Emergency Lighting- David Wright

Emergency Lighting

Background, legislation and relevant standards

DRIVERS

o LEGISLATION -Work Place Directive (89/654) -Building Regulations -Construction Products Directive (89/106) -Fire Safety in Hotels (86/666)

-Signs Directive (90/664)

etc.

WORK PLACE DIRECTIVE (89/654)

o 4.5 Specific emergency routes and exits must be indicated by signs in accordance with the national regulations.

o 4.7 Emergency routes and exits requiring illumination must be provided with emergency lighting of adequate intensity in case the lighting fails

CPD (89/106) Construction Products

Directive

o Section 4.3.8.1 - Emergency Lighting Installation (anti panic lighting, escape lighting)

The purpose of the installation is to ensure that lighting is provided promptly, automatically and for a suitable time in a specific area when normal power supply to the lighting fails. The purpose of the installation is to ensure that:-

- the means of escape can be safely and effectively used; - activities in particularly hazardous workplaces can be safely

terminated; - emergency actions can be effectively carried out at appropriate

locations in the workplace

REGULATORY REFORM ORDER

o New Legislation came into force in the Autumn of 2006 making the key Owners / Directors of business legally responsible for providing adequate fire safety including emergency lighting


o Who is responsible?

o Possibly you


o Basically puts the responsibility for Fire Precautions on the senior Directors of businesses occupying buildings

o Fire Certificates previously issued by the local fire authority replaced by formal risk assessments (routinely updated)

o Risk assessment must ensure that ‘adequate’ emergency lighting is provided and that the emergency lighting installation is routinely tested and maintained.

o All tests and maintenance work carried out must be recorded and records must be available for inspection by any duly authorised person.

o Failure to comply may result in the prosecution of individuals within a business

NB: BS5266 now includes a model Completion Certificate to assist in conducting risk assessments

MAIN CHANGES

NUMBER OF

PEOPLE

FIRE PRECAUTIONS ACT (OLD)

REGULATORY REFORM ORDER (NEW)

0 - 5 No requirementsMust comply (risk assessment etc.) but no written records needed

5 - 20Requirements only for sleeping risks with more than 6 people

Must comply including written risk assessment and test records

20 +Fire certificate required from Brigade

THE LEGAL POSITION (SUMMARY)

o ‘Adequate’ emergency lighting must be provided in all places of work, sleeping accommodation, schools etc.

o A Competent Person must carry out a risk assessment to determine what type of emergency lighting is required in each area

o Premises with sleeping accommodation must have 3hour duration emergency lighting

o Emergency Lighting equipment must comply with the CE Marking Directive (LVD, EMC etc.)

RELEVANT STANDARDSfor Emergency Lighting

o BS5266- Design and planningo EN1838 (BS5266 Part 7 )- Luminaire

positions, light levels, installationo EN50171- Central Power Systemso EN50172(BS5266 Part8)-

Applications, testing etc.

BS5266 Part 7 (EN1838) Emergency Lighting

Low M ounted W ay G u idance

E scape R oute L igh ting O pen A rea L igh ting(A n ti-pan ic L igh ting )

H igh R iskT ask L igh ting

E m ergency E scape L igh ting S tandby L igh ting

E m ergency L igh ting

ESCAPE ROUTE LIGHTING

o Lighting of defined escape routes; corridors, stairways, fire stairs etc.

o 1 Lux minimum on the centre line and the central band (not less than half total width) to be illuminated to at least 0.5 Lux.

ESCAPE ROUTES

1 Lux min. onCentre Line ofEscape Route

1 Lux to Wall 0.5 Lux+

0.5 Lux

Trans.Spacingto Wall

Transverse SpacingBetween Luminaires

OPEN AREA LIGHTING(ANTI PANIC LIGHTING)

o Large areas (generally greater than 60 square metres) through which escape may be hazardous (or generate panic).

o 0.5 Lux minimum anywhere in the area except the 0.5 metre band around the perimeter.

OPEN AREAS

Transverseto wall

0.5mborder

Transversespacing

Axial Spacing

Axial towall

0.5 LuxIsolux Covering

Core Area

0.3 0.3

0.3 0.3

2 2

2 2

HIGH RISK TASK LIGHTING

o Tasks that may require a shut down procedure before evacuation (rotating machines, acid baths etc.)

o The task area must be lit to 10% of the normal illuminance for as long as the risk exists.

o Illuminance must be achieve in 0.5seconds.

SITING OF LUMINAIRES


o over Exit doorso near stairs so that

each flight receives direct light

o near any change of level

STAIRS & CHANGES OF LEVEL

Near stairs Near changes of level





o adjacent to mandatory signs (unless the sign is internally lit)

o near a change of direction or intersection

CHANGES OF DIRECTION





o adjacent to mandatory signs (unless the sign is internally lit)

o near a change of direction or intersection

o outside final exitso at each first aid point*o at each fire fighting / call

point* -Near means within 2m -* 5 Lux required adjacent to the equipment.

