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Emergency Contingency Survey of State Forest Land in Emmet County
Prepared by:Joshua G. Cohen
Michigan Natural Features InventoryP.O. Box 30444
Lansing, MI 48909-7944
For:Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Forest, Minerals and Fire Management Division
September 20, 2006
Report Number 2006-13
Cover photograph: Recent windthrow generating a small-scale light gap within mature mesic northern forestsurveyed on state forest land in Emmet County (All photographs by Joshua Cohen).
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-1
INTRODUCTIONIn the summer of 2006, the Forest, Minerals and FireManagement Division of the Department of NaturalResources commissioned Michigan Natural FeaturesInventory (MNFI) to conduct an ecological survey offorest on state land in Emmet County proposed bythe Mackinaw Forest Council for designation as abiodiversity conservation area. The Mackinaw ForestCouncil recommended a total of 14 sites forconsideration, which totaled 2005 acres (Figures 1and 2). The proposed area falls within the GaylordForest Management Unit, Indian RiverCompartments 101, 102, 104, and 105. The purposeof the MNFI survey was to assess the quality of theforest and determine if any of the sites recommendedby the Mackinaw Forest Council qualified forconsideration as high-quality examples of mesicnorthern forest as defined by MNFI’s grading andranking criteria and standard Natural Heritagemethodology (Appendix 1 details MNFI’s gradingand ranking criteria for mesic northern forests).
METHODSWhen applying Natural Heritage and MNFImethodology, three factors are considered whileassessing a site’s quality: size, landscape context, andcondition. If a site meets defined requirements forthese three criteria it is categorized as a notableexample of that natural community type and enteredinto MNFI’s database as an element occurrence andgiven a ranking based on the consideration of itssize, landscape context, and condition. A growingseason survey was conducted to assess the conditionof the sites, while a combination of ground surveys,aerial photographic interpretation, and GeographicInformation System (GIS) analysis were employed todetermine the size and the landscape context of the14 forest sites.
Surveys were conducted August 14-18, 2006.Surveys involved running cardinal direction transectsthroughout the entire extent of the 14 sites orpolygons, cataloging the native flora, describing thesites’ structural attributes and ecological processes,aging canopy dominants, analyzing the soils, notingcurrent anthropogenic disturbance, ground-truthingaerial photographic interpretation using GlobalPositioning Systems (both Garmin and HP IPAQunits were utilized), and surveying adjacent forest toassess landscape context. To maximize the areasurveyed through each of the sites, transect surveyswere employed. Depending on the shape and size ofthe polygon, transects were typically oriented either
east-west or north-south and spaced approximately 0.2mile. GPS points were typically taken every tenth of amile along the transects (Figures 3-8).
RESULTSWithin this section location, landscape and abioticcontext, site summaries, and site specific biodiversitymanagement recommendations are provided for each ofthe surveyed areas.
SITE 1LocationThis site occurs just south of Wormwood Road insections 19 and 30 and in the southwestern corner ofsection 20 of T37N, R6W. The site falls within GaylordForest Management Unit, Indian River Compartment101, and includes or includes portions of stands 5 (M9),6 (M9), 7 (M9), 8 (M9), and 9 (M9).
Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis polygon falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLandtype Associations (LTAs) 1122 and 2222 (Figures 1and 2). LTA 1122, which is characterized by steepmoraine ridges, few lakes, and well drained sandy loamsoils, occurs in all but the southeastern corner of thispolygon where LTA 2222 is found. LTA 2222 ischaracterized by large, broad moraine ridges, few lakesand well drained sandy loam soils. The site occurs onrolling to steep topography with well-developed pit andmound topography. Soils are slightly acidic (pH of 5.5-6.0) loamy sands.
Site SummaryThis stretch of forest is predominantly mature uneven-aged (80-100 years old) northern hardwoods with somepockets of older trees (approximately 130 years) andscattered older trees throughout (Photograph 1). Canopydominants include sugar maple, beech, white ash, andred oak. Diameters are primarily 30-50cm (~12-20 in)with some scattered larger trees and pockets of largertrees 60-70cm (~24-28 in). Hemlock is an importantsubcanopy component in the northwestern portion of thepolygon. Low to moderate levels of coarse woody debriswere observed. Coarse woody debris is dominated byearly- and mid-successional species of small diameters,20-30cm (8-12in), although some scattered large-diameter beech snags and windthrow were noted. A highpercentage of the acreage is composed of early-successional forest of bigtooth aspen and/or white birch,especially in the southern half of the polygon. Numerousroads and old skid trails pass throughout the area.Management history for the site as a whole is variedwith some areas having old cut stumps throughout andother areas having none. More recently cut areas (70-90years ago) with aspen clones and white birch do not
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-2
Figure 1. The 2005 acres of surveyed forest fall within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 in Emmet County (Top).Surveys were conducted in 14 polygons that were treated as 8 sites (Bottom, overlying 1998 aerial imagery).
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-3
Figure 2. Emmet County survey sites overlying Landtype Associations (Corner and Albert 1999).
1
7b
2
4
5a
38c
66 7a
8a8b
5b
5d
5c
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Figures 3-8. GPS points were taken within each polygon approximately every tenth of a mile along cardinal transectsthat were typically seperated by two tenths of a mile (Polygons and GPS points overlying 1998 aerial imagery).
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
16
2
Figure 6.
Figure 5.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
4
6 7a
7b
5a5c
5b
5d3
8a8b 8c
Miles
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-5
SITE 1 (continued)have cut stumps. Many of the larger residual trees havelogging damage on their root collars and boles.
Aerial photographic interpretation indicates thatCanada yew was likely an important component of theshrub layer just eight years ago. No Canada yew wasobserved during the survey and it appears as if deerhave decimated this plant population (Deer wereobserved throughout the polygon).
The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on loamy sands. During thesurvey, forty-four native species were noted (A list ofthese species is provided in Appendix 2). As notedabove, the canopy is dominated by sugar maple, beech,white ash, and red oak with bigtooth aspen and whitebirch occurring as local dominants. Canopy associatesinclude black cherry and basswood. Hemlock isimportant in the subcanopy in the northwestern portionof the polygon and striped maple and ironwood arealso important in this layer along with beech and sugarmaple. The understory is dominated by shade-tolerantsaplings of beech and sugar maple with striped mapleand American fly honeysuckle also prevalent.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, jack-in-the-pulpit, wild leek, spinulosewoodfern, doll’s eyes, blue cohosh, Canada violet,maiden hair fern, common trillium, and blue-stemmedgoldenrod.
Portions of the western and northwestern extent of thepolygon were classified as a CD-ranked mesic northernforest (See Figure 9 for polygon delimiting extent ofoccurrence). The estimated acreage of this occurrenceis 19 acres.
Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsAllow natural processes to operate unhindered in themature northern hardwoods in the western andnorthwestern extent of the site. It is recommended thatthe late-successional features of the forest within thispolygon be maintained and enhanced. As a generalguideline, leaving trees that are greater than 60cm dbh(~24in) will help maintain the late-successionalattributes of this area. Where possible, maintainclusters of large trees as opposed to scattered largetrees. Another general guideline for this area is toallow trees to senesce and die on their own. Ifmanagers wish to create snags and coarse woodydebris in an area which is lacking in these attributes,allowing trees to reach their growth potential prior togirdling them to create snags and coarse woody debrisis advised. The recuperation of the site’s Canada yewpopulation depends on reducing the deer densitieswithin this local landscape. In addition to direct meansof reducing the deer herd, such as culling andincreased harvest intensity, reduction of intensivesilvicultural management in the surrounding area mayhelp reduce deer pressure within adjacent northernhardwood stands.
