> 06 r%f eyd;Ghp cj;jpNahfj;jUk;

khtl;lj;jpd; rfy gh. c.fSk; cs;sf;fpajhf ,f;FOf;fs;;

mikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khtl;l ePjpgjp ,jd; FiwNfs; mjpfhhpahf

miktNjhL Njitg;gLk; khtl;l epHthfj;jpw;F Kiwg;ghLfs;

rk;ge;jkhd jdJ ghpe;Jiufis toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

42

kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfYk; GdHepHkhdj;jpYk;kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfYk; GdHepHkhdj;jpYk;kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfYk; GdHepHkhdj;jpYk;kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfYk; GdHepHkhdj;jpYk;kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfYk; GdHepHkhdj;jpYk;

Coy;fis jLj;jy;.Coy;fis jLj;jy;.Coy;fis jLj;jy;.Coy;fis jLj;jy;.Coy;fis jLj;jy;.

rfy tpjkhd tpidjpwDldhd jpl;lq;fspYk;; ntspgLjd;ik

cWjpg;gLj;jy; f\;lkhdJ MFk;. GdHepHkhd jpl;lq;fspy;; mbg;gilf;

fl;Lg;ghLfs; Kjy; epiy Nehf;fq;fshFk;. Vnddpy; Coiy

Fiwg;gjw;Fk; ghjpg;Gfs; Fiwg;gjw;FkhFk;. ,e;epiyapy;; kPs;epHkhd

GdUj;jhud trjpfs; Nritfs; toq;fg;gly; Kd;ghJfhg;Gfs;

Vw ;gLj;jg ;gl ;Lk ; Vida jPHkhdpf ;Fk; fhuzpfSk; epj p

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; xOq;ifAk; fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; Nkw;nfhs;tjd;

fhuzkhf xOf;ff; fl;Lg;ghLfs; NkTtJld; CoYf;F vjpuhd

Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

m. nghJr; nrhj;Jm. nghJr; nrhj;Jm. nghJr; nrhj;Jm. nghJr; nrhj;Jm. nghJr; nrhj;J

Kiwahd mjpfhug;gutyhf;fj;jpd; %yk; nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fs;

ghJfhf;fg;glyhk;. nghJr; nrhj;J ghJfhg;ghdJ gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy;

mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

10 kpy;ypad; jpizf;fsr; nrayhsH

20 kpy;ypad; jpizf;fsr; nrayhsH kw;Wk;

epiwNtw;W mjpfhhp (G.S.D.M.AF.kh.,.R.R)

20 - 50kpy;ypad; 3 Ngiuf; nfhz;lf; FO

jpizf;fsr; nrayhsH

G.S.D.M.A epiwNtw;W mjpfhhp

epjp jpizf;fsr; nrayhsH

50-50 Nkw;gl;l mur epHthfk;.

Fr; epyeLf;f kPs;epHkhd gzpfspYk; jukhd nghJr; nrhj;J

ghJfhg;G eilKiwfs; A.D.B kw;Wk; cyf tq;fpfshy;

nraw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. gue;j mstpyhd ftdaPHg;ig ngWtjw;fhf

nld;lH eilKiwfspy; ftdk; nrYj;JtJld;> kPjKs;s Nritfs;>

trjpfs; njhlHghy; G.S.D.M.A ,izaj;jsq;fspYk; Kd;ddp

gj;jphpf;iffspYk; tpsk;gug;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. CoYf;F ghJfhg;G

vd;gJld; mjw;Fhpa mjpfhhpfspd; Kaw;rpAk;> nld;lH eilKiwapd;

,yj;jpud; eilKiwAkhFk;. mDgtk; tha;e;j Fbkf;fspdhy;

njhopEl;g kjPg;gPLfs; njhlug;gl;L jpl;l mKyhf;fj;jpw;F Kd;djhf

mit ghprpypf;fg;gl Ntz;LtJld; G.S.D.M.A.tpd; epHthf mDkjpAk;

ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

43

M. epjp xOf;fk;.M. epjp xOf;fk;.M. epjp xOf;fk;.M. epjp xOf;fk;.M. epjp xOf;fk;.

epjp xOf;fj;jpid NgZtjw;fhf kPs;epHkhd eltbf;iffspy;

Rje;jpukhd fzf;fPl;L jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mJ ehshe;j

,e;jpa fzf;fha;j; ehafjpw;Fl;gl;ltwhf fzf;fha;T nra;ag;gl

Ntz;Lk;. tUlhe;j fzf;fha;T kjpg;gPLfs; miuahz;Lf;F my;yJ

tUlj;jpw;F fzf;fPL nra;ag;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

,. xOf;f eltbf;iffSk; Coy; jLg;Gk;.,. xOf;f eltbf;iffSk; Coy; jLg;Gk;.,. xOf;f eltbf;iffSk; Coy; jLg;Gk;.,. xOf;f eltbf;iffSk; Coy; jLg;Gk;.,. xOf;f eltbf;iffSk; Coy; jLg;Gk;.

Fw pj ;j nghUj ;jkhd Coy; jLg ;g pw ;Fk ; > xOf ;f

eltbf;iff;Fkhf gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

Coy; re;Njfq;fis KiwapLtjw;fhd xU tpNrl jpl;lkhdJ

mtrpakhFk;. tprhhpg;gjw;Fk; jpizf;fs eilKiwfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. rl;lj;Jiw rhHghf ,J njhlHghd ifJfSk;> tof;F

njhlHjYk; ,lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

RUf;f mwpf;ifRUf;f mwpf;ifRUf;f mwpf;ifRUf;f mwpf;ifRUf;f mwpf;if

ghhpa mstpyhd epyeLf;f ,aw;if mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd; F[uhj;

khepy muR> mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs;> kw;Wk; njhopw;Jiw

epWtdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; cjtpAld; GdUj;jhud gzpfis

Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,j;jpl;lk; gy;NtW tpjkhd mZFKiwfshd

tPl;Lhpikahshpd; gq;Fgw;WjYldhd tPlikg;G jPHkhdk; vLj;jypy;

gq;Fgw;WjYld; jPHkhdk;> r%fj;jpy; njhpe;J vLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpfs;>

MfpNahUldhd gq;fspg;G Nghd;witfshFk;.

mjpfhug;gutyhf;fk;> Rje;jpukhd fzf;fha;Tk; kPsha;Tk;>

r%f gq;fspg;G kjpg;gPLk;> ed;nfhil fz;fhzpg;G fy;tpAk;> Kf;fpa

gq;if tfpf;fpwJ.

F[uhj; khepy murhq;fk; tpNrlkhf ,j;jifa jpl;lj;ij

tbtikj;jJld;> eilKiwg;gLj;jYk; eltbf;ifAk;> kf;fspd;

gq;fspg;Gk;> xUq;fpizg;Gk; Coiy jLg;gjw;fhf gue;j mstpyhd

gyhpd; gq;fspg;ghFk;.

44

fUg;nghUs;;fUg;nghUs;;fUg;nghUs;;fUg;nghUs;;fUg;nghUs;; 2. cjtpfspd; ntspg;gLj;jd;ik.cjtpfspd; ntspg;gLj;jd;ik.cjtpfspd; ntspg;gLj;jd;ik.cjtpfspd; ntspg;gLj;jd;ik.cjtpfspd; ntspg;gLj;jd;ik.

Mr;Nr kw;Wk; epah]; gpuNjrj;jpd; GdUj;jhuz kw;Wk;Mr;Nr kw;Wk; epah]; gpuNjrj;jpd; GdUj;jhuz kw;Wk;Mr;Nr kw;Wk; epah]; gpuNjrj;jpd; GdUj;jhuz kw;Wk;Mr;Nr kw;Wk; epah]; gpuNjrj;jpd; GdUj;jhuz kw;Wk;Mr;Nr kw;Wk; epah]; gpuNjrj;jpd; GdUj;jhuz kw;Wk;

kPs;epHkhzj;jpw;fhd ey;yurhq;f Kiwia mKyhf;fy;.kPs;epHkhzj;jpw;fhd ey;yurhq;f Kiwia mKyhf;fy;.kPs;epHkhzj;jpw;fhd ey;yurhq;f Kiwia mKyhf;fy;.kPs;epHkhzj;jpw;fhd ey;yurhq;f Kiwia mKyhf;fy;.kPs;epHkhzj;jpw;fhd ey;yurhq;f Kiwia mKyhf;fy;.

]pah`phpay; nyha;nld;

nghyp]; kh mjpgH>

Njrpa mgptpUj;jp jpl;lkply; KftH / ghg;gdh];>

,e;NjhNdrpah.

,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; Coy; gw;wpa ftdaPHg;G,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; Coy; gw;wpa ftdaPHg;G,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; Coy; gw;wpa ftdaPHg;G,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; Coy; gw;wpa ftdaPHg;G,e;NjhNdrpahtpy; Coy; gw;wpa ftdaPHg;G

26 brk;gH 2004 ,lk;ngw;w Rdhkp mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd

mtrufhy epiy ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs; rHtNjr r%fj;jpd;

ntspthhpahd cjtpfspy; jq;Ftjw;F epHg;ge;jpf;fg;gl;lJ.

tpiuthdJk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJkhd cjtp toq;fy;fs;

rpyNtisfspy; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F cWjpahdJ vd

$wKbahJ. mNj Ntis mtrukhf jPHf;f Ntz;ba cjtpfs;

njhlHgpy; ntspg;gLjd;ikAk;> Kiwahd jpl;lkplYk; rpyNtisfspy;

cupa cjtpfs; Njitg;gLNthUf;F nrd;wilAk; vd;gij cWjp

nra ;a KbahJ. Kiwahd jpl ;lkplYk; > mKyhf ;fYk;

r pyNtisfspy ; ,t;thwhd R+o ;e piyfspy ; > gytPdkhd

epWtdq;fisAk;> gytPdkhd fl;likg;GfisAk;> jw;fhypf

eltbf;iffisAk;> rhjhuz eilKiwfisAk ;rhpahd topf;F

,l;Lr; nry;yyhk;. tpiuT kw;Wk; tpidjpwd; Kd;Dhpik Nghl;bf;Fk;

ntspg;gLj;jd;ikf;Fk; ,ilapyhd epiy vd;gd Coy; kype;j

R+oypy;; cs;s Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfSf;Fkhd GdHepHkhd

GdUj;jhd gzpfspy; vjpH nfhs;Sk; rthy;;fshfpd;wJ.

,t;tplaj;jpy; ,e;NjhNdrpah murhq;fk; rHtNjr r%fk;

gytPdkhd mur ,ae;jpuk; njhlHghYk; gue;j mstpyhd Coy;

njhlHghfTk; ftdaPHg;G nra;tij ghuhl;LfpwJ. cjtptoq;Fk;

rpy ehLfs; murhq;fj;jpd; ghjpl;bd; Clhf ,j;jifa cjtp

toq;fis epuhfhpg;gNjhL mtHfs; ,e;NjhNdrpahTf;F epjp toq;Fjy;

njhlHghf jq;fSf;F fzf;F rkHg;gpf;ff; $ba jq;fspd;

gpujpepjpapD}lhf eilKiwg;gLj;j tpUk;Gfpd;wdH. mNj Ntis

,e;NjhNdrpa muR jq;fspd; mgptpUj;jp mKyhf;fYf;Fk;> tWikia

Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> jk; r%fj;ij kPs fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; vy;yh

cjtpfisAk; vjpH Nehf;Ffpd;wJ.

45

cjtp toq;FdHfsplk; kpf neUq;fpa cwtpid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

muR Coiy ,y;yhnjhopj;J murpd; epiyia ];jpug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; tho;if epiy Nkk;ghl;il mjpfhpf;f nra;Js;sJ.

Coiy xopg;gjw;fhf vkJ tpUg;gpd; gpz;dzpapy; fhzg;gLtjhtJ

rHtNjr cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfspd; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfsy;y

vd;gNjhL> vkJ ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpia miltJ f\;lkhdJ vd

czHtjdhNyahFk;. ntspehl;L cjtpfNs ehl;bd; njhopy;

Jiwia cUthf;Fk; vd;gNjhL njhopd;Kaw;rp mjpfhpf;Fk;. MfNt

jhd; [dhjpgjp mtHfs; njhlHr;rpahf Coiy xopg;gjw;fhd murpd;

epiyg;ghl;il typAWj;jp tUfpd;whH.

Coiy xopg;gjw;Fk;> rPhpa murhz;ikf;FkhdCoiy xopg;gjw;Fk;> rPhpa murhz;ikf;FkhdCoiy xopg;gjw;Fk;> rPhpa murhz;ikf;FkhdCoiy xopg;gjw;Fk;> rPhpa murhz;ikf;FkhdCoiy xopg;gjw;Fk;> rPhpa murhz;ikf;Fkhd

,e;NjhNdrpah murpd; mz;ikf;fhy Kaw;rpfs;.,e;NjhNdrpah murpd; mz;ikf;fhy Kaw;rpfs;.,e;NjhNdrpah murpd; mz;ikf;fhy Kaw;rpfs;.,e;NjhNdrpah murpd; mz;ikf;fhy Kaw;rpfs;.,e;NjhNdrpah murpd; mz;ikf;fhy Kaw;rpfs;.

CoYf;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhf ftdk; vLf;f

Ntz;baJ rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd nfhs;iffis mgptpUj;jp

nra;jyhFk;. rpwe;j murhz;ikf;Fk; Coiy Fiwg;gjw;Fkhd

,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Kaw;rpfs; Mr; gpuNjrj;jpd; vy;iyapy; ,y;iy

vdyhk;. kpf mz;ikf;fhyq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fsT Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l gFjpfspy; milag;ngw;Ws;sd.

♦ muR [dehafj;ij gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf KOaw;rpfspYkhf

murpay; tpthjq;fspy; <LgLtijAk; ghuhSkd;w gpujpepjpfs;

njhpT nra;tjpYk;> jiytHfs; njhpT nra;tjpYk;

<Lgl;Ls;sJ.

♦ gj;jphp;if kPjhd fl;Lg;ghl;L Rje;jpuk; jsHj;jg;gl;lJld;

Clf Jiw tsHr;rpailag; ngw;wJld;> gj;jphpf;ifahsHfs;

jq;fs; mjpfhuq;fis> nghWg;GlDk>; tpidjpwDld;

Muha;tjw;Fk; gad;gLj;JfpwhHfs;.

♦ kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYf;F kpfTk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f msT

Nfhy;fs; mikr;rpd; jPHkhdq;fspy; gue;j mstpy; cs;thq;fg;;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

♦ Fw;wq;fs; njhlHgpy; fbdkhd jz;lidfs; toq;fg;gLtJld;

Kd;ddp Fw;wthspfs; rpiwf;Fs; js;sg;gLfpwhHfs;.

murpd; Kaw;rpfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhdJ Coiy

46

Fiwg;gjw;fhf [dhjpgjpapd; ( inpres) No. 5/2004 Md

fl;lisahFk;. ,e;j fl;lisia mKy;gLj;Jk; NghJ ,e;NjhNdrpah

Njrpa mgptpUj;jp jpl;lkply; (g^gdh];) kw;Wk; Vidait Njrpa

nraw;ghl;L jpl;lkpliy cUthf;fpAs;sJ. (Raw - pk) ,r; nraw;jpl;lkhdJ Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd mOj;jq;fSk;> Muha;TfSk;>

Nkw;ghHitAk;> kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;Gk;> kjpg;gPL Nghd;w rfytpjkhd

mZFKiwfisAk ;cilaJ. Rawpk vDk; nraw;jpl;lk; rl;l

Mf;FdHfsplKk;> mur cj;jpNahfj;jHfsplKk;> nghJkf;fsplKk;

kw;Wk; gq;FjhuHfsplKk; ,aq;Ftjw;F Njitahd rfy mwpTj;

njhpTfisAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. Rawpk [dhjpgjp gFjpAlDk;; my;yJ

,ize;j mikr;rpDlDk; gzpahw;w Ntz;Lk;.

Mr; - wpah]; gFjpfspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd rthy;fs;.Mr; - wpah]; gFjpfspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd rthy;fs;.Mr; - wpah]; gFjpfspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd rthy;fs;.Mr; - wpah]; gFjpfspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd rthy;fs;.Mr; - wpah]; gFjpfspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd rthy;fs;.

Vida ehLfspy; ntspthhpapy; cs;stHfSf;F kpfTk;

f\;lkhd fhhpakhdJ. Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; tho;f;if

rpjwbf;fg;gl;likAk;> epWtdq;fSf;Fk;> kf;fSf;Fk; Vw;gl;l

gytPdkhd epiy njhlHgpy; mwpe;J nfhs;tNjahFk;. caphpog;Gf;fs;>

nrhj;Jf;fs;> cgfuzq;fs;> mwpf;iffs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; ghhpa ,og;G

fhuzkhf cs;SH Ml;rp epHthfk; gytPdkilfpd;wJ. mNjNtis

cs;SH r%fk; ,j;jifa ghjpg;Gf;fspy; ,Ue;J kPnsOg;Gtjw;fhf

jd;dhyhd Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. vdpDk; tPLfis

,oe;jikAk;> cwtpdHfis ,oe;jikAk;> ngUk;ghyhd

njhopyhsHfs; jq;fs; njhopw;Jiwia ,oe;jikAk; Fiwthf

kjpg;gplf;$baNfhukd;W.

,j;jifa f\;lkhd R+o;epiyapy; Rdhkp mdHj;j epiy

CoYf;F vjpuhd xU njhifahd rthy;fis ,e;NjhNdrpahtpy;

kpf Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l khfhzkhd Mr; gpuNjrj;jpy;

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.

moptpw;F gpd;duhd kdpjhgpkhd epthuz nraw;ghl;by;

tpiuthdJk;> ,yf;ifAilaJkhd cjtp toq;fy; mtrpakhdJ.

jdpahH gyH jq;fspd; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd mbg;gilg; nghUl;fs;

gytw;wpd; NjitAs;sJ. vdNt jhd; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; muR

tpiuthf jq;fspd; Njitfis G+Hj;jp nra;a Ntz;Lnkd

vjpHghHf;fpd;wdH. mNj Ntis tsq;fspd; gpuNahfk; njhlHghy;

rfyhpdJk; mtjhdpg;G cs;sJld; ,t;tsq;fs; mdhtrpakhf

tPzbf;fg;gLtJ jLf;fg;gl Ntz;bAs;s epiyNa Rdhkpahy;

47

ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfs; vjpH Nehf;Ffpd;wdH.

kPs;epHkhz kw;Wk; epthuz cjtpfs; njhlHghf NghJkhdsT

Vw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba jfty;fis ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F

NjitahdsT toq;Fjy;. ,j;jifa jfty;fis jukhd

gq;Fgw;WdHfsplk; gfpHe;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; mtHfspd;

tpidjpwd; kpf;f gq;Fngw;wiy cWjpnra;jy;. murhq;fj;jpy;

mz;ikapy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l rPuhd murpw;fhd

mZFKiwfs; kf ;fspd ; gq ;Fgw ;wYldhdjhFk; .

vt;thnwdpDk; mjpfhhpfs;> njhpT nra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfs;>

kw;Wk; Vida kPs;epHkhd gzpfspy; <LgLgtHfs;> ,d;Dk;

,j;jifa tplaq;fs; njhlHghd G+uz mwpTj;jpwdw;wtHfshf

,Uf;fpd;whHfs;. vdNt jhd; ,d;Dk; ,j;jifa tpidj;jpwd;

kpf;f cjtp epthuzq;fs; toq;Ftjw;fhd rf;jp nrad;Kiw

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

epjptoq;fy; eilKiw rk;ge;jkhf ,e;NjhNdrpah ,d;Dk;

rthy;fis vjpH Nehf;fpAs;sJ. fhuzk; epjpiaf;

ifahs;tjpy; ,e;NjhNdrpah NghjpasT ghpr;rakpd;ik

fhuzkhf cjtp toq;FdH murpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if

nfhz;ljpy;iy. ,tw;wpd; rk;ge;jkhf cjtp toq;Fdhplk;

kpfTk; neUf;fkhd cwtpid NgzNtz;bAs;sJ.

muR Mo;e;j kdJld; cjtp toq;Ftjid ghuhl;bdhYk;>

ehk; epjp toq;fypy; gpd;tUkhwhd nropg;Gj;jd;ikia vjpH

Nehf;Ffpd;Nwhk;. mitahtd

epjptoq;fy; Neubahf murpd; gq;fPl;bd; Clhf.

M.m.tahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gy ehl;L cjtp toq;FdH

epjpaj;jpD}lhf.

ghjPl;L Gwk;ghd %yfq;fshd gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fshs

[.eh jhgdq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpD}lhf

kw;nwhU ghjPl;Lf;F Gwk;ghd ghhpa epjptoq;FdHfshd

rHtNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd M];jpNuypa epWtdk;> rHtNjr

xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd rHtNjr epWtdk;> rHtNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd

[.mnkhpf;f epWtdk;.

48

gy;tifg;gl;l epjptoq;Fk; Clf KiwahdJ nraw;jpl;lq;fis

,izg;gjpy; f\;lq;fis vjpH Nehf;FtNjhL fpukkhf kPs;epHkhd

gzpjdpy; jhkjj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; mNj Ntis mtw;wpy; gzj;ij

ifahs;tjpy; ntspgLjd;ikAk; rthiy vjpH nfhs;Sk;.

Mr; epah]; gpuNjrq;fspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd Kjy;epiyMr; epah]; gpuNjrq;fspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd Kjy;epiyMr; epah]; gpuNjrq;fspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd Kjy;epiyMr; epah]; gpuNjrq;fspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd Kjy;epiyMr; epah]; gpuNjrq;fspy; rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd Kjy;epiy

jpl;lq;fs;.jpl;lq;fs;.jpl;lq;fs;.jpl;lq;fs;.jpl;lq;fs;.

murhq;fk; vjpH Nehf;fpAs;s rthy;fis ntw;wpf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf muR Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj rpwe;j murhz;ikf;fhd

gy;NtW tifahd mauh Kaw;rpfis Nkw; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.

jfty;fis toq;Ftjpy; ntspgLjd;ik mjpfhpj;jypy; Kf;fpa ftdk;

nrYj;jg;gLtNjhL nghJkf;fs; MNyhrid ngWjYk;> mjD}lhf

nghJkf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig Vw;gLj;jp ek;gj;jFe;j fzf;fha;T

Kiwfis nraw;gLj;jp nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhg;gJ

rk;ge;jkhd rl;l tpjpfSk; Jyhk;;gukhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

m. nghJthd jfty;fspd; Jyhk;guj; jd;ikm. nghJthd jfty;fspd; Jyhk;guj; jd;ikm. nghJthd jfty;fspd; Jyhk;guj; jd;ikm. nghJthd jfty;fspd; Jyhk;guj; jd;ikm. nghJthd jfty;fspd; Jyhk;guj; jd;ik

mjDila tiuaiwf;Fs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjd; %yk;

,aw;if mdHj;jj;jpw;fhd Njrpa ,izg;G rig jk; epiyak;

Clhf nghJkf;fSf;F jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. c-k; E-ACEH,izj;jsk; Clhf (www.e-aceh.org 26 [dthp 2005) epjp

toq;FdHfspd; epjp gad;ghl;LKiw njhlHghd jfty;fs;

toq;fg;gl;ld. kw;Wk; mur epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghL rHtNjr cs;SH

murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fs;> rHtNjr epWtdq;fs; cjtp toq;FdHfs;

Mfpatw;wpd; nraw;ghLfs; fhyj;jpw;F jf;ftifapy; ntspaplg;gl;ld.

,J gyjd;ik tha;e;j nghWg;GzHTf;F top rikj;jJ.

gpuhe;jpa mstpy; [.eh jhgdj;jpy; milag;ngw;w Ntiy

,yf;F njhlHghf kdpjhgpkhd cjtp mq;fPfhpf;fg;gLtNjhL

,e;epWtdk; kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs; jUk; epiyak; xd;iw epWtp

mjD}lhf 250f;Fk; mjpfkhd Njrpa> rHtNjr cjtp epWtdqfspd;

nraw;ghl;bid Rdhkpahy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

M. nghJj;Jiw MNyhrizfs;M. nghJj;Jiw MNyhrizfs;M. nghJj;Jiw MNyhrizfs;M. nghJj;Jiw MNyhrizfs;M. nghJj;Jiw MNyhrizfs;

kPs;epHkhd gzpfspy; Jyhk;gu jd;ikiaAk;> tpidjpwidAk;

gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPHkhdk; vLj;jNy cWjp nra;Ak;. mz;ikapy;

G+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Kjy; epiy jpl;lq;fs; ghhpa mstpyhd gpuhe;jpa

49

rk;ge;jq;fis gq;FjhuHfNshL cUthf;fpaJ [fhHj;jh gghdh]pd;

%ykhf cUthf;fg;gl;l 10 nraw;;FOf;fSk;> murhy; cUthf;fg;gl;;l

nraw;FOf;fSk;> rpy ghjpf;fg;gl;l cs;Suhl;rpfSk; ,ize;J

,r;nraw;jpl;lj;jpid ntw;wpfukhf mKy; elj;jpd.

,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf Mr;gpuNjr gy;fiyf;fofkhdJ ]pah

nfsyh gy;fiyf;fof nraw; FOf;fshy; tbtikf;fg;gl;l

nraw;jpl;lk; njhlHghd fye;Jiuahly;fis gfpuq;fkhf 10 ehl;fs;

elj;jpaJ. cyf tq;fpAld;; ,ize;J gghdh]; ,izaj;jsk;;

Kjy; epiy nraw;jpl;lk; njhlHghd jfty;fis toq;fpaJ.

,e;eilKiw thu ,Wjpapy; Cikamiek y; ey;y gad;

mspj;jJld; 400 Nkw;gl;l gq;Fgw;WdHfs; Mr; gpuNjrj;jpw;fhd

ey;y jpl;l Kd;nkhopTfis Vw;gLj;jpdH.

,. nghWg;Gj;jd;ik,. nghWg;Gj;jd;ik,. nghWg;Gj;jd;ik,. nghWg;Gj;jd;ik,. nghWg;Gj;jd;ik

rl;lk;> murhz;ik> tif$wy;> epjpaply;> Nghd;w ehd;F

gug;GfSf;Fs; ; nraw; FOf;fs; mikf;fg;gl;L ,tw;wpy;

cUthf ;fg ;gl ;l g pNuuizfs; Kjy ; e piy jpl ;lj ;j pd ;

cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Kd;nkhopaplg;gl;l tpNrl Kd;nkhopTfs;

gue;j mstpy; mjpfhpf;fg;gl;L Kjy; epiy jpl;lk; mKyhf;fg;gLjy;

cWjpahf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL Gjpjhf cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yj;jpudpay;

Kiw nghJ nrhj;Jf;fs; Jyhk;gukhf;Ftij cWjp nrajJ.