SAFETY EQUIPMENT

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

o Diversity of illuminance better than 40:1

o Disability glare should be avoidedo Colour rendering Ra40o Duration should be at least 1 houro Response times generally should

provide 50% of the illuminance within 5seconds and full illuminance within 60seconds

SAFETY SIGNS

o Format must comply with the Safety Signs & Signals Directive

o The intention of the Directive is to avoid dependence on language

SAFETY SIGNS

SAFETY SIGNS


o The intention of the Directive is to avoid dependence on languageand to ensure the correct route is understood

SAFETY SIGNS

SAFETY SIGNS


SIGNS DIRECTIVE

(CORRECT)

BS5499 FORMAT

(ALSO ALLOWED)

TEXT ONLY

(NOT ALLOWED)

SAFETY SIGNS


o Sign legend must comply to Luminance requirements

Colours to conform with ISO3864

Minimum Luminance anywhere on the face of the sign shall be 2cd/m2

SAFETY SIGNS


o Sign legend must comply to Luminance requirements

o Size of signs (H) relates to the viewing distance (D): D=H x 100 (externally lit) D=H x 200 (internally lit)

BS5266 – Part 8EN50172 Emergency Escape Lighting Systems

Additional Recommendations


o External areas leading away from final exits

o Lift carso Moving stairways and walkwayso Toilets, lobbies and tiled areas greater than

8 square metreso Motor generator, control, plant and battery

roomso Covered car parks

PLANNING

o Recommends procedures for planning Emergency Lighting installations, equipment standards, system integrity and routine testing requirements.

SYSTEM INTEGRITY

o Luminaires should comply with EN60 598 Part 2-22 (conversions of mains luminaires for emergency lighting should be carried out by an ICEL1004 registered company)

o Each compartment within an escape route should have at least two luminaires (illuminance from illuminated signs should be ignored)

TESTING

o The following minimum testing should be carried out and results recorded for inspection: -Monthly: Function check, operate fittings for no longer than 25% of rated duration -Annually: Full duration test

o NB: Tests to be carried out at times of low risk (building un-occupied)

INSTALLATION OVERVIEW

Open Area Lighting BS5266 Pt 7: 1999 (EN1838)

Escape Route LightingFire Points BS5266 Pt 7: 1999 (EN 1838)

WiringHD384-5 BS 5266

Central SystemEN 50171 2001

Maintained or non-maintainedBS 5266

SignageSigns DirectiveHSE Guide

Other Areas (eg Lifts)BS 5266 Part 8

Emergency LightingProduct StandardEN60598-2-22: 1999

COMPETENT PERSONS CHECKLIST

CONVERSIONS MAINS LUMINAIRES USED FOR EMERGENCY LIGHTING

ICEL1004

o The manufacture of low volume specials or conversion of mains luminaires for emergency use

o Completed luminaires should comply with CE Marking Directive (i.e. meet LVD requirements for electrical and thermal safety plus comply with EMC limits)

THERMAL REQUIREMENTS

NiCd Battery- Limited to 57OC

Power Factor correction capacitor- Limited to 90OC

Supply cables- Limited to 90OC

Charge transformer- Operating at 90OC

Switch start ballast/choke- Operating at 120OC

MAIN REQUIREMENTS OF 1CEL1004

o Check if the design has been prepared to ICEL1004 previously

o If yes then follow details given in Product Design fileo If no then prepare a first-off for testing and technical approvalo Check that plastic parts of the enclosure comply with 850oC

glow wire test (polycarbonate, ABS, PVC etc.)o Check specified emergency conversion equipment. For

ICEL1004 Registration the inverter module must comply with EN60924, EN60925 (EN61347-2-7)

o Remove or cover any existing approval/certification markso Layout internal components keeping the battery and the

inverter module away from the direct heat generated by ballasts & lamp cathodes

o Keep the lamp wiring as short as possible and segregated from all mains wiring

MAIN REQUIREMENTS OF 1CEL1004

o Mark the emergency lamp circuit by fitting a green dot adjacent to one of the appropriate emergency lampholders

o Fit additional supply terminal for incoming un-switched live supply. Follow the customers’ specification for fusing. If there are no other instructions fuse the incoming un-switched supply

o Position the charge healthy indicator (red or green to customers spec.) in a position that will be visible during normal use

o Carry out functional tests and routine end of line testso Fit appropriate luminaire classification label in the most practical

position to be seen during routine maintenanceo Fit CE mark and any other appropriate labels

EMERGENCY LIGHTING TESTING

Why is Testing Important?

Reasons for Testing

Check charge function Check lamp operation Check battery capacity Check duration Comply with standards and legislation SAVE LIVES

Available Systems

o Operator initiated manual testo Operator initiated auto timed manual testo Automatic self testo Automatic central testo Programmed central test

Manual testing

o Keyswitch or similar puts luminaires into emergency operation ; visual inspection of all luminaires with any faults being noted ; reset keyswitch ; all luminaires re-examined for charge indicators.

o Auto timed versions return luminaires to normal mains operation after pre-determined test duration

MANUAL TESTING

Advantages / Disadvantages

Low initial cost Labour intensive Has to be carried out

at times that the building will not be occupied until the batteries can be fully re-charged.