SITE 2LocationThis site occurs just south of Middle Village Road insections 5 and 8 of T36N, R6W and falls within theGaylord Forest Management Unit, Indian RiverCompartment 102, and includes or includes portions ofstands 14 (M9), 16 (M9), 17 (C6), 18 (C6), 19 (M6),20 (A3), 22 (E6), 23 (M6), 46 (M9), and 404 (G0).Figure 9. Green polygon outlines CD-ranked mesic
northern forest element occurrence in Site 1.
1
Photograph 1. Like much of the area surveyed, mostof site 1 is composed of mature, second-growthnorthern hardwood forest. The species compositionand structure of these stands has been drivenprimarily by anthropogenic disturbance factors.
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-6
SITE 2 (continued)Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis site falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLTAs 1122 and 2222 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA 1122 ischaracterized by steep moraine ridges, few lakes, andwell drained sandy loam soils and LTA 2222 ischaracterized by large, broad moraine ridges, few lakesand well drained sandy loam soils. LTA 1122 occurs inthe southeastern corner of the site, while LTA 2222covers the remainder. The site occurs on rolling tosteep topography with well-developed pit and moundtopography. Soils are slightly acidic (pH of 5.0-6.0)sandy loams and loamy sands.
Site SummaryThis site constitutes a large area of predominantlymature northern hardwoods intermixed with whitebirch and aspen stands. Old large trees of sugar mapleand beech occur scattered throughout the site and insmall scattered clumps with some small pockets oftrees > 60cm (~24in) and approximately 120 years old.Some large shade-tolerant trees are younger (closer to100) and have quickly reached large diameters, 60-70cm (~24-28in) due to excellent growing conditionsprovided by the slightly acidic, sandy loams and themoderated climate due to the proximity to LakeMichigan. Mid-tolerant species (i.e., white ash,basswood, red oak, and black cherry) are pervasivethroughout the site and indicate that the severity of thelogging disturbance 80-100 years ago was substantial.Cores from bored mid-tolerant species ranged in agefrom 77-108 years.
In the southern half of the site there are three linearseepage areas that support narrow bands of hardwood-conifer swamp dominated by hemlock and cedar withblack ash and yellow birch. Numerous hemlocks >50cm (~20in) occur within these seepage areas. Onecored hemlock of 51.8cm (~20in) was estimated to be177 years old.
Low to moderate levels of coarse woody debris wereobserved. Coarse woody debris is dominated by early-and mid-successional species of small diameters, 20-30cm (8-12in), although some scattered large-diameterbeech snags and beech and sugar maple windthrowwere noted. A significant percentage of the acreage iscomposed of early-successional forest of bigtoothaspen and/or white birch. Numerous roads and oldskid trails pass throughout the area. Managementhistory for the site as a whole is varied with some areashaving old cut stumps throughout and other areashaving none. Many of the larger residual trees havelogging damage on their root collars and boles. A largearea of clear cut occurs just east of the central portionof the polygon and part of this clear cut falls within the
polygon. In addition, recently harvested northernhardwoods occur within the polygon just northeast ofthis clear cut area.
Aerial photographic interpretation indicates thatCanada yew was likely an important component of theshrub layer just eight years ago, especially in thenorthern half of the polygon. One sprig of Canada yewwas found in an area of blowdown in a seepage ravine,suggesting that deer have decimated this plantpopulation. Intensive cutting on immediately adjacentprivate lands to the east and west of this site couldhave lead to the temporary increase in browse pressureon Canada yew.
The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on sandy loam and loamysands. During the survey, forty-one native species werenoted (A list of these species is provided in Appendix2). As noted above, the canopy is dominated by sugarmaple, beech, and white ash with bigtooth aspen andwhite birch occurring as local dominants. Canopyassociates include black cherry and basswood andoccasional red oak. Sugar maple and beech aredominant in the subcanopy and hemlock occurs in thesubcanopy in southern portions of the site. Theunderstory is dominated by shade-tolerant saplings ofbeech and sugar maple with striped maple, ironwood,and American fly honeysuckle also characteristic.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, wild leek, spinulose woodfern, sharp-lobedhepatica, doll’s eyes, blue cohosh, Canada violet,maiden hair fern, common trillium, sugar mapleseedlings, and blue-stemmed goldenrod.
No portions of this polygon were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. Howeverthere are numerous small pockets of older trees oflarge diameter (>60cm) which have been indicated inFigure 10.
Figure 10. Yellow polygons outline smallconcentrations of large diameter trees (>60cm)within site 2.
2
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-7
Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsIt is recommended that the late-successional features ofthe forest within this polygon be maintained andenhanced. As a general guideline, leaving trees that aregreater than 60cm dbh (~24in) will help maintain thelate-successional attributes of this area. Wherepossible, maintain clusters of large trees as opposed toscattered large trees (Photograph 2). As noted above,Figure 10 indicates several locations where there arepockets of large-diameter trees. Another generalguideline for this area is to allow trees to senesce anddie on their own. If managers wish to create snags andcoarse woody debris in an area which is lacking inthese attributes, allowing trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create snags andcoarse woody debris is recommended. Therecuperation of the site’s Canada yew populationdepends on reducing the deer densities within this locallandscape. In addition to direct means of reducing thedeer herd, such as culling and increased harvestintensity, reduction of intensive silviculturalmanagement in the surrounding area may help reducedeer pressure within adjacent northern hardwoodstands. Reduction of deer densities may also allow forhemlock and cedar regeneration within the seepageravines. Protecting intermittent streams and seeps,especially where hemlock and cedar are prevalent, byabiding by best management practices and followingriparian management guidelines is encouraged.
SITE 3LocationThis site occurs .25 east of Hannah Road in thesoutheastern portion of section 32 of T37N, R6W andfalls within the Gaylord Forest Management Unit,Indian River Compartment 101, and includes portionsof stands 28 (M9) and 29 (M9).
Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis polygon falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 andthe Landtype Association 2222 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA2222 is characterized by large, broad moraine ridges,few lakes and well drained sandy loam soils. The siteoccurs on rolling topography with moderate pit andmound topography. Soils are slightly acidic (pH of 6.0)sandy loams and loamy sands.
Site SummaryMuch of this site has been already managed,particularly the southern portion of the polygon.Recently managed areas experienced heavy ruttingalong skid trails. Portions of forest that were notrecently managed are small- to moderate-diameter (30-50cm or ~12-20in) northern hardwood forests of sugarmaple and beech with a heavy component of mid-tolerant species, especially white ash (70-90 years old)and black cherry. White birch is also locally dominant.Old cut stumps occur throughout the more matureforest. A small valley in the northwestern portion of thepolygon contains a small pocket of large-diametersugar maple trees (one measured sugar maple was78cm or ~31in). Despite the large-diameter trees inthis portion of the canopy, there were no snags orcoarse woody debris from the large size class (> 60cmor ~24in) represented. Low levels of coarse woodydebris were observed throughout the site. Coarsewoody debris is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in). Numerous roads and skid trails (old and new)pass throughout the area.
