EMISSION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSISOF DI- DIESEL ENGINE ... · rope brake dynamometer, such as BSFC, BTE, B.S.E.C. are calculated and exhaust gas temperature were measured. The experiment

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 11, November2018, pp. 967–979, Article ID: IJMET_09_11_098

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=9&IType=11

ISSN Print: 0976-6340andISSN Online: 0976-6359

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EMISSION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSISOF

DI- DIESEL ENGINE USING THEBLEND OF

SUNFLOWER OIL AND RICE BRAN OIL

M.Kumaresan, M.Ramanathan and Ramakrishnan.T

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg., PSNA college of Engg. And Tech

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel is a renewable and sustainable alternative fossil fuel that is derived from

vegetable oils and animal fats. This study investigates the production, characterization,

and effect of biodiesel blends from two prominent feedstocks, namely, sunflower oil and

ricebranoil on engines. To aggregate the advantages of sunflower oil and ricebran oil,

combined blend of this two biodiesels is examined to evaluate its effect on engine

performance and emission characteristics. Biodiesels are produced using the NaOH

catalyzed transesterification process.

Various physic-chemical properties are measured and compared with the ASTM

D6751 standard. A 4.4 Kw,single-cylinder, four-stroke, and direct-injection diesel

engine is employed under a full load and varying speed conditions. Biodiesel blends

produce a low brake torque and high brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC).

However, CO and HC emissions are reduced except for NOx, are significantly reduced

while improving brake thermal efficiency. The experimental analysis reveals that the

combined blend of sunflower oil and ricebran oil shows superior performance and

emission over individual sunflower oil and ricebran oil biodiesel blends.

Key Words: Biodiesel, sunflower oil, ricebran oil, transesterification

Cite this Article: M.Kumaresan, M.Ramanathan and Ramakrishnan.T, Emission And

Performance Analysisof Di- Diesel Engine Using Theblend Of Sunflower Oil Andrice

Bran Oil, Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(11), 2018, pp. 967–

979.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Biodiesel is defined as mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils

or animal fats which conform to ASDM D67561(American society for testing and materials).it

is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel produce from domestic, renewable resources and

animal fats. With the increased emphasis on the need for clean, renewable fuels, it is imperative

to fully understand the operational characteristics of biodiesel. The idea of using vegetable oil

as fuel has been in existence since Rudolph Diesel demonstrated his compression engine, the

diesel engine, in the late 1800s. However, for many years, petroleumhas been the primary

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source for diesel fuels (Schumacher et al., 2001). For most of the twentieth century, an

abundant supply for petroleum allowed for affordable petroleum diesel. However, in recent

years the supply of petroleum has slowed, while the need for petroleum fuels has substantially

increased. Petroleum diesel consumption has nearly doubled over the last twenty years. In the

transportation sector alone, diesel fuel usage has increased from about 1.5 million barrels per

day in 1986 to more than 2.9 million barrels per day in 2006. In 2006, almost 14 million barrels

of petroleum fuels as a whole were consumed. (EIA, 2007)With the increasing need for energy,

the decreasing rate of oil production, and the increased awareness in environmental protection,

there has been a desire for alternative, clean-burning, renewablefuels. This has been sent to the

forefront by the recent increase in oil prices and stringent regulatory actions.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

Ranganathan et al [1] Fuel crisis because of dramatic increase in vehicular population and

environmental concerns have renewed interest of scientific community to look for alternative

fuels of bio-origin such as vegetable oils. Vegetable oils can be produced from forests,

vegetable oil crops, and oil bearing biomass materials. Vegetable oils such as cotton seed oil,

linseed oil, mahua oil, rice bran oil, etc. are potentially effective diesel substitute. Vegetable

oils have high-energy content. In the present work, experimental tests have been carried out to

evaluate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using

cotton seed oil. (CSO) and its blends of 20%, 40%, and 60%, and standard diesel fuel

separately. The common problems posed when using vegetable oil in a compression ignition

engine are poor atomization; carbon deposits, ring sticking, etc. This is because of the high

viscosity and low volatility of vegetable oil. When blended with diesel, CSO presented lower

viscosity, improved volatility, better combustion and less carbon deposit. It was found that there

was a reduction in NOx emission for CSO 100 and its diesel blends along with a marginal

increase in HC and CO emissions. Brake thermal efficiency was slightly lower for CSO 100

and its diesel blends. From the combustion analysis, it was found that CSO – diesel blends

performed better than CSO 100.

