EMERGING DISEASES OF SHEEP & EMERGING DISEASES OF SHEEP & GOAT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE GOAT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PESTE-DES-PETITS & BLUE TO PESTE-DES-PETITS & BLUE TONGUE IN SMALL RUMINANTSTONGUE IN SMALL RUMINANTS

Dr. S.S.RautmareDeputy Commissioner A.H.

Virology & FMD Lab.Disease Investigation Section

Pune – 411 007

Economic ImpactEconomic Impact

Sheep Goat ( Fig. In Millions )India 61 125M.S. 03 011

Presence of disease can limit Trade & Export Development of intensive livestock production Loss of animal protein for human consumption Estimated annual loss Rs. 1800 million.

Three factors to minimize mortality in Three factors to minimize mortality in Sheep & Goat Sheep & Goat

Shelter

Management

Disease Control

Disease ControlDisease Control

Economically Important Diseases Kid / Lamb mortality

The organismThe organism

Family Paramyxoviridae Genus Morbillivirus Similar to Rinderpest Other members of the family include Measles virus Canine distemper virus

The organismThe organism

Characteristic Features :

• Survive at 60 0 C for 60 min.• Stable from pH 4.0 to 10.00• Virus is killed by alcohol,ether & detergents (eg. Phenol, Sod. Hydroxide)• Long survival time in chilled and frozen tissues

Host RangeHost Range Peste des petits ruminants is primarily a disease of goats and sheep. Goat – More susceptible than sheep.

Cattle and pigs are susceptible to infection with PPRV, but they do not exhibit clinical signs. Such subclinical infections result in seroconversion.

Cattle and pigs do notshow clinical signs, however, play a role in the epizootidogy of PPR because they are apparently unable to transmit the disease to other animals

Epedemiology

Reported in West Africa – 1942

India –1987 – Tamilnadu

Widespread in India

TransmissionTransmission Peste des petits ruminants is not

very contagious and transmissionrequires close contact.

Ocular, nasal, and oral secretions and feces are the sources of virus.

Contact infection occurs mainly through inhalation of aerosols produced by sneezing and coughing.

Fomites such as bedding may also contribute to the onset of an outbreak.

As in rinderpest (RP), there is no known carrier state. Infected animals may transmit the disease during the incubation period.

Periodic epizootics (outbreaks) may be characterized by almost 100 percent mortality among affected goat and sheep populations.

The prognosis of acute PPR is usually poor. The severity of the disease and outcome in the individual is correlated with the extent of mouth lesions & respiratory involvement.

• A morbidity rate of 80-90 percent and a case fatality rate of 50-80 percent are not uncommon — particularly in goats.

Morbidity and MortalityMorbidity and Mortality

• Young animals (4 to 8 months) have more severe disease, and morbidity and mortality are higher.

Both field and laboratory observations indicate that PPR is less severe in sheep than in goats.

Poor nutritional status, stress of movement, and concurrent parasitic and bacterial infections enhance the severity of clinical signs.

Morbidity and Mortality Contd…Morbidity and Mortality Contd…

Incubation period of 4 to 5 days. A sudden rise in body temperature to 104-106° F

(40-41° C). Affected animals appear ill and restless and have a

dull coat, dry muzzle, and depressed appetite.

From the onset of fever, most animals have a serous nasal discharge, which progressively becomes mucopurulent.

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

The discharge may remain slight or may progress, resulting in a profuse catarrhal exudate, which crusts over and occludes the nostrils.

At this stage, animals have respiratory distress, and there is much sneezing in an attempt to clear the nose.

Small areas of necrosis may be seen on the visible nasal mucous membranes.

The conjunctiva usually becomes congested, and the medial canthus may have some crusting.

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

As with the nose, there may be profuse catarrhal conjunctivitis resulting in matting of the eyelids

Necrotic stomatitis is common. It starts as small, roughened, red, superficial necrotic foci on the gum below the incisor teeth.

The synonym stomatitis-pneumoenteritis complex. Necrotic debris may collect at the oral commissures, and

scabs may form along the mucocutaneous junction of the lips. There may be excessive salivation but not to the extent of drooling.

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

At the height of development of oral lesions, most animals manifest severe diarrhea, often profuse but not hemorrhagic.

As it progresses, there is severe dehydration, emaciation, and dyspnea followed by hypothermia, and death usually occurs after a course of 5 to 10 days.

Bronchopneumonia, evidenced by coughing, is a common feature in the later stages of PPR. Pregnant animals may abort.