During the survey, twenty-two native species werenoted (A list of these species is provided in Appendix2). As noted above, the canopy is dominated by sugarmaple, beech, and white ash. Canopy associatesinclude black cherry and paper birch. Sugar maple andbeech are dominant in the subcanopy. The understoryis dominated by shade-tolerant saplings of beech andsugar maple with striped maple and elderberry alsocommon. Prevalent ground cover species include sugarmaple seedlings, hairy sweet cicely, wild leek,spinulose woodfern, blue cohosh, Canada violet,maiden hair fern, and wild sarsaparilla. Severalseepage areas occur throughout the site and aredominated in the ground cover by spotted touch-me-not, which has been heavily browsed by deer.
No portions of this polygon were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. The smallpocket of large-diameter sugar maple in thenorthwestern portion of the polygon is indicated inFigure 11.
Photograph 2. Leaving concentrations of largediameter trees (>60cm) will help maintain theforest’s late-successional attributes. This photo isfrom the northeastern portion of site 2.
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-8
Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsThe heavy rutting evident in recently managed portionsof this site likely resulted from skidding on saturatedloams (Photograph 3). Harvesting similar sites in thelate summer, fall, or winter should help avoid such soildamage. During surveys, it was noted that a beech ofmoderate diameter (39.5cm or ~15in) was marked forgirdling. On sites where beech can attain diameters of80cm, it is advised to allow these trees to reach theirfull growth potential prior to girdling them for coarsewoody debris and snags. It is recommended that thelate-successional features of the forest within thispolygon be maintained and enhanced. Where possible,preserve clusters of large trees as opposed to scatteredlarge trees. For example, the small pocket of large-diameter sugar maple in the northwestern portion ofthe polygon could be maintained. Consider leavinglarge sugar maple and beech trees (>50cm or ~20in) toallow them to get bigger and contribute to futurecoarse woody debris loads. Protecting intermittentstreams and seepage areas by abiding by bestmanagement practices and following riparianmanagement guidelines is encouraged.
Figure 11. The yellow polygon outlines a smallconcentration of large diameter sugar maple (onemeasured sugar maple was 78cm or ~31in).
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Photograph 3. Heavy rutting, observed in managedportions of Site 3, can be avoided by harvestingduring periods when loamy soils are dry.
SITE 4LocationThis site occurs north and south of Webb Road insections 9 and 16 of T36N, R6W and falls within theGaylord Forest Management Unit, Indian RiverCompartment 102, and includes or includes portions ofstands 23 (M6), 25 (R6), 28 (M9), 29 (M9), 30 (M3),31 (M9), 32 (A5), 33 (M6), 34 (A3), 35 (M6), 36(M1), 37 (M3), 38 (M1), 39 (M3), 40 (M1), 41 (M3),42 (M1), 43 (M3), 44 (M1), and 45 (M3).
Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis polygon falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 andthe Landtype Associations 1122 and 5521 (Figures 1and 2). LTA 1122 is characterized by steep moraineridges, few lakes, and well drained sandy loam soils.LTA 5521 is a narrow outwash channel with welldrained sandy soils. The western half of this site ischaracterized by steep topography of morainal ridgesof LTA 1122, while the topography of the eastern half,which corresponds to the outwash channel of LTA5521, is moderate to gently rolling. Moderate pit andmound topography occurs throughout. Soils are acidicto slightly acidic (pH of 4.5-5.5) loamy sands andsands.
Site SummaryThis polygon is predominantly mature uneven-aged(80-100 years old) northern hardwoods with somepockets of older trees (approximately 120 years) andscattered older trees throughout. Canopy dominantsinclude sugar maple, beech, and white ash with someareas containing large-diameter hemlock. Diametersare primarily 30-50cm (~12-20in) with some scatteredlarger trees and pockets of larger trees 60-70cm (~24-28in). Many of the larger residual trees have loggingdamage on their root collars and boles. Low tomoderate levels of coarse woody debris were observed.Coarse woody debris is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in), although some scattered large-diameter beechsnags and windthrow were noted. Numerous roads andold skid trails criss-cross the area and old cut stumpsoccur throughout the entire polygon. The easternportion of the polygon north of Webb Road isdominated by small-diameter (20-30cm) aspen standsand young northern hardwoods with a heavycomponent of black cherry in the canopy. The easternportion of the polygon south of Webb Road has beenrecently and intensively managed. Much of this areahas been managed through patch cuts for black cherryand is characterized by an open overstory withscattered black cherry and a dense understory layerwith raspberries, blackberries, and sapling black
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-9
SITE 4 (continued)cherry. A portion of a large clear cut was also includedin the polygon occurring in the southeastern corner andan area of clear cut on private land occurs within thepolygon along the northeastern edge. The mappedpolygon also includes a sliver of red pine plantation inthe west-central portion of the polygon just off ofWebb Road.
The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on loamy sands and sands.During the survey, forty-two native species wererecorded (A list of these species is provided inAppendix 2). As noted above, the canopy is dominatedby sugar maple, beech, and white ash with aspen andblack cherry occurring as local dominants. Canopyassociates include hemlock and basswood. Thesubcanopy is dominated by sugar maple and beechwhile the understory is dominated by shade-tolerantsaplings of beech and sugar maple with localizeddominance by black cherry, raspberries, blackberries,and Canada yew. Heavy deer herbivory has greatlyreduced the cover and height of the Canada yew(Photograph 4). Significant portions of the polygonformerly dominated by Canada yew now contain onlythe dead stems of chronically browsed yew. Intensivemanagement surrounding this site likely increased deerdensities within this local landscape and is contributingto the demise of this uncommon and declining shrub.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, jack-in-the-pulpit, wild leek, spinulosewoodfern, doll’s eyes, blue cohosh, wild sarsaparilla,sugar maple seedlings, Canada mayflower, commontrillium, and downy solomon seal. Several seepageravines were noted in the southwestern portion of thepolygon and support dense populations of spottedtouch-me-not and sedges.
Photograph 4. Canada yew, dominant in thebackground, has been greatly reduced in cover andheight within site 4 due to heavy deer herbivory.
A small (approximately 5 acres) hemlock-dominatedstand in the east-central portion of the polygon wasclassified as a D-ranked mesic northern forest (SeeFigure 12 for polygon delimiting extent of occurrenceand Photograph 5).
Figure 12. Green polygon outlines CD-ranked mesicnorthern forest element occurrence in Site 4.
Photograph 5. A small stand of large-diameterhemlock occurs in the east-central portion of Site 4.
Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsAllow natural processes to operate unhindered in thehemlock-hardwood forest in the east-central portion ofthe polygon. It is recommended that the late-successional features of the forest within this polygonbe maintained and enhanced. As a general guideline,leaving trees that are greater than 60cm (~24in) dbhwill help maintain the late-successional attributes ofthis area. Where possible, maintain clusters of largetrees as opposed to scattered large trees. Anothergeneral guideline is to allow trees to senesce and dieon their own. If managers wish to create snags andcoarse woody debris in an area which is lacking in
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Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-10
SITE 4(continued) these attributes, permitting trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create snags andcoarse woody debris is advised. The integrity of thissite’s Canada yew population and the potential forhemlock to regenerate depends on reducing the deerdensities within this local landscape. In addition todirect means of reducing the deer herd, such as cullingand increased harvest intensity, reduction of intensivesilvicultural management in the surrounding area mayhelp reduce deer pressure.