Ingle et al [2]The paper describe the comparative performance of single cylinder diesel

engine with direct use of cotton seed oil methyl ester and preheated condition at variable

temperature such as 50, 70 and 90oC.The properties such as viscosity, flash point, pour point

were experimentally measured of COME, thus obtained are comparable with ASM biodiesel

standards. The COME has been tested in single cylinder four stroke diesel engine coupled with

rope brake dynamometer, such as BSFC, BTE, B.S.E.C. are calculated and exhaust gas

temperature were measured. The experiment was carried out varying load at constant speed.

The results revealed that preheating COME up to 90oC at higher load lead to increase in brake

thermal efficiency is 2 % as compared to diesel fuel and brake specific fuel consumption

increases at higher load as compared to diesel fuel. There is no significant change found in

brake power where as exhaust gas temperature of all preheated biodiesel COME is high and

break specific energy consumption required to preheat COME is high as compared to diesel.

However, the optimum conditions for biodiesel production are suggested in this paper. A

maximum of 76% biodiesel was produced with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5%pottasium

hydroxide.

Jacob Joseph Powell et al [3]Non-road diesel engines are significant contributors to air

pollution in the United States (USEPA, 2004). These engines emit particulate matter (PM),

nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and other pollutants. The Clean Air Non-road

Diesel Rule was put in place to reduce emission levels from agricultural, construction, and

industrial diesel powered equipment. This rule calls for a reduction in sulfur concentrations in

diesel fuel. While this reduction will decrease SO2 emissions, it will also affect fuel lubricity

since sulfur in the fuel acts as a lubricant. Biodiesel is a clean burning alternative fuel produced

Emission And Performance Analysisof di- Diesel Engine Using Theblend of Sunflower oil

Andrice Bran oil


from plant oils or animal fats (NBB, 2006a). Biodiesel is easily blended with petroleum diesel

to create biodiesel blends, and is essentially free of sulfur. Biodiesel blends,which contain less

sulfur than petroleum diesel, decrease the concentration of sulfur in the fuel, while providing

engine lubrication that would otherwise be provided by the sulfur in the fuel. Biodiesel has a

lower energy content than petroleum diesel. Therefore, biodiesel blends have a lower energy

content. This difference in energy content will likely result in lower fuel efficiency for biodiesel

blends. In the experiment planned for this research, brake specific fuel consumption will be

determined for a 19 horsepower engine using several cottonseed oil-biodieselblends. Engine

performance curves will also be developed.

Siva Kumaret al [4]There is an increasing interest in India to search for suitable alternative

fuels that are environmental friendly. Environmental concerns and limited amount of petroleum

resources have caused interests in the development of alternative fuels for internal combustion

(IC) Engines. As an alternative, biodegradable, renewable and sulphur free biodiesel is

receiving increasing attention. The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world,

making it imperative to fully understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine

combustion process and pollutant formation. Biodiesel is known as the mono-alkyl-esters of

long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feedstock, such as, vegetable oils or animal’s

fats, for use in compression ignition engines. Therefore, in this study, different parameters for

the optimization of biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase, while in the next

phase of the study performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel

mixtures was carried out. Biodiesel was made by the well knowntransesterification process.

Cottonseed oil (CSO) was selected for biodiesel production. The transesterification results

showed that with the variation of catalyst, methanol, variation of biodiesel production was

realized. However, the optimum conditions for biodiesel production are suggested in this paper.

A maximum of 76% biodiesel was produced with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium

methaoxide. The engine experimental results showed that exhaust emissions including carbon

monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and smoke emissions were reduced for all biodiesel

mixtures. However, a slight increase in oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emission was experienced for

biodiesel mixtures.

Venkateswara Rao et al [5]The methyl esters of vegetable oils, known as biodiesel are

becoming increasingly popular because of their low environmental impact and potential as a

green alternative fuel for diesel engine and they would not require significant modification of

existing engine hardware. Methyl ester of Pongamia (PME), Jatropha (JME) and Neem (NME)

are derived through transesterification process. Experimental investigations have been carried

out to examine properties, performance and emissions of different blends (B10, B20, and B40)

of PME, JME and NME in comparison to diesel. Results indicated that B20 have closer

performance to diesel and B100 had lower brake thermal efficiency mainly due to its high

viscosity compared to diesel. However, its diesel blends showed reasonable efficiencies, lower

smoke, CO and HC. Pongamia methyl ester gives better performance compared to Jatropha and

Neem methyl esters.