,jd;%yk; Coy; FiwtiltJ cWjp nra;a;ag;gl;lJ.

Kjy; epiy jpl;lq;fspd; Nkw;ghHit xOq;F Kiw rfy

nraw;jpl;lq;fspYk; gy;tifg;gl;l fzf;fha;T Kiwfis

Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

♦ caH fzf;fha;T rigAk;> Rahl;rp murhq;f KftUk;

Njrpa Nguitf;F mwpf;iffis rkHg;gpj;jy;

♦ epjp mgptpUj;jp Nkw;ghHit rig [dhjpgjpf;F mwpf;if

rkHg;gpj;jy;.

♦ xt;nthU kj;jpa murhq;fj;jpd; mikr;ruitf;Fk;

khfhzmjpgHfs; mwpf;if rkHg;gpj;jy;.

♦ cs;SH Ml;rp fzf;fha;T gphpTfs; (Bawasdas) khfhz

50

MSdH> efuNkaH> my;yJ khtl;l jiytHfSf;F

(Bubati) mwpf;if rkHg;gpj;jy;.

,tw;Wld; Rje;jpukhd fzf;fha;T epWtdj;jpd; jiyaPLk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

<. mKy;gLj;Jk; KftHfs;<. mKy;gLj;Jk; KftHfs;<. mKy;gLj;Jk; KftHfs;<. mKy;gLj;Jk; KftHfs;<. mKy;gLj;Jk; KftHfs;

Kjy; epiy jpl;lj;ij mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murhq;fk;

(Badem Peleksama) Bapel vdg ;gLk ; xU xOq;fikg ;ig

cUthf;fpaJ. Bapel gpd;tUk; %d;W ,yl;rpaq;fis nfhz;lJ.

♦ murhq;f caH;kl;l epHthfpfs;> nghJ gpurpj;jkhdtHfs;

rkag;gpujpepjpfs; nfhz;l nrayzpFk; cUthf;fg;gLtNjhL

,J rfytpjkhd gzpg;GfisAk; topfhl;ly;risAk; toq;Fk;.

♦ Nkw;ghHit rig> r%f gpujpepjpfs;> Njrpa kw;Wk; rHtNjr

kj rhiyfs;> cjtp toq;FtH gpujpepjp> ,tHfisf;

nfhz;ljhf miktJld; tprhuizfs; Nkw; nfhs;tjw;fhd

tpNrl mjpfhuq;fs; nfhz;ljhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. cs;SH

Rje;jpukhd fzf;fha;T FOf;fs; ,tw;wpy; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

♦ mKyhf;fy; gpujpepjpfs; Kjy; epiy jpl;lj;ij mKyhf;Fk;

NghJ mKyhf;fj;jpy; njhlHGs;s rfy jug;gpduJk; ;

MNyhridAk; mtrpakhFk;.

,izaj; js mbg;gilapyhd tpz;zg;gk;.,izaj; js mbg;gilapyhd tpz;zg;gk;.,izaj; js mbg;gilapyhd tpz;zg;gk;.,izaj; js mbg;gilapyhd tpz;zg;gk;.,izaj; js mbg;gilapyhd tpz;zg;gk;.

,Wjpahf NkYk; Jyhk;gu jd;ikia mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf

,izaj;jsk; xd;W Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mjpy; rfy jfty;fSk; gjpT

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. http:remcamaimdukacehmias.org/english/imdem.asb) ,t; ,izaj;js Clhf jpfjpaplg;gl;lthwhd gjpTfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjd; fhuzkhf 75% tPjj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l njhopEl;ghPjpahf g+Hj;jpailahe;j ,e;j tpguq;fs; gjpg;ghf ntspapl VJthFk;.

cld; gjpTfSk;> jfty; jw;fhy Kiwg;gLj;jYk; ,jpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

♦ Kjy; epiy nraw;jpl;lj;jpdJk;> mKyhf;fy;

epWtdj;jpdJk; rfy nraw;ghLfisAk; mKyhf;fy;.

♦ Mr; kw;Wk; tl RNkj;uh gFjpfspd; GdUj;jukhd kw;Wk;

51

kPs;epHkhd Ntifspy; ,zf;fg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;jy;.

♦ cjtp toq;FdHfspd; ngaHfSk; cjtp njhiffSk;.

♦ epjp toq;Fk; %yq;fs; kw;Wk;

♦ mKyhf;fy; njhlHghd tphpthd jw;fhy nra;jpfs;.

KbTiuKbTiuKbTiuKbTiuKbTiu

KjyhtJk; kpfTk; ftdj;jpw;FhpaJkhd ,aw;if mdHj;j

epiyfspy; Mr; kw;Wk wpah];; gpuNjrq;fspy; Vw;gl;l Rdhkp

tpiuthdJk; ,yf;ifAilaJkhd kw;Wk; tpidjpwdhdJkhd

cjtp toq;fiy Nkk;gLj;jpa mNj Ntis tif $wYld;>

Jyhk;gukhfTk; muR clikfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;ld vd $WtJ

kpfTk; rpf;fyhd tplakhFk;. ,j;jifa r+o; epiyfis vjpH

nfhs;sj;jf;f tifapy; ,e;NjhNdrpah muR kpfTk; fbdkhd

eilKiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mtw;iw mKyhf;Ftjpy;

Kd;Ndw;ghl;L gapw;rpfisAk; toq;fp rpwe;j murhz;ikf;F

tpj;jpLfpwJ.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,J njhlHghd gy gpuNjrq;fspy;

Kd;Ndw;w mwpFwpfs; fhzg;gl;lJld;> fle;j rpy khjq;fspy; NkYk;

gy Kd;Ndw;w eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. [dhjpgjpapd; 5/2004 mwpf;ifAk; Bappenas Vida epWtdq;fSld; Vw;gj;jpAs;s

xj;Jiog;Gk; Coy; vjpHg;gpw;fhd topKiwfSf;F ,l;Ls;sJ. Rdhkp

mdHj;j epiyapy; cldb eltbf;ifahf kPs;epHkhd GdUj;jhsud

eltbf;iffs; tl RNkj;uh gFjpapy; Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Vw;w tifapy;

Kjy; epiy jpl;lq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,it 2005 khHr; tiuapy;

,e;NjhNdrpa murpdhy; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;ld. Kjy;epiy jpl;lj;ij

mwpe;Jf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; murhq;fk; gy cs;sf> ntspaf

epWtdq;fspd; jiyaPl;Lld; mKy;gLj;Jk; epWtdk; xd;iw

Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

NkYk; eilKiwapy; cs;s gy nraw;j pl ;lq;fs;

NghJkhdit > kw;Wk; Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;sf;$ba jfty;fis

toq;Ftjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. epthuz cjtpfspy; gq;F ngw;wYk;

Jyhk;guKk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,izj;jsk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

rfy tpjkhd jfty;fSk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf

,Ug;gjw;NfahFk;.

52

fUg;nghUs; - 3fUg;nghUs; - 3fUg;nghUs; - 3fUg;nghUs; - 3fUg;nghUs; - 3

epjp kw;Wk; epHthf fl;likg;ig ghJfhj;jYk;>epjp kw;Wk; epHthf fl;likg;ig ghJfhj;jYk;>epjp kw;Wk; epHthf fl;likg;ig ghJfhj;jYk;>epjp kw;Wk; epHthf fl;likg;ig ghJfhj;jYk;>epjp kw;Wk; epHthf fl;likg;ig ghJfhj;jYk;>

cWjpg;gLj;jYk;.cWjpg;gLj;jYk;.cWjpg;gLj;jYk;.cWjpg;gLj;jYk;.cWjpg;gLj;jYk;.

kdpjhgpkhd epthuz cjtpfspy; Coy; mghaq;fiskdpjhgpkhd epthuz cjtpfspy; Coy; mghaq;fiskdpjhgpkhd epthuz cjtpfspy; Coy; mghaq;fiskdpjhgpkhd epthuz cjtpfspy; Coy; mghaq;fiskdpjhgpkhd epthuz cjtpfspy; Coy; mghaq;fis

Kfhikg;gLj;jy;.Kfhikg;gLj;jy;.Kfhikg;gLj;jy;.Kfhikg;gLj;jy;.Kfhikg;gLj;jy;.

ghHndgp tpy;ypl;]; rpq; vd;l; Nghy `hHtp

kdpjhgpkhd nfhs;if FO

ntspehl;L mgptpUj;jp epWtdk;.

mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.mwpKfk;.

kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfspy; tUlhe;j kjpg;g PL USD 10kpy;ypaDf;Fk; mjpfkhFk;. ,t;TjtpahdJ gy;NtW topfspD}lhf

toq;fg;gLfpwJ. muRf;Fk; murpd; ,ilapyhd ghpkhw;wkhf

gd;dhl;Llhf > murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; Clhf> jdpahH nfhe;juj;J

Clhf> kw;Wk; cs;SH r%fq;fs; Clhf ,J toq;Ffpd;wJ.

,j;jifa Row;rpahy; xt;nthU ,lj;jpYk; J\;gpuNahfKk;>

epjpkhw;wYk;> CoYk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jw;F rpwe;j cjhuzkhf

miktJ [.eh. <uhf; czTf;fhf vz;nza; jpl;lkhdJ epthuz

cjtpfspy; Vw;gl;l ghhpa CoYf;F cjhuzkhFk;. ,J jtpu

Mgphpf;f mdHj;j Kfhk;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; ghypay; td;KiwfSk;>

mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfKk;> Nkhrb eltbf;iffSk; cjhuzq;fshFk;.

,eJ rKj;jpuj;jpy; 2004 brk;gH Vw;gl;l Rdhkp jhf;fk; NkYk; gy

Coy; Vw;gLtjw;fhd re;jHg;gq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.

cjtp toq;FdHfs; Coypd; gaq;fuj;ij ed;whf

czHe;Js;shHfs;. ,jdhy; epjp tof;fj;jpw;F khwhf jpirjpUg;gg;gl;L

Coy; ,lk ;ngWtij Fiwg ;gjw ;F gy eltbf ;iffs;

Nkw;nfhz;Ls;shHfs;. ,j;jifa Coy;fs; gytbtpy; ifA+l;lyhf>

fsthf> jtwhd gjpthf ngUkstpy; fz;Zf;F njhpahj tifapy;

,zq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.epthuz cjtpfs; ngUkstpdjhapDk; Coy;

,lk;ngWjy; fz;Zf;F njhpahj tifapNyNa ,lk; ngWfpwJ.

xUtH kw;nwhUtUf;F njhpahj tifapy; ,J ,lk;ngWtJ

fhuzkhf KO xOq;FKiwAk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ.

53

,t;twpf;ifahdJ kpfTk; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu

xj;Jiog;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epWtdk; kw;Wk; buhd;]; Ngud;]p

,d;lne\dy; epWtdj;jpd; Vw;ghl;by; ,lk;ngw;wjpy; ,eJ rKj;jpu

Rdhkp njhlHgpy; Kd;nfhzug;gl;ljhFk;. ,jw;fhd epjpaply; If;fpa

,uhr;rpaj;jpd; rHtNjr mgptpUj;jp epWtdj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

,J rk;gtq;fspd; njhlHgpy; xU Muk;g fz;Nzhl;lkhfTk;> Fwpg;gpl;l

rpy Kf;fpa];jHfspd; fUj;jha;thfTk; mikfpd;wJ.

mghaq;fs;; vit?mghaq;fs;; vit?mghaq;fs;; vit?mghaq;fs;; vit?mghaq;fs;; vit?

,aw;if mopTfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;

kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; rthy;fis vjpH Nehf;fyhFk;.

,aw;if mopTfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspd; kdpjhgpkhd

cjtpfis cldbahfTk; gue ;j mstpYk; nra;tjw;F

Clfj;JiwAk; jd;id ,izj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. kdpjhgpkhd

cjtpfs; toq;fg;gl;l gy ehLfspy; VyNt Coypy; rpf;fpAs;s

ehLfs; ,d;W gy;NtW tpjkhd Kuz;ghLfisAk; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ.

m. kl;lk;.m. kl;lk;.m. kl;lk;.m. kl;lk;.m. kl;lk;.

Coy; njhlHghd mghaqfs; mtrufhy epjp cjtpfspd;

gy kl;lq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. cjtp toq;FdHfspy; ,Ue;J

cjtp toq;Fk; KftH midtUk; Kiwaw;w fzf;F itj;jYk;>

jiyik epiya gzpahsHfs; rk;gs Nfhhpf;if vd gy;NtW

tifapy; KiwsNfL ,lk;ngWtJld; xNu jpl;lj;jpw;F ,UtUf;F

rk;gsk; toq;Fk; eilKiw vDk; tifapYk; Coy; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sJ. xt;nthU KftH mwpf;ifapYk; Vkhw;W tpjkhd

urPJfSk; Kiwaw;w gzg;gpuNahfKk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; murhq;fKk; CoYf;fhd fhuzpahfpd;wJ.

mOj;j FOf;fs; cjtpfs; murpD}lhfNt toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. tlnfhhpahtpy; kpfTk; czHTG+Htkhd xU

tplakhdJ Njrpa mur kl;lj;jpy; murrhHgw;w epWtdj;ij gjpT

nra;tjpy; thp mwtPl;il jtpHg;gJk;> nghUl;fis jPHT nra;tjpy;

mjw;fhd mDkjp ml;ilia epWj;JtJkhd ,Utopahf mjhtJ

ntspNaw;wYk;> cw;GfYk; vd gy;NtW re;jHg;gq;fs; Coy;

,lk;ngWtjw;F top rikf;fpd;wJ.

epjp xU KftH epiyajpw;F toq;fg;gl;lTld; mq;F xt;nthU

54

jdp egUk; jd;Dila Ra yhgj;jpw;fhf mjid gad;gLj;Jk; gy

re;jHg;gq;fs; cUthfpd;wd. ,j;jF epiy cs;sf MszpaplKk>;

ntspapYk;> toq;FdH %yKk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. fs kl;lj;jpy;

MszpapdUf;F Kiwahd Ntjdk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. vdpDk;>

cwtpdHfspd; Kiwaw;w ngaH gjpTfSk; fsQ;rpa miwapy;

,Ue;J jpUl;LfSk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ed;nfhilahsHfs; gl;baypy;

jq;fs; ngaiu gjpT nra;J nfhz;L rpy Ntisfspy; MszpapdUk;

,j;jifa ifahliy nra;Js;sdH. nghJ;r;nrhj;J fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;

Nghf ;Ftuj ;J vd gy;NtW topfspy ; ,j;jifa Coy;

,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. MszpapdH jhq;fs; yQ;rk; ngUtjd; %yk;

toq;FdH xUtUf;F cjtp nra;tJk; cwtpdHfspd; nghUl;fSf;F

Kd;Dupik mspj;jYk; tpiyfspy; Nghl;bj; jd;ikf;F Vw;wthW

nfhs;tdT nra;ahikAk; gy topfspy; CoYf;F cjTfpwJ.

MszpapdH fsthlg;gl;l nghUl;fis Rygkhf fsQ;rpa miwapy;

,Ue;J mg;Gwg;gLj;JtJk; nghUl; gjpNtl;L mwpf;iffis

mopg;gJkhf Coy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

ehl;bd; jiyikaf rpNu\;l mjpfhhpfs; nghJr; nrhj;Jfspy;

gy;NtW Nkhrbfs; nra;fpd;wdH. toq;fhj nghUl;fSf;Fk;

cWjpg;gj;jpuq;fis ,l;Ls;sdH. Kiwahd rk;gsk; ngWk;

mjpfhhpfs; $l ngUk; mstpyhd gzxJf;fPl;Lf;fis tq;fpf;

fzf;Ffspy; Nrkpj;Js;sdH. nghJj;Jiw mjpfhhpfs; mtHfSila

mjpfhuq;fs; gjtpfis jq;fSila my;yJ cwtpdHfspd; Ra

yhgj;jpw;fhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdH. cjhuzkhf fl;Lkhdg;gzpfspd;

nfhe;juhj;J xg;ge;jj;jpid jq;fSila cwtpdUf;F toq;fpapUg;gH.

,Wjpahf cjtpahdJ jdpahfNth my;yJ jkJ FLk;g

cWg;gpdHfshNyh gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. nghJkf;fs; Nghypahd

tifapy; ,uz;L Kiw jkJ ngaiu gjpT nra;J ,Ug;gH my;yJ

Nghypahd czT ml;ilia ghtpg;gH. mtHfs; Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpy;

,tw;iw nfhs;tdT nra;a Kaw;rp nra;thHfs;. ,jd; fhuzkhf

CoYf;F Mshd gpuNjrk; vJntd vjpH nfhs;s KbahJs;sJ.

,jd;NghJ NghJkhd msT epthuzq;fs toq;fg;gLtJ

nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg ;g pd ; xUgFjp NtnwhU jpirf;F

khw;wg;gLtjw;F VJthfpd;wJ.

M. gphpTfs;M. gphpTfs;M. gphpTfs;M. gphpTfs;M. gphpTfs;

gy;NtW gphpTfSk; gq;FjhuHfSk; Coypy; gy;NtW tpjkhd

55

rthy;fis> gy;NtW tpjkhd re;jHg;gq;fspy; vjpH Nehf;Ffpd;wdH.

czT epthuzNk Coy; ,lk;ngWtjpy; Kf;fpa ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ.

Vnddpy ; czT tHj ;jfj ;j pw ;Fk ; t pahghuj ;j pw ;Fkhf

gad;gLj;jg;gLtNjahFk;. kUe;Jfs; kpfTk; epiwa ngWkjp

tha;e;jit ,it fsthlg;glf; $bait. ,itfs; ,yFtpy;

fsthlg;gl;L tpw;fg;glf; $baitahFk;. thfd Kfhikj;JtKk;

ghhpa mstpyhd CoYf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F

ghhpa mwtPLk;> cgfuzq;fspd; tpiyAk;> vz;nza; tpiyAk;>

ghtidAk; kw;nwhU tifapyhd CoYf;F mbNfhYfpd;wJ.

Neubahf thfd vz;nza; fsntLj;jy;> cgfuz khw;wk;> rhujp

kw;Wk; gzpahs;fs; xj;Jiog;Gld; fsthd urPJfs; rkHg;gpj;jy;

vd gythWk; Coy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. epWtd thfdq;fs; $yp

thfdkhf gad;gLj;jg;gLjYk;> lhf;]p Nritfs;> nghJg;NgUe;J

trjpfs;> nghUl;fshf toq;FtjpYk; ghHf;f gzkhf epthuz

cjtp toq;fy; Nghd;wit Coy; ,lk;ngWtjw;F fhuzkhf

mike;jit vdyhk;. gzj;Jldhd epthuz cjtp ,yFthf

Kuz;gl;l epiyahYk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gl KbAk;. rpyNtis

gzj;jhyhd cjtpfs; ntF Jyhk;gukhdit vd;gNjhL mit

CoYf;F ,lkspg;gJ ,y;iy vdyhk;.

vd;d nra;ayhk;?vd;d nra;ayhk;?vd;d nra;ayhk;?vd;d nra;ayhk;?vd;d nra;ayhk;?

,e;j mwpf;if Coiy mstpLtjw;fhd xU Kiwikia

kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfspd; fl;likg;gpy; ,Ue;J mwpaf; $bajhFk;

vd;W $WfpwJ. ,e;j topKiw %d;W Kf;fpa gphpTfis

cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

ghJfhg;G> jil> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.ghJfhg;G> jil> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.ghJfhg;G> jil> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.ghJfhg;G> jil> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.ghJfhg;G> jil> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

ghJfhg;GghJfhg;GghJfhg;GghJfhg;GghJfhg;G vd;gjd; %yk; epWtdq;fshy; ,lg;gLk; rl;lk;

kw;Wk; xOq;F topKiwfs; Coiy jLg;gjpy; Kjyplj;ij

ngWfpd;wJ. ,J fzf;fPl;L KiwiaAk;> jHf;f KiwiaAk;> nld;lH

eilKiwiaAk;> Rje;jpukhd cs;sf fzf;fha;T KiwiaAk;>

Nkw;ghHitiaAk;> Kfhikj;Jt eilKiwfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.

,J Coy; jLg;G ,yf;fpaj;jpy; ghJfhg;GghJfhg;GghJfhg;GghJfhg;GghJfhg;G vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jiljiljiljiljil vd;gjd; %yk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtjhtJ kf;fis Coy;

,lk; ngWtjpd; jz;lid vd;gd %ykhf jil nra;jyhFk;. ,J

rl;l mZFKiw %ykhf epjpiaf; ifahs;tjpy;;> cs;SH

Gydha;Tk; mjd; %yk; xOf;fj;ij NgZjYld;> Coy;

56

eltbf;ifapy; <LgLk; Mszpapdiu Ntiy ePf;fk; nra;tjhYk;

,jd;%yk; VidNahH ,jpy; <LgLtij jil nra;jYkhFk;;. ,J

Coy; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; jiljiljiljiljil nra;jy; vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Vw;Wf;nfhs;syVw;Wf;nfhs;syVw;Wf;nfhs;syVw;Wf;nfhs;syVw;Wf;nfhs;sy; vd;gjd; %yk; r%fj;jpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

kdpjhgpkhd gq;fhsH r%fj;jpw;F Mw;Wk; gzp ,JthFk;. kdpj

capHfs;; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;fhf mtHfs; gue;j mstpy; <LgLtijNa

,J Fwpf;Fk;. mwpT ngWjy;> jfty;> kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;WjYlhd

cjtpfs; njhlHghy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; mjpfhpj;jy;Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; mjpfhpj;jy;Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; mjpfhpj;jy;Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; mjpfhpj;jy;Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; mjpfhpj;jy; MFk;.

(m). ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;ghl;L fl;likg;G(m). ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;ghl;L fl;likg;G(m). ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;ghl;L fl;likg;G(m). ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;ghl;L fl;likg;G(m). ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;ghl;L fl;likg;G

CoYf;fhd re;jHg;gq;fSf;Fk; nghWg;Gf;fSf;Fk; Kjy;

jukhd ghJfhg;G fl;likg;G kjpg;gPL NjitahFk;. epWtdq;fs;

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; topKiwahd ghJfhg;G njhlHGfs; ghJfhg;G

topKiwfs; ghJfhg;G Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; xU gFjpahFk;. ,Nj

Nghy; nghWg;G kjpg;gPLk; Nkhrb kw;Wk; Coy; njhlHgpy; rpwe;j

Kfhikj;Jt gapw;rpahFk;. epjpKfhikj;JtKk;> fzf;fPLk; ,jpy;

kpfTk; fbdkhdjhFk;. ,J ghjPl;il jahhpg;gjpYk;> fzf;fpLjy;>

mwpf;if rkHg;gpj;jy;> kw;Wk; nryTfs; cs;SH thpfs; vd;gtw;iw

cs;slf;fpajhFk;. cjtp KftHfs; epjptsj;ij mgptpUj;jp

nra;tjw;fhf ghhpa nrytpdq;fis nra;J cjtp toq;FdHfspd;

Njitfis gy;NtW jpl;lq;fs;> jpBH epjpahf;fy; eltbf;iffspy;>

mtru Njitfis gbg;gbahf Fiwf;Fk; Kfkhf Vw;gLj;JfpwhHfs;.

nghJr; nrhj;J ghjpg;G miltjhy; rpwe;j Kfhikj;Jtk;

mtrpakhfpd;wJ. ,J jukhd nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhf;Fk;

eilKiwia cUthf;FtNjhL> gy;tif Nfhhpf;iffs;> Kj;jpiu

,lg;gl;l Nfs;tpfs;> nghJg;ghJfhg;G FOf;fs;> mj;NjhL njhopEl;g

ty;YdHfspd; Nkw;ghHit vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhFk;.

fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy; topKiwahdJ ftdkhf ifahsg;gLtJld;

fsQ;rpa rhiy MsdpapdH kj;jpapy; Coiy Fiwg;gjw;fhd

toptiffshf> xg;ge;jf;fhuHfs; ,ilapy; ifyQ;rk; Nghd;wit

,lk;ngwhj tifapy; Kiwaw;w Cf;Ftpg;Gfs; Fiwthd rk;gsk;

ngWgtUf;F toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

(M.) jil fl;likg;Gfs;.(M.) jil fl;likg;Gfs;.(M.) jil fl;likg;Gfs;.(M.) jil fl;likg;Gfs;.(M.) jil fl;likg;Gfs;.

Muk;g epiyapNyNa KftHfs; jq;fSf;Fs; Coy; kw;Wk;

57

NkhrbfSf;nfjpuhd njspthd nfhs;ifAilatHfshf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL ,it xg;ge;jf;fhuHfs;> tpepNahf];jHfs;> kw;Wk;

Vida jug;gpdH kw;Wk; KftHfNshL tpahghuk; nra;gtHfs;

midtUf;Fk; nghJthdjhf ,Uj;jy; mtrpak;. njspthd

tpsf;fkhd nfhs;if njhlq;Fkhapd; ,jd; Mszpapduhy;

Vw;gLfpd;w re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd tplak; njhlHgpy; Kiwahd

mZFKiwAk; Coy; ,lk;ngWk; re;jHg;gq;fspy; mjw;fhd

jPHtpidAk; vl;lf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. Nkhrb MNyhrizf;FOtpd;

ntspaPlhd Nkhrbf;fhd Nghuhl;lk;> SME topfhl;ly;Nkhrbf;nfjpuhd rpy MNyhridfis toq;FtJld; rl;lj;Jiw

rhHe;NjhH nghyp]; Nghd;wtHfs; Coypy; <LgLgtHfshf ,Ug;gpd;

,J Nfs;tpf;FwpajhfptpLk;.Mszp ghJfhg;Gk; ftdj;jpy; vLf;fg;gl

Ntz;ba xd;whFk;.