Secondary latent infections may be activated and complicate the clinical picture.

Clinical SignsClinical Signs

Gross LesionsGross Lesions

– Inflammatory and necrotic lesions in the mouth and the gastrointestinal tract.

– Emaciation, conjunctivitis, erosive stomatitis involving the inside of the lower lip and adjacent gum, cheeks near the commissures.

– Lesions in the small intestine are generally moderate, being limited to small streaks of hemorrhages

Gross LesionsGross Lesions

The large intestine is usually more severely affected with congestion around the ileocecal valve, at the ceco-colic junction, and in the rectum.

In the posterior part of the colon and the rectum, discontinuous streaks of congestion ("zebra stripes") form on the crests of the mucosal folds.

In the respiratory system, small erosions and petechiae may be visible on the nasal mucosa, turbinates, larynx, and trachea.

Gross LesionsGross Lesions

There may be pleuritis, which may become exudative and results in hydrothorax.

The spleen may be slightly enlarged and congested. Most lymph nodes throughout the body are enlarged, congested, and edematous.

Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

Pasteurellosis - Enzootic pneumonia or the septicemic form of pasteurellosis is characterized by obvious respiratory signs, infrequent diarrhea, and a fatality rate rarely exceeding 10 percent.

Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia - There is no digestive system involvement, and the clinical signs and lesions are confined to the respiratory system and pericardium.

Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

Foot-and-mouth disease - This condition is comparatively mild, and the most characteristic clinical sign, lameness, is not a feature of PPR.

Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

Contagious ecthyma (contagious pustular dermatitis, orf) - The orf virus causes proliferative, not necrotic lesions, that involve the lips rather than the whole oral cavity. The absence of nasal discharges and diarrhea also distinguish orf from PPR.

Coccidiosis - There is no upper digestive tract and respiratory system involvement.

Plant or mineral poisoning - Several plants and minerals may cause severe intestinal lesions. Case history and absence of fever should distinguish poisoning from PPR.

Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis

Bluetongue - Swelling of the lips, muzzle, and oral mucosa, together with edema of the head region, should serve to differentiate bluetongue from PPR. Coronitis, common in bluetongue, is not a feature of PPR. Also, sheep are more affected than goats.

Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis Bluetongue - Post mortem findings of died sheep shows

interalveolar hyperaema, alveolar edema and froth filled bronchial tree. There are large amount of edematous fluid in thoracic cavity. Petechacal haemorrhages seen in pericardial sac. Presence of haemorrhages at the base of pulmonary artery is the pathognomic lesion of bluetongue disease.

Month wise outbrea k s of bluetongue disea se in Month wise outbrea k s of bluetongue disea se in Ma ha ra shtra S ta te during 1 9 8 5 -2 0 0 4Ma ha ra shtra S ta te during 1 9 8 5 -2 0 0 4

A) Virus isolation :- ECE, sheep, cell culture

B) Genetic technology :- PCR, Multiplexed protein analysis platform RT PCR

C) Serology :- cELISA, AGID, SNT

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Collection of specimenCollection of specimenAiling Animal

Blood – 5 ml Paired Sera Swabs of nasal &

lachrymal Discharges

Must reach lab. within 12 hrs. of collection on ice

Dead Animals

Vital organs on ice and 10% Formaline

Liver,Heart,Spleen,Mesentric Lymph Node, Lungs, Ileum and large Intestine

Send at the earliest

Prevention & Control Measures Prevention & Control Measures

• Vaccination.• The affected flock should be shifted to a higher level,

wherever possible.• Since the bluetongue is transmitted through mosquitoes and

culicoides spp. Anti mosquito measures such as spraying of insecticides in sheds or smoking of sheds may be undertaken.

• Water logging around the sheep flocks should be avoided.• Movement of sheep flock should be restricted.• Lime powder should be sprinkled in the shade.• Antistress medicines consisting of Vit. C / mineral mixtures

should be given through water/ feed  .            

Preventive & Control measuresPreventive & Control measures

Mouth / foot Lesions should be washed thoroughly with 4% solution of potassium permanganate or 2 –4 % solution of soda bi carb. And then apply boro-glycerine over the mouth lesions. Otherwise turmeric powder with oil can also be applied.

Due to lesions in mouth animals are off feed. Hence feed such animals with palatable green fodder.ex. Lucern, green grass etc.

In order to avoid secondary bacterial infection in ailing animals , broad-spectrum antibiotics along with liver tonics should be given.

Strict biosecurity measures should also be followed

Thank You