SITE 5LocationThis site is composed of 4 polygons that occur withinthe Gaylord Forest Management Unit: Polygon 5a islocated just east of Wresell Road in the west-centralportion of section 3, T36N, R6W; Polygon 5b islocated just west of Wresell Road in the north-easternportion of section 4, T36N, R6W; Polygon 5c is alsolocated west of Wressell road in the northern portion ofsection 4, T36N, R6W and along the southern edge ofsection 33, T36N, R7W; and Polygon 5d is located justeast of Frank Road in the southeastern corner ofsection 33, T36N, R7W. Polygon 5a occurs within theIndian River Compartment 104 and includes portionsof stands 39 (M5), 40 (M5), 45 (M6), and 46 (M9).Polygon 5b occurs within the Indian RiverCompartment 102 and includes portions of stands 5(M6) and 6 (A3). Polygon 5c occurs within the IndianRiver Compartment 102 and includes portions of stand7 (M6) in section 4 and a sliver of private land insection 33. Polygon 5d occurs within the Indian RiverCompartment 101 and includes portions of stand 23(M9).
Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis site falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLandtype Associations 2222 and 5521 (Figures 1 and2). LTA 2222 is characterized by large broad moraineridges, few lakes, and well drained sandy loam soils.LTA 5521 is a narrow outwash channel with welldrained sandy soils. Polygons 5a and 5b occur withinthe narrow outwash channel while, Polygon 5d occurson LTA 2222. Polygon 5c occurs primarily on thebroad moraine ridges but its southeastern corner fallswithin the narrow outwash channel. In general, thesoils of the outwash channel are acidic sands while themorainal soils tend to be slightly less acidic and areloamy sands and sandy loams.
Site SummaryPolygon 5a contains a small grove of large-diameterwhite pine (50-80cm or ~20-32in) which occurs as ascattered supercanopy over small-diameter northern
hardwoods (15-35cm or 6-14in) in the northwesternhalf of the polygon. Canopy composition of the youngnorthern hardwoods is primarily sugar maple andblack cherry. The southeastern half of Polygon 5a iscomposed of early-successional forest dominated bysmall-diameter (10-20cm or 4-8in) aspen and blackcherry.
Polygon 5b is a stand of recently harvested northernhardwoods. Canopy dominants include sugar maple,white ash, and black cherry. Sugar maple, favored bythe recent management, is currently dominant in allvegetative layers. An east-facing slope occurs along thenortheastern portion of this polygon. This area was lessintensively managed and supports a greater diversity ofgroundcover species compared to the more intensivelymanaged portion of this polygon.
Polygon 5c is a small polygon that is primarily mature,uneven-aged (80-100 years old) northern hardwoods.Canopy dominants include sugar maple, beech, andwhite ash with some scattered black cherry. Low tomoderate levels of coarse woody debris were observed.The southern portion of the polygon is characterized bygreater black cherry prevalence in the canopy.
Polygon 5d contains areas that have been recentlymanaged, especially in the southern portion of thepolygon. Canopy dominants include sugar maple,white ash, and black cherry. Sugar maple, favored bythe recent management, is currently dominant in allvegetative layers in the managed areas. Theunmanaged northern portion of the polygon supportssmall-diameter northern hardwoods with black cherryand beech as the prevalent canopy trees.
During the survey of these four polygons, thirty-onenative species were noted (A list of these species isprovided in Appendix 2). Canopy dominants includebeech, sugar maple, white ash, and black cherry withwhite pine occurring in the supercanopy of Polygon 5a.Shade tolerant species such as sugar maple and beechare prevalent in the subcanopy and understory layer.Within recently managed portions of forest in Polygons5b and 5d, sugar maple is especially prevalent in theunderstory layer along with elderberry, raspberries, andblackberries. Ground cover that is common acrossthese four areas includes wild sarsaparilla, commontrillium, spinulose woodfern, wild leek, blue cohosh,sugar maple seedlings, Canada mayflower, and downysolomon seal
No portions of these polygons were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. The smallpocket of mature northern hardwoods in Polygon 5c isindicated in Figure 13.
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Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsMaintain the small stand of mature northernhardwoods in Polygon 5c. Maintain the scattered,supercanopy white pine in Polygon 5a. Allow youngblack cherry and aspen stands south of the white pinegrove to function as a nurse crop for white pine: allowthis early-successional forest to senesce and eventuallyconvert to a white pine-dominated forest.
Figure 13. The yellow polygon outlines a smallconcentration of large-diameter sugar maple,beech, and white ash within polygon 5c.
5c
SITE 6LocationThis site is a large polygon that occurs in T37N, R6Win sections 20, 28, and 29 between Johnston Road andWilderness Road and falls within the Gaylord ForestManagement Unit, Indian River Compartment 101,and includes portions of stands 8 (M9), 10 (M9), 11(M9), and 13 (M9).
Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis polygon falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 andthe LTAs 1122 and 2222 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA 1122is characterized by steep moraine ridges, few lakes,and well drained sandy loam soils. Portions of this siteoccurring on this LTA are characterized by steep tomoderate topography and slightly acidic (pH 5.0),loamy sands and sands. LTA 2222, which ischaracterized by large broad moraine ridges, few lakes,and well drained sandy loam soils, occurs in thesouthwestern portion of the polygon on rollingtopography. Soils within this portion of the site weresignificantly richer and were dark sandy loams ofmoderate to slight acidity (6.5-6.8 pH).
Site SummaryThis stretch of forest is predominantly mature, uneven-aged (80-100 years old) northern hardwoods with
some pockets of older trees (approximately 130 years)and scattered older trees throughout. Canopydominants include sugar maple, beech, and white ashwith white birch and bigtooth aspen as canopyassociates. Diameters are primarily 30-50cm (~12-20in) with some scattered larger trees and pockets oflarger trees 60-70cm (~24-28in). Low to moderatelevels of coarse woody debris were observed. Coarsewoody debris is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in) although some scattered large-diameter beechand sugar maple snags and windthrow were noted.Several bigtooth aspen clones occur scatteredthroughout the site, particularly in the eastern block ofthe polygon. Numerous roads and old skid trails passthroughout the area. Management history for the siteas a whole is varied with some areas having old cutstumps throughout and other areas having none. Arecent and extensive final harvest to control beech barkdisease occurred in the northcentral portion of thepolygon.
In general, the forest occurring on the broad moraine(LTA 2222) is characterized by mature northernhardwood forest dominated by tall sugar maple, beechand white ash with a rich herbaceous layer growing onthe dark sandy loams. Moderate levels of coarsewoody debris and snags occur within this portion ofthe polygon and compared to the forest on LTA 1122,larger-diameter trees (50-60cm or ~20-24in) are moreprevalent here, likely due to the high nutrient levelsprovided by the slightly acidic loams. The forestoccurring on the steep moraine ridges (LTA 1122)contains both mature northern hardwoods, youngerstands of northern hardwoods, and patches of early-successional forest dominated by aspen. Beechincreases in canopy importance in the mature northernforest occurring on these steep moraines and early-successional species such as bigtooth aspen and whitebirch and mid-tolerants such as white ash and blackcherry are more prevalent. The more acidic loamysands and sands found on these steep moraines havemuch shallower organic horizons and support lowerfloristic diversity compared to the sandy loams of thebroad moraine.
Aerial photographic interpretation indicates thatCanada yew was likely an important component of theshrub layer throughout much of this polygon just eightyears ago. Canada yew was rare within this site and itappears as if deer have decimated this plantpopulation.