(,). Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; fl;likg;G,). Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; fl;likg;G,). Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; fl;likg;G,). Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; fl;likg;G,). Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; fl;likg;G

ghJfhg;G tplaj;jpy; KftHfs; nghWg;G rk;ge;jkhd

Kfhikj;Jtk; Xustpw;F jilfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;. vt;thnwdpDk;

Coiy Fiwg;gjw;Fk;> jpl;lkplypy; gaid mDgtpg;gjw;Fk;> ,jpy;

<LgLgtHfsplj;jpy; ,J rk;ge;jkhd njspthd tpsf;fKk;>

MNyhridAk; mtrpakhFk;. Kiwg;ghLfs; rk;ge;jkhd gpdD}l;ly;;

mtrpakhFk;. nghJkf;fsplj;jpy; ,aw;if mdHj;jj;jpdhy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jq;fspw;fhd cjtpfs; njhlHghd Nghjpa

tpsf;fKk;> mtHfspd; ,yf;F njhpT> kw;Wk; Fwpg;ghd tplaq;fspy;

mtHfspd; gq;fspg;G eilKiwAk; Coiy Fiwg;gjw;F ngUksT

JizGhpAk;. Coy; jLg;G eltbf;ifb nfhz;l nrad;KiwfSk;

Kiwahf gpd;gw;wg;gly; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis jq;fSf;fhd epthuzk;

; rkj;Jtkpd;ik njhlHgpYk;; Coy; njhlHghd tplaq;fspYk;;

Kiwg;ghL nra;a J}z;Lk;.

kpfTk; mbg;gilahd kl;lj;jpy; cjtp KftHfs; ftdj;jpy;

vLf;f Ntz;ba tplakhdJ> kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs; vt;tsT

njspthf cs;SH r%fj;jpw;Fk;> murpay; xg;ge;jf;fhuHfSf;Fk;

njhpatUkhapd; Coiy jLg;gJld; mdhtrpakhd ntsptptfhuq;fs;;

mfw;wg;gLtJld; cs;SH nghWg;GfSf;Fk;> tpRthrj;jpw;Fk;

,ilapy; xU tiyg;gpd;diy cUthf;fyhk;. kdpjhgpkhd

eltbf;iffs; gue;j mstpy; Nkw;fj;Nja epWtdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

Ntis ntspahf mjid eilKiwg;gLj;jp r%fq;fSk; Coiy

jLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; <LgLtJ Coiy Fiwg;gjw;F

NghJkhditahFk;.

58

mLj;J vd;d?mLj;J vd;d?mLj;J vd;d?mLj;J vd;d?mLj;J vd;d?

cjtp toq;fspy; Coiy Fiwg;gjw;F Njitahd

eltbf;iffspy; kdpjhgpkhd rpf;fy;fs; vjpH nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

cjtp toq;FdHfSk;> KftHfSk; gy;NtW tifahd topfspy;

,tw;iw jLg;gjw;fhd eltbf;if Nkw;nfhz;ljd; gadhf

ghJfhg;igAk; Kd;Ndw;wg;ghl;ilAk; Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,j;jifa

Kaw;rpfs; Kf;fpakhdit vdpDk; jLg;Gf;Fk;> Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

,J NghJkhdJ my;y. cyfpy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l rpwe;jitahf

,J fhzg;gl;lhYk; jz;lidNa rpwe;jjhFk;. Rdhkp cjtpfs;

,j;jifa epiyapy; ,Ue;J cs;SH Kiwf;F cs;thq;fg;gltpy;iy

vdpDk; nghWg;gw;wjhFk;. ngWdHfs; jq;fSf;Fs;s chpkk; gw;wp

njhpe;Jf;nfhs;tjpy;iy. ,tHfs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhYk; mjw;nfjpuhf

Kiwg;ghL nra;ag;gLtjpy;iy.

rpy Kf;fpakhd eltbf;iffs; ,J njhlHghf vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

1. Coy; gw;wpa Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; gw;wp Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNjhL ,j;jifa tplaq;fs; NkYk; Muhag;gl;L ,it

mr;RWj;jy; R+o;epiyfis jtpHg;gjd; %yk; Muhag;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

2. ,j;jifa rpy fye;Jiuahly;fs; jdpg;gl;l hPjpapy; ,lk;ngw

Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL xUtiu xUtH Ghpe;Jf;nfhz;L Clfk;

%yk; ,jid rpijg;gjw;F Mtz nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

3. ghJfhg;G Vw;ghL Njitf;fhd Kjy;eltbf;ifahf Coy;

re;jHg;gk; kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL ,it tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L

Kfhikj;Jt gapw;rpahy; Coy; kw;Wk; Nkhrb njhlHgpy;

xU jukhd epiy ngwg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

04. Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd rpwe;j topKiwg;gw;wp kl;Lk; MuhahJ

mJ Vw;gLk; NghJ eilKiwgLj;j Ntz;ba tplak;

njhlHgpYk; Muhag;gl;L jLg;G eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

5. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fspy; KOtJkhf

KjyPl;lhsH Jyhk;gukhf gq;F gw;wYk; KiwapLtjw;fhd

re;jHg;gk; toq;fg;gly;.

59

6. vjpH fhy mdHj;j tpisTfs; jpl;lk;pg;gLk; NghJ CoYf;F

vjpuhd tplaq;fs; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Coy; njhlHghd tplaq;fs; Muhag;gLk; NghJ kdpjhgpkhd

cjtpfs; njhlHgpy; Mokhf Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk;. xU gpur;rizf;F

kj;jpapy; ,d;ndhU gpur;rid cUthf;fg;gl NeUk;. ,jid

Kfhikj;Jtk; %yNk Fiwf;f KbAk;. cjtp toq;FdH ,jw;fhd

ngUkjpia toq;Ftjw;F vjpH Nehf;Fk; Ntis KftHfs; Coiy

Fiwg;gjw;fhd toptiffis Kiwahf mZf Ntz;Lk;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfspd; jiyaPLk; Coiy ngUksT Fiwf;Fk;.

60

fUg;nghUs;; 4fUg;nghUs;; 4fUg;nghUs;; 4fUg;nghUs;; 4fUg;nghUs;; 4

mKy;gLj;jypy; tpidj;jpwDlDk; Jyhk;gumKy;gLj;jypy; tpidj;jpwDlDk; Jyhk;gumKy;gLj;jypy; tpidj;jpwDlDk; Jyhk;gumKy;gLj;jypy; tpidj;jpwDlDk; Jyhk;gumKy;gLj;jypy; tpidj;jpwDlDk; Jyhk;gu

jd;ikAlDkhd eltbf;ifia ,yFg;gLj;jy;jd;ikAlDkhd eltbf;ifia ,yFg;gLj;jy;jd;ikAlDkhd eltbf;ifia ,yFg;gLj;jy;jd;ikAlDkhd eltbf;ifia ,yFg;gLj;jy;jd;ikAlDkhd eltbf;ifia ,yFg;gLj;jy;

kjpg;gply;> xg;ge;jk;> jz;lidf;fhd Njitkjpg;gply;> xg;ge;jk;> jz;lidf;fhd Njitkjpg;gply;> xg;ge;jk;> jz;lidf;fhd Njitkjpg;gply;> xg;ge;jk;> jz;lidf;fhd Njitkjpg;gply;> xg;ge;jk;> jz;lidf;fhd Njit

ikf;fy; tpdd;

rig cWg;gpdH

buhd;]; Ngud]p; ,d;lne\dy;> N[Hkdp


,aw;if mdHj;j tpisTfspy; muRk; kf;fSk; xUGwj;jpYk;

cjtp toq;FdH kWGwj;jpYk; nraw;ghl;lhsHfshf cs;sdH. ,e;j

mwpf;ifapd; NjitahdJ mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd cjtp gw;wpAk;

eLj;ju ePz;lfhy cjtp toq;fy; gw;wpAk; mj;NjhL toikahd

Vida r%f tho;f;if Njitfs; rk;ge;jkhf Muha;tjhFk;. epthuz

kw;Wk; kPs;epHkhz cjtpfspy; tpj;jpahrkhd ftdk; vLg;gNjhL

tpj;jpahrkhd rl;lq;fs; mKy;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. vt;thnwdpDk;

,J kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; cs;sjhf Ntz;Lk;.

vy;yhtw;wpYk; Kf;fpakhd xUtplakhdJ Coiy

Fiwg;gjhFk;. rhjhuz nghUl;fs; Nritfs; ,j;jifa fPo;epiyf;F

cs;shf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,it mdHj;j tpisTfspd; gpd;dH NkYk;

tpuakhf;fg;gLtjw;F cldhfpd;wd. ,j;jifa nghUl;fs; Nritfs;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F Neubahf nrd;wiltij tpl NtW topfspy;

gfpug;gLtij jilnra;tJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rfy tpjkhd

eltbf;iffSk; Jy;ypakhd Jyhk;gukhd epiy Coiy

jLg;gjw;fhd Vw;ghlhFk;. mdHj;jq;fspd; gpd;duhd R+o;epiyapy;

Kuzhd eilKiwfs; cldbahf Fw;wtpay;; fhuzpfshy;

J\;gpuNahfk; nra;ag;gLk;. ,izaj;jsk; Clhd Jyhk;gukhdJ

,yFthdJ vdpDk; ,J mjpfk; ngWkjpahdJ MFk;.

epjpg;ngWjypy; kpfTk; Jyhk;gu epiyapy; mtrpakhdJ xU

kj;jpa epiyaj;jpd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jpAs;sJ. ,J rfy tpjkhd

ntspg;Gw cjtp toq;fiy kl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. ,J ghjPl;by; mdHj;j

cjtpfs; gfpug;gl VJthFk;. ,j;jifa eilKiwapd; fhuzkhf

muR Kiwahd cjtpfis ghjPl;bd; Clhf nraw;gLj;Jtjd;

fhuzj ;jhy ; muR Nkw ; ghHitf ;Fk ; tsk ; Kiwahf

61

ghtpf;fg;gLjiyAk; cWjp nra;ag;gLk;.

Jyhk;gu epiy fhzg;gLk; NghJ nghWg;Gk; fhzg;gLk;.

,J Fwpg;gJ ahnjdpy; murhq;fj;jpdJk; cjtp toq;FdHfspdhYk;

mtHfspd; Kiwahd fz;Lgpbg;G ftdkhf NgZtJld; tsq;fs;

Kiwahf Ngzg;gLtjhFk;. epthuzk; Kiwahf gfpug;gl;L

KiwNfLfs; ,lk;ngWtJ jLf;fg;gLjyhy; rfy jug;gpdUf;Fk;

jq;fspd; gq;F ghJfhf;fg;gLtJ cWjp nra;ag;gLk;.

kw;nwhU tifapy; mdHj;jpd; gpd;duhd jpl;l mKyhf;fypd; NghJ

cz;ikahd kjpg;gPLk; nghUl;fs; Ntiyfs; toq;fypy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. mdHj;jj;jpd; Nghjhd epiyapy; murpd; cjTk; kPs;epHkhd

gzpAk; ntspahshpd; cjtpAk; mur rhHgw;w epWtd cjtpAk;

rkepiyapy; ,lk;ngWk;. ,j;jifa Ntiyapy; gy;NtW kl;lq;fspy;

Coy; ,lk; ngwyhk;. ,ij ftdkhf Muha;e;J jLg;gjw;F

eltbf;if vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

Coy;fs; ,lk; ngWtjw;fhd mghaq;fs;.Coy;fs; ,lk; ngWtjw;fhd mghaq;fs;.Coy;fs; ,lk; ngWtjw;fhd mghaq;fs;.Coy;fs; ,lk; ngWtjw;fhd mghaq;fs;.Coy;fs; ,lk; ngWtjw;fhd mghaq;fs;.

vj;jifa jpl;lq;fspd; NghJk;; cjtp toq;FdH kw;Wk; ngWjy;

vy;yhkl;lj;jpYk; Coy; ,lk;ngWtjw;fhd mghaq;fshFk;.

♦ murhq;f fhhpahyaq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; gpujpfs;

♦ epHkhz kw;Wk; Vida xg;ge;jf;fhuHfs; (nghwpapay;

MNyhrfHfs;> Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; Vida Nritfs;)

♦ toq;FdHfs;> KftHfs;> ,ilj;jufHfs;.

♦ mur rhHgw;w epWtdk; xg;ge;jf;fhuhf> toq;Fduhf

ghfNkw;wy;

♦ cjtp toq;FdH> epjptoq;FdHfspd; gpujpepjpfs;

♦ (jdpahH ed;nfhil epjp epWtdq;fs);

♦ rptpy; r%fj;jpdH ntspahH Rje;jpu mtjhdpg;ghsHfs; my;yJ

Nkw;ghHitahsHfs;.(murh / rh.ep. Nkw;ghHit)

♦ gpd;tUk; xd;W my;yJ gy;NtW fhuzpfshy; mdHj;jj;jpd

gpd;duhd cjtp toq;fypy; Coy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

♦ kpfTk; mtrukhd cjtp toq;fy; (tsq;fis fhg;gjw;fhf)

62

♦ ngsjPf kw;Wk; R+o;epiy fhuzkhf kf;fspd; Njit G+Hj;jp

nra;a Ntz;Lk; NghJ

♦ cjtp ngWk; ehL ngUksT gz tuTfis Kfhikj;Jtk;

nra;a Kbahik

♦ cs;SH ehLfspy; rkkw;w Kiwapyhd fl;likg;G ,y;yhik

♦ rpy cjtp toq;FdHfs; rpy mZFKiwfSlhd topfspy;

jkf;Fs;shfNt cjtpfs; toq;Fk; NghJ

♦ Njitahd nghUl;fs; Nritfs; toikahd re;ijfspy;

ngw jtWjy;.

♦ cjtp toq;FdH> epjpahsHfs; mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd cjtp

toq;fspy; tpNrl rl;lq;fs; my;yJ Cf;Ftpg;Gfs;.

♦ cs;SH fl;Lg;ghLfSld; jdpahH ed;nfhil epjpahsH cjtp

toq;Fduhjy;.

mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd cjtp toq;fypd; NghJ rptpy; r%f

Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLk; Ntisfspy; Coy; ,lk;ngw tha;g;ghFk;.

♦ njhlHghypy; R+o;epiy ,lHghL.

♦ kj;jpa murpd; jiyaPl;Lld; cs;SH jilfs;

♦ ngsjPf R+oy; ghjpg;G (fz;zpntb> MAj FOf;fs;)

♦ gu];gu ek;gpf;if> nghWg;G $wy;> jfty;

ghpkhw;wf;FiwghLfs;.

,j;jifa gy;NtW R+o;epiyfspy; jdpahhpd; if Xq;Ffpd;wJ.

,jd;NghJ jdpeghpd; ifA+l;ly; %ykhf Coy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

Njitahd kjpg;gPLNjitahd kjpg;gPLNjitahd kjpg;gPLNjitahd kjpg;gPLNjitahd kjpg;gPL

rfy R+o;epiyfspYk;; cz;ikahd Njitfs; kjpg;gPLfspy;

63

mbg;gilapy; nghUl;fs; Nritfs; njhlu Ntz;Lk; vd;gNjhL

mtHfspd; cr;rg; gad;ghL mtrpakhFk;.

nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhf;Fk; mbg;gilapy; nghUshjhu

gad;ghl;il cr;r mstpy; ngWk; Nehf;fpy; vjpH Nehf;FtJ

f\;lkhFk;. ,r;re;jHg;gj;jpy; nghJkf;fspd; mtrpa Njit

kjpg;gplg;gLtJld;; njhlHr;rpahd toq;fYf;Fk; ,J mtrpakhFk;.

mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd rfy kjpg;gPLfSk; NjitfSk;

Jyhk;gukhf kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLtJld;> mJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspdJk;

my;yJ mtHfspd; gpujpepjpfspdJk; gq;Fgw;wYld; epfo Ntz;Lk;.

xU Njit G+Hj;jp nra;ag;gLkplj;J mjd; %yk; Vida NjitfSk;

mdHj;jj;jpw;F Kd;duhd epiyNghd;W toikahd epiyf;F jpUk;g

tUk; vd;W nrhy;y KbahJ. tPLfSf;fhd ghjpg;Gf;fs; ,t;thW

G+Hj;jp nra;ag;gl KbahJ. Vnddpy; ,it mike;J ,Ug;gJ

flw;fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; MFk;. ,t;thwhd epHkhzq;fspd;

NghJ kpfTk; mtjhdkhfTk; ftdkhfTk; MNyhrpf ;f

Ntz;bAs;sJ. Vnddpy; Gjpa fl;blj;jpw;fhd ,lnjhptpd; NghJ

Kd;ida epiyapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j tPLfs; ,lq;fs; gw;wp jPtpukhd

xU Kbtpid Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;b tUk;. ,J Nghd;w re;jHg;gq;fspy;

Coy; ,lk;ngw tha;g;ghFk;.

KjyhtJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfspd;; muRfs; jkJ epHthf

fl;likg;G njhlHgpy;; njspthd epiyapy; ,Uj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.

kjpg;gPL njhlHghf jPHkhdk; vLj;jypy; rk\;bahf> gpuNjr hPjpahf>

cs;SH mjpfhu kl;lj;jpy; vt;thW vd;gJ njhptpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,k;kl;lq;fspy; epHthf mikg;ghdJ epjp kw;Wk; mjpfhuk; njhlHgpy;

G+uz rf;jp cilajhy; mtrpakhFk;. ,jw;F Nkyhf kj;jpa epiyak;

xd;W ntspthhpahf> rHtNjr hPjpahf tUfpd;w epjp njhlHghf

ghpe;Jiufs; toq;Ftjw;F mtrpakhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,j;jifajhd xU epHthff; fl;likg;G %ykhf nghUl;fs;

Nritfspy; cz;ikahd Njit kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gl;L mit %yk;

kPsikg;G trjpfs; Kiwahf toq;fg;glyhk;. ,jd; xU gFjpahd

kPs;FbNaw;w kjpg;gPlhdJ rpy tPLfs; ghJfhg;ghd R+oypy;

mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhy>; vdNt ,jw;fikaNt nghUl;fs;

kw;Wk; NritfSf;fhd kjpg;gPLfSk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. Kiwahd

fl;bl epHkhzq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjd; %yNk G+fk;gk; Kjyhd

mdHj;jqfspy; ,Ue;J gy capHfs; ; ghJfhf;fg;gLtjw;F

cjtpahFk;.

64

mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f mKyhf;fj;jpd;

NghJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; KOikahd jPHkhdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;

gq;Fgw;wr; nra;tJ kpfTk; f\;lkhFk;. ,jd;NghJk; $l muRfs;

cjtp toq;FdHfs; kw;Wk; epjpahsHfsplKk; ,k;kf;fspd; Njit

njhlHgpYk; mjpcr;r gad; njhlHgpYk; KOikahd ghpe;Jiufis

nra;a Ntz;b tUk;.

nghUl;fs;> epHkhz kw;Wk; Vidait njhlHghfnghUl;fs;> epHkhz kw;Wk; Vidait njhlHghfnghUl;fs;> epHkhz kw;Wk; Vidait njhlHghfnghUl;fs;> epHkhz kw;Wk; Vidait njhlHghfnghUl;fs;> epHkhz kw;Wk; Vidait njhlHghf

xg;ge;jq;fs;.xg;ge;jq;fs;.xg;ge;jq;fs;.xg;ge;jq;fs;.xg;ge;jq;fs;.

♦ ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs; cjtp toq;fg;gLk;; NghJ

♦ cs;sf hPjpahf toq;fg;gl;l cjtpfs; njhlHghf Ma;T

♦ Njitahd cjtpfs; njhlHghf ,Uf;fpd;w tsq;fis xg;G

Nehf;fp nghUl;fs; Nritfs; chpa kf;fSf;F Njitahdij

kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

♦ cjtp toq;FdHfNshL / epjpahsHfNshL NkYk; mtrpakhFk;

cjtpfs; njhlHgpy; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;.

♦ ,Uf;fpd;w tsq;fs; nghUl;fs; Nritfs; njhlHgpy;

KOikahf gad;gLj;j Mtd nra;jy;.

♦ Nghl;b mbg;gilapy; nghUl;fs; Nritfs; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;

,jd;NghJ gy Nghl;bahsHfs; ,jid toq;Ftjw;F

Kd;tUtjd; %yk; re;ijapy; nghUl;fspd; tpiyapy;

Jyhk;guj;jd;ik fhzg;gLtJld; Coy; ,lk;ngwy; jtpHf;f

my;yJ Fiwf;fg;gl top Vw;gLk;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs; kPs;epHkhzk; njhlHgpyghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs; kPs;epHkhzk; njhlHgpyghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs; kPs;epHkhzk; njhlHgpyghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs; kPs;epHkhzk; njhlHgpyghjpf;fg;gl;l muRfs; kPs;epHkhzk; njhlHgpy;

♦ kjpg;gPL njhlHghd ngWNgWfs; ntspapLjy;

♦ toq;fg;gl;l> Nfhug;gl;l cs;sf cjtpfs; njhlHghf

kjpg;gplYk; Nkyjpf Njit njhlHgpy; epjpahsHfsplk;

fye;Jiuahly;.

65

♦ epjp rk;ge;jkhd cjtp tsq;fspd; NghJ cjtp toq;FdHfs;

,Wf;fkw;w cjtpfs; toq;f J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. (c+khfkpfTk; ngWkjp tha;e;jitfs; ;> Nghl;b jd;ikaw;w

R+o;epiyfs;> kw;Wk; chpa Nghf;Ftuj;J nrytpdq;fs;)

♦ cjtp toq;fypd; NghJ> mk;kf;fsplk; cs;s tsq;fSf;F

Nkyjpfkhf Njitahd cjtpfs;.

♦ nghUl;fs; Nritfs; njhlHgpy; njspthd jPHkhdKk; rptpy;

Ntiyfs; njhlHghy; njspthd tbtikg;G xg;ge;jKk;

gy;NtWgl;l epjptoq;FdHfSk; rHtNjr hPjpahf ghJfhg;G

tpjpfis gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,J Kiwahf Ngzg;gltpy;iy

vdpd; ,q;F Coy; ,lk;ngw VJthfpd;wJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l ehLfs;

,J njhlHghy; ftdknrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. M.m.tq;fp ,jw;fhd xU

nghJ rl;l tpjpfis topfhl;ly;fis mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd

gad;ghl;bw;nfd jahhpf;fyhk;.

nghJthd mZFKiwapy; ,g;ghJfhg;G topfhl;ly;fis

fl;bnaOg;g ,aYkhapd; ,jd;NghJ nghUl;fs; Nritfs; rHtNjr

Nghl ;bf ;F Vw ;g ifahs KbAk ; . rhjhuzkhf USD1,00,000j;jpwnfd Nritfs; tsq;fs; njhlHghd rHtNjr hPjpahd

Nghl;bj;jd;ik Vw;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; ,q;F Coy; ,lk;ngwhjJld;;

NeHikj;jd;ik Njhd;Wk;. vg;nghOJk; rHtNjr Nghl;bjjd;ik

,izaj;js eilKiwfSld; epfOkhapd; nghWg;GfSf;fhd fhy

vy;iy FWfpajhFk;.

rHtNjr Nghl;bj;jd;ikf;F Gwk;ghf xg;ge;jf;fhuH njhpT

nra;ag;gLthuhapd; murhdJ jdJ njhpT njhlHgpy; ,Uf;fpd;w

tsqfs; Nkyjpfkhf Njitahd cjtpfs; njhlHgpy; Jyhk;gukhd

epiya mwptpf;f Ntz;b tUk;. ,J murpd; gzpahFk;.

Coiy jLg;gjw;fhd toptifahf murhdJ cs;sf

ntspaf tpidjpwdhd xg;ge;j eilKiwfisAk; ntspaf

Nkw;ghHit eilKiwfisAk; Ngz Ntz;Lk;.

tpNrlkhf ghhpa xg;ge;jq;fs; njhlHgpy; murhdJ buhd;]p

Ngud;]p ,d;lHne\dy; xUq;fpizg;G xg;ge;j mZFKiwfs;

66

ftdj;jpw; nfhs;tJld; ntspaf Nkw;ghHitfisAk;> nfhs;iffs;

kPwg;gLk; NghJ mjw;fhd eltbf;iffisAk;> xg;ge;jq;fis ,uj;Jr;

nra;Ak; mZF KiwfisAk; NgzNtz;Lk;.

cyfkakhd mDgtq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; KftHfspd;

gad;ghLk;> gpujpepjpfs;> kwWk; Vida ,ilj;jufHfs; toq;FdHfs;

murhq;fj;ij Coy; njhlHgpy; tpopg;G Vw;gLj;j Ntz;baJld;

Jyhk;gu epiyf;F J}z;l Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpahf muR Kiwahd

kjpg;gPl;L Nkw;ghHit njhlHghd mwpf;iffis Ngz Ntz;Lk;.

muR> cjtptoq;FdH> mur rhHgw;w epWtdq;fs;>

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; midtUk; ; KOKaw;rpahf Coiy

Fiwg;gjw;fhd eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;tJld;> rfyUk; nghJthd

rHtNjr rl;l tpjpfis Kiwahf filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; kj;jpa

Njrpa fl;likg;Gf;fis mDrhpj;J Coiy Fiwf;fyhk;.

murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fs; murhq;fq;fNshL G+uzkhf

xj;Jioj;J epjpf;fl;Lg;ghLfs; rk;ge;jkhd eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; Jyhk;gu epiyia Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSk; jq;fspd; ghhpastpyhd nghWg;Gfis czHe;J

jq;fspd; Njitfis cz;ikahd tifapy; kjpg;gPL nra;J>

,e;eilKiwf;F jfty;fisAk; cs;thq;fp nghWg;ghf ele;Jf;

nfhs;sy; mtrpakhFk;.

xg;ge;jq;fis mKy;gLj;jy;xg;ge;jq;fis mKy;gLj;jy;xg;ge;jq;fis mKy;gLj;jy;xg;ge;jq;fis mKy;gLj;jy;xg;ge;jq;fis mKy;gLj;jy;

xg;ge;jj;jpw;F mLj;jgbahf xg;ge;j mKyhf;fy; ,d;Dk;

fbdkhjhFk;. Vnddpy; xg;ge;jj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ltH nghUshjhu

RUf;fk; njhlHgpy; Nkw;ghHit nra;fpd;w nghwpapayhsUld;

,zf;fg;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;jp rpy Ntisfspy; cjhrPdg; Nghf;fpidAk;

jukhd cs;sPLfisAk; jtpHg;gjd; %ykhf rpy khw;wq;fs;

nra;tJld; cz;ikahd ngWkjpia Fiwg;gJ my;yJ tpiyiaf;

$l;LtJ Nghd;w eilKiwfs; Vw;gLtJz;L;. muR ,J tplaj;jpy;

jukhd Coy; vjpHg;G eltbf;ifapid Nkw;nfhs;tJld;

njhlHr;rpahd Kf;fpa ,lq;fspy; Row;rp Kiw mtjhdpg;G>

fhj;jpukhd msT cs;sf ntspaf fl;Lg;ghLfs;> jdpg;gl;l

jPHkhdk; vLj;jy; Nghd;w ehYtifahd nfhs;iffis mKy;gLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. Nkyjpfkhf muRfs; ifr;rhj;jpl;l xg;ge;jk; njhlHgpy;

KOikahd Nkw;ghHitAk; xt;nthU khw;wq;fs; my;yJ gytpjkhd

fl;lisfs; njhlHghf jPtpukhf Muha Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; murhdJ

67

kpfTk; Jyhk;gukhd epiyg;Ngzg;gl ftdnkLf;f Ntz;baJld;

rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gpujpepjpfis fl;Lg;ghl;L eilKiwfspy; cs;thq;f

Ntz;Lk;.

rptpy; r%fj;jpd; gq;fspg;G ,q;F kpf Kf;fpakhdJ.

eilKiwfs; nghWg;Gfs;> Nkw;ghHit> mKyhf;fy;> epjp%yq;fs;>

kw;Wk; gpd;D}l;ly;fs;> Vida tpguq;fs; njspthf;fg;gl;bUf;f

Ntz;Lk;. epthuz kw;Wk; kPs;epHkhdk; njhlHgpy; muR cs;sf

ntspaf hPjpapy; kpfTk; mtjhdj;Jld; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

mKyhf;fk; Nkw;ghHit Nghd;wtw;wpd; rfy mwpf;iffSk;

ntspaplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khw;wq;fs; njhlHgpy; cz;ikahd xg;ge;j

tpiyapYk; 15%j;jpw;F Nkw;gl;lit mDkjp Nfhu Ntz;Lk;

vd;gNjhL muR czikahd xg;ge;j tpiyf;Fk; ,Wjp Kbthd

ngWkjpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;

epahag;gLj;Jk; mwpf;iffs; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

gy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs;gy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs;gy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs;gy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs;gy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhd ghpe;Jiufs;

Coiy Fiwg;gjw;FCoiy Fiwg;gjw;FCoiy Fiwg;gjw;FCoiy Fiwg;gjw;FCoiy Fiwg;gjw;F gy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhdgy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhdgy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhdgy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhdgy;NtW gl;l gq;FjhuH FOf;fSf;fhd

ghpe;Jiufs;ghpe;Jiufs;ghpe;Jiufs;ghpe;Jiufs;ghpe;Jiufs;

♦ jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt xU Kfhikahsiu njhpT nra;jYld;

mtUf;fhd nrayfk; xd;iw epWTjy;.(,jd; nryit

jkf;Fs;shfNt gfpHjy;)

♦ murhq;fj;jpd; Njit njhlHghd mwpf;ifia kPsha;T

nra;jy;.