3. PREPARATION OF BIO DIESEL (SUNFLOWER OIL + RICE BRAN

OIL)

The experimental setup is shown in figure 1. A 5000ml three-necked round-bottomed flask was

used as areactor. The flask was place dina water bath, whose temperature could be controlled

with in +2oC. One of the two side necks was equipped with a condenser and the other was used

as a thermo well. A hermo meter was placed in the thermo well containing little glycerol for

temperature measurement in side the reactor .A blade stirrer was passed through the central





neck, which was connected to a motor along with speed regulator for adjusting and controlling

the stirrer speed.

Flow Chart For Preparation Of Biodiesel From Combination Of Sunflower Oil And Cotton Seed Oil

Figure 1 Bio Diesel Experimental Setup


Andrice Bran oil


Table 1 Specification Of Engine:

Enginetype Four-stroke,stationary,constantspeed

(1500rpm),directinjectiondiesel engine Maximumpower 4.4Kw

Maximumtorque 28N-m

Bore 87.5mm

Stroke 110mm

Compressionratio 17.5:1

Injectiontiming 23.4degreeBTDC

Figure 2 Results And Discussions: Performance Analysis By Graphs: For Biodiesel: (Sunflower

Oil30%+Rice Bran Oil70%) Heat Release

Figure 3 Pressure vs Crank Angle





Figure 4 PV Diagram

Figure 5 Performance Analysis By Graphs: For Biodiesel: (Sunflower Oil70%+Rice Bran Oil30%)

Heat Release



Andrice Bran oil


Figure 7 PV Diagram

Figure 8 Performance Analysis By Graphs: For Biodiesel: (Sunflower Oil50%+Rice Bran Oil50%) Heat

Release:






Figure 10 PV Diagram:


Andrice Bran oil


Figure 11 TFC Vs SFC

Figure 12 BTE Vs SFC





4. EMISSION GRAPHS

Figure 13 Cox Emission:

Figure 14 HC EMISSION:


Andrice Bran oil


Figure 15 Co2 Emission:

Figure 16 O2 Emisson





Figure 17 Nox Emission

CONCLUSION

The experimental results have shown the comparison between the performance and the

combustion characteristics of the C.I engine using Biodiesel from combination of Sun flower

oil &Rice Bran Oil as a fuel, which are almost matching the diesel mode of operation. This

justifies that the attempt made to use of Biodiesel ( Sun Flower Oil & Rice Bran Oil) as a fuel

in the C.I engine is very effective and that the oil can be used as an alternative fuel without

having to do any modification to the engine. Due to the lower calorific value of the (Sun Flower

Oil & Rice Bran Oil), however, it was found that the brake power of the engine was higher

when the load was increased. Meanwhile, the specific fuel consumption was also lower for

Biodiesel from combination of Sun Flower Oil & Rice Bran Oil as compared to diesel.

REFERENCES

[1] Lakshminarayanarao.G and Sampath .S “Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel

engine fuelled with methyl esters of oil and rice bran oil” International journal of Global

energy Issues (2008) pp 314328

[2] SrinivasaRao P. and Gopalakrishnan, K.V. (1991). Vegeable oils and methyl esters as fuels

for diesel engines. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 29, 292-7.

[3] Varaprasad, C.M., Muralikrishna, M.V.S. and Prabhakar, R. C. (1997). Investigations on bio

diesel (Esterified JatrophaCurcus Oil) in diesel engines. XV National Conference on I.C.

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[4] SudhirGhai and M.K.Gajendrababu “Emissions and performance study with sunflower

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[5] P.K.Sahoo and L.M.Das “Combustion analysis of Jatropha, andPolanga based biodiesel as

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[6] RecepAltin, SelimCetinkaya, HuseyinSerdarYucesu. The potential of using vegetable oil

fuels as fuel for diesel engines. Energ Convers Manage 2001;42:529–38.


Andrice Bran oil


[7] Murayama Tadashi, Oh Toung-taig, Miyamoto Noboru, ChikahisaTakemi. Low carbon

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EMISSION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSISOF DI- DIESEL ENGINE ... · rope brake dynamometer, such as BSFC, BTE, B.S.E.C. are calculated and exhaust gas temperature were measured. The experiment