The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on loamy sand and sandyloam. During the survey, forty-three native species
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-12
SITE 6 (continued)were noted (A list of these species is provided inAppendix 2). As noted above, the canopy is dominatedby sugar maple, beech, and white ash with bigtoothaspen occurring as a local dominant. Canopyassociates include white ash, black cherry, aspen,yellow birch, and basswood. Sugar maple and beechare dominant in the subcanopy. The understory isdominated by shade-tolerant saplings of beech andsugar maple with striped maple, ironwood, elderberry,and American fly honeysuckle also characteristic.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, jack-in-the-pulpit, wild leek, spinulosewoodfern, sharp-lobed hepatica, doll’s eyes, bluecohosh, Canada mayflower, Canada violet, maidenhair fern, common trillium, sugar maple seedlings, andblue-stemmed goldenrod. Species diversity, density,and height of ground cover species are significantlygreater on the sandy loams of the broad morainecompared to on the sands and loamy sands of the steepmoraine ridges. Spotted touch-me-not and sensitivefern are local dominants in the numerous seepageravines that occur in the eastern half of thenorthwestern quarter of section 29.
The southwestern portion of the polygon in thesouthern half of the northwestern quarter of section 29was classified as a CD-ranked mesic northern forest(See Figure 14 for polygon delimiting extent ofoccurrence and Photograph 6). The estimated acreageof this occurrence is 70 acres.. This polygon includesthe mature northern hardwoods occurring on the broadmoraine ridges of LTA 2222 and also a small acreageof mature northern hardwoods occurring on the steepmoraine ridges of LTA 1122.
Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsAllow natural processes to operate unhindered in thesouthwestern portion of the polygon. It isrecommended that the late-successional features of theforest within this polygon be maintained and enhanced.As a general guideline, leaving trees that are greaterthan 60cm (~24in) dbh will help maintain the late-successional attributes of this area. Where possible,maintain clusters of larger tree as opposed to scatteredlarge trees. Another general guideline is to allow treesto senesce and die on their own. Throughout this site,many small-diameter (<50cm or <20in) trees weremarked to be girdled. If managers wish to create snagsand coarse woody debris in an area which is lacking inthese attributes, allowing trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create snags andcoarse woody debris is advised. The recuperation ofthe site’s Canada yew population depends on reducingthe deer densities within this local landscape. Inaddition to direct means of reducing the deer herd,such as culling and increased harvest intensity,reduction of intensive silvicultural management in thesurrounding area may help reduce deer pressure.
As noted above numerous seepage areas andintermittent streams occur in the eastern half of thenorthwestern quarter of section 29. Protect intermittentstreams and seepage areas by following bestmanagement practices and riparian managementguidelines.
Figure 14. Green polygon outlines CD-ranked mesicnorthern forest element occurrence in Site 6.
6
Photograph 6. Although some scattered large-diameterbeech and sugar maple snags and windthrow were noted,coarse woody debris in Site 6 and throughout thesurveyed area is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in) .
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-13
SITE 7LocationThis site is composed of 2 polygons found west ofWilderness Road in T37N, R6W in section 28: Polygon7a is located in the northeastern corner of section 28and Polygon 7b is located just east of Wilderness Roadin the west-central portion of section 28. Bothpolygons fall within the Gaylord Forest ManagementUnit, Indian River Compartment 101. Polygon 7aincludes portions of stand 18 (M9) and the northernhalf of this polygon falls on private land. Polygon 7bincludes portions of stand 16 (M9).
Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis site falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLTAs 1122 and 2222 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA 1122 ischaracterized by steep moraine ridges, few lakes, andwell drained sandy loam soils. LTA 2222 ischaracterized by large broad moraine ridges, few lakes,and well drained sandy loam soils. Polygon 7a fallsentirely in LTA 1122, while all but the southern edge ofPolygon 7b falls within LTA 1122. Soils throughoutboth polygons where sandy loams and loamy sands,and topography was steep to moderate.
Site SummaryPolygon 7a was recently managed (within the last 10years) and is dominated by an open canopy of sugarmaple and beech over a dense understory of sugarmaple and beech saplings, and thick raspberry andblackberry thickets, which are heavily concentratedalong the numerous skid trails, logging decks, andmore open areas. Striped maple is locally abundant.Residual basal area was estimated to range between 70ft2 and 90 ft2 of basal area. The northern portion of thispolygon occurs on private land and was not surveyed.
Polygon 7b is a small stand of primarily mature,uneven-aged northern hardwoods. Canopy dominantsinclude sugar maple, beech, and white ash. Low levelsof coarse woody debris were observed. Scattered large-diameter trees (50-70cm or ~20-28in) occur within thispolygon, especially along the steep slopes adjacent tothe seep/intermittent stream that passes through thecenter of the polygon. An ORV trail also passesthrough the center of this polygon. Old cut stumpswere noted throughout this site.
During the survey, forty-three native species werenoted (A list of these species is provided in Appendix2). As noted above, the canopy is dominated by sugarmaple, beech, and white ash Sugar maple and beechare dominant in the subcanopy. The understory isdominated by shade-tolerant saplings of beech and
sugar maple with striped maple, ironwood, elderberry,and American fly honeysuckle also characteristic.Blackberry and raspberry species are dominant in therecently managed polygon. Prevalent ground coverspecies include hairy sweet cicely, jack-in-the-pulpit,wild leek, spinulose woodfern, doll’s eyes, bluecohosh, Canada mayflower, Canada violet, commontrillium, and sugar maple seedlings.
No portions of these polygons were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. The smallstrip of mature northern hardwoods in Polygon 7b isindicated in Figure 15.
Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsMaintain the small stand of mature northernhardwoods in Polygon 7b. Protect the seep/intermittentstream by following best management practices andriparian management guidelines. It appears as ifseveral of the large trees along the steep slopes abovethis seepage area were marked for harvest. If this isindeed the case, it is recommended that the prescribedharvest of these large-diameter trees occurring within ariparian area be reconsidered.
SITE 8LocationThis site is composed of 3 polygons found in closeproximity to Frank Road in T37N, R6W in sections 33and 34: Polygon 8a occurs just west of Frank Road inthe northeastern quarter of section 33; Polygon 8boccurs west of Frank Road in the northwestern quarterof section 33; and Polygon 8c occurs east of Frankroad along the northeastern edge of section 33 and inthe northwestern quarter of section 34. Polygon 8afalls within Gaylord Forest Management Unit, IndianRiver Compartment 101 and includes portions ofstands 26 (M9) and 27 (M9) and the northern third ofthis polygon falls on private land. Polygon 8b also
Figure 15. The yellow polygon outlines a smallconcentration of large-diameter northernhardwoods along a seepage within polygon 7b.
7b
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-14
SITE 8 (continued)occurs in Indian River Compartment 101 and includesportions of stand 26 (M9). Polygon 8c occurs in IndianRiver Compartment 101 and Compartment 105.Within Compartment 101 and section 33, Polygon 8cincludes portions of stands 20 (M9) and 23 (M9). Thesegment of polygon 8c that falls within Compartment105 and section 34 includes portions of stands 75 (M9)and 80 (M6).
Landscape and Abiotic ContextThis site falls within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and theLTAs 2222 and 5521 (Figures 1 and 2). LTA 2222 ischaracterized by large broad moraine ridges, few lakes,and well drained sandy loam soils. LTA 5521 is anarrow outwash channel with well drained sandy soils.Polygons 8a and 8b occur on the broad moraine ridgesof LTA 2222, while the western half of Polygon 8coccurs on LTA 2222 and the eastern half falls on LTA5521. In general, the soils of the outwash channel ofLTA 5521 are moderately acidic sands while themorainal soils of LTA 2222 tend to be slightly lessacidic and are loamy sands and sandy loams.Topography for this site is gently rolling with mild pitand mound topography.