♦ Njitfs; njhlHghd nghJthd gl;baiy gfpuq;fg;gLj;jy;

♦ cjtpfs; njhlHghf Muha;jYk; cWjp gLj;jYk;.

♦ cjtp toq;FdH ,izg;G jpl;lk; xd;iw ftdkhf

fl;bnaOg;Gjy;

♦ ahuhy; vJ nra;a KbAk; vd;gjpy; ,zf;fg;gLjy;

♦ rHtNj rl;l tpjpfSf;F ,zq;Fjy;

68

♦ ngUe;jd;ikahd nefpo;T jd;ikia cs;SH xg;ge;jf;

fhuhplKk; toq;FdhplKk; kw;Wk; Vida

NritahsHfspYk; filg;gpbj;jy;

♦ rfy tpjkhd tuTfs; toq;fy;fs; Nritfs; njhlHghd

mwpf;iffs; Ngzg;gLk;.

♦ ,t;twpf;iffs; kpfTk; Jyhk;gukhd epiyapy; njhlHe;Jk;

Ngzg;gly;

♦ fz;lwpag;gl;l Njitfs; njhlHgpy; cjtpfisf; Nfhuy;

♦ ghjPl;Lf;fhd cjtpia Fiwj;jy;.

♦ kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhd cjtpfis jtpHj;jy;

♦ xUq;fpizg;G xd;wpd; %yk; cjtp toq;FdH Nritfs;

kj;jpapy; ,zf;fk; NgZjy;

♦ rfy tpjkhd cs;sf ntspaf fl;Lg;gghLfspdf; Clhf

epjpg;n;gWf;fj;jpid cWjpg;gLj;jy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l mghjpf;fg;gl;l mghjpf;fg;gl;l mghjpf;fg;gl;l mghjpf;fg;gl;l murhdJurhdJurhdJurhdJurhdJ

♦ rfy cjtp toq;FdHfsplKk; xj;Jiof;f Ntz;Lk;

♦ cs;Shpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l r%fj;jpdUf;Fk; kPs;epHkhdk;

njhlHghd jPHkhdk; vLj;jypy; gq;Fgw;wy; Ntz;Lk;.

♦ jPHkhdk; vLj;jypy;> kjpg;gPL nra;jypy; Njitahd ,lq;fspy;

kf;fs; gq;fspg;gpid Vw;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

♦ Njitfis kjpg;gply; cjtpfs; toq;fy; toq;fg;gl;lit

gad;gLj;jg;gly; nghJg;ghJfhg;G tpjpfs;> xg;ge;j toq;fy;

Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; njhlHgpy; Jyhk;guk; mtrpakhFk;.

♦ Coy; elj;ijfis Fiwg;gjw;fhf rl;l tpjpfis

czHj;JtJld; mtw;iw fLikahf mKy;gLj;jYk;

Jyhk;gukhf;FjYk;.

69

♦ jdJ cs;sf mjpfhhpfspd; jatpid ehLjy;.

♦ ghhpasT xg;ge;jq;fspy; TI xUq;fpizg;G xg;ge;jj;jpid

mKyhf;Fjy;

Coiy jil nra;tjw;fhf rpNu\;l mjpfhhp Coiy jil nra;tjw;fhf rpNu\;l mjpfhhp Coiy jil nra;tjw;fhf rpNu\;l mjpfhhp Coiy jil nra;tjw;fhf rpNu\;l mjpfhhp Coiy jil nra;tjw;fhf rpNu\;l mjpfhhp

xUtiu epakpj;jy;xUtiu epakpj;jy;xUtiu epakpj;jy;xUtiu epakpj;jy;xUtiu epakpj;jy;

♦ kpfTk; caH kl;l mjpfhhp xUtH (fzf;fhsH ehafk;

Nghd;NwhH)

♦ rfytpjkhd tplaq;fis Nkw;ghHit nra;jy;

♦ kjpg;gply>; ghJfhg;G> mKyhf;fy; njhlHghd rfy

mwpf;iffisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

♦ xg;ge;jf;fhuHfs; toq;FdHfs; Vida NritahsHfs;

njhlHgpy; murhq;fj;jpd; jilnra;ag;gl;l tplaq;fspy;

Nkw;ghHit nra;jy;.

♦ Coy; njhlHghd mstpid ntspg;gLj;jf; $ba murhq;f

mjpfhhpfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;

♦ tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f rkpf;iQahsHfis ghJfhj;jy;

mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH rptpy; r%fk; MdJ (rHtNjr>mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH rptpy; r%fk; MdJ (rHtNjr>mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH rptpy; r%fk; MdJ (rHtNjr>mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH rptpy; r%fk; MdJ (rHtNjr>mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH rptpy; r%fk; MdJ (rHtNjr>

cs;SH)cs;SH)cs;SH)cs;SH)cs;SH)

♦ jq;fspd; nraw;ghL njhlHgpy; mjpf gl;r Jyhk;guj;jd;ik

♦ xUq;fpizg;G jatpid Vw;gLj;jy;

♦ murhq;fj;NjhLk; murhHgw;w epWtdq;fNshLk; jq;fspd;

xj;Jiog;gpid toq;FtNjhL rHtNjr rl;l tpjpfs;

mKyhf;fiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;

♦ rfytpjkhd eltbf;iffspYk; nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;wYk;

eilKiwg;gLj;jYk;

70

♦ rkpf;iQahsHfid Cf;Ftpj;jy;

♦ nghJkf;fspd; Nfhhpf;iffs; mjpfstpyhd gq;FjhuHfspd;

gq;fspg;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; muRf;F xj;Jioj;jy;.

♦ epjpaplypy; KOikahd Jyhk;guj;jd;ik Ngzy;

♦ jq;fsplj;jpYk; VidNahH ,lj;jpYk; fhzg;gLk;

re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd tplak; njhlHgpy; mwpf;ifaply;

♦ epHkhd epthuz eilKiwfspd; ngWNgWfis

Nkw;ghHit nra;jy;

♦ muR jdJ Jyhk;guepiyia NgZtij ,yf;fhf;Fjy;

♦ rfy FOf;fSk; gadilNthUk; gq;Fgw;Wjiy cWjp

nra;jy;

♦ gad; milNthhpd; gq;Fgw;WjYldhd jPHkhdk;

Nkw;nfhs;sy; ( kP;sHjy; rk;ke;jkhd KbTfs;)

ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; tpahghuk; (xg;ge;jf;fhuHfs;>ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; tpahghuk; (xg;ge;jf;fhuHfs;>ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; tpahghuk; (xg;ge;jf;fhuHfs;>ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; tpahghuk; (xg;ge;jf;fhuHfs;>ghjpf;fg;gl;l gFjpfspy; tpahghuk; (xg;ge;jf;fhuHfs;>

toq;FdHfs;> MNyhrizahsHfs;)toq;FdHfs;> MNyhrizahsHfs;)toq;FdHfs;> MNyhrizahsHfs;)toq;FdHfs;> MNyhrizahsHfs;)toq;FdHfs;> MNyhrizahsHfs;)

♦ murhq;fj;jpw;F xUq;fpizg;G jatpid toq;Fjy;.

♦ caH kl;lelj;ijia Nkw;nfhs;tJld; Coy;

rk;ge;jg;gl;l tplaq;fspy; njhlHG glhjpUj;jy;

♦ Vida jug;gpy; vOfpd;w re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd eltbf;if

njhlHgpy; mwpf;ifapLjy;

♦ TI cld;gbf;if rk;ke;jkhf murhq;fj;NjhL Njitahd

re;jHg;gq;fspy; cld;gly;

Clfj;JiwahdJClfj;JiwahdJClfj;JiwahdJClfj;JiwahdJClfj;JiwahdJ

♦ nghJkf;fSf;F kPs;epHkhd gzpfs; njhlHgpy; nra;jpfis

toq;Fjy; (,Ujug;G rhHghfTk;)

71

72

♦ Coy; re;Njfk; njhlHgpy; gfpuq;fg;gLj;jy;

♦ cWjp nra;ag;gl;l vt;tpjkhd Coy; rk;ge;jkhfTk;

muRf;F mwpf;ifapLjYk; muirAk; kw;wtHfisAk;

nghWg;Gld; elf;fr; nra;jy;

fUg;nghUs; 5.fUg;nghUs; 5.fUg;nghUs; 5.fUg;nghUs; 5.fUg;nghUs; 5.

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f jpl;l kjpg;gpliy> fz;fhzpg;igtpidj;jpwd; kpf;f jpl;l kjpg;gpliy> fz;fhzpg;igtpidj;jpwd; kpf;f jpl;l kjpg;gpliy> fz;fhzpg;igtpidj;jpwd; kpf;f jpl;l kjpg;gpliy> fz;fhzpg;igtpidj;jpwd; kpf;f jpl;l kjpg;gpliy> fz;fhzpg;ig

cWjp nra;jy;.cWjp nra;jy;.cWjp nra;jy;.cWjp nra;jy;.cWjp nra;jy;.

r%f gpd;D}l;ly; nrad;Kiw tphpthf;fy;r%f gpd;D}l;ly; nrad;Kiw tphpthf;fy;r%f gpd;D}l;ly; nrad;Kiw tphpthf;fy;r%f gpd;D}l;ly; nrad;Kiw tphpthf;fy;r%f gpd;D}l;ly; nrad;Kiw tphpthf;fy;

Nfhg FkhH fpU\;zd; jk;gp

gpujhd epfo;r;rpahsH

nghJ tptfhu kd;wk;> ngq;fSH> ,e;jpah.


“vt;topapyvt;topapyvt;topapyvt;topapyvt;topapy; ahUila mtruepiy ahUila mtruepiy ahUila mtruepiy ahUila mtruepiy ahUila mtruepiy” ,j;jifa gonkhop

jhq;fpa gjhif Ie;J ehLfs; nraykHtpd; gq;Fgw;WdHfis

tuNtw;wJ. mtru epiyapy; gq;F gw;WjYldhd mZFKiw

vDk; nghUspy;>

1999 brk;gH mGy; mghghtpy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,e;j

mwpf;ifahdJ epjHrdkhd gpd;dilTfis ntspf;nfhzHe;jJ.

gq;F gw;Wduhfpa ehk; cl;gl midtiuAk; ,f;Nfs;tp cWj;jpaJ.

fPNo Fwpf;fg;gl;l rpy jLkhw;wq;fis ftdj;jpy; nfhz;lJ.

‘kpfTk; mtrukhd R+o;epiyfspy; cyfpy; vg;ghfj;jpYk;

muRfs;> mtrufhy Nritfs;> cjtp KftHfs;> cjtp toq;FdH>

midtUk; mtrufhy epiyia mtHfSf;F chpajhf;fp

Vw;Wf;nfhs;thHfs;. Mdhy; mtru epiy ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F

chpajhFk;.’ (];nfhl; tpyH]; 2000)

ghhpa mstpjdhd kdpjhgpkhd cjtp Njitg;gLk; NghJ

kf;fspd; gq;fspg;G mtrpak; czug;gLfpwJ. Nkw;$wg;gl;l thrfj;jpd

gb kdczHtiyfs; Vw;gbDk; mit jPHkhdpf;fg;glf; $bait

my;y. ,e;epiyapd; NghJ ghhpamstpyhd kf;fs; ,lk; ngaHjYk;

tho;it ,oe;Jk; nghUshjhu fl;likg;Gf;fis ,oe;Jk; Rfhjhu

trjpfs; rPHFiye;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ehshe;j tho;f;iff;F

73

mtrpakhd rfyJk; rPHFiye;Jk;> czT> Foe;ijg; guhkhpg;G>

thp khw;wq;fs; > FWfpa fhy fld;fs;> njhopypd; khw;wq;fs;

Nghd;w r%f nghUshjhu tiffs; rPHFiye;Jk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

kdpjhgpkhd nghWg;G Kd;diu tpl ,g;NghJ mjpfkhFk;

,jw;fhf jfty; njhopEl;g tsHr;rpf;F ed;wp nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.

mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f mdHj;jj;jpl;lq;fs;

nraw;gLj;Jif vt;thW tpkHrpf;fg;gbDk; mz;ika Ma;T

,j;Jiwapy; 7 Kf;fpa gpuNjrq;fis ,zq;fz;Ls;sJ. (Unchs2001)

cs;SH Njitfspd; nghWg;Gcs;SH Njitfspd; nghWg;Gcs;SH Njitfspd; nghWg;Gcs;SH Njitfspd; nghWg;Gcs;SH Njitfspd; nghWg;G

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Njit vd;d vd;gij Muha;e;jwpahJ

rpy jpl;lq;fs; mKy;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. Njit mwpahj NghJ

jpl;lKk; fl;Lg;ghLld; $baJ vd $w KbahJ.

cs;SH epytuq;fis Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;sy;cs;SH epytuq;fis Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;sy;cs;SH epytuq;fis Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;sy;cs;SH epytuq;fis Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;sy;cs;SH epytuq;fis Ghpe;Jf;nfhs;sy;

jpl;lq;fs; nrw;gLj;Jifapy; rpy Ntis mjd; ,af;fk;

tpj;jpahrkhdjhFk;. rpy fhuzpfs; jpl;lr; nraw;ghl;il Neubahf

my;yJ kiwKfkhf ghjpf;ff;$Lk;. jpl;l tbtikg;G mKyhf;fy;

mjd; ntspg;gLj;Jif vd;wthW ,tw;wpd; gytiffis MuhAk;

NghJ ,tw;wpd; gpujhd ghj;jpuq;fs;; vd;dtifahd mOj;jq;fs;

,jdhy; Vw;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Muha NehpLk;. ,J xU fbdkhd

fhhpakhFk;.

tsq;fspd; jtwhd xJf;fPLtsq;fspd; jtwhd xJf;fPLtsq;fspd; jtwhd xJf;fPLtsq;fspd; jtwhd xJf;fPLtsq;fspd; jtwhd xJf;fPL

tsq;fspd; jtwhd xJf;fPL fhuzkhf kdpj tsq;fs; epjp

vd;gd tpuakhf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mj;NjhL ,it mjpfg; ngWkjp

$bait Mfpd;wd. ,J moptpd; ngWkjpia mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. epjp

J\;gpuNahfk; kpfTk; mghafukhdJ.

FWfpa fhyk;.FWfpa fhyk;.FWfpa fhyk;.FWfpa fhyk;.FWfpa fhyk;.

mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiyfspy; FWfpa fhy jPHT vd;gJ

nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;. Vnddpy; cjhuzkhf tPlikg;Gfs;> ghij

jpUj;j Ntiyfs;> Nghd;wit ,jd; R+oy; njhlHgpy;

Muhag;gLifapy; ,J kpfTk; ePz;lfhy NjitahFk;. ,jd;NghJ

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; epiyNa mtrukhdJ vdpDk; ,j;NjitahdJ

ePz;lfhy mbg;gilapNyNa jPHf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

74

jw;fhg;G vjpH nfhs;ssTjw;fhg;G vjpH nfhs;ssTjw;fhg;G vjpH nfhs;ssTjw;fhg;G vjpH nfhs;ssTjw;fhg;G vjpH nfhs;ssT

mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiyfspy; jw;fhg;ig tpl

nfhs;ssit fl;bnaOg;GjNy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;.

mdHj;jj;jpd; gpd;dH gy jpl;lq;fs; Kf;fpakhf gy tsq;fis

(epjp my;yJ epGzj;Jtk;;)

mdHj;j cjtpahf nfhz;L tUk; mtru epiy ePf;fg;gl;lJk;

epjpahsHfs; my;yJ ty;YdHfs; Ngha;tpLthHfs;. ,tw;wpd;

fhuzkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F jw;fhg;G mtrpakhdjhf

khWtNjhL cs;sf mgptpUj;jp Nkw;nfhs;s Kbahjjd; fhuzkhf

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; RaNjit ghJfhg;G mw;wtHfshf khwptpLtH.

nghWg;G $wy;nghWg;G $wy;nghWg;G $wy;nghWg;G $wy;nghWg;G $wy;

jpl;lq;fs; mKy;gLj;Jk; NghJ cs;SH kf;fs; ,jdpy; <Lgl

mDkjpf;fg ;gltpy;iy vdpd; mtHfSk; ,t;tplaq;fspy;

nghWg;gw;wtHfshf khwptpLtH. ,e;j ,ilj; J}uk; jpl;lq;fs; Njhy;tp

miltjw;F fhuzkhtJld; xt;nthU nray; jpl;lj;jpYk; fpilj;jg

;ghlq;fs; kw;iwa jpl;lj;jpw;F khwwg;glf; $lhJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l

kf;fSk; ,jpy; gq;FjuHfs; vdpd; mtHfs; tif $Wtjw;F ,y;yhj

epiyapy; jpl;lq;fs; mjdJ ntw;wp Njhy;tp vdgtw;wpw;F fhuzk;

$wNtz;b tUk;. jpl;lj;jpd; ntw;wpahdJ cs;SH kf;fs; ,J

jsJ nrhe;j Njit vd czUk; NghNj ntw;wpaspf;fpwJ.

ju kjpg;gPLju kjpg;gPLju kjpg;gPLju kjpg;gPLju kjpg;gPL

kjpg;gPl;L gbKiw fl;bnaOg;gg;glh tpbd; fle;jfhy

jtWfisAk; vq;F jtW ,lk;ngw;wJ vd;gijAk; fz;lwpaKbahJ

Ngha;tpLk; ,j;jpl;lq;fs; ,izaj;js jpl;lq;fshf cUg;ngWk;

NghJ ,jd; Clhf Vida jpl;lq;fspy; ntw;wp Njhy;tp rk;ge;jkhf

mwpa KbAk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fye;Jiuahlypd; %ykhf nghJkf;fspd;

gq;fspg;G mdHj;j epiyfspd; NghJ ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ fbdkhdJ

vd mwpaf; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,t; mwpf;ifahdJ mdHj;jj;jpd;

gpd;duhd epiyfspy; Nkw;ghHitAk; kjpg;gPLk; mtrpakhdJ vd

Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwJ.

Fwpg;ghf r%f nghWg;GdHT mtrpakhdjhFk;. mdHj;jg;gFjpfspy;

,jd; gpd;dH ,j;jd;ik G+uzkhf ghPl;rpf;fg;gltpy;iy mtHfspd;

Fwpg;ghd gq;fspg;G> r%f Fuy;> ghtidahsHfspd; Nehf;F> Nghd;w

fhuzpfs; etPdkag;gLj;jg;gl;L kjpg;gPl;L kw;Wk; Nkw;ghHit

rl;lfj;jpw;Fs; cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

75

epthuz nraw;ghl;by; Nkw;ghHitAk; kjpg;gPLk;epthuz nraw;ghl;by; Nkw;ghHitAk; kjpg;gPLk;epthuz nraw;ghl;by; Nkw;ghHitAk; kjpg;gPLk;epthuz nraw;ghl;by; Nkw;ghHitAk; kjpg;gPLk;epthuz nraw;ghl;by; Nkw;ghHitAk; kjpg;gPLk;

mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; kjpg;gPl;bw;Fkhd tuyhW Ik;gJ tUlq;fSf;F

Nkw;gl;ljhFk;. 1980k; Mz;L kjpg;gPL Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L fbdkhd

rl;lj;jpD+lhf mZfg;gl;lJ ,j;jifa Gjpa rpe;jid (PM & E )gq;F gw;Wjyhd kjpg;gPLk; Nkw;ghHitAk; vDk; (1999 ];lnuy;yh

kw;Wk; Untd;lh) kfh ehl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. kpfTk; rhjhuzkhf

nrhy;tjhapd; PM & E mZFKiwagdJ cs;SH nghJ kf;fs;

mgptpUj;jp mile;j KftHfs;> nfhs;if tFg;ghsHfs;> MfpNahuhy;

vg;gb Kd;Ndw;wk;? vd;d ngWNgW? vd;gJ jPHkhdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,J ntspahhpd; kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLtNjhL ,jd; fhuzpfs;

Kd;$l;ba Fwpfhl;bfshf ,y;yhJ rHtNjr ju eilKiwfis

nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

PM & E Gjpa Kiwahd kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fk; Nkw;ghHitf;Fk;

toprikf;fpd;wJ. ,r;rpe;jid khw;wkhdJ Kf;fpakhf kf;fspd;

ftdj;ij mtjhdpj;J ftdnkLg;gJld;

tsq;fs; cjhr Pdg ;gLj;jg ;gLk; NghJ nghWg;Gfs;

mOj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ;

epWtdq;fSf;F Clhf khw;wq;fs; tpepNahfq;fs; jdpahH

e pWtdq ;fs ; mtHfsJ nrhe ;j mDgtq ;fs ; Clhf

ntspf;nfhzug;gLk; NghJ mtw;wpy; ,Ue;J fw;Wf; nfhs;tH kjpg;gPl;L

Nkw;ghHit vd;git kdpjhgpkhd cjtp eltbf;ifapy; gpd;tUk;

mgptpUj;jpfs; Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,J ,d;W gq;Fgw;WdHfspd; kpfTk;

mtrpakhd ftdj;ij <Hj;Js;sJ. ,jd;%yk; gpukhzf; Nfhit

kw;Wk; rHtNjr nrQ;rpYit kw;Wk; nrk;gpiw ,af;fk; vd;gtw;wpd;

juj;jpidAk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;LfpwJ. gue;j jpl;lq;fs;> kdpjhgpkhd

FiwNfs;; jpl;lq;fs;> nraw;ghL kpf;f fw;wy; ,izg;G Ntiy

Mfpait kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfspd; Fwpfhl;bfshFk;. (ifrH 2002)

76

kjpg;gPl;by; rk;gpujhaj;jpw;Fk; gq;Fgw;Wdhpw;Fk;kjpg;gPl;by; rk;gpujhaj;jpw;Fk; gq;Fgw;Wdhpw;Fk;kjpg;gPl;by; rk;gpujhaj;jpw;Fk; gq;Fgw;Wdhpw;Fk;kjpg;gPl;by; rk;gpujhaj;jpw;Fk; gq;Fgw;Wdhpw;Fk;kjpg;gPl;by; rk;gpujhaj;jpw;Fk; gq;Fgw;Wdhpw;Fk;

,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrq;fs;,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrq;fs;,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrq;fs;,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrq;fs;,ilapyhd tpj;jpahrq;fs;

%yk;: ehuad;-ghh;f;fh;, 1993

kjpg;gPl;L Nkw;ghHit epthuz cjtpfspy; PM&E mZFKiw

kpfTk; Mzpj;jukhf gy tpkHrfh;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;Ws;

kpfTk; gpurpj;jkhd tpkHrdkhdJ (`yhk; 1998) gpd;tUkhW:

kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfs; eilKiw vg;NghJk; NkypUe;J fPohf

77

,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. kdpjhgpkhd cjtp KftHfs; vg;NghJk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; cWg;gpdHfspd; gq;fspg;G ,d;ik fhuzkhf

kf;fspd; vjpHghHg;Gk;; KftHfspd; vjpHghHg;Gk; xUq;fpizahik

fhuzkhf cjtpfs; chpatHfSf;F nrd;wiltjpy;iy. mDgt

hPjpahf kf;fSldhd gq;fspg;Ng kjpg;gplypd; %yk; kdpjhgpkhd

cjtpfs; gfpug;gl VJthFk;. kf;fspd; NeHfhzy; %yk; kdpjhgpkhd

cjtpfSf;fhd kjpg;gpliy Vw;gLj;jyhk;.