Manual reporting Expensive Historically ineffective

Self test

o A test circuit carries out basic checks automatically before returning the fittings to normal operation. Any faults are indicated by local LED’s (some systems provide indication of type of fault).

o Auto-initiated versions carry out tests at intervals set by an internal counter/timer circuit.

SELF TEST Advantages / Disadvantages

Guaranteed to take place (due diligence).

Faults indicated locally to luminaire.

Less time consuming than manual testing

Initial cost Still requires

personnel to note LED fault indicators.

Automatic systems may initiate tests while building is occupied.

Records must be kept manually.

Central testing

o All luminaires are connected to a central control panel that has the facility to initiate tests and to communicate with the luminaires and register failures. Faults may be identified by simple LED indicators on the panel or fairly complex information may be provided including location and type of failure.

SchematicCentral test systemcommunication

Central System added features

Central test systems utilise microprocessors and bespoke software. Although most systems require their own data cables the actual test panel can be linked to maintenance computers and building management systems etc. Remote reporting is also possible using modems or GSM signals.

CENTRAL TEST Advantages / Disadvantages

Control and fault indication available at one central position.

Does not require personnel to inspect luminaires.

Records may be automatically generated by the system

Will probably require expensive installation of communication cables.

High initial cost.

RECOMMENDATIONS

It is a legal requirement that adequate emergency lighting is provided and routinely tested. By specifying high quality emergency lighting equipment and including a Central Test system or Self-Test luminaires the client can show due diligence and will benefit from reduced labour costs while complying with the requirements for routine testing.

QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

New technologies – LED’s

LED Technology

Use of LED’s for emergency lighting applications

LED Products

• The initial recognition of Light Emitting Diodes was achieved by a Russian; Oleg Losev in 1926. Similar work was also undertaken by Henry Round at the Marconi labs. However, it wasn’t until the 1960’s that LED’s first went into production.

LED Products

• White LED’s required advances in blue and ultra-violet LED’s so that the radiation could be modified with Phosphors to provide white visible light. Currently the most efficient white LED’s still have colour temperatures at the blue end (5000 - 6000K) and warm white versions produce around 30% less lumens

LED Products

LED Products

LED benefits

Very robust Long life (provide light for 50,000+ hours) Low energy (typical loads of 1 & 3Watt) Low voltage Choice of beam angles Colour (available in cool white, warm

white and many other colours)

LED myths

Indestructible!

Very long life (100,000+ hours)

High efficiency

Do not need special control

Do not need lenses / optical control

Myths exploded

Indestructible!• Over voltage or over current conditions will quickly ‘kill’ an LED• Although physically very strong, impact damage can occur• The life of an LED is very temperature dependant

Myths exploded (Temperature)LED Life v Junction Temperature

50

Junction Temperature (Celcius)

Lif

e (H

ou

rs)

Myths exploded

Very long life• The life of an LED is quoted at a low junction temperature and

refers to a reduction of lumen output over time. ‘End of life’ is normally rated at 70% of rated lumen output.

• If the LED is not correctly operated from a constant current driver circuit and/or does not have very good thermal management the lumen output and colour will deteriorate very quickly (a few thousand hours)

• Even in optimum operating conditions the white LED’s can suffer colour shift (normally starting to appear green/blue)

Myths exploded

High efficiency• Although some White LED designs can now offer an efficacy

of around 80Lumens per watt these need to be operated from very precise driver circuits and require excellent thermal management. A more typical efficacy is 30Lumens per Watt. This does not compare well with the 60 – 70Lumens per Watt provided by Compact Fluorescent lamps.

• The high efficiency White LED’s are all ‘coolwhite’ i.e. around 6600K. The efficacy of ‘warmwhite’ LED’s (e.g.4000K) can be as little as 15Lumens per Watt.

Myths exploded

Do not need special control• The high power LED’s are constant current devices requiring a

current regulator to drive them. The typical ratings are the so-called 1Watt LED’s which require a constant current of 350mA and the ‘3Watt’ LED’s which require a constant current of 700mA

Myths exploded

Do not need lenses / optical control• For most high power LED’s the ‘chip’ is constructed in a reflective

dish and covered by a resin lens providing a uniform ‘pool’ of fairly low intensity light distributed at very wide angles. The addition of optical lenses provides intensity levels typically 3 times higher suited to providing useful illuminance on the working plane.

LED Emergency Lighting

Why LED’s are good for emergency lighting applications

LED benefits for emergency lighting

Long life – 50,000 hour life will provide many years emergency lighting operation even for maintained versions.

Low energy – due to the need to provide battery back-up during mains failure the low energy LED’s are ideally suited

Low voltage – LED’s only require low voltage operation, again ideally suited to battery back-up

Choice of beam angles – with the use of simple lenses the LED’s can be designed to achieve the required 1Lux or 0.5Lux illuminance at good spacings

LED Products

Exit signs Bulkheads Downlights

Documents

Emergency Lighting- David Wright