Site SummaryThese polygons are predominantly mature, uneven-aged (80-100 years old) northern hardwoods withsome pockets of older trees and scattered older treesthroughout. Canopy dominants include sugar maple,beech, and white ash with black cherry, basswood, andwhite birch as common canopy associates. Diametersare primarily 30-50cm (~12-20in) with some scatteredlarger trees and pockets of larger trees 60-70cm (~24-28in). Many of the larger residual trees have loggingdamage on their root collars and boles. Low tomoderate levels of coarse woody debris were observed.Coarse woody debris is dominated by early- and mid-successional species of small diameters (20-30cm or 8-12in) although some scattered large-diameter beechsnags and windthrow were noted. Numerous roads andold skid trails criss-cross the area and old cut stumpsoccur throughout the entire site. Along the eastern edgeof polygon 8c, there are patches of younger northernhardwoods dominated by black cherry. The northernthird of Polygon 8b, which occurs on private land, wasrecently intensively cut with primarily white ashremoved.
The native flora for this site is typical of mesicnorthern forest occurring on loamy sands and sandyloams. During the survey, thirty-three native specieswere noted (A list of these species is provided in
Appendix 2). As stated above, the canopy is dominatedby sugar maple, beech, and white ash. Canopyassociates include black cherry, white birch, andbasswood. The subcanopy is dominated by sugarmaple and beech with occasional ironwood. Theunderstory is dominated by shade-tolerant saplings ofbeech and sugar maple with striped maple, Americanfly honeysuckle, and elderberry as typical shrubs.Prevalent ground cover species include hairy sweetcicely, jack-in-the-pulpit, wild leek, spinulosewoodfern, doll’s eyes, blue cohosh, wild sarsaparilla,Canada violet, maiden hair fern, common trillium, anddowny solomon seal.
No portions of these polygons were classified as high-quality examples of mesic northern forest. Howeverthe small pocket of older trees of large diameter(>60cm or >~24in) within polygon 8a has beenindicated in Figure 16.
Site Specific Biodiversity ManagementRecommendationsIt is recommended that the late-successional features ofthe forest within this polygon be maintained andenhanced. As a general guideline, leaving trees that aregreater than 60cm (~24in) dbh will help maintain thelate-successional attributes of this area. Where possiblemaintain clusters of large trees as opposed to scatteredlarge trees. For example, maintain the small stand ofmature northern hardwoods in Polygon 8a. Anothergeneral guideline is to allow trees to senesce and dieon their own. If managers wish to create snags andcoarse woody debris in an area which is lacking inthese attributes permitting trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create snags andcoarse woody debris is suggested.
Figure 16. The yellow polygon outlines a smallconcentration of large-diameter sugar maple,beech, and white ash within polygon 8a.
8a
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-15
The following recommendations focused on enhancingbiodiversity within this landscape are provided foryour consideration. Allow natural processes to operateunhindered in areas identified as element occurrencesof mesic northern forest. Increase the size of these coreareas by managing adjacent mature northernhardwoods likewise or by extending the harvestrotation within adjacent stands. Maintain and enhancelate-successional features of managed forest. Wherepossible, maintain clusters of large trees as opposed toscattered large trees. As a general guideline, leavingtrees that are greater than 60cm dbh (~24in) will helpmaintain the late-successional attributes of this area.Death of large diameter trees generates long-lastingsnags and/or coarse woody debris and creates thecanopy openings that drive the gap-phase dynamics ofthese systems. Long-lived, large-diameter coarsewoody debris can provide nurse logs for theestablishment of hemlock and yellow birch seedlings.Another general guideline is to allow trees to senesceand die on their own. If managers wish to create snagsand coarse woody debris in an area which is lacking inthese attributes, allowing trees to reach their growthpotential prior to girdling them to create the snags andcoarse woody debris is recommended.
The recuperation of the Canada yew population andthe regeneration potential of hemlock and cedar withinthis area depend on reducing the deer densities withinthe local landscape. In addition to direct means ofreducing the deer herd, such as culling and increasedharvest intensity, reduction of intensive silviculturalmanagement throughout the landscape may helpreduce deer pressure within northern hardwood stands.
It is important to protect seepage areas and intermittentstreams, especially where hemlock and cedar areprevalent, by following best management practices andriparian management guidelines.
DISCUSSIONAccording to the Department of Natural ResourcesConservation Area Guidance document and WorkInstruction 1.4 on Biodiversity Management on StateForest Land, high-quality natural communities that areA or B ranked and are rare, imperiled, or criticallyimperiled in the state or globally (G1, G2, G3, and/orS1, S2, S3; see Appendix 3 for definition of global andstate ranks) qualify for consideration as EcologicalReference Areas. Based on the assessment of the 14polygons, no part of the 2005 acres of surveyed areawould currently qualify for consideration as an
Ecological Reference Area. However that does notpreclude the consideration of this area or portionsthereof as either High Conservation Areas or SpecialConservation Areas or the potential for portions of thearea to, in time, qualify for consideration as EcologicalReference Areas.
Three new element occurrences of mesic northernforest were documented within the surveyed forest(Figures 9, 12, and 14). Portions of the western andnorthwestern extent of Site 1 were classified as a CD-ranked mesic northern forest. A small (approximately5 acres) hemlock-dominated stand in the east-centralportion of Site 4 was classified as a D-ranked mesicnorthern forest. Within Site 6, the southwestern portionof the polygon in the southern half of the northwesternquarter of section 29 was classified as a CD-rankedmesic northern forest. The low element occurrenceranking for these three sites is primarily due to theirsmall sizes and poor condition rankings. Lowcondition ranks were assigned because these sites aresecond-growth stands that are just developingcharacteristic of late-successional forest. The structureand species composition of these stands has beenprimarily driven by anthropogenic disturbance factors(i.e., turn-of-the-century logging) as opposed to thenatural process of gap-phase dynamics. Coarse woodydebris and snags are primarily confined to smalldiameter classes and early-successional and mid-tolerant species. The species composition of theoverstory and understory of these sites has beendrastically altered. Examination of the notes of theoriginal land surveyors for this general area suggeststhat approximately 80% of the canopy was composedof shade-tolerant species and that hemlock was moreprevalent in the canopy circa 1800. Canopy coverageof mid-tolerant species and early-successional specieshas increased within these three sites and in thesurrounding landscape. High levels of deer herbivoryhave drastically altered the species composition andstructure of the understory of these sites. Of particularnote is the dramatic decline of Canada yew, whichoccurred as an understory dominant throughout muchof this area less than ten years ago. Despite theseecological short-comings, these occurrences (especiallythe two CD-ranked elements) and the surroundingmature forest could potentially be restored to higherquality mesic northern forest given time (at least acentury) and reduction of deer densities. As noted inMNFI’s ranking criteria for element occurrences(Appendix 1), protection of C-ranked “occurrenceshelps conserve the biotic diversity on a regional orlocal level and (is) important to state-wideconservation only if no higher-ranked occurrencesexist.”