NkYk; tpkHrdq;fs; epWtd Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;Jk; mNj Ntis

r%fj;jpd; ghhpa Nfhhpf;iffisAk; Kd;DhpikfisAk; jPHkhdpf;Fk;.

cjtp toq;FdH Njrpa muR kw;Wk; cjtp KftHfs; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l

r%fj;jpdH kj;jpapYk;> nghWg;G fw;wYk;nghUg;G $wYk;

mjpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kjpg;gply; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghHit Kaw;rpfspd;

eilKiwg; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis KOikahf nrd;wila Ntz;Lk;.

gq;Fgw;wYf;Fk;> nghWg;G $wYf;Fkhd r%ff;Fuy;gq;Fgw;wYf;Fk;> nghWg;G $wYf;Fkhd r%ff;Fuy;gq;Fgw;wYf;Fk;> nghWg;G $wYf;Fkhd r%ff;Fuy;gq;Fgw;wYf;Fk;> nghWg;G $wYf;Fkhd r%ff;Fuy;gq;Fgw;wYf;Fk;> nghWg;G $wYf;Fkhd r%ff;Fuy;

nfhs;if tpUg;ghsHfSk;;> mgptpUj;jp gapw;rpahsHfSk;

fw;NwhUk; kw;Wk; rptpy; r%fj;jpdUk; jw;NghJ nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;

Nritfs; njhlhpy; juKk;> msTk;> gpd;D}l;lg;gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd

,Ujug;gpdUk; tpUk;Gtjhf Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdH. kf;fshy; toq;fg;gLk;

Nrit njhlHgpy; mtHfspd; gad;ghL njhlHgpy; gad;ghl;lhsHfspd;

gpd;D}l;ly; ; ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,j; njhopy;El;gkhdJ

cyfkakhf;fyhdJ Mifahy; Njitfs; vq;F vd;gij mwpe;J

mq;F mjid gad;gLj;JtJ mtrpakhFk;. kw;nwhU kl;lj;jpy;

gq;F ngWk; fhuzpfs; gad;gLj;JdH / r%fj;jpdH kj;jpapy; cs;s

fhuzpfis Muha;e;J mjw;F eilKiwahdJk; ghPl;rakhdJkhd

jPHtpid toq;Fk;.

A. gpui[ mwpf;if ml;ilfs;. gpui[ mwpf;if ml;ilfs;. gpui[ mwpf;if ml;ilfs;. gpui[ mwpf;if ml;ilfs;. gpui[ mwpf;if ml;ilfs;.

gpui[ mwpf;if ml;ilfs; RahjPd muR rhHgw;w epWtdj;jpd;

Cf;Ftpg;G fhuzkhf ngq;fShpy; cs;s nghJ tptfhu epiyaj;jpy;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;%yk; rptpy; r%fk; murhq;fj;NjhL njhlHig

NgZtjw;F toprikj;jJ. ,t;eilKiwahdJ ,e;jpahtpy;

mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lJ ,Nj Nghd;W Vida ehLfspYk; ,J

gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpi[fs; mwpf;if ml;ltiz vOkhw;whd

Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;ljd; %yk; ,j;jifa Nritfspy; kf;fs;

mDgtk; MdhHfs;. mtrpakhd nghJkf;fs; gp ;d;D}l;ly;

cjtptoq;FdHfis xg; ;G Nehf ;fYk; gad;gLgtHfspd;

NritfisAk; Muha;e;jJ. kw;nwhU tifapy; $Wtjhdhy;

78

xt;nthU tplak; njhlHgpYk; jdpahH tPLfSf;F nrd;W xU $l;L

Ma;tpy; ngwg;gl;l; tplak; njhlHgpy; Muha;e;jJ. gy;NtW

re;jHg;gq;fspy; jdpahd xU gpur;rpid ,e;j mzp vjpH Nehf;fpa

gpur;rpidfSf;F cWjpahdjha; ,Uf;Fk;.

gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il; fPo; tUk; fl;likg;G ntspaPLfis

jUfpwJ.

Nkyjpf ,yf;if toq;Fjy;:-Nkyjpf ,yf;if toq;Fjy;:-Nkyjpf ,yf;if toq;Fjy;:-Nkyjpf ,yf;if toq;Fjy;:-Nkyjpf ,yf;if toq;Fjy;:-

mtrpakhdJk; jukhdJkhd nghJr; NritfSf;F kf;fs;

mDgtg;gl;Ls;shHfs;. gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il jdpg;gl;l

tplaq;fs; njhlHgpy; gpd; njhlHe;J mtw;iw Vida

fhuzpfNshL tbtikj;J tpepNahfpj;J .mtw;wpd; Clhf

toq;fSf;fhd fl;likg;G xd;iw Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

gpui[fspd; jpUg;jpia mstpLjYk; rhpahdgpui[fspd; jpUg;jpia mstpLjYk; rhpahdgpui[fspd; jpUg;jpia mstpLjYk; rhpahdgpui[fspd; jpUg;jpia mstpLjYk; rhpahdgpui[fspd; jpUg;jpia mstpLjYk; rhpahd

eltbf;iffis Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jYk;.eltbf;iffis Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jYk;.eltbf;iffis Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jYk;.eltbf;iffis Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jYk;.eltbf;iffis Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jYk;.

kf;fspd; gpd;D}l;liy njspthfg; Ghpe;Jf; nfhz;L jpUg;jp

jpUg;jp ,d;ik njhlHghd rhjhuz milaKbahj ,yf;fpid

Fw pj ;Jf ; f hl ;Ljy ; . ,j ; jifa eltbf ;if Kiwahf

gad;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; rhpahd eltbf;iff;fhd Kd;Dhpik

jfty;fisg; ngwyhk;. cjhuzkhf kpf mtrpakhd gpd;D}l;lyhdJ

kf ;fSf ;fhd mjpfhuNk MFk ; . toq ;Fjy ; Kw ;w pYk ;

jpUg;jpaw;wjhFk;. ,jidg; ghuhl;Ltjhapd;; toq;fg;gl;l rfy

tsq;fSk; Fwpg;gpl;l eguhNyNa toq;fg;gl;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzkhf ePHtoq;fy; rpyNtis kpd;rhu toq;fiy tpl Nkhrkhf

fzpf;fg;gl;bUf;fyhk;. ,e;j ,uz;L jfty;fisAk; xg;GNehf;Fifapy;

xUtuJ KbthdJ KjyhtJ kpd;rhuk; toq;fy; rpy Ntis

jpUg ;j pAw ;wnjdTk ; vd ;Dk ; Kjy;e piy toq;fg ;gl ;lJ

ePHtoq;fSf;NfahFk;.

nghJr;Nrit toq;Ftjpy; gpur;rpidf;Fhpa gpuNjrk;nghJr;Nrit toq;Ftjpy; gpur;rpidf;Fhpa gpuNjrk;nghJr;Nrit toq;Ftjpy; gpur;rpidf;Fhpa gpuNjrk;nghJr;Nrit toq;Ftjpy; gpur;rpidf;Fhpa gpuNjrk;nghJr;Nrit toq;Ftjpy; gpur;rpidf;Fhpa gpuNjrk;

rk;ge;jkhd Fwpf;fhl;ly;.rk;ge;jkhd Fwpf;fhl;ly;.rk;ge;jkhd Fwpf;fhl;ly;.rk;ge;jkhd Fwpf;fhl;ly;.rk;ge;jkhd Fwpf;fhl;ly;.

gpui[ mwpf;if ml;il nghJkf;fspd; Nrit toq;fYf;Fk;

,ilNaAs;s gpur;rpid njhlHghf Muha;e;jJ. mj;NjhL kf;fspd;

,r;NritfNshL vjpHNehf;Fk; gpur;r;pizfisAk; Muha;e;jJ.

rhjhuz nkhopapy; $Wtjhdhy; Nritfspd; juk; njhlHghfNt

kf;fs; mjpUg;jp milfpwhHfs; vd mwpe;jJ. f\;lq;fs;> Nkyjpf

79

thptpjpj;jy> kpd;jil Vw;gLj;jy;;> toq;fy; jpl;lkpLjy; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

fhl;lg;gLk; mrke;j Nghf;F kiwKf ifA+l;ly; Nritfspy; jpUg;jp

,d;ikf;F fhuzkhFk;. jpUj;j NtiyfSf;F mjpfsT gzk;

toq;fy;. ,J Nghd;w fhuzq;fshFk;.

kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak; khw;W Vw;ghLfs;.kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak; khw;W Vw;ghLfs;.kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak; khw;W Vw;ghLfs;.kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak; khw;W Vw;ghLfs;.kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfhpf;fr; nra;Ak; khw;W Vw;ghLfs;.

gpui[ mwpf;if ml;il %ykhf kf;fsplk; ,Ue;J jfty;

jpul;lg;ngw;W kf;fspYk; mtHfsJ gytpjkhd mDgtq;fspd; Clhf

gy;NtW gpur;rpidfis jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk; vjpH nfhs;fpd;whHfs;.

cjhuzkhf gpui[ mwpf;if ml;il jfty;fis toq;Ftjd;

fhuzkhf ngWgtHfSk; jq;fspd; Nritfs; nghUl;fs; toq;Ftjpy;

ftdkhapUf;fpd;whHfs;.

1. Vd; gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ?1. Vd; gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ?1. Vd; gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ?1. Vd; gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ?1. Vd; gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ?

(gp .m.m.)(g p .m.m.)(g p .m.m.)(g p .m.m.)(g p .m.m.)

fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.

g p ; m.m muRf ;Fk ; g pui[fSf;Fk ; ,ilapy ; jukhd

ngWkjpahdJkhd jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk;> Nritfspd;

,ilntspia Fiwg;gjw;Fk; cjTfpwJ. mj;NjhL gpui[fspd;

nghWg;GfisAk; mtHfspw;F njhpe;j tplaq;fs; njhlHghYk;

Muha;fpd;wJ.

♦ ,J xU Nritfs;> toq;fy;fs; gytPdkhf ,Uf;Fk; gykhd

xU rhjdk;.

♦ Nritfspd; juk; gw;wpa xU tpguzj;ij jUk;.

♦ Nritfs; toq;Fjy; Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fs; gw;wpa xU

G+uzkhd gpd;D}l;liy jUfpd;wJ.

,J xU tif$Wk; rhjdk;,J xU tif$Wk; rhjdk;,J xU tif$Wk; rhjdk;,J xU tif$Wk; rhjdk;,J xU tif$Wk; rhjdk;

gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il epWtdj;jpd; tif$wYf;F

chpajhFk;. ,jd; %yk; ,dq;fhzg;gl;l Njitfs; nghUl;fs;

Nritfs; toq;Fjy; mgptpUj;jp nra;ayhk;.

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wj;jpw;FFwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wj;jpw;FFwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wj;jpw;FFwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wj;jpw;FFwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wj;jpw;F

gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il njhlHe;J fhyj;jpw;F fhyk;

80

ghtpf;fg;gLkhapd; Nritfs; gy;NtW tifapy; ,dq;fhzg;gLk;

Vd; vdpy;

gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;ilia njhlHr;rpahf xU Fwpg;gpl;l

gpuNjrj;jpy; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;.

♦ nghUl;fs; Nritfs; toq;fypy; cs;s mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;

FiwghLfis xg;G Nehf;f KbAk;.

♦ jpl;lj;jpd; tsHr;rp kw;Wk; cs;slf;fk; gw;wp jpl;l Muk;gj;jpYk;

KbtpYk; Ma;T nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

kiwKf ngWkjp kPsha;TkiwKf ngWkjp kPsha;TkiwKf ngWkjp kPsha;TkiwKf ngWkjp kPsha;TkiwKf ngWkjp kPsha;T

♦ gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il %yk; gpui[fs; nghJr; Nritfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy; Vw;gLk; Nkyjpf nryTfs; njhlHgpy;

gpd;D}l;ly; ngwyhk;.

♦ ,J kf;fspd; ifA+l;ly; toq;Fk; tpfpjhrhuk; rk;ge;jkhd

jfty;fs; kw;Wk;.

♦ jdpahH tsq;fs; kpfTk; Vo;ikahd Nritfis

toq;FtNjhL nrytpLk; Nkyjpf nfhLg;gdTfs; gw;wpa

jfty;fs; jUk;.

gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il kpfTk; gyk; tha;e;j xU

mwpf;ifapLk;. rhjdkhFk; ,J cs;SH kw;Wk; gpuNjr kl;lj;jpy;

gsd;gLj;jf; $baJld; ,jd; %yk; khw;wq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;af;

$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;ilapd; Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;ilapd; Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;ilapd; Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;ilapd; Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;ilapd; Kf;fpa ghfq;fs;

nghJthf gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;il gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa

fl;lq;fSf;F ,l;Lr; nry;fpd;wJ.

♦ njhpTf;FOf;fspd; fye;Jiuahly; %yk; gpur;rpisfis

,dq;fhz;fpd;wJ (toq;FdH gad;gLj;JdH)

81

♦ Ma;Tf;fhd rhjdj;ij tbtikf;fpd;wJ.

♦ tpQ;Qhd khjphp rl;likf;fpwJ

♦ Ma;tpid elj;JfpwJ

♦ jpl;lkplYk;> rhpghHj;jYk;> nkhopngaHj;jYk;.

♦ fz;lwpag;gl;liy Kd;nkhopfpd;wJ

♦ Nritfis mgptpUj;jp nra;jYk; ,zf;fg;ghl;il

cUthf;FtjpYk; Nkyhz;ik nrYj;Jfpd;wJ

3. tplaq;fs;3. tplaq;fs;3. tplaq;fs;3. tplaq;fs;3. tplaq;fs;/ gpur;rpidfs; epthuz jpl;lq;fspy; gp.m.mgpur;rpidfs; epthuz jpl;lq;fspy; gp.m.mgpur;rpidfs; epthuz jpl;lq;fspy; gp.m.mgpur;rpidfs; epthuz jpl;lq;fspy; gp.m.mgpur;rpidfs; epthuz jpl;lq;fspy; gp.m.m

nry;thf;F nrYj;JfpwJ.nry;thf;F nrYj;JfpwJ.nry;thf;F nrYj;JfpwJ.nry;thf;F nrYj;JfpwJ.nry;thf;F nrYj;JfpwJ.

mdHj;j epthuz cjtpfs; njhlHghy; gp;.m.m Ma;thdJmdHj;j epthuz cjtpfs; njhlHghy; gp;.m.m Ma;thdJmdHj;j epthuz cjtpfs; njhlHghy; gp;.m.m Ma;thdJmdHj;j epthuz cjtpfs; njhlHghy; gp;.m.m Ma;thdJmdHj;j epthuz cjtpfs; njhlHghy; gp;.m.m Ma;thdJ

kpf Kf;fpa gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wJ.kpf Kf;fpa gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wJ.kpf Kf;fpa gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wJ.kpf Kf;fpa gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wJ.kpf Kf;fpa gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wJ.

1. Nghl;bj;jd;ikahd tptug;glj;ij fl;bnaOg;GtJld; mur

Nritapy; xU ,yf;if mila cjTk;.

2. ed;nfhil cjtpfs; cs;s gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhdYk;

Fiwfis fisjYk;.

3. ,j;jifa Nritfspy; tpiykjpg;G kpf;f tpidjpwd;

mgptpUj;jpAk; jPHTfSf;fhd fl;likg;ig jpl;lkplYk; rpy

Kf;fpa tplaq;fyhy; gp.m.m gpd;tUtdtw;iw Fwpapl;Lf;

fhl;Lk;.

♦ ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; Njitfs; njhlHghy; Kd;Dhpik

♦ chpikfs; Nritfs; njhlHghd mwpT+l;ly;

♦ chpikfs; / Nritfis gad;gLj;jy;

♦ chpikfSf;fhd juKk; tif $wYk;

♦ Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfSf;fhd gpuNjrk;

♦ gpur;rpidfspd; juj;ij kPs; nra;jy;

82

♦ kiwg;ngWkhdj;jpid ngWkjpaply;

RUf;fkhf gp.m.m gy;NtW tifahd ntdpaPl;LfSf;F

vj;jifa tbtikg;G $l;likg;Gfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ. vd;gjidAk;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ jdpahHJiwapid Cf;Ftpj;jypd; NghJ gpui[fs;

mwpf;if ml;il muRf;F f\;lkhd rptpy; r%fj;jpd; Nrit gw;wp

mwptpf;Fk;. ,jd; NghJ murrhHgw;w epWtdq;fspd; nraw;ghL

Fiwf;fg;gLk; ,J jPtpukhf ,lk;ngWk; NghJ cjtp toq;FdH/cjtp KftHfs; muR Mfpad gpui[fs; mwpf;if ml;ilia xU

MAjkhf gad;gLj;Jk;

B. r%f fzf;fPl;L mwpf;if r%f fzf;fPl;L mwpf;if r%f fzf;fPl;L mwpf;if r%f fzf;fPl;L mwpf;if r%f fzf;fPl;L mwpf;if

r%f fzf;fPl;L mwpf;ifahdJ r%f kl;l Nkw;ghHit

r%f fzf;fha;T> r%f Nkw;ghHit kw;Wk; gpu.mwp.ml;il vd;gd

rhjdkhFk;. gpu.mwp.m kw;Wk; r.f.R vd;gd Nrit toq;FdHfs;

nghJ tif$wy ; > nghWg ; G $wk ; rhjdqfshFk ; .

vt;thnwdpDk;nrit toq;FdHfs; r%fj;jpw;Fk; cldbahf

gpd;D}l;liy toq;ff;$ba xU rhjdkhFk;.

r%f fzf;fPL mwpf;if r%fkl;lj;jpd; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;

cs;SH kl;l Nkw;ghHit ghjpahf;Fk;. mjdhy; mJ Nkw;ghHit

kw;Wk; Nritfs; jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; mur epHthfk; r%fk; jhdhfNt

<Lglr; nra;Ak;.

1. cs;tuit Vw;gLj;Jk; fzf;fPl;L mwpf;ifapd; mgptpUj;jp

cs;tuit Vw;gLj;Jk; fzf;fPl;L mwpf;ifahdJ cs;tuT>

gq;fPL my;yJ cs;slf;fk; mitahtd.

♦ cs;tuthd kUe;Jfs;> gjpT Gj;jfk;> my;yJ jsghlk;.

♦ jpl;lr; nraw;ghl;bd; fzf;fPl;L mwpf;if

♦ NtWgl;l jpl;lq;fs; nraw;ghLfspd; epjp xJf;fPL

♦ cUthf;fg;gl;l tpjpfspd; cs;slf;fk;.

83

ml;ltiz 01ml;ltiz 01ml;ltiz 01ml;ltiz 01ml;ltiz 01

%yk;: rpq; & \h 2003

,e;j jfty;fs; jpl;l ,ay;G mYtyHfSf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk;

,ilapy; gfpug;gLk;. ,J r%fj;jpd; chpikfisAk; toq;FdHfspd;

flikg;gw;wpAk; czHj;JtNjhL gq;Fgw;WdHfshd ghpe;J mtHfspd;

Nritfs; jpl;lq;fs; njhlHghd gq;Fgw;wiy njhptpf;Fk;. toikapy;

toq ;FdHfs ; r%fj ;j py ; ,Ue ;J NtWgLj ;j p gy ,J

FOf;fshf;FtJz;L ,jd;%yk; rpW FOf;fspy; gyH ,ize;J

gy FOf;fs; cUthFtJz;L. ,J ghy;tpid kw;Wk; taJ

mbg;gilapy; ,aq;Fk;. ,jd; mLj;j fl;lkhf cs;sf RtLfis

gpd;gw;wj;jf;fjhf Ntz;Lk;. ,J jpl;lj;jpd; gytw;wpdJk; ntt;NtW

jd;ikf;F Vw;g epfOk;. cjhuzkhf ntt;NtW jpl;lq;fSf;F

ngwg;gLk; rk;gsq;fSf;F Vw;g> fzf;fPL> my;yJ kUe;J (VyNt

kpfTk; Fiwthd tsq;fs; cgNahfpf;fg;gl;ld> jtwhd cwtpdhpd;

/ egHfspy; xg;ge;jk; toq;fy;) xt;nthU tplaj;jpYk; cz;ikahdJk;

/ cs;slf;ff; $baJk; ghjPl;LldhdJk; tif $wYf;fhd

jfty;fSk; xg;g Pl ;L Nehf;ff; $bajhFk;. ,jd; %yk;

cs;Fwpf ;fhl ;LdHfs; ,Wjp nra ;ag ;gLk ; . mLj;j fl ;l

eltbf;ifahdJ gjpTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;gNjhL xt;nthU

FOtpdhpw;Fk; rpwe;j mwpf;iffs; gjpag;gl;L ml;ltizapy;

fhl;lg;gLk;.

84

ml;ltiz 2.ml;ltiz 2.ml;ltiz 2.ml;ltiz 2.ml;ltiz 2.

%yk;:Mrphpauhy; toq;fg;gl;l khjphp

,aYkhdtiu vg;NghJk; xt;nthU FOtpd; cWg;gpdh;fSk;

mwpf;iffSk; cWjpahd fl;Lkhzj;jpw;fhd mbj;jskhFk;.

(gw;Wr;rPl;Lf;fs;> fzf;fPLfs; kUe;J kw;Wk; Vidad) xUtuhy;

VidNahhpd; FWf;fPlhf ,tw;iw kjpg;gPL nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

xUtuhy; rfy NjitfSk; G+h;j;jpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gJ

cWjpahf;f KbAk;. ,jid jdpnahUtuhy; ngsjPf tshPjpahf

nra;ayhk;. fpuhk itj;jparhiyapy; cs;s kUe;Jf;fspd; njhif

,t;thwhf toq;f Ntz;ba ifalf;f jfty;fis toq;fYf;Fk;

,jid ghtpf;fyhk;.

r%fka Nkk;ghl;L mwpf;if cUthf;fk;.r%fka Nkk;ghl;L mwpf;if cUthf;fk;.r%fka Nkk;ghl;L mwpf;if cUthf;fk;.r%fka Nkk;ghl;L mwpf;if cUthf;fk;.r%fka Nkk;ghl;L mwpf;if cUthf;fk;.

r%f gq;fspg;G njhpepiy FOf;fspy; cs;s tplak; ,e;j

fl;lk; cs;slf;FfpwJ. gpd;D}l;ly; mtrpakhd nraw;wpl;lq;fspy;

kl;LNk ,j;jifa Muha;T mtrpakhFk;. njhpTf;FOf;fs; ,jd;gpd;dh;

jq ;fs ; mw pTj ;jd ;ik Nkk ;ghl ;bw ;fhd mbg ;gilfis

njhpTnra;thHfs;. ,f;FOf;fspd; cWg;gpdH njhif 5 - 8 Mf

85

$Ljyhd ngWNgwhdJ toikapy; mjp$ba kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ghf

fUjg;gLk; ,jd;%yk; $LjyhdJk; Fiwe;jJkhd Gs;spfs;

njhlh;gpy; Nfs;tpfs; vOk;gf;$Lk;. ghtidahsh;fspd; eilKiwia

mwptJ kl;Lk; NghjhJ. kf;fsplk; ,J njhlHghd ngWkjpahd

jfty;fs; fpilf;ff;$Lk;. ,JNt rl;lj;jpid xd;wpizg;gjw;fhd

,Wjp ,yf;fhFk;. ,jd;%yNk r%ff;fl;likg;G mwpf;iff;fhd

jfty;fis ngw KbAk;.

ml;ltiz 3ml;ltiz 3ml;ltiz 3ml;ltiz 3ml;ltiz 3

cjhuzk;: r%f mwpf;if ml;ltizcjhuzk;: r%f mwpf;if ml;ltizcjhuzk;: r%f mwpf;if ml;ltizcjhuzk;: r%f mwpf;if ml;ltizcjhuzk;: r%f mwpf;if ml;ltiz

(%yk;: vOj;jhsuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.)

cjTk; Mszpapduhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Ra kjpg;gPl;LcjTk; Mszpapduhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Ra kjpg;gPl;LcjTk; Mszpapduhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Ra kjpg;gPl;LcjTk; Mszpapduhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Ra kjpg;gPl;LcjTk; Mszpapduhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Ra kjpg;gPl;L

ngWNgw;W ml;ltiz.ngWNgw;W ml;ltiz.ngWNgw;W ml;ltiz.ngWNgw;W ml;ltiz.ngWNgw;W ml;ltiz.

cjtptoq;FdHfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij fz;Lgpbf;f vt;tif

cjtpfs; Rakjpg;gPl;bw;F vLj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lnkd mwptNj

KjyhtJ gbKiwahFk;. ,e;j njhpthdJ gue;jstpyhd

tuNtw;gpid cjTk; Mszpapdhplk; ngWk; mj;Jld; mJ

r%ff;fzpg;gPl;L mwpf;iff;F mtrpakhdJ vd njspTgLj;jg;gl

Ntz;Lk;. r%fj;jpw;F cjTk; Mszpapdh; jq;fsJ Nkk;ghl;bid

86

$l;Ltjw;F %isr;rtuk; nra;aNtz;bajhAs;sJ. r%fj;jpy; njhpT

nra;ag;gLk; Fwpfhl;LdHfSf;F ,j;jifa kdepiyia ,yFthf

xg;GNehf;f $bajhFk;. r%fj;jpd; gq;fspg;Gld; cjTk; Mszpapdh;

xt;nthU tplak; njhlh;gpYk; Muha KbAk;. ,it Ra kjpg;gPl;bw;F

cl;gLtNjhL cjTk; MszpapdUf;F Gs;spfs; mjpfkhf

toq;fg;gl;ljw;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

,jd;%yk; Nritfspd; tYtpid mjpfhpf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

mwpf;iff;fhf kf;fsplk; kpf Nkhrkhd f\;lq;fs; vd;d vd;gij

gw;wpa tpdh vOg;g KbAk;. ,jd;NghJ xd;iwnahd;W xg;GNehf;fp

FiwghLfsw;w ,Jrk;ge;jkhd nghJmwpTf;F tuf;$bajhf

,Uf;Fk;.

cjTk; MszpapdUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhdcjTk; MszpapdUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhdcjTk; MszpapdUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhdcjTk; MszpapdUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhdcjTk; MszpapdUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd

njhlh;Gnjhlh;Gnjhlh;Gnjhlh;Gnjhlh;G

r%f ngWNgw;W ml;ilfspd; %yk; r%fj;jpw;F Njitahd

gpd;D}l;liy ftdj;jpy; vLj;J NritfSf;fhd toq;fiy

cWj pahf ;Fk ; eilKiwahFk ; . ,j ;jifa njhlh ;ig

cUthf ;Ftjw ;F kpf Kf;f pa czh;T r%fj;j pdh pJk ; >

toq;fdHfspdJk; ,Ujug ;igAk ; cUthf ;FtNjahFk ; .

fye;jiuahly; kw;Wk; ,e;j epiyia cUthf;Ftij tpl gu];gu

Ghpe;Jnfhs;sy; NjitahFk;.

kjpg;gPl;L kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it %yk; r%f mZFKiwf;fhdkjpg;gPl;L kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it %yk; r%f mZFKiwf;fhdkjpg;gPl;L kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it %yk; r%f mZFKiwf;fhdkjpg;gPl;L kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it %yk; r%f mZFKiwf;fhdkjpg;gPl;L kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it %yk; r%f mZFKiwf;fhd

toptiffs;.toptiffs;.toptiffs;.toptiffs;.toptiffs;.

fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.fz;lwpAk; rhjdk;.

r%f kl;l kjpg;gPl;L kw;Wk; Nkw;ghh;it mZFKiwahdJ

nghUl;fs; Nritfs; gytPdkhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ kpfTk; rf;jptha;ej

rhjdkhFk;. rhjhuz eilKiwfs; nraypyf;Fk; NghJ ,j;jifa

rhjdq;fs; ,jid ,af;fp Nkyjpfk;> Njit> gpd;D}l;ly;> ebfh;fs;>

ngWkjp> juk; rk;ge;jkhf MSik nra;Ak;. ,e;j mZFKiwahdJ

,lq;fs;> cg FOf;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW tifahd nghUl;fs;

87

Nritfs; gw;wp Muha;e;J gpd;D}l;ly; toq;Fk;. mjd;NghJ

r%fj;Njit czh;j;jg;gLk;.

tiff;$wy; rhjdkhftiff;$wy; rhjdkhftiff;$wy; rhjdkhftiff;$wy; rhjdkhftiff;$wy; rhjdkhf

Mokhd fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nkhopngah;g;Gf;fs; nghUl;fs;

Nritfis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;F gad;glyhk;. NkYk; r%fj;jpw;F

nrhe;jkhd jfty; mwpf;iffs; chpikfs; kw;Wk; cs;slf;fk;

gw;wpa nghJkf;fspd; fz;fSf;F tif nrhy;y Ntz;b tUk;.

kiwg;ngWkjpia kPsha;T nra;jy;.kiwg;ngWkjpia kPsha;T nra;jy;.kiwg;ngWkjpia kPsha;T nra;jy;.kiwg;ngWkjpia kPsha;T nra;jy;.kiwg;ngWkjpia kPsha;T nra;jy;.

ifA+l;ly; Nghd;w kiwg;ngWkhdq;fs; ,j;jifa mZFKiw

%yk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa jfty;fshFk;. kf;fspd;

tho;f;ifj;juj;ij kPsikg;gjpy; r%fj;jpd; f\;lq;fSf;F rthy;fspd;

ngWkjp kjpg;gplw;fhpaJ. ,J njhlh;ghd mOj;jkhd KjyPL

Vo;ikahd Nritfshd jz;zPh; epug;gy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F

chpaJkhFk;.

r%f hPjpahd kjpg;gPl;L Nkw;ghh;it mZFKiwahdJr%f hPjpahd kjpg;gPl;L Nkw;ghh;it mZFKiwahdJr%f hPjpahd kjpg;gPl;L Nkw;ghh;it mZFKiwahdJr%f hPjpahd kjpg;gPl;L Nkw;ghh;it mZFKiwahdJr%f hPjpahd kjpg;gPl;L Nkw;ghh;it mZFKiwahdJ

gq;FjhuHfSf;Fhpa ghhpastpyhd f\;lkhd jftyhFk;.gq;FjhuHfSf;Fhpa ghhpastpyhd f\;lkhd jftyhFk;.gq;FjhuHfSf;Fhpa ghhpastpyhd f\;lkhd jftyhFk;.gq;FjhuHfSf;Fhpa ghhpastpyhd f\;lkhd jftyhFk;.gq;FjhuHfSf;Fhpa ghhpastpyhd f\;lkhd jftyhFk;.

