Emission inventory of PCDDs/Fs in the Czech Republic

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Emission inventory of PCDDs/Fs in the Czech

Republic

Ivan Holoubek, Ivan Holoubek, Jiří Kohoutek, Pavel MachálekJiří Kohoutek, Pavel Machálek

RECETOX - TOCOEN RECETOX - TOCOEN && Associates AssociatesKamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech RepublicKamenice 126/3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic

Phone: +420 5 47 121 401; fax: +420 5 47 121 431Phone: +420 5 47 121 401; fax: +420 5 47 121 431

E-mail: holoubekE-mail: holoubek@@recetox.muni.cz; http://recetox.muni.cz/recetox.muni.cz; http://recetox.muni.cz/Dioxin emissions in Candidate Countries. Kick Off Workshop

of a DG_ENV funded project. March 10, 2003, Bratislava, Slovakia

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Emission inventories:Emission inventories:

- - 1991 1991 - - the the UN ECE Task Force on Emission InventoriesUN ECE Task Force on Emission Inventories was was established to help developed the procedures and established to help developed the procedures and methodologies for emission estimation and reporting for methodologies for emission estimation and reporting for various persistent air pollutants. various persistent air pollutants.

- - An An Atmospheric Emission Inventory GuidebookAtmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook is currently is currently being prepared within this Task Forcebeing prepared within this Task Force (http://www.eea.eu.int/)(http://www.eea.eu.int/)

- - The GuidebookThe Guidebook is organised in the form of chapters, each is organised in the form of chapters, each representing various categories, subcategories, or even representing various categories, subcategories, or even activities that generate emission of atmospheric pollutants. activities that generate emission of atmospheric pollutants.

- - The The GGuidebookuidebook also includes information on main groups of also includes information on main groups of PBTs (POPs). PBTs (POPs).

Emission inventory of Emission inventory of POPs in the CRPOPs in the CR

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1993 1993 – 1995:– 1995: the Department of Foreign Affairs Canada, through the the Department of Foreign Affairs Canada, through the Greenplan initiatives, funded Greenplan initiatives, funded two studies two studies to review the information to review the information on emission measurements in the on emission measurements in the former Czechoslovakia (1993) and former Czechoslovakia (1993) and Czech Republic (1995)Czech Republic (1995), which could be used to elaborate emission , which could be used to elaborate emission rates/emission factors of POPs.rates/emission factors of POPs.

This study was co-ordinated by Axys Environmental Consulting Ltd. This study was co-ordinated by Axys Environmental Consulting Ltd. (Sidney, Vancouver, Canada) and involved the joint co-operation of (Sidney, Vancouver, Canada) and involved the joint co-operation of scientists from Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Norway and scientists from Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Norway and Canada. Canada.

The major outputThe major outputs:s: I. Holoubek et al. (1993): I. Holoubek et al. (1993): Compilation of Emission Factors for POPs: A Case Compilation of Emission Factors for POPs: A Case

Study of Emission Estimates in the Czech and Slovak Republics.Study of Emission Estimates in the Czech and Slovak Republics.Z. Parma et al. (1995): Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidelines for POPs.Z. Parma et al. (1995): Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidelines for POPs.

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Machálek, NPOPsINV, 2002

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During period 1997-1999,During period 1997-1999, Czech Republic has performed a Czech Republic has performed a very broad project concerning the measurements of very broad project concerning the measurements of emission factors and emissions from typical sources of emission factors and emissions from typical sources of POPs. POPs.

These results were used for actual emission inventory of These results were used for actual emission inventory of POPs on the territory of the Czech Republic. POPs on the territory of the Czech Republic.

The summary of results from these measurements for The summary of results from these measurements for PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs/Fs and HCB is shown in the PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs/Fs and HCB is shown in the following Tables. following Tables.