LANDSCAPE LEVEL BIODIVERSITYMANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS
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DISCUSSION(continued)A landscape-level assessment of the current status ofhigh-quality mesic northern forest in the NorthernLower Peninsula provides the context for evaluatingthe conservation significance of the Mackinaw ForestCouncil’s recommended area and the portionsidentified through this survey as new mesic northernforest element occurrences. Prior to this survey, only27 mesic northern forest element occurrences wereknown from the Northern Lower Peninsula and ofthose, only eight are B-ranked or higher. Of these eighthigh-quality mesic northern forests, three are found onislands within the Great Lakes. Of the five high-qualitymesic northern forests occurring on the mainland ofNorthern Lower Michigan, only one has beendocumented on state forest land, a tract of old-growthforest along Walloon Lake in Charlevoix County. Priorto this survey, within Emmet County, there was onlyone documented mesic northern forest elementoccurrence that occurs on private land in sub-subsection VII.2.3 on LTAs 3321 and 5521.
The Emmet County survey sites fall within SubsectionVII.6 (Presque Isle Subsection) and Sub-subsectionVII.6.2 (Stutsmanville Sub-Subsection) of the regionallandscape ecosystems of Michigan hierarchicallandscape classification (Albert 1995, Figure 1). Priorto this survey, within Subsection VII.6 there were onlysix documented occurrences of mesic northern forestand only three occurrences that are B-ranked or higher.Of these six occurrences, five occur on islands withinthe Great Lakes. The sole occurrence of high-qualitymesic northern forest that is found within SubsectionVII.6 occurs within Sub-subsection VII.6.1 and isfound on University of Michigan and Little TraverseNature Conservancy property.
Prior to this survey, there were no documentedoccurrences of high-quality mesic northern forestwithin Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and no documentedoccurrences on LTAs 1122, 2222, and 5521 ofSubsection VII.6. Within the Northern LowerPeninsula, across all Subsections, prior to this survey,there were three mesic northern forest elementoccurrences in MNFI’s database found on steepmoraine ridges, with few lakes, and well drained sandyloam soils (LTA 1122). All three of these occurrencesare from Subsection VII.4, two of the occurrences arefound on Great Lakes islands, and the occurrence onthe mainland is on private land. Within the NorthernLower Peninsula, across all Subsections, prior to thissurvey, there were six mesic northern forest elementoccurrences in MNFI’s database found on large, broadmoraine ridges, with few lakes and well drained sandy
loam soils (LTA 2222). All six of these occurrences arefrom Sub-subsection VII.5.2, all are found on themainland, and five are found on private land while oneoccurs on a nature preserve. Within the NorthernLower Peninsula, across all Subsections, prior to thissurvey, there was only one mesic northern forestelement occurrence in MNFI’s database found onnarrow outwash channel with well drained sandy soils(LTA 5521). This lone site is found in Sub-subsectionVII.2.3 on private land.
Given the complete lack of high-quality mesic northernforest within Sub-subsection VII.6.2 and on LandtypeAssociations 1122, 2222, and 5521 on state land,portions of the surveyed area, especially the newlyidentified element occurrences of mesic northernforest, merit consideration as High Conservation Areasor Special Conservation Areas and over time couldqualify for consideration as Ecological ReferenceAreas. The three element occurrences occur on therange of Landtype Associations found within thesurveyed area. The occurrence from site 1 occurswithin LTA 1122, the occurrence within Site 4 fallswithin LTA 5521, and the occurrence from site 6occurs primarily in LTA 2222 but portions also fallwithin LTA 1122 (Figure 2). Based on their potential toprovide future representation of high-quality mesicnorthern forest within Subsection VII.6.2 on threedifferent landfoms or Landtype Associations, it isrecommended that management within these sites berestricted to stewardship activities (i.e., invasive plantremoval). In addition, given the small size of theseoccurrences, it is suggested that these elementoccurrences function as the core of much larger areasthat are unmanaged. Historically mesic northernforests dominated vast areas of mesic uplands of theGreat Lakes occupying hundreds to thousands of acres.Based on MNFI’s current grading criteria (Appendix1), mesic northern forests over 100 acres in area meritan A rank for size, while forests 50-99 acres merit a Brank. Buffering the element occurrences with at least100 acres of unmanaged mature northern hardwoodswould increase the probability that in 100 years theseareas would increase from their current CD or D rankto a B rank and could then qualify for consideration asEcological Reference Areas.
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-17
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFunding for this project was generously provided bythe Forest, Minerals, Fire, and Management Division(FMFM) and administered through the WildlifeDivision. Thanks to Cara Boucher (FMFM) andPatrick Lederle (Wildlife Division) for supporting thisproject. Numerous MNFI staff supported the project inmany ways. In particular, Helen Enander providedinvaluable GIS analysis and facilitated reportproduction; Michael Kost assisted with projectplanning; Patrick Brown, Lyn Scrimger, Sue Ridge,and Connie Brinson provided very helpfuladministrative support; and Rebecca Boehm and KimBorland assisted with database management. Thanksto DNR filed staff for providing maps andmanagement information about the site, especiallyShannon Harig (FMFM), Brian Mastenbrook (WildlifeDivision), Joyce Angel-Ling (FMFM), Don Stacks(FMFM), and Dan Heckman (FMFM). Thanks are dueto Tim Flynn (Sierra Club/Mackinaw Forest Council)for providing maps and information about the site.Finally, thanks to Martha Gove for providing editorialassistance.
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-18
Rank Explanation
A Excellent Occurrence. Protection of A-ranked occurrences is essential to conservation of the maximum diversity and viability of an element in the state. A-ranked communities are essentially undisturbed by humans, or have nearly recovered from early human disturbance; they are further distinguished by being an extensive, well-buffered, etc. occurrence. Species composition shows little departure from original structure and composition (except in seral or disturbance dependent communities). A-ranked populations of a sensitive species are large in number of individuals, stable or growing, show good reproduction, and exist in a natural, sustainable habitat.
B Good Occurrence. Protection of these occurrences is important to the survival of an element in Michigan, especially if very few or no A-ranked occurrences exist, or in natural regions of the state where there are few or no A-ranked occurrences. A B-ranked community is still recovering from early disturbance or recent light disturbance but eventually will reach an A-rank. Presence of exotic species (if only localized and/or a minor component of the flora), recoverable departure from original structure and composition for the site (except in seral and disturbance dependent communities) result in a B-rank. Nearly undisturbed occurrences, or those essentially recovered from disturbance are downgraded to a B-rank if they have poor buffer or narrow boundary configuration. B-ranked populations of a sensitive species are at least stable, in a minimally disturbed habitat, and of moderate population size.
C Fair Occurrence. Protection of these occurrences helps conserve the biotic diversity on a regional or local level and are important to state-wide conservation only if no higher-ranked occurrences exist. A C-ranked community is in an early stage of recovery from disturbance, or its structure and composition have been altered such that the original vegetation of the site will never rejuvenate, yet with management and time partial restoration of the community is possible. C-ranked populations of sensitive species are in clearly disturbed habitats, small in size and/or number, and possibly declining.
D Poor Occurrence. Protection of these occurrences is seldom worthwhile except for historical reasons or only if no better occurrences exist. D-ranked communities are severely disturbed, their structure and composition have been greatly altered, and recovery to original conditions, despite management and time, essentially will not take place. D-ranked populations of sensitive species are very small with a high likelihood of dying out or being destroyed, and exist in highly disturbed and vulnerable habitat
Appendix 1. Element occurrence ranking criteria.