(m) Njrpa> khfhz kw;Wk; mur mikr;R kl;lk;.(m) Njrpa> khfhz kw;Wk; mur mikr;R kl;lk;.(m) Njrpa> khfhz kw;Wk; mur mikr;R kl;lk;.(m) Njrpa> khfhz kw;Wk; mur mikr;R kl;lk;.(m) Njrpa> khfhz kw;Wk; mur mikr;R kl;lk;.

♦ Njrpa kl;l ,izg;G / xJf;fPl;L epjp kw;Wk; jpl;lkply;

mikg;ghdJ kPz;Lk; kPs; xJf;fPL Nritfspy; ,lj;jpy; kw;Wk;

kf;fs; njhif miktpw;F Vw;gNt epfOk;.

♦ r%f kl;l fz;Lgpbg;ghdJ ey;y Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd Cf;fyhd

tpidj ;j pwdw ;w tifapy ; ,Uf ;Fk ;NghJ Cf;fiy

,y;yhnjhopf;Fk;.

♦ r%f kl ;l epWtdkhdJ murhq ;fj ;j pd ; nraw ;ghL

Jyhk;gukhfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; mDgt FuyhfTk;

fl;likg;ghfTk; fhzg;gLk;.

88

B. nghJr;Nritfs; toq;FdHfs; nghJr;Nritfs; toq;FdHfs; nghJr;Nritfs; toq;FdHfs; nghJr;Nritfs; toq;FdHfs; nghJr;Nritfs; toq;FdHfs; / Kfth;fs;. Kfth;fs;. Kfth;fs;. Kfth;fs;. Kfth;fs;.

Nritfspd; tbtikg;ig rk;ge;jg;gLj;jy;. rpf;fyhd jfty;fs;

r%fj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; NghJ mjid kPs tbtikj;jYk;>

nghUl;fs; NritfSf;fhd mZFKiwAk;.

♦ r%fj;jpduhy; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l tsq;fy; kw;Wk;

kf;fisAk; kPskh;j;jy;. (jdpg;gl;l gapw;rpfis mjpfhpj;jy;>

kPsikj;jy; nrad;Kiw cUthf;Fjy;.)

♦ NtWgl ; l r%ff ;FOf ;fis rk ; ge ; jg ; gLj ; jy ; .

nghUshjhu NtWghL (eLj;ju th;f;fk;> vjph; Viofs;)

♦ ghy;tpid NtWghL (Mz; vjph; ngz;)

♦ Nkyjpf tsq;fis NjLjy;. my;yJ nfhs;iffis mjpfhpj;jy;.

nra;jp guTjiy mjpfhpj;jy;. nghJkf;fs; njhlh;ghd FO

cUthf;fk;. nghJjfty;fSk; fy;tp Kd;ndLg;GfSk;.

♦ gpur;rpidfis Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;Jk; cld;nra;jy; Kiwia

tbtikj;jy;. r%f cs;slf;fj;Jld; fl;likg;G hPjpahd

topKiwia cUthf;fp gq;FjhuUld; fye;Jiuahb

eilKiwg;gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;L mjid jPh;j;jy;.

C. cjtp toq;FdHfs;. cjtp toq;FdHfs;. cjtp toq;FdHfs;. cjtp toq;FdHfs;. cjtp toq;FdHfs;.

Ma;tpd; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;l rpf;fyhdJk; f\;lkhdJkhd

tplaq;fs; njhlh;gpy; jpl;l cs;slf;fj;ij nfhz;L kPs

tbtikj;jy;. kpfTk; Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fgl;l r%fj;jpw;Fk;

gpuNjrj;jpw;Fk; mjp$ba ,yf;Ffis jPh;khdpj;jy;.

♦ vq;F nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfs; gzkhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij Ma;thsh;fs; jq;fs; Ma;T tplaq;fspy; Fwpf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

♦ rpf;fyhd xU njhFjp ,yf;Ffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjd; %yk;

mgptpUj;jp fUjpa jiyaPL gw;wp njhpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

89

D. rptpy; r%fKk; / mur rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fSk;.

jdpg;gl;l gpur;rpidfis Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l tplaq;fshf khw;wp

Nritapid mjpfhpg;gjw;F Njitahd Nfs;tp elkhl;lj;

njhFjpnahd;wpid ];jhgpj;jy;.

♦ tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f njhlh; nraw;ghl;bw;fhd cgfuzk; toq;Fjy;.

khw;wj;jpw;fhf rhjhuz ,yFjd;ik nfhz;l Nghl;bj; juTfs;

toq;fy;.

♦ Nrit toq;FdHfsplk; gphpT kl;lj;jpyhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;

MNyhridfs; ,lk;ngwy;.

♦ nghJ nraw;ghl;L epfo;r;rp epuypid Vida gq;FjhuHfNshL

tiyg;gpd;dy; nra;jy;.

njhlh;G nra;jy;> epWtdkag;gLj;jy;> ntspaPLfs;.njhlh;G nra;jy;> epWtdkag;gLj;jy;> ntspaPLfs;.njhlh;G nra;jy;> epWtdkag;gLj;jy;> ntspaPLfs;.njhlh;G nra;jy;> epWtdkag;gLj;jy;> ntspaPLfs;.njhlh;G nra;jy;> epWtdkag;gLj;jy;> ntspaPLfs;.

kjpg;gPl;L Nkw;ghh;it Kaw;rpfspy; r%fg;gpd;D}l;lspy;

tpNrlkhd mt;tg;Nghija ghPl;rhh;j;jkhd mKy;elj;jy;.

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tifapy; eilngWk; NghJ mJ ePz;lfhyj;

Njitf ;Fh pajhFk ; . Njit kw ;Wk ; tsq ;fs pd ; msT

epWtdkag;gLj;jiy cWjpnra;Ak;. tsq;fs; gFjp Clhf cs;Sh;

muR Njrpa kw;Wk; khfhz mjpfhuq;fs; cjtp toq;Fdh; / cjtp

KftHfs; MfpNahiuf; nfhz;l r%fg; gpd;D}l;ly; %yk;

cUthf;fg;gLk; FOf;fs; nraw;ghl;bw;fhd nfhs;if eltbf;ifia

vLf;fyhk;. gpuhe;jpa kw;Wk; Njrpa muRfs; ,j;jifa nraw;ghLfis

jq;fspd; jpl;lkplYf;Fk; ghjPl;bid jahhpj;jypy; gpd;D}l;ly;

gapw;rpapid Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; nraw;ghl;L hPjpahd Cf;fYf;F

gad;gLj;jyhk;. Nfs;tp gFjp Clhf r%f kl;l FOf;fs; jq;fs;

Mszpapdiu kjpg;gPl;ly; nra;tjpy; gapw;Wtpg;gjd; %ykhf

,t;thwhd jiyaPl;bdhy; epWtdkhdJ Rje;jpukhd kjpg;gPl;bw;F

chpajhFk;. NkYk; gy;NtW tpjkhd kiwKf juTfs; gad;gLj;jp

fPo; kl;l nghJkf;fspd; MSikia Clfq;fshd thndhyp> my;yJ

kfhehl;Lj; njhlh;fs;. mr;R Clfq;fs; kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp

Clhf nraw;gLj;jyhk;.

90

fUg;nghUs; 6fUg;nghUs; 6fUg;nghUs; 6fUg;nghUs; 6fUg;nghUs; 6

tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;>tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;>tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;>tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;>tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;>

Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.

kNyrpa mDgtk;kNyrpa mDgtk;kNyrpa mDgtk;kNyrpa mDgtk;kNyrpa mDgtk;

mGfhrpk; gpd; nkh`kl;

gzpg;ghsh;

Coy; vjph;g;G Kfth; epiyak; - G+yhY gpyhd;q;> kNyrpah.


,aw;if mopTfspy; fhy vy;iyfs; <T ,uf;fk; vd;gij

fhl;Ltjpy;iy. ,jd;gadhf mit Vw;gLk; NghJ mJ mth;fspd;

Fw;wthspfis kw;Wk; vjph;ghuhj tpjkhf fhT nfhs;shJ mtw;Wf;F

cjtp toq;FNthhplKk; ghhpa rthy;fis Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jd;

fhuzkhf ,aw;if mopTfs; %yk; CoYf;fhd fhuzpfs;

Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLtJld; mJ kdpj Jf;fj;jpw;Fk; topNfhYfpd;wJ.

xt;nthU re;jh;g;gj;jpYk; xU ghtKk; mwpahjth;fsplKk;

cjtpf;fhd tpUg;ig ,y;yhky; nra;fpwJ.

,jdbg;gilapy; kNyrpahTf;F gy;NtWgl;l ,aw;if

mdh;j;jq;fshd nts;sp mdh;j;jq;fSk; tul;rp epiy jPAk;> mbf;fb

,lk;ngWk; kz;rhpTfSk; kw;Wk; gytpjkhd mDgtk; cs;sJ.

vdpDk; 26 brk;ghpy; Vw;gl;l mopTfs; rhjhuzkhd nghWg;gpypUe;J

mopj;Jtplf;$bait my;y. mit Jhpjkhd nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fis

fhg;gjw;Fk; ngsjPf tsq;fisAk;> epjpapidAk; toq;Ftjw;F

chpajhFk;. ,J njhlh;r;rpahd Kd;Ndw;ghl;ilAk; kw;Wk; cjtp

nraw;ghLfisAk; J\;gpuNahfj;ijAk; mjw;Nfw;w tifapy; grpia

Kjyhf nfhz;l J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F toptFf;fpd;wJ.

Rdhkp mdh;j;jkhdJ mjp tprhykhd vjph;g;ghHf;fhj

xd;whFk;. mjdhy; Coy; rhjfkhdJk;> J\;gpuNahfk; ,ay;ghdJk;

MFk;. kNyrpahtpd; ngdhy; khepyNk Rdhkpahy; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

gpuNjrkhFk;. Coiyg; gw;wp ,q;F njhpe;jpUe;jjd; fhuzkhf

ngdhq; khepy Coy;jLg;G Kfth; epiyak; ,jw;fhd mr;RWj;jiy

91

vjph ;nfhz;lJ. mJ CoYf;fhd J\;g puNahfj ;j pw ;fhd

Kaw;rpfisAk; fz;lwpe;J mopj;jJ. ,J vt;thnwdpDk; ,d;Dk;

eilKiwapYs;s gapw;rpahf miktJld; mur jpizf;fsq;fs;

jdpg;gl;Nlhh; kw;Wk; nghJkf;fs;> murpay; jiyikj;Jtk;

MfpNahhpd; xj;Jiog;Gld; eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,J

,d;Dk; kpfTk; nfhba Aj;jkhFk;.

,e;j mwpf;ifahdJ Rdhkp mdh;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd Coy;

vjph;g;gpw;fhd Kd;Ndw;ghLfisAk; tpNrlkhf Coy; vjph;;g;gpYs;s

mOj;jq;fisAk; Kiwg;ghl;il ifahSk; nrad;KiwiaAk;

tpsf;FfpwJ. ,J gpur;rpidfis Edpapy; fps;spnawptJ njhlh;ghd

Kd;Ndw;ghl;L ghJfhg;G eltbf;iffis gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

kNyrpahtpy; Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;> Kiwg;ghl;ilkNyrpahtpy; Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;> Kiwg;ghl;ilkNyrpahtpy; Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;> Kiwg;ghl;ilkNyrpahtpy; Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;> Kiwg;ghl;ilkNyrpahtpy; Coy; vjph;g;G mOj;jq;fSk;> Kiwg;ghl;il

ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.ifahSk; nrad;KiwAk;.

Coy; vjph;g;gpy; miuthrpahd mstPLfSk; jpl;lkplg;glhj

nraw;ghLfSk; vOe;jkhjphpahf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLtJ ve;j

murhYk; kdjpy; ,Uj;j Kbahj nraw;ghlhFk;. mJTk; Coy;

vjph;g;gjpy; mdh;j;j tpisTfspd; NghJ rl;l hPjpahd eltbf;iffs;

,y;yhjNghJ ,d;Dk; f\;lkhFk;. kNyrpah jdJ Rje;jpu fhyj;jpy;

,Ue;J ,d;Wtiu CoYf;F vjpuhf nghuhb tUfpd;wJ. 48

tUlq;fspd; gpd;dh; ,d;Dk; Rdhkp Nghd;w mdh;j;jq;fs; vk;ik

jhf;fpaNghJk; ,jw;fhd toptiffs; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;bath;fshf

cs;Nshk;. kNyrpa murhq;fk; Muk;g fhyk; Kjy; Coy;

vjph;g;gpw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sJ. 1957 Mk; Mz;L

Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jJ Kjy; mg;Nghija gpujk ke;jphp my;`h[;

nlq;F mg;Jy; u`;khd; ,g;dp Gj;uh Gjpa Rje;jpu Njrj;jpw;fhd

Coy; vjph;g;G eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Coy; gw;wpa tpN\l

Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. ,e;j mwpf;iff;Fs; kNyrpahtpy;

CoYf;fhd gpur;rpidfs; vDk; E}y; Kd;itf;fg;gl;L mikr;Rfspy;

,jw;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l gy jPh;khdq;fs; gw;wp njspthf $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Coy;fis tprhhpg;gjw;nfd tpNrl FOf;fs; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;lJld;

92

g pd ;dh ; rfy Coy ; vj p h ; g ; G mj pfhh p fSk ; Vida

jpizf;fsq;fspypUe;J NtWgLj;jp Rje;jpukhd mikg;ghf 1961

Coy; vjph;g;G rl;lKk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

A. rf;jp tYit fl;bnaOg;Gjy;. rf;jp tYit fl;bnaOg;Gjy;. rf;jp tYit fl;bnaOg;Gjy;. rf;jp tYit fl;bnaOg;Gjy;. rf;jp tYit fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

kNyrpa Coy; vjph;g;G epWtdk; (ACA) Clhf NkYk; gy

mbg;gil Ntiyfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. Jg;gwpAk; gphptpD}lhf

(Kiwg;ghL njhlUk; gphpT) EZf;fkhf mwpf;if gphpT (tpNrl

Jg;gwpAk; gphpT) vjph;g;G gphpT (r%fg; fy;tp gphpT> ghPl;ir

fye;Jiuahly; gphpT) Ez;zwpT gphpT kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g Nrit

gphpT kw;Wk; gy cjtp gphpTfshy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l mbj;js

mikg ; G cUthf ;fg ; gl ;Ls ;sJ . mbg ; gil FOf ;fs ;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; Mrpa gRgpf; gpuhe;jpa xj;Jiog;G epWtdk;

tpiutpy; epWtg;glTs;sJ.

Coy; vjph;g;G epWtdkhd (ACA) jdJ jiyikafj;ij

Gj;uh[ah epWthf jiyefuhf nfhz;L ,aq;Ftjd; %yk;l ,jd;

fpisfs; 16 muRfspy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. muRfs; jkf;Fs;shfNt

rpy cg FOf;fis ];jhgpj;J ACA ,d; gzpfis rpwg;ghf

Kd;ndLj;J nry;fpd;wd. ACA ,t;tUl ,Wjpf;Fs; NkYk; 400

mjpfhhpfis ngWtJld; mjd; Mszp 30% My; mjpfhpf;Fk;.

muR ACA I rpwpa mstpy; Muk;gp;gjw;F mDkjp toq;fpdhYk;

,d;W mJ tpahgpj;Js;sJ.

B. rl;l tiuaiw rl;l tiuaiw rl;l tiuaiw rl;l tiuaiw rl;l tiuaiw

CoYf;F vjpuhd eltbf;iffspy; muR njhlh;r;rpahf

rl;lj;ij mKy; elhj;Jtjpy; <Lgl;Ls;sJ. VyNtAs;s 3 Coy;

kw;Wk; mjpfhy J];gpuNahfj;jpf;fhd rl;lq;fs; kPsha;T

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. (1961 Mz;bd; Coy; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 1971

Mz;bd; mtrufhyr; rl;lk; 1957 Mk; Mz;bd; mtrufhy tpjpfs;

kw;Wk; fphpkpdy; eilKiw tpjpfs;) 1997 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;l

Coy; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;gl;L

93

mjpfhukpf;fjhf Mf;fg;gl;lJ. Mf;fg;gl;l Gjpa rl;lg;ghpT 15 y;

ve;jnthU rptpy; mjpfhhpAk; mth;fsJ mjpfhu kl;lj;Jf;Fs;

NeubahfNt kiwKfkhfNth ahjhapDk; xU Fw;wr;rhl;by;

cl;gLjy; ep&gpf;fg;gLk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy; mJ mtuj epiy njhlh;gpy;

jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Jiz GhptjhFk;. gphpT (44) (16) ,J

Nfhg%l;Lk; Kfth; njhlh;gpy; tof;if tprhhpg;gjw;Fk; gphpT 53

nra;jp toq;FdHfSf;Fk; nra;pfSf;Fk; ghJfhg;G toq;Ffpd;wJ.

mj;NjhL ,r;rl;l%yq;fs; gphpT 10> 11 vd;gd ifA+l;ly;

nfhLg;gtHfSf;Fk; thq;Fgth;fSf;Fk; jz;lid toq;FtijAk;

gphpT 17 Coy; njhlh;ghf jfty; nfhLf;f jtWgth;fs; gw;wpAk;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. jz;lid toq;Ftjw;F Nkyjpfkhf gphpT 8C

kw;Wk; D vd;gd ACA f;F ve;j jpizf;fsj;jpYk; ,t;nthOq;F

Kiwfis ghPrPypf;fTk; mjw;F Njitahd rpghhpRfis toq;fTk;

mjpfhuk; mspf;fpd;wJ.

C. cs;sf fl;Lg;ghLcs;sf fl;Lg;ghLcs;sf fl;Lg;ghLcs;sf fl;Lg;ghLcs;sf fl;Lg;ghL

1998 Mk; Mz;L CoYf;F vjpuhd eltbf;ifapy; GJ

tbtk; ngw;wd. gpujk mikr;rh; mth;fspd; rpghhprpd; Nghpy;

xUq;fpizg;G Kfhikj;Jt FO (IMC) eph;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J

vy;yh tpj jpizf;fsq;fspYk; / Kfth; epiyaq;fspYk; rfy

tpjkhd gpuhe;jpa muRfspYk; gpuhe;jpa jpizf;fsq;fspYk;

eph;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpwg;ghd muRf;fhd mbj;jskhf Coiy

jLj;jy;> mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; Kiwaw;w Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gtw;iw

xopj;jNy ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ACA etPdj;Jtkhd eph;thfk;> Mszp

jpl;lkply; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf gpujk mikr;rpd; mYtyfj;jpy; IMC

f;F Njrpa kl;l ,iz ,izg;ghsuhf epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jD}lhf

xUq;fpizg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lhYk; ISA f;F gy;NtW tpjkhd

jpizf;fsq;fspYk; Kfth; epiyaq;fspYk; ,ize;J gzpahw;wp

CoYf;F vjpuhf nraw;gl Kbe;jJ. ,e;j topahdJ cs;sf

fl ;Lg ; g hl ;il ngUksT mj pfh p j ; jJld ; CoiyAk ;

J\;gpuNahfj;ijAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ. ,J Rdhkp mdh;j;jj;jpd;

tpisthf Vw;gl;l kw;WnkhU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mgptpUj;jpahFk;.

94

D. Kiwg;ghl;L topKiwfs;.Kiwg;ghl;L topKiwfs;.Kiwg;ghl;L topKiwfs;.Kiwg;ghl;L topKiwfs;.Kiwg;ghl;L topKiwfs;.

ACA My; cUthf;fg;gl;l kw;nwhU toptif jfty;fis

tuNtw;Fk; topKiwahFk; ACA ,d; jghy; ngl;b ,yf;fk; 6>000

,J kf;fSf;F ,ytrkhf jq;fs; Kiwg;ghLfis ,Ltjw;fhf

xOq;Fnra;ag;gl;ljhFk;. ,jD}lhf gy;NtW tpjkhd ngUe;njhif

jfty;fs; tUlhe;jk; fpilf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa Kw;wpYk; ,ytrkhd

Nritnahd;wpd; %yk; tpLKiw ehl;fs; cl;gl midj;J ehl;fspYk;

ngUkstpyhd Kiwg;ghLfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. kw;nwhU xOq;FKiw

ACA ,d; ,izaj;jskhFk;. ,itaidj;Jk; Fwpg;gjhtJ Njrpa

kl;l gj;jphpf;iffshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cjtpf;F mioAq;fs; vDk;

gFjpahFk;. mj;NjhL ACA> gj;jphpf;if> thndhypfs; nfhLf;Fk;

tpsk;guq;fSk; ngUkstpy; Coy; vjph;g;gpw;F topNfhypAs;sd.

E. murpay; Kaw;rp murpay; Kaw;rp murpay; Kaw;rp murpay; Kaw;rp murpay; Kaw;rp

,t;thwhd vj;jifa Kaw;rpfSk; murhq;fj;jpd; tpRthr

jd;ik ,y;yhtpbd; gadw;wjhfptpLk;. mjpfkhd gzk; ,q;F

cs;thq;fg;gLtjhy; murpay; jiytHfs; jkf;Fs;shfNt Coy;

vjph ;g ;gpw;fhd topKiwfis Vw;gLj;j cWjpG+zNtz;Lk;.

kNyrpahtpy; ,j jw;NghJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

Rdhkp epthuzj;jpy; Coy; Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSjy;.Rdhkp epthuzj;jpy; Coy; Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSjy;.Rdhkp epthuzj;jpy; Coy; Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSjy;.Rdhkp epthuzj;jpy; Coy; Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSjy;.Rdhkp epthuzj;jpy; Coy; Kiwg;ghLfis ifahSjy;.

(m) epWtd nghWg;gpw;fhd #o;epiyfis ifahSjy;.(m) epWtd nghWg;gpw;fhd #o;epiyfis ifahSjy;.(m) epWtd nghWg;gpw;fhd #o;epiyfis ifahSjy;.(m) epWtd nghWg;gpw;fhd #o;epiyfis ifahSjy;.(m) epWtd nghWg;gpw;fhd #o;epiyfis ifahSjy;.

kNyrpahit 26 brk;gh; Rdhkp jhf;fpaNghJ mJ mopTfis

Vw;gLj;jpdhYk; Coy; vjph;g;gpw;fhd mbj;jsk; gy tUlq;fshf

gykhf ,Ue ;jj pd ; fhuzkhf mjid vj p h ; nfhs ;s

Kbe;jJ.kNyrpahtpd; 4 khepyq;fshd ngdhq;> gh;yP];> tplh kw;Wk;

nguhf; vd;gdtw;wpy; Rdhkp moptpid Vw;gLj;jpaJ. Njrpa kl;l

,wg;ghdJ 68y; 52 ngdhq; khepyj;jpw;;FhpaJ. kw;Wk; ngdhq;if

rhh;e;j ,d;Dk; 4 Ngh; fhzhky; NghAs;sdh;. ngsjPf ts ghjpg;gpy;

138 tPLfs; Kw;whf mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; 8 ngdhq;Ff;F

chpajhFk;. Kiwaplg;gl;l 770 tPLfs; Nrjkile;Js;sd. ,jpy;

95

258 ngdhq;Ff;F chpajhFk;. 551 nghpa kPd;gpb ts;sq;fs;

rpijtile;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy; 102 ngdhq;Ff;F chpajhFk;. 3026

rpwpa kPd;gpb ts;sq;fs; Nrjkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; 1502 ngdhq;Ff;F

chpajhFk;. 1195 nrhj;Jf;fs; Nrjkhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; 415

ngdhq;Ff;F chpajhFk;.

murpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l Njrpa mdh;j;j epjpak; %yk;

kf;fspd; ghtpg;gpw;Fhpa rfy topfspYk; 5 Clq;fs; %ykhfTk;>

RM 89673280.74 epjp Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lJ. gpujp gpujk ke;jphp lhUf;

nrhpe[pgpd; mth;fis jiytuhff; nfhz;l Njrpa mdh;j;j

Kfhikj;Jt FO Njrpa ghJfhg;G gphptpid (NSD) ,izg;Gf;

FOthf epakpj;jJ. NSD rfy mur kl;l epWthfq;fSk; mdh;;j;j

tpguq;fis nrhj;Jf;fspd; tiffs; kw;Wk; Vida Nrjq;fs;

njhlh;ghd tpguq;fis jpul;baJ. Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l RM 89673280.74

ngWkjpahdit VyNt cUthff;fg ;gl ;l Coy; vjph ;g ;G

eltbf;iffis gad;gLj;jp tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J Coy; vJTk;

,lk;ngwhkNy mjw;fhd Kiwg;ghl;bid nra;tjw;F toptFj;jJ.