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The main sources of POPs in CR:• combustion of fossil fuels and wastes (coal fired stations), local heating systems)• metallurgy, • heat coal conversion processes,• production and use of coke, asphalt and coal tars,• catalytic cracking,• traffic• waste waters,• landfills,• crematoria,• PAHs and carbon black production,• forest fires,

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Emission inventory of POPs in Emission inventory of POPs in the CRthe CR

Estimations of POPs emissions in CR1989

(Warmenhovenet al., 1989)a

1993(Holoubek

et al., 1993)a

1990(Parma

et al., 1996)b

1994(Parma

et al., 1996)b

1999(Holoubek

et al., 1999)b

PAHs[t.y-1]

215 378 4 214.6 3 635.2 850

PCBs[kg.y-1]

31 000 23 340 3 917.5 3 464.2

PCDDs/Fs[g TEQ.y-1]

30.25 2 121.5 1 776.6 650

a estimation based on literature datab estimation more based on measurements of real emissions


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Emission factors and annual emissions of PCDDs/Fs from the main sources in CRCategory of source (based on

UN/ECE POPs Protocol, Anex VIII)Emission factors

[ng TEQ.t-1]Annual emissions

[g TEQ.y-1]Municipal waste incinerators 490 (Brno)

8 625 (Praha) 1.14

Medical waste incinerators 4 013.3480 – 2 065 000

0.022

Hazardous waste incinerators 0 – 11 930Sinter plants 3 839 - 20 535 73.12Steel production 1 240 8.50Secondary Al production 39 883 4.80Power plants 1 463.1F 1 249.3P 6.01Local heating 3 600 – 205 680BC

640 – 75 276BR389.80

Coke productionCement production 1.19 (1.9 – 1 040) 0.30Lime production 2 387 2.86

50Mobil sources - gasoline - oil 20

0.146

These sources - total 486.70Estimation of total emissions 650

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Emission inventory of POPs in the Emission inventory of POPs in the CRCR


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The results from The results from this this research project research project werewere compared with the official compared with the official emission inventory of POPs on territory of the Czech Republic, emission inventory of POPs on territory of the Czech Republic, which was prepared by Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. which was prepared by Czech Hydrometeorological Institute.

The emission balance was processed from available information on The emission balance was processed from available information on emission factors (including technological state of sources in the emission factors (including technological state of sources in the evaluated time period) and capacity data (consumption of fuel, heat evaluated time period) and capacity data (consumption of fuel, heat supplied in fuel, production of selected technologies) for the years supplied in fuel, production of selected technologies) for the years 1990-1990-20002000. .

The sources of emission factors were mainly the measurements of The sources of emission factors were mainly the measurements of emission sources, which were performed in CR during the period emission sources, which were performed in CR during the period 1993-1999 (control measurements, research projects). 1993-1999 (control measurements, research projects).

Capacity data sources were the database of the Register of Emissions Capacity data sources were the database of the Register of Emissions and Air Pollution Sources (REZZO), Statistical yearbook of the and Air Pollution Sources (REZZO), Statistical yearbook of the Czech Republic. Czech Republic.

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Emission inventory of Emission inventory of POPsPOPs in the CRin the CR


99

The minimum, maximum and average emission values were The minimum, maximum and average emission values were calculated for the required time period on the basis of this calculated for the required time period on the basis of this information about emission factors. information about emission factors.

The overall 1990-The overall 1990-20002000 emission balance was prepared according to emission balance was prepared according to the the 20012001 work-plan for the implementation of POPs Protocol of work-plan for the implementation of POPs Protocol of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution.

Elimination of the outlying data and establishing of the Elimination of the outlying data and establishing of the representative emission factors for individual source categories representative emission factors for individual source categories were performed because of the wide range of emission factors. were performed because of the wide range of emission factors.

New data were added from the updated New data were added from the updated 3rd 3rd edition of edition of EuroepanEuroepan Guidebook.Guidebook.