B. Coy; vjph;g;gpd; Coy; vjph;g;gpd; Coy; vjph;g;gpd; Coy; vjph;g;gpd; Coy; vjph;g;gpd; ACA ,d; epiy.,d; epiy.,d; epiy.,d; epiy.,d; epiy.

k pfTk ; Mokhd to ptiffs ; nraw ; g hl ; bw ;F

chpj;jhf;fg;gl;Ls;d. ,jd; Kjy; gFjp nraw;ghlhf Kd;ntsp

,aw;ifj;jd;ik nraw;ghL nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdJ Nehf;fk;

Coy; ,lk;ngWtjw;F Kd; mjid ghJfhg;gjhFk;. ACA ,d;

mjpfhh pfs ; Ez;zwpT jpizf;fsj ;ij rhh ;e ;jtHfis

Kiwg;ghLfSf;fhf fhj;jpuhky; ACA ,f;F Neubahf tUifj;je;J

Kiwg;ghL nra;jhHfs;. mNjNtis gapw;rp xOq;F kw;Wk; ghpl;ir

eilKiw (PSPE) gphpT tphpthf;fg;gl;L mJ jpizf;fs jiytHfis

re;jpj;J epthuzq;fs; gfpug;gl;ltpjk; njhlHghf Muha;e;jJ.

Ez;zwpT gphpT cj;jpNahfj;jh;fs; gapw;rp xOq;F ghPl;ir

eilKiwg;gphptpd; Ntiyfisg; guhl;bdhHfs;. 1997 Mk; Mz;bd;

Coy; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; 8 C kw;Wk; D gphpTfspd; gb (PSPE)

ACA ,d; ngdhq; gphpT ,aq;FfpwJ.

96

epUthf fl;Lg;ghl;L fl;likg;G fhuzpepUthf fl;Lg;ghl;L fl;likg;G fhuzpepUthf fl;Lg;ghl;L fl;likg;G fhuzpepUthf fl;Lg;ghl;L fl;likg;G fhuzpepUthf fl;Lg;ghl;L fl;likg;G fhuzp

,e;j ghPl;irg; gphpT epjp ngWtjpYk; mtw;iw gfpUtjpYk;

Kiwahd xU fl;likg;G xOq;Ffs; Ngzg;gLjiyAk; mjd;

Jyhk;guj; jd;ik fhzg;gLjiyAk; cWjpnra;jJ. fpilf;fg;ngw;w

gzk; Njrpa mdh;j;j epjpaj;Jf;F nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. NSD 3 ntt;NtW

mur FOf;fshd mur eyd;Ghp jpizf;fsk; ,jd; gzp ,we;jtHfs;>

fhzky; NghdtHfs;> fl;lhakhf mfw;wg;gl;ltHfs;> ,th;fspd;

ehshe;j eltbf;if ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs;.

mur kPd;gpbr; rig - ,jd; gzp kPdtHfs; ,oe;j ehshe;j

tho ;f ;if mth ;fspd ; k Pd ;g pb cgfuzq;fs; Vidait

njhlh;gpyhdjhFk;.

mur fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk; - ,jz; gzp gs;spr; rpwhHfs;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l Kiw njhlh;ghf Muha;jy;. xt;nthU fkpl;bf;Fk;

khtl;l mjpfhhp jiyik jhq;Fthh;. mur mjpfhhpfspd; Kd;dpiy

Nrj kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jd; ghpe;Jiufs; NSD, Njrpa

nghyp]{f;F rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;L mur nrayzpf; FOtpd; kjpg;gPL

nra;ag;gLk;. ,J mur nrayhshpd; jiyikapy; ,aq;Ftjhy;

,jd; epUthf fl;Lf;Nfhg;G ngUFfpwJ.

tiff;$wy; fhuzptiff;$wy; fhuzptiff;$wy; fhuzptiff;$wy; fhuzptiff;$wy; fhuzp

rk;gtk; ,lk;ngw;w mbkl;lj;jpypUe;J ,jw;fhd tiff;$wYk;

mtjhdpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,we;jtHfs; gw;wpa mwpf;if> fhzhky;

Nghdth;fs; NtW njhlh;ghd FOf;fshy; Nrjk; gw;wpa nghyp];

mwpf;iffs; Muhag;gLk;. nghyp]hUk; rfy ,og;gPLfs; rk;ge;jkhd

gpujhdkhd mwpf;iffis tpz;zg;gk; epug;GtJld; FOf;fs; ,jid

ghprPyid nra;J ek;gfj;jd;ik Ngzy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jpy; cs;Sh;

,yf;ff;FOtpd; jiyth; ifnahg;gkpl Ntz;Lk;. mur NSD

fhhpahyak; ,we;jtH> fhzhky; NghNdhh;> Nrjq;fs; ,og;Gfs;

gw;wp midtUk; ,izg;Gr; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpahf ,t;twpf;iffs;

Njrpa mdh;j;j Kfhikj;Jt FOtpw;F rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;L mjd; mDkjp

97

ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. ,Wjpahf ,e;epiyapid gy;NtW mur NSD

FOf;fs; Njrpa eyd;Ghp Mizf;FO> Njrpa kPd;gpbr; rig> mur

fy;tpj;jpizf;fsk; Clhf gfpug;glNtz;Lk;. xt;nthU jpizf;fsk;

jdf;nfd xU IMC FOit epWtp mjid NgZjy; Ntz;Lk;.

3. Jyhk;guf; fhuzp3. Jyhk;guf; fhuzp3. Jyhk;guf; fhuzp3. Jyhk;guf; fhuzp3. Jyhk;guf; fhuzp

cjtpfs; gfpug;gLk; re;jh;g;gq;fspy; el;l<L ngWgtHfspd;

ngah;> tpguq;fis ntspaplg;gl;lbUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL el;l<L

ngWgtHfs; mth;fsJ tpz;zg;gq;fs; chpa ,lj;jpy; fpilj;jik

gw;wpa mwptpg;gpid ngwy; Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; NghJ el;l<L

ngWgtHfSf;F mth;fs; el;l<L njhlHghd Clfq;fs; %yk;

tpsk;gug;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ kuzk; rk;ge;jkhf RM 20>000

mth;fspd; mLj;j thhpRf;Fk;> tPL Kw;whf Nrjkilr;jhy; RM

5>000> ghjpf;fg;gl;l xUtUf;F tPL ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; 2>000 RM

xt;nthUf;Fk; rpwpa kPd;gpb ts;sk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; 1>000 RM>

xt;nthUthpd; tUkhdk; ghjpf;fg;gbd; 5>000 RM ,t;thwhf

,jd;%yk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,of;fg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fspd; KbTg;ngWkjp

toq;fg;gl;lJ vdpDk;> Vw;gl;l el;l<l;bd; KOikahdJ my;y.

,JnthU milahs epthuzkhFk;.

4. jzpf;if kw;Wk; rkg;gLj;jy; fhuzpfs;.4. jzpf;if kw;Wk; rkg;gLj;jy; fhuzpfs;.4. jzpf;if kw;Wk; rkg;gLj;jy; fhuzpfs;.4. jzpf;if kw;Wk; rkg;gLj;jy; fhuzpfs;.4. jzpf;if kw;Wk; rkg;gLj;jy; fhuzpfs;.

FWf;F Kiwahd ghPl ;rhh ;j ;jq;fspd; NghJ Nghyp

Nfhhpf;iffSf;fhd tplaq;fis milahsk; fhz KbAk;. NkYk;

ACA, PSPE ,d; gphpTfs; ve;NeuKk; jfty;fSf;fhf jpwe;jpUg;NjhL

ACA ,d; cWg;gpdHfs; cjtpfs; gfpug;gLk; NghJ Neubahf

fz;fhzpj;jpUg;gh;. ,J Neubahd tpisthFk;.

5. rhp nra;Ak; fhuzpfs;5. rhp nra;Ak; fhuzpfs;5. rhp nra;Ak; fhuzpfs;5. rhp nra;Ak; fhuzpfs;5. rhp nra;Ak; fhuzpfs;

Coy; ghJfhg;G rl;lg; gphpT 11 C MdJ cjtp gfpug;gLjy;

njhlh;gpy; cjtp ngWgtH Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpy; my;yJ tQ;rfkhd

Kiwapy; ngw vj;jdpj;jy; Fw;wkhdjhf fUJfpwJ. ,jd; %yk;

98

fUjg;gLtJ ahnjdpy; Nghypahd cjtp ngw Kaw;rpj;jy;> Coiy

jLj;J epWj;j Kaw;rp nra;atpy;iy vDk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lf;F cl;gLtJ

rk;ge;jkhf ACA ngdhq; ,e;j tpz;zg;gq;fis kWghprPyid nra;J

Kiwaw;w Nfhhpf;iffs; Nghyp nfhLg;gdTfs; jtwhd jfty;fs;

rk;ge;jg;gl;ljhf fUjpaJ. ,e;j tpguq;fs; tpz;zg;gj;jpd; ,Wjpapy;

njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gl;L cjtp ngWeUk; gq;fpLjy; mjpfhhpAk;

ifnahg;gkpl gzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jifa gbtNk cjtp toq;fypd;

NghJ ghtpf ;fg ;glNtz;Lnkd gh pe ;Jiuf ;fg ;gl ;Ls ;sJ.

,t;topKiwapd; Kjy; gFjp ntw;wpfukhf topelj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;j kPs;mikf;fg;gl;l tpz;zg;gk; %yk; Coy; jLg;gpw;fhd

fhuzpahf ACA mjpfhhpfspd; Kd;dpiyapy; ,lk;ngw;wjd; fhuzkhf

200 tpz;zg;gq;fspy; 12 Ngh; jq;fSf;Fhpa el;l<l;il ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Kd;tutpy;iy.

ACA jdJ mur kl;l NSD FONthL Nrh;e;J ,aq;fp> ,e;j

tplaq;fs; njhlh;gpy; MuhAk;. ,jd; NghJ mbj;js fl;likg;G

cWjpahd tplj;j> rpwe;j muR cUthFnkdyhk;. mur kl;l IMC

Clhf ACA jdJ vspa tpz;zg;gq;fSld; $ba Coy; vjph;g;gpw;fhd

eltbf;iffis vLf;fNtz;Lk;. rpwe;j mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff;

nfhz;L J\;gg puNahfk ; Nghd ;wd Kiwaw ;w %ykhf

,y;yhnjhopf;Fk;.

vjph;tyahd nraw;ghLfs; cWjpaspf;fg;gLk;. ,jd;NghJ

,jd; ,uz;lhtJ gFjpahd nraw;ghLfs; ,aw;ifahfNt mjpf

nraw;ghL cilajhf fhzg;gLtJz;L. Ez;zwpT gphptpdUk;>

PSPE gphpT mjpfhhpfSk; VyNt jq;fs; flikfs; <Lgl;bUg;gjhy;

jfty; ngwg;gLk; %yq;fSk; jhdhfNt nraw;gLk;. Fzg;gLj;jYf;F

Kd; ghJfhg;G vDk; mZFKiw %yk; fl;likg;gpd; Kjw;gFjp

nraw;gLk; Ntiy mjd; Vida gFjpfSk; Rygkhfr; nraw;gl

njhlq;fptpLk;. jfty;fSf;fhd gy;NtW toptiffs; jpwe;J

tplg;gl;ljd; %yk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ngdhq;> nghpypq;> nflh kw;Wk;

nguf; cl;gl gy khepyq;fspypUe;J 15 tpjkhd cjhuzq;fs;

f pilf ;fg ;ngw ;wd. ,tw ;w py ; mNdfkhdit Kiwaw ;w

99

tpepNahfq;fshfNt cs;sJ.

cjtp fpilf;f Ntz;batHfs; Fiwthd cjtpfisg; ngw

Njitaw;Nwhh; mjpf cjtpfs; ngWjy; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

njhlh;r;rpahd ,t;twhdh Kiwg;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gbd; muR

,jw;fhd Njitahd rl;lq;fis Mw;wp> Fw;wq;fis Fiwg;gjw;fhd

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

fw;fg;gl;l ghlq;fs;fw;fg;gl;l ghlq;fs;fw;fg;gl;l ghlq;fs;fw;fg;gl;l ghlq;fs;fw;fg;gl;l ghlq;fs; / rpghhpRfs; rpghhpRfs; rpghhpRfs; rpghhpRfs; rpghhpRfs;

ACA cUthf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;G mjd; mZFKiwfs;

fhuzkhf Gydha;T tp];jhpf;fg;gl;L Fw;wthspfs; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F

nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;ehHfs;. gy tUl fhykhf ,e;eilKiw

gpd;gw;wg;gbDk; czug;gl;l cz;ik Coiy jz;lid %yk;

fl;Lg;gLj;j KbahJ vd;gjhFk;. mJ gy;tifg;gl;l mZFKiwfs;

Clhf gy;NtW jpizf;fsq;fspy; mjid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjd;

Clhf ,e;j r%f Nehia ,y;yhnjhopf;fyhk;. NkYk; NkNy

Fwpf;fg;gl;lthW ,e;epWtd rl;l kw;Wk; eph;thf fl;likg;Gfs;

gytUlq;fshf fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;L Rdhkp mdh;j;jj;jpd; gpd;dh;

ghPl;rpj;Jg; ghh;f;fg;gl;lJ. fl;likg;Gfs; cWjpahf nraw;gLk; ,lq;fs;

ACA mjpfhhpfshy; gutyhf;fg;gl;L ACA ,jid Nkw;ghh;it

nra;fpd;whHfs; vd mwptpf;g;gl;l gpd;G cs;sf murpdhy;

cUthf;fg;gl;l IMC topxOq;Ffs; rpwg;ghf nraw;gl Muk;gpj;jd;.

J\;gpuNahfk; kw;Wk; Coy; njhlh;gpy; ACA NghJkhd jfty;fNshL

cyhTtjhy; Coy; rw;W Fiwtilfpd;wJ. ,e;eilKiw fhuzkhf

12 tplaq;fs; Kd;nfhzug;gl;ld.

kNyrpa ACA ,d; ,j;jifa mDgtq;fs; %yk; Vida

ehLfspYk; ,J mKy;gLj;jg;gLkhapd; ,t;thwhd Coy;fs;

mdh;j;jq;fs; gpd;G Vw;gLtij jLf;f KbAk;. Coy; kw;Wk; mjpfhu

J\;gpuNahfk; Nghd;wit miukdNjhLk; kpfTk; fPo;kl;l

jpl;lkplYlDk; xopf;f KbahJ. MfNt mbj;js mikg;nghd;wpd;

mtrpak; ,jw;fhf czug;gLfpwJ. Coiy Fiwg;gjw;fhfTk;> Rdhkp

mdh;j;jk; Nghd;wit kl;Lk; ePz;lfhy kf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhfTk;

100

fPo; Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzpfs; mtrpakhf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

♦ Coy; vjph;g;G jpizf;fsk; / Kfth; epiyak; / Mizf;FO

♦ tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f cWjpahd rl;ltiuaiw> kw;Wk;

♦ muRf;Fs; CoYf;F vjpuhd jpizf;fsKk;> Kfth; epiyak;

Mizf;FO Nghd;wtw;wpw;F jftiy toq;ff;$bait.

fPo;Fwpg;gplg;gLgit ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzpfshf mbj;js

mikg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;fhd mtrpa NjitfshFk;. kpfTk;

Kf;fpakhd fhuzpahdJ mur jiytHfs; murpaiy ,jw;Fs;

KOikahf nrYj;jp mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfk; Kiwaw;w epUthfk;

Nghd;wit Fiwf;fg;glTk;> jLf;fg;glTk; cjt KbAk;.

ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzpfSf;F mtrpakhdit.ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzpfSf;F mtrpakhdit.ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzpfSf;F mtrpakhdit.ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzpfSf;F mtrpakhdit.ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzpfSf;F mtrpakhdit.

ΑΑΑΑΑ. Coy; vjph;g;G jpizf;fsk;> Kfth; epiyak;> Mizf;FO.. Coy; vjph;g;G jpizf;fsk;> Kfth; epiyak;> Mizf;FO.. Coy; vjph;g;G jpizf;fsk;> Kfth; epiyak;> Mizf;FO.. Coy; vjph;g;G jpizf;fsk;> Kfth; epiyak;> Mizf;FO.. Coy; vjph;g;G jpizf;fsk;> Kfth; epiyak;> Mizf;FO.

♦ ,jw;F jdJ fhhpahyaj;jpy; ,aw;Wtjpy KOikahd

Rje;jpuk;.

♦ Coy; tof;Ffis tprhhpf;Fk; rl;l mjpfhuk;.

♦ KOikahd MszpAk;> epjp tsKk;> mjdJ gad;ghl;bw;F

toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

♦ Coiy Fiwg;gjpYk;> mjpfhu J\;gpuNahfj;ij jLg;gjpYk;

xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;l topKiwfshd Muha;T> fy;tp> ghJfhg;G

gpd;gw;wg;gly;.

♦ CoYf;F vjpuhf NghuhLtjw;F kf;fs; kj;jpapy; ek;gpf;if

ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

♦ r%f gpujpejpfSk; ,yFtpy; njhpe;Jf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,e;j

mjpfhhpfs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

B. tpidj;jpwDila cWjpahd rl;l tiuaiw tpidj;jpwDila cWjpahd rl;l tiuaiw tpidj;jpwDila cWjpahd rl;l tiuaiw tpidj;jpwDila cWjpahd rl;l tiuaiw tpidj;jpwDila cWjpahd rl;l tiuaiw

♦ epWtdj;jpd; ,af;fk; gw;wpa njspthd rl;l tpjpfs;

Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

♦ Coy; Fw;wq;fs; vit vd;gJ njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

♦ Fw;wj;Jf;F Jiz NghdtHfSk;> rhl;rpfSk;> Kfth;fSk;

101

,jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

♦ njhiyj;njhlh;Gfis cw;WNehf;fYk;> tq;fp nfhLf;fy;

thq;fy;fis jpBnud ghh;itapLtjw;fhd tpNrl mjpfhuq;fs;

gpuNahfpf;fg;gl mjpfhuk; Ntz;Lk;.

C. mur jpizf;fsq;fs;> Kfth; epiyaq;fs; CoYf;Fmur jpizf;fsq;fs;> Kfth; epiyaq;fs; CoYf;Fmur jpizf;fsq;fs;> Kfth; epiyaq;fs; CoYf;Fmur jpizf;fsq;fs;> Kfth; epiyaq;fs; CoYf;Fmur jpizf;fsq;fs;> Kfth; epiyaq;fs; CoYf;F

vj p u hd KftHfSf ;F ,ila py ; xUq ;f pizg ; Gvj p u hd KftHfSf ;F ,ila py ; xUq ;f pizg ; Gvj p u hd KftHfSf ;F ,ila py ; xUq ;f pizg ; Gvj p u hd KftHfSf ;F ,ila py ; xUq ;f pizg ; Gvj p u hd KftHfSf ;F ,ila py ; xUq ;f pizg ; G

Kfhikj;Jt FOf;fis cUthf;Fjy;.Kfhikj;Jt FOf;fis cUthf;Fjy;.Kfhikj;Jt FOf;fis cUthf;Fjy;.Kfhikj;Jt FOf;fis cUthf;Fjy;.Kfhikj;Jt FOf;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

♦ epWtd jiytHfs; kw;Wk; Kfth;fs;> FOf;fspd; jiytHfs;

MfpNahhplj;jpy; xj;Jiog;gpw;fhd tplaj;jpid xOq;FgLj;jy;.

♦ ,e;j jpl;lkhdJ xUq;fpizg;G> nghWg;G kjpg;gpliy

mgptpUj;jp nra;tJld; nghWg;G Kfhikj;Jt jpl;lq;fis

jkJ fhhpahyaq;fSf;F cs;NsNa cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

♦ xUq;fpizg;G Kfhikj;Jt FO jkf;Fhpa elj;ij

Nfhitfis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

♦ cs;sf Kiwg;ghl;L jfty; toq;Fk; Kiw cUthf;fg;gl

Ntz;Lk;.

102

103

mDge;jq;fs;mDge;jq;fs;mDge;jq;fs;mDge;jq;fs;mDge;jq;fs;

mDge;jk; 1 - gj;jphpf;if gpd;dzpmDge;jk; 1 - gj;jphpf;if gpd;dzpmDge;jk; 1 - gj;jphpf;if gpd;dzpmDge;jk; 1 - gj;jphpf;if gpd;dzpmDge;jk; 1 - gj;jphpf;if gpd;dzp

ghhpa mdh;j;jq;fspy; CoYf;fhd re;jh;g;gq;fs;ghhpa mdh;j;jq;fspy; CoYf;fhd re;jh;g;gq;fs;ghhpa mdh;j;jq;fspy; CoYf;fhd re;jh;g;gq;fs;ghhpa mdh;j;jq;fspy; CoYf;fhd re;jh;g;gq;fs;ghhpa mdh;j;jq;fspy; CoYf;fhd re;jh;g;gq;fs;


b u hd ;] ; Ngud ; r p ,z ;lh ; ne\dy pd ; CoYf ;fhd

tiutpyf;fzg;gb ‘chpj;jhf;fg;gl;l mjpfhuj;ij jdpg;gl;l eyDf;fhf

J\;gpuNahfk; nra;jy;” vdTk; NkYk; mJ tpghpf;ifapy;

ifKoj;Jf;Fs; Kiwaplg;glhjJ vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. jdpg;gl;l

my;yJ FLk;g cwTfs; nghUshjhu jpl;lkplypd; gq;FngwhJ

,it nghUshjhu Kfth;fshy; my;yJ mur mjpfhhpfshy;

jPh;khdpf;fg;gLjyhFk;.

,e;j tiutpyf;fzq;fis kdjpy; itj;Jf;nfhz;L ,e;j

Ma;thdJ fPo;Fwpg;gpl;l 4 rpukkhd gFjpfis nghUshjhu

nraw;ghl;by; Muha;tJld; mjdJ kdpjhgpkhd cjtp nraw;ghl;il

Muha;tjhFk;.

♦ Rdhkp mdh;j;jj;jpy; jw;NghJs;s #o;epiy

♦ CoYf;fhd re;jh;g;gq;fs;

♦ cjtp Kaw;rpfspy; re;jh;g;gq;fis cUthf;Fjy;.

♦ cjtp Kfth;fs; cjtp r%fj;jpdh; kj;jpapy; tiff;$wYk;

Coy; re;jh;g;g gpur;rpidfSk;.

,e;j mwpf;ifahdJ ,d;W Rdhkp mdh;j;j gpuNjrq;fspy;

cz;ikahd Coy; epiyfis nrhy;fpd;wJ. ,e;j mdh;j;j

tpisTfs; ,JtiuapYk ; vJtpjkhd xOq;FKiwfs;

gpd;gw;wg;gltpy;iy. ,Jtiu ,e;j mwpf;if ,e;j mdh;j;jq;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJld; ghhpa nghWg;Gf;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l tplaj;jpy;

cs;sJ.

Vd; ,e;j ghhpa nghWg;G?Vd; ,e;j ghhpa nghWg;G?Vd; ,e;j ghhpa nghWg;G?Vd; ,e;j ghhpa nghWg;G?Vd; ,e;j ghhpa nghWg;G?

Rdhkp rk;ge;jkhf cyfshtpa hPjpapy; Vd; ,e;jRdhkp rk;ge;jkhf cyfshtpa hPjpapy; Vd; ,e;jRdhkp rk;ge;jkhf cyfshtpa hPjpapy; Vd; ,e;jRdhkp rk;ge;jkhf cyfshtpa hPjpapy; Vd; ,e;jRdhkp rk;ge;jkhf cyfshtpa hPjpapy; Vd; ,e;j

104

vjph;eltbf;iffs;?vjph;eltbf;iffs;?vjph;eltbf;iffs;?vjph;eltbf;iffs;?vjph;eltbf;iffs;?

Vnddpy; ghjpf;fg;gLtJ kl;Lky;y mjw;Fk; Nkyhf

kdpjhgpkhd Fuy;fSk;> rkkhd rhkhdpa cahpa kl;lj;jpy; xt;nthU

tUlKk; epjpaplg;glhjJ fhuzkhFk;. Vd; Rdhkp tpj;jpahrkhdJ?

ehk; fPNo Fwpg;gpLk; 5 Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; kpfg; nghpaJk; kdpjhgpkhd

cjtpfs; vd;Wk; fhzg;gLjiy xg;GNehf;fpdhy;>

Rdhkp ghhpa Clfj;Jiwia cUthf;FfpwJ.Rdhkp ghhpa Clfj;Jiwia cUthf;FfpwJ.Rdhkp ghhpa Clfj;Jiwia cUthf;FfpwJ.Rdhkp ghhpa Clfj;Jiwia cUthf;FfpwJ.Rdhkp ghhpa Clfj;Jiwia cUthf;FfpwJ.

n`hypTl; jpiug;glq;fs; kdjpy; jpifg;ig cUthf;f $bad.

,J mz;ikapy; gy mdh;j;jq;fs; rk;ge;jkhd glq;fis

jahhpj;jpUe;jJ. (lhd;b]; gPf;> Uthz;Nlh mh;knflhd;> j Nl

Mg;lh; LkhNuh) ,q;Nf cz;ik tho;f;ifia vkJ njhiyf;fhl;rp

rkdhd cz;ikf;fhl;rpfis xspgug;gpaJ. t\pq;ld; Ngh];l; khh;r;

13 ,jopy; Ma;nthd;iw ntspapl;lJ. fle;j rpy tUlq;fshf

xt;nthU ilk;]; ,jopYk; mdh;j;jk; rk;ge;jkhf ntspaplg;gl;l

fl;Liufspd; ngWkjp A.v];. nlhyh; 590>000 MFk;. ,J A.v];.

cjtpia tpl NkyhdJ. ,tw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jpa gpd;dUk;> kf;fs;

ngUksT nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;shHfs;. tPLfis ,oe;Js;shHfs;.

cwtpdHfs;> nrhj;Jf;fs;> cilikfis ,oe;Js;shHfs;.

fpwp];k]; jpdk;fpwp];k]; jpdk;fpwp];k]; jpdk;fpwp];k]; jpdk;fpwp];k]; jpdk;

cz;ikapy; fpwp];k]{f;F kWjpdk; Nkw;fj;ija ehLfspy;

kf;fs; mtHfs; tPl;Lr; #oiy mtHfsJ tpahghukhf md;wp

my;yJ jd;dpr;irahf md;wp Ntiyr;#oyhf khw;wptpLthHfs;.

md;iwa jpdj;ij jPtpidf;F kd;dpg;G nfhLf;Fk; jpdkhf Jf;fk;

mD\;bf;fpwhHfs;.

jdpg;gl;l cwTfs;jdpg;gl;l cwTfs;jdpg;gl;l cwTfs;jdpg;gl;l cwTfs;jdpg;gl;l cwTfs;

Nkiyj;Nja ehLfspy; jw;NghJ tpLKiwf;fhf jha;yhe;J>

,e;NjhNdrpah> ,yq;if my;yJ khiyjPT nry;tjdhy; mtHfSf;F

,e;ehLfspy; mdh;j;jj;jpdhy; capiu ,oe;j kf;fis gw;wp njhpAk;.

105

,jw;fpilapy; ,jid epahag;gLj;JtJ Nghy; Rtpb\; kf;fs;

jha;yhe;jpy; ,wg;gJ Rtpld; kf;fis ghhpa mdh;j;j tpisT

jq;fs; guk;giwf;F Vw;gl;ljhf fUJfpwhHfs;. jdpg;gl;l cwTfs;>

fijfshf cUthf;fg;gl;L cz;ik epiy mdh;j;jj;jpid jq;fs;

tPl;bw;F tpahghukhf khw;Wfpd;wJ.

ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,J rpf;fyhd epiyapy;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,J rpf;fyhd epiyapy;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,J rpf;fyhd epiyapy;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,J rpf;fyhd epiyapy;ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ,J rpf;fyhd epiyapy;

,J xU Aj;jNkh murpay; rhh;GilaNjh my;y. ,J

,iwtdpd; nraw;ghlhFk;. ,jpy; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltHfs; Neubahf

Fw;wthspfs; my;yh;. fhg;ghw;wpatHfSk; Fw;wk; nra;a KbahJ.

mjpfhhpfs; Fw;wkw;wtHfs;. ,Wjpahf ,aw;if mdh;j;jj;jpd; gpd;

rpy thuq;fSf;F murpay; Ma;thsHfSf;F ,J njhlh;gpy; vJtpj

Ma;Tk; nra;a KbahJ. kdpjhgpkhd nra;iffNs ,J rk;ge;jkhf

,izaj;js tUif,izaj;js tUif,izaj;js tUif,izaj;js tUif,izaj;js tUif

,e;j ghhpa mdh;j;jj;jpd; ,izajs thapyhfNt ghhpa

cjtpfs; fpilf;fg;ngw;wd. ,e;j njhopy;El;gk; ,izajsk; Clhf

gy ghhpa gzpfis Mw;wpAs;sJ. gy Nkw;fj;Nja cjtpfs; ,jd;

%yNk ngwg;gl;ld. Kd;ida cjtpfis tpl ,jd;NghJ cjtpfs;

10% mjpfhpj;Nj fhzg;gl;ld. ,it midj;ijAk; fUj;jpw;

nfhs;Nthkhapd; cjtpfs; ngWFtjw;F mjid xU cUtfkhf

njhlh;fl;Lfshf $WtJ ,ayhjjhFk;.

mdh;j;jj;jpd; Gtpapay; jd;ikmdh;j;jj;jpd; Gtpapay; jd;ikmdh;j;jj;jpd; Gtpapay; jd;ikmdh;j;jj;jpd; Gtpapay; jd;ikmdh;j;jj;jpd; Gtpapay; jd;ik

,aw;if mdh;j;jj;jpd; Gaptpypy; Kd;ele;jjhf fUjKbahJ.

gpuNjr kdpjhgpkhd rpf;fy;fs; Kd;dh; epfo;r;jpUf;fhyhk;. Utz;lh

mjpfhug; gb xd;wpw;F gpd; xd;whd epfo;T ,J gpuNjr rkkhd

epfo;thf ,t;thwhd Gtpapay; gpuNjrj;jpy; fUjKbahJ.

,g;ghjpg;Gf;fspd; Gtpapay; jd;ikia cw;WNehf;FNthkhapd; ,J

rpyNtisapy; 7 fp.kP mstpy; ePz;l nky;ypa ghjpg;ghfTk;> gy

mdh;j;jq;fspy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd fp.kP. mstpy; tprhykhdjkhFk;.

106

mdh;j;jj;jpd; xU Kid gy;jug;gl;l r%fj;jpdh; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.

Mr;NrtpypUe;J Nrhkhypahtpd; vy;iy tiu kWKidapy; rpy

iky;fSf;F mg;ghy; tpahghuk; toik epiyikapy; fhzg;gLk;.

rKj;jpuj;jpd; miug;gFjpapy; ,t;thW ghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

mdh;j;jkhdJ Vw;fdNt ,Uf;Fk; rkj;Jtkw;w epiyia NkYk;

cWjpahf;FtNjhL mjid NkYk; tphpTgLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j mjpHTfs;

NkYk; jdpg;gl;l epjp kw;Wk; murpay; tUkhdj;jpw;F re;jh;g;gj;jpid

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tptpfpjhrhuj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tptpfpjhrhuj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tptpfpjhrhuj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tptpfpjhrhuj;jpw;fhd Nfs;tp

Gtpapay; hPjpahf Vw;gl;l ,aw;if mopTfSf;F Vw;wthW

epjpaply; ,lk;ngWfpwjh? vdpDk; ,J Coy;fs; kype;JtpLtjw;F

fhuzky;y. ,t;twpf;ifahdJ CoYf;F fhuzk; gaq;fukhdnjDk;

glkhf kf;fis jpirjpUg;Gk;. ,JtiuapYk; mdh;j;j nraw;ghL

CoYf;F xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpur;rpidahf ,Uf;Fnkd fUjKbahJ.

gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd nlhyh;fs; ehl;bw;Fs; ngUf;nfLj;J tUk;

Ntis vj;jidNgh; CoYf;Fs; ,lk;ngWfpwhHfs;. ,jd; tpfpjhrhuk;

vt;tsT. ,J ftdj;jpw;Fhpajh? mg;gbnadpy; ,jid vt;thW

Vida tpidj;jpwdw;w xOq;FfNshL rk;ge;jg;gLj;jp cjtpia

jtwhf Kiwahd jpl;lkplypd;wp fhyj;ij kpf FWf;fp jpl;lkpl;L

,yf;F gz;z KbAk;. ehk; ,yFthf mwpe;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;LtJ

,jid ghJfhg;gjw;F NkYk; nraw;glNtz;Lnkd;gNj.

ntspr;#oypy; Coy;ntspr;#oypy; Coy;ntspr;#oypy; Coy;ntspr;#oypy; Coy;ntspr;#oypy; Coy;

buhd;];Ngud;rp ,z;lh;ne\dy; epWtdj;jpd; Fwpfhl;Ljypd;gb

gy mdh;j;jq;fspd; fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

ehLfspd; gl;baypy; Kjy; ,lj;jpy; cs;sd. ,J Mr;rhpag;gljf;f

tplaky;y. cyfj;jpd; mdh;j;j ghjpg;G ,lq;fspy; Fwpg;ghf

Kuz;ghLfSk; ghhpa nghUshjhu xOq;FfSk; CoYf;fhd

fhuzq;fis mjpfkhf;Ffpd;wd. Vio ehLfSf;Fk; Vida

ehLfSf;Fk; nrhj;Jf;fSk; mjpfhuq;fSk; kpfTk; mstplKbahj

107

mstpw;F khw;wk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.

jw;Nghija Ma;Tfspd;gb rptpy; Aj;jj;jpy; murpay;

nghUshjhukhdJ ,yq;if kw;Wk; Mr; khepyq;fspy; njspthf

jiyg;gl;l mjpfhuk; rl;lk; kj ghjpg;GfSf;fpilNa ,aw;if

tsq;fspd; ngUf;fk; cs;Sh; rdj;njhif rh;tNjr cs;sf tsq;fs;

Rayhgj;jpw;fhd Nehf;fq;fSld; njhlh;Ggl;ljhfNt fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,j;jifa #o;epiyfs; mur mjpfhhpfs; rk;gsq;fs; gilapdh;

rk;gsq;fs; nfhLg;gdT ,y;yhik. rk;gsnk cq;fsJ MAjkhFk;.

,J murpd; Muk;g murhf khw;wk; ngWk;.

Ma;tpw;fhd gy fhuzpfspy; jq;fs; Ntiyia ,yFthf;FtJ

,j;jifa Kuz;ghlhd #oiy murpay; Ma;thsHfs; mwpe;J

vt;thW cjtp toq;fNtz;Lnkd jPh;khdpf;fpwhHfs;.

Nkhp vd;lh;rd; vDk; Ma;thshpd; Ma;Tg;gb ‘nra; ghjpg;gpd;wp’

vd;gjw;Nfw;g mjpfhu tpj;jpahrj;jpw;F Vw;g vt;thW epjp

gfpug;glNtz;Lnkd;gJ td;Kiwf;F J}gkpLtjhfpd;wJ. mJ

mNjNtis mjw;nfjpuhf vt;thW r%fj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy;

Aj;jkw;w jd;ikia Vw;gLj;JtJ vd;gijAk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s

Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. kf;fspd; tho;fifepiy mwpe;Jnfhs;tjpd; %yk;

vt;thW ,tHfis xU Fwpg;gpl;l njhFjpf;Fs; cs;slf;fyhk;

vd;gJk; mth;fsJ r%f fyhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g tifg;gL;j;jyhk;

vDk; fl;likg;Gk; Muhag;gl Ntz;Lk;. (Nyhl;rp kw;Wk; uhtd; -

nuhgh;l;]; 2003)

fw;Wf;nfhs;s $ba ,lk;fw;Wf;nfhs;s $ba ,lk;fw;Wf;nfhs;s $ba ,lk;fw;Wf;nfhs;s $ba ,lk;fw;Wf;nfhs;s $ba ,lk;

,j;jifa rfy mZFKiwfs; ClhfTk;> Coiy

mw pe ;Jnfhs ;tNjh my ;yJ vq ;F nrhj ;Jf ; fs ;

toq;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;Wk; vt;thW nghUshjhuk; nraw;gLfpwnjd;Wk;

Coy; vq;Fs;sJ vd;Wk; mwpaKbahJs;sJ. mjpfhuj;jpd;

,aw;ifjd;ikAk; toq;fypd; gfph;Tk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fis

nghUj;jstpy; Kd;dNu tbtikf;fg;gl;l cjtpfs; Coy;

mjpfhpg;gpw;F fhuzkhfpd;wJ.

108

mdh;j;j tpisTfspy; Coy;mdh;j;j tpisTfspy; Coy;mdh;j;j tpisTfspy; Coy;mdh;j;j tpisTfspy; Coy;mdh;j;j tpisTfspy; Coy;

mdh;j;jj;jpd; cld;tpisthf gy;NtW topKiwfs;

,ay;ghfNt ,jw;fhd tiff;$wiy mjpfg;gL;j;jp CoYf;fhd

re;jh;g;gj;ij ,y;yhnjhopf;fpd;wd. cs;Sh; mjpfhhpfs; nfhiy>

fhhpahyaq;fs; Nrjkhf;fg;gly;> mwpf;iffs; tq;fpawpf;iffs;> fhzp

chpkq;fs;> Ntiy mDkjpfs; ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd;%yk;

fUJtJ ahnjdpy; Kd;ida mDgtq;fspd; %yk; Fwpg;gpltJ

xt;nthU kdpjDk; jdf;fhfNt vDk; tifapy; nfhs;isabj;jy;

mjpfhpf;fpd;wJ. nghJthf kf;fs; Nrh;e;J xUtUf;nfhUth;

cjtpfis ghhpa mdh;j;jq;fspy; gfph;e;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. (Mg;lh;

nàpl; 2004) vt;thnwdpDk; mdh;j;jq;fs;> nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk;

mjpfhuq;fs; rPh;Fiyfpd;wd. xU cjtp KftH gpd;tUkhW

Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

mdh;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd kPsikg;G Kaw;rpfspy; r%f mikg;gpy;

cs;s mjpfhu Kuz;jd;ikia mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jid

mwpahJ tpbd; vq;fs; jpl;lq;fs; VyNtAs;s rkj;Jtkw;w r%ff;

fl;likg;ig kPsTWjpahf;Fk;. ehk; kf;fs;> jq;fsJ ehshe;j

tho;f;ifia kPsha;tij kl;Lk; mgptpUj;jp nra;tjhf fUjhJ

mtHfspd; r%f epiyiaAk; cah;j;j Ntz;Lk;. r%f cwit

fl;bnaOg;GjYk; $l;Lr; nraw;ghl;il rkg;gLj;jYk; Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sj;jf;f nghJghJfhg;G Kfhikj;JtKk; rpy tplaq;fspy;

muRf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; Neupilahd njhlh;gpid cUthf;fYk;>

Rdhkp mdh;j;jj;jpd; NghJ ,jid fLikahf mKy;elj;jYk;

mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

xU Kf;fpa Nrhh;T cs;sJxU Kf;fpa Nrhh;T cs;sJxU Kf;fpa Nrhh;T cs;sJxU Kf;fpa Nrhh;T cs;sJxU Kf;fpa Nrhh;T cs;sJ

ahUila Njitf;fhf> ahUila topfhl;lypy; Gdh; eph;khz>

GdUj;jhuz gzpfs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ngUk;ghyhd khefu kw;Wk;

efu mjpfhhpfspd; ,j;jifa kPs;eph;khzk; njhlh;gpy; vq;F ghjpg;G

109

eilngw;wNjh mq;F mtw;iw Jg;GuT nra;J Gjpadtpw;F

tpj;jplNtz;bath;fshfpwhHfs;. ,e;epiy ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F

ghJfhg;gpid Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,jw;F 2 cjhuzq;fs; nrhy;yyhk;.

,yq;ifapy; cldbahf njhopy;El;g hPjpahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

jPh;khdkhf 100 - 200 kPw;wh; flw;gpuNjrj;jpw;F mg;ghy; eph;khzpj;jy;.

,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf xU fp.kP. ghJfhg;G tyak;. ,yq;ifapd;

KOg;gFjpahd 260 fp.kP. flw;fiu gpuNjrj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;. ,jw;fhf

Gjpa rl;l%ynkhd;W ghuhSkd;wpy; rkh;g;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,j;jF

epiyahy; ,g;gpuNjr tho; kf;fspd; ,ay;Gtho;T epiy

ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ. kPs;Fbakh;j;jy;> ,lk;ngw KbahJs;sJld;

mtHfspd; njhopw;WiwfSk; kPd;gpbj;jy; Nghd;witfSk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. VyNt Viofshfpa FLk;gq;fs; ,jd; fhuzkhf

NkYk; ghjpf;fg;gLtJld; cy;yhr Jiw %ykhf ,th;fspd; Nkyjpf

tUkhdk; ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jha ;yhe ; j pYk ; ,jw ;F xg ; g hd t plaq ;fs ;

mwpf;ifg;gLj;jg;gl;ls;sd. ,q;F nrhy;yKbahj mstpw;f nrhj;J

gpur;rpidfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. chpkk; njhlh;gpy; gj;jpnyhd;gJ

gq;Fgw;wy; rl;lk; fhuzkhf jq;fspd; ,og;gPl;L nrhj;Jf;fs;

nfhQ;rkhf fhzpfis ngWk; jFjpaile;jhHfs;. ghJfhg;ghsHfs;

mtHfSf;F ‘yak;nghak; gpuNjrj;jpy;’ ghz;ek; rpahk; cs;s gioa

bd;ikd; irl;by; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s jPh;khdpj;jhh;fs;. ,q;F iftplg;gl;l

xU ngUk;epyg;gug;gpy; VyNt Jg;ghf;fp Ve;jpa iu%d; vDk; FOtpdh;

,jid ifgw;wp ,f;flw;fiuf;F Kd;duhd gpuNjrj;jpw;F chpik

NfhhpdhHfs;. mopTfs; %yg;nghUl;fspw;Fk; jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

Mr; gpuNjrq;fspy; tPLfis eph;khzpg;gjw;Fk; ts;sq;fs;

r Ph ;nra;tjw;Fk; kuk; Njitg;gLfpwJ. Mr;rpd; kiyiag;

ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l kueLif %yk; XusT ,j;Njit

G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gbDk; ts;sq;fs; Gduikg;gjw;F kl;LNk

NghJkhdjhFk;. tUlhe;jk; 70% khd kuq;fs; ,q;F rl;ltpNuhjkhf

ntl;lg;gl;lJ vdpDk; ,j;NjitahdJ ,q;NfNa G+h;j;jpnra;ag;gl

Ntz;bAs;sJ.

110

cjtp toq;fy; Coiy ghjpf;Fk;cjtp toq;fy; Coiy ghjpf;Fk;cjtp toq;fy; Coiy ghjpf;Fk;cjtp toq;fy; Coiy ghjpf;Fk;cjtp toq;fy; Coiy ghjpf;Fk;

rh;tNjr kw;Wk; cs;Sh; cjtp r%fk; tiutpyf;fzg;gb

tsk; Njitahd gpuNjrj;jpw;F tsq;fs; gfpug;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf;

Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ,;j;jifa ghhpa cjtpfs; gy %yq;fspypUe;J

fpilf;fpd;wd. ,j;jifa #oy; NkYk; gy re;jh;g;gq;fspy; CoYf;F

tha;g;ghf;Ffpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf ghhpa jpwdhd epWtdq;fs;

cs;sf fzf;fha;T njhlh;gpy; fbdkhf ,Ug;gJld; Coy;

,lk;ngwhky; jLg;gjw;Fhpa eltbf;iffisAk; Nkw;nfhs;fpehHfs;.

rfy mdh;j;jq;fSk; mdh;j;j kPs; nraw;ghLfSk; yhgj;jpw;fhd

re;jh;g;gj;jpid cUthf;FtJld; epWtd kakhf;fiy th;j;jfh;fis

mjpfg;gLj;JtJld; mth;fis epue;ju gq;FjhuH Mf;FfpwJ. ngsjPf

ts fl;likg;G NjitNa mjpfhu kw;Wk; tsJ\;gpuNahf Muk;g

re;jh;g;gkhf mikfpd;wJ. xU kl;lj;jpy; ,J Vida ghhpa eph;khz

jpl;lq;fSf;F tpj;jpahrkhdjy;y. ,d;DnkhU kl;lj;jpy; cjtp

toq;fy; jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt CoYf;F Jiz Nghfpd;wJ.

(m) ,yf;F(m) ,yf;F(m) ,yf;F(m) ,yf;F(m) ,yf;F

rfy cjtpj; jpl;lq;fSk; jq;fsJ Nrit kw;Wk; tsq;fs;

njhlh;gpy; Njit rk;ge;jkhd rhpahd Kbtpy; cs;sd. ,yf;F

100% MFnkd Fwpg;gpl KbahJ. ,e;j mwpf;iff;fhd ehk; 2

tpjkhd gpiofis ,dq;fhz Ntz;Lk;. mitahtd> jtph;j;jYk;>

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sYk; MFk;. jtph ;j ;jj;jpy; cs;s FiwghL

jdpg;gl;lth;fs; tPl;LhpikahsHfs; my;yJ r%fk; mth;fshy; ,yf;F

itf;fg;gl;ltHfs; tpLgLjy;. ,J Kuz;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; kjpg;gPL

nra;ahik my;yJ mth;fs; rpy Ntis Kiwahd kjpg;gPl;bw;f

cl;glhik. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sypy; cs;s FiwghL cz;ikapy;

Njitapy;yhjtHfs; ,yf;F itf;fg;gLk; NghJ ,J Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;thW ,uz;L jtWfs; CoYf;fhd re;jh;g;gkhFk;. Fwpg;ghf

jtph;j;jy; FiwghL tPl;LhpikahsHfisAk; r%fj;ijAk; Kiwaw;w

ghJfhg;G epiyapypUe;J jtph;f;fpd;wJ. rhjhuz msptyhd cjtpfs;

Vidatw;wpYk; ghJfhg;ghdJ. Vnddpy; mJ r%f kl;lj;jpy;

111

cs;sjhFk;.

(M) fhy vy;iy(M) fhy vy;iy(M) fhy vy;iy(M) fhy vy;iy(M) fhy vy;iy

fhy vy;iy gw;wpa Njitia fzpg;gpLifapy; Fwpg;ghf

njhluhd mdh ;j ; jj ; j pd ; NghJ ghJfhg ; G cjt pfs ;

cld;Njitg;gLfpd;wd. epjpaply; xOq;FfspYk; toq;fy;

KiwfspYk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy vy;iy mtrpakhFk;. czT toq;fNy

kpfTk; NkhrkhdjhFk;. czT toq;fSf;fhd fhyKwpT Vwf;Fiwa

150 ehl;fshFk;. ,J NjitfSf;F gpe;jpa toq;fyhfNt

,Uf;fpd;wJ. Fiwe;j tpidj;jpwd; rfy tpjkhd jhkjq;fisAk;

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J mrhjhuzkhdJ vdpDk; cjtptoq;Fdh;fs;

,j;jifa tplaj;jpy; mf;fiw nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. jhkjq;fshd

toq;fy;fs; ,d;Wk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. rpy rkaq;fspy; ,J

Njitaw;wjhFk; ,e;j nghUl;fs; rhjhuzkhd tpiyf;F

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf fhzg;gLk;.

(,) rkkhd xOq;Ffs;(,) rkkhd xOq;Ffs;(,) rkkhd xOq;Ffs;(,) rkkhd xOq;Ffs;(,) rkkhd xOq;Ffs;

cjtp toq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; me;jg; gpuNjrj;jpw;F GjpatHfs;

vdpd; mth;fs; cs;ShpYs;s toikfis jq;fs; Nritfs;>

tpepNahfk; tiff;$wy; vd;gtw;wpy; filg;gpbf;f khl;lhh;fs;. ,jd;

fhuzkhf mtHfs; rkkhd nghUshjhuj;ij fl;bnaOg;gp

njhopy;tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jp epiwa rk;gsk; nfhLj;J epue;jukw;w

Ntiyia cUthf;FthHfs;. mtHfs; jq;fspd; nrhe;j thfdq;fis

gad;gLj;JtJld; nrhe;j fsQ;rpaq;fis gad;gLj;JthHfs;.

r%fj;jpYs;s fy;tp fw;wth; kj;jpapy; cjtpfs; tpkh;rpf;fg;gLk;.

mit nkhop kw;Wk; fzdp jpwDilajhFk;. ,J cs;sf

rk;gsq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhdjhy; muR jd;id ,jNdhL fl;bnaOg;g

f\;lg;gLk; mNjNtis jdJ gioa MrphpaHfs; epUthfpfs;>

nkhopngah;g;ghsHfs; vd murhq;fj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;$ba rk;gsj;jpw;F

Nkyjpfkhf mkh;j ;jg ;gl ;bUg;ghHfs;. ,jd;NghJ cjtpj ;

njhopyhsHfs; Ntiyj; NjitAk; ghjpg;gilfpd;wJ. tPl;L

thliffSk;> czT tpiyfSk; mjpfhpj;jy;> re;ij epytuq;fis

112

nry;t nropg;ghd Njitf;F cUthf;FfpwJ. (U.S. AID 2002)

,jd;%yk; cjtp toq;Fk; ehLfs; KftHfs; ,e;j Kiwapid

kPsikj;J epakdq;fs;> gapw;rpfs; kw;Wk; rh;tNjr Mszpf;F

el;l<l;il toq;Fjy; vjph;g;ghh;f;fg;gbDk;> ,J ,d;Wtiu

Nfypf;$j;jhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. rkj;Jt epiy vg;NghJk; Nkhrkhdjd;W.

gy Kuz;ghl;L #oypYk; rkj;Jt epiy Coy; kw;Wk; cs;Sh;

mur tpahghu epiyfspy; khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

fw;wy; epiyfw;wy; epiyfw;wy; epiyfw;wy; epiyfw;wy; epiy

KftHfs; Fwpg;gpl;l fhyj;jpw;Fs; cjtp toq;fiyAk;

mt;toq;fy;fs; Njitg;gLNthhpw;F toq;fg;gLjiyAk; mtjhdpg;gJ

mtrpakhFk;.

kdpjhgpkhd cjtp cgfuzq;fs;kdpjhgpkhd cjtp cgfuzq;fs;kdpjhgpkhd cjtp cgfuzq;fs;kdpjhgpkhd cjtp cgfuzq;fs;kdpjhgpkhd cjtp cgfuzq;fs;

,Wjpahf kdpjhgpkhd cjtp cgfuzq;fspd; Njit

njhlh;gpy; ghprPypg;Nghk;.

fle;j 10 tUlq;fshf kdpjhgpkhd r%fk; cjtp toq;Fk;

murhq;fs;> If;fpa ehl;L KftHfs;> murrhh;gw;w epWtdq;fs;

Mfpad epjp kw;Wk; toq;fy; %yq;fisf; fz;L mjw;F

tiff;$wYf;fhd jq;fs; kl;lj;ijAk;> ,aYikiaAk; mjpfhpj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;F mauh Kaw;rp vLj;Js;sd. cjtp toq;Fdh; %yk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;l kpiftif$wYf;fhd mOj;jq;fs; thpf;nfhLg;Nghh;

kPJk; rq;fpypj; njhluhf Vw;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf I.eh. kw;Wk; mur

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epjpaply; rk;ge;jkhd tplaq;fspy; NgzptUfpd;wJ.

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118

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121

Documents

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