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EEmission trend mission trend of of PPCDDsCDDs//FFs s [[gg.y.y-1-1]] in in the CR –the CR – 1990 - 2000 1990 - 2000

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000


1111

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PCDD/F

plošné zdroje53,89%

aglomerace 3,02%

výroba surového železa 3,11%

spalování odpadu2,63%

bodové zdroje27,37%

mobilní zdroje5,46%

výroba koksu0,11%

výroba oceli4,41%

Emission structure of the most important categories of sources – PCDDs/Fs


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ConclusionsConclusions

The most important sources of selected POPs in The most important sources of selected POPs in CR are:CR are:

PAHs – local heating, coke production, PAHs – local heating, coke production, mobil sources;mobil sources;

PCBs – sinter plants, mobile sources, PCBs – sinter plants, mobile sources, power plants;power plants;

PCDDs/Fs – local heating, HWI;PCDDs/Fs – local heating, HWI;

HCB – power plants, local heating, HCB – power plants, local heating, sinter plantssinter plants


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Future topicsFuture topics

The measurement of other category of sourcesThe measurement of other category of sources

Additional measurements of basic categoriesAdditional measurements of basic categories Verification of EFsVerification of EFs Validation of source informationValidation of source information


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Druh dopravyRok

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

ID 348,4 304,4 372,0 403,2 444,4 433,3 454,6 436,6 368,2 338,0 254,6 201,1

AD 5,7 4,3 4,0 3,4 2,9 3,4 3,3 2,9 4,2 4,1 4,6 5,1

SND 23,2 23,5 31,4 32,8 54,7 61,3 69,9 84,5 67,6 80,0 84,8 88,8

MHD autobusy 2,1 1,6 1,7 1,5 1,3 1,7 2,0 2,0 2,1 2,0 2,2 2,4

ŽD mot. trakce 5,6 4,0 3,7 2,4 2,0 2,9 3,1 2,5 2,6 2,3 2,0 2,3

VD 0,5 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2

LD - - - - - - - - - - - -

Doprava celkem 385,5 338,2 413,2 443,7 505,6 502,9 533,4 528,9 445,0 426,7 348,5 299,8

Evaluation of POPs emissions - transport – Total emission of PCDFs in CR [mg]

Adamec, NPOPsINV, 2002

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POPs are emitted from traffic or are transported. Emission inventory – relative without problems – inventory

based on the consumption of combusted fuel; emission factors are known.

Releases of transported comodities. Evaluation of releases from the roads – spatial, temporal and

local uncertain estimates. Inventory of wastes from the transport (very variable (old

cars, reconstruction of roads..) Emission of POPs from the traffic is strongly influenced by age

of cars Dramatic increasing of amounts of cars

Unsufficient evidence of transported harmfull compounds

Problems in POPs traffic inventory

Adamec, NPOPsINV, 2002

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Source evaluation of POPS atmospheric emissions in the CR - projects of R&D

Dependence of PCDD/F Emissions on Chlorine in Fuel

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8

Cl in Fuel (%)

PCD

D/F

[ng/

GJ]

Coal

Biomass

Coal + Biomass

Ocelka et al., NPOPsINV, 2002

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Emission Factors of PCDDs and PCDFs Refer to I-TEQ

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

CoaI "Julian"

CoaI "Julian"

Coal "Wujek"

Coal "WUJEK"

Rape Straw

Wheat Straw

Lump Pine Wood

Briquettes of Pine Wood Sawdust

Briquettes of Sludge and Coal "Julian"

Briquettes of Sawdust and Coal "Wujek"

Mixture of Sawdust and Coal "WUJEK"

Mixture of Rape Straw and Coal "WUJEK"

Tota

l [n

g/M

J]

Total PCDD (Refer to TEQ)

Total PCDF (Refer to TEQ)Total PCDD/F (Refer to TEQ)

POPs emissions from local heating systems - effect of co-combustion of coal and biomass


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0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

AT 500 AT 500 AT 500 AT 500 AT 500 U22 U22 U22 P U22 P U22 P U22 P

Oils fromDiesel

engines

Oils fromDiesel

engines

Burning oil Recycled oil Oils fromDiesel

engines

Used oil"Honda"

Fuel toDiesel

engines

Fuel toDiesel

engines

Fuel toDiesel

engines

Used oil"Unicar"

Used oil"Unicar"

1 2 5 6 7 3 4 8 9 10 11

Evaporatory Burner

Boiler/Fuel/Experiment/Kind

Con

cent

ratio

n ng

TEQ

/m3 N


PCDDs/Fs emissions form combustion of various types of oils

Documents

Emission inventory of PCDDs/Fs in the Czech Republic