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2
NATURAL COMMUNITY GRADING CRITERIA
Mesic Northern Forest (Northern Hardwood Forest and Hemlock-Hardwood Forest)
Grade A: Condition-grade A occurrences have common to abundant very old growth trees (trees are 50-70 cm dbh with sugar maple 170+ years old and hemlock 220-250+ years old). There is either no evidence of cutting, or only minor cutting of random individuals without any species elimination. All-aged stands are preferred, but other age-class distribution are acceptable if stand is essentially recovered from previous natural and/or artificial disturbances. For example, stands must be ungrazed (no gaps in age-class distribution) or recovered from past light grazing (age-class gap with a minor component of thorny species). (Single-aged stands predating European settlement may have originated from Indian disturbances and should be downgraded). Light harvest of fallen timber is acceptable for condition-grade A occurrences. Quality-grade A occurrences have tree species composition that resembles presettlement records from General Land Office surveys (unless survey bias is suspected or presettlement forest was disturbed). Understory diversity may be poor in quality-grade A stands due to canopy closure and should not affect quality-grade. However, natural disturbance regimes must be intact for quality-grade A occurrences. Grade B: Condition-grade B occurrences have very old growth trees as occasional with common to abundant old growth trees (approximately 140-220 yrs. old). Other combinations (e.g., abundant old growth only) are possible, but stand should be recoverable to condition-grade A with time. Past cutting is acceptable if light and no major canopy species were eliminated. Moderate grazing of very old growth stands are condition-grade B occurrences. Light grazing is acceptable in mixed very old growth and old second growth stands. Grade C: Quality- and condition-grade C occurrences have suffered disturbances that preclude their recovery to grade A levels, except over a long period of time (>120? years). Examples include stands with rare to occasional very old and/or old growth trees that are poorly reproducing or have had a major canopy species eliminated, old second growth stands with trees predominantly 40-50 cm dbh (120-140 years old), if species composition is natural, as well as heavy grazing in very old growth or moderately heavy grazing in old growth stands. Occurrences with large areas of heavy burns, abundant windthrow, or common tree mortality are quality-graded relative to recovery time. Stands greatly dissimilar from presettlement survey composition (unless survey was biased or stand disturbed) are quality-grade C. Benchmark Quality Standard: See quality-grade A criteria above; also high native plant species density and diversity (equitability and richness) relative to environmental conditions and cover type; heterogeneous plant community zonation with the presence of the full range of plant communities expected for the site; good buffer of associated natural communities; and unaltered (or artificially mimicked) natural disturbance regime. Minimum Element Occurrence Specificattons: Exceptional significance: EO Rank B and 50 acres. Notable significance: EO Rank B and 25 acres. Element Occurrence Size-Classes: Large: 100+ acres; Moderate: 50-99 acres; Small: 25-49 acres; Very Small: less than 25 acres. Boundary Mapping: For large occurrences, outline the entire area on map and simply identify smaller included occurrences of other community types (e.g. other forest types that interdigitate with Mesic Northern Forest, like Dry-mesic Northern Forest) without drawing their boundaries; draw boundaries of other included community types if they are easily defined (e.g. a lake type, a swamp type) or if they are separate element occurrences. Exemplary Occurrences: Porcupine Mountains, Ontonagon and Gogebic Co.; Sylvania Recreation Area, Gogebic Co.; Huron Mountains, Marquette Co.; North Fox Island, Leelanau Co.
Appendix 1. Element occurrence grading criteria.
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-20
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U5
Ace
r sa
ccha
rum
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eS
UG
AR
MA
PLE
AC
TP
AC
7A
ctae
a pa
chyp
oda
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bD
OLL
'S E
YE
SA
DIP
ED
6A
dian
tum
ped
atum
1F
AC
-N
t Fer
nM
AID
EN
HA
IR F
ER
NA
LLT
RI
5A
llium
tric
occu
m2
FA
CU
+N
t P-F
orb
WIL
D L
EE
KA
RA
NU
D5
Ara
lia n
udic
aulis
3F
AC
UN
t P-F
orb
WIL
D S
AR
SA
PA
RIL
LAA
RIT
RI
5A
risae
ma
trip
hyllu
m-2
FA
CW
-N
t P-F
orb
JAC
K IN
TH
E P
ULP
ITB
ET
ALL
7B
etul
a al
legh
anie
nsis
0F
AC
Nt T
ree
YE
LLO
W B
IRC
HB
ET
PA
P2
Bet
ula
papy
rifer
a2
FA
CU
+N
t Tre
eP
AP
ER
BIR
CH
BO
TV
IR5
Bot
rych
ium
virg
inia
num
3F
AC
UN
t Fer
nR
AT
TLE
SN
AK
E F
ER
NC
XLA
CU
6C
arex
lacu
stris
-5O
BL
Nt P
-Sed
geS
ED
GE
CX
PE
DU
5C
arex
ped
uncu
lata
5U
PL
Nt P
-Sed
geS
ED
GE
CX
PLA
N8
Car
ex p
lant
agin
ea5
UP
LN
t P-S
edge
SE
DG
EC
AU
TH
A5
Cau
loph
yllu
m th
alic
troi
des
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bB
LUE
CO
HO
SH
DR
YC
AR
5D
ryop
teris
car
thus
iana
-2F
AC
W-
Nt F
ern
SP
INU
LOS
E W
OO
DF
ER
NF
AG
GR
A6
Fag
us g
rand
ifolia
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eA
ME
RIC
AN
BE
EC
H
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey.
Cap
italiz
ed sc
ient
ific
and
com
mon
nam
es in
dica
te n
on-n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s. Li
fefo
rm a
cron
yms a
re a
s fol
low
s: N
t, na
tive;
P, p
eren
nial
; Ad,
adv
entiv
e; B
, bia
nnua
l; A
, ann
ual.
“C”
is th
e C
oeff
icie
nt o
f Con
serv
atio
n fo
r eac
h sp
ecie
s.
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-21
()
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
EW
WE
TN
ES
SP
HY
SIO
GN
OM
YC
OM
MO
N N
AM
EF
RA
AM
E5
Fra
xinu
s am
eric
ana
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eW
HIT
E A
SH
GA
LTR
R4
Gal
ium
trifl
orum
2F
AC
U+
Nt P
-For
bF
RA
GR
AN
T B
ED
ST
RA
WG
ER
RO
B3
Ger
aniu
m r
ober
tianu
m5
UP
LN
t A-F
orb
HE
RB
RO
BE
RT
HE
PA
CU
8H
epat
ica
acut
iloba
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bS
HA
RP
LO
BE
D H
EP
AT
ICA
HU
PLU
C5
Hup
erzi
a lu
cidu
la-1
FA
C+
Nt F
ern
Ally
SH
ININ
G C
LUB
MO
SS
LON
CA
N5
Loni
cera
can
aden
sis
3F
AC
UN
t Shr
ubA
ME
RIC
AN
FLY
HO
NE
YS
UC
KLE
LYC
OB
S5
Lyco
podi
um o
bscu
rum
3F
AC
UN
t Fer
n A
llyG
RO
UN
D P
INE
MA
ICA
C4
Mai
anth
emum
can
aden
se0
FA
CN
t P-F
orb
CA
NA
DA
MA
YF
LOW
ER
MIT
RE
P5
Mitc
hella
rep
ens
2F
AC
U+
Nt P
-For
bP
AR
TR
IDG
E B
ER
RY
OS
MC
LI4
Osm
orhi
za c
layt
onii
4F
AC
U-
Nt P
-For
bH
AIR
Y S
WE
ET
CIC
ELY
OS
TV
IR5
Ost
rya
virg
inia
na4
FA
CU
-N
t Tre
eIR
ON
WO
OD
; HO
P H
OR
NB
EA
MP
OLP
UB
5P
olyg
onat
um p
ubes
cens
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bD
OW
NY
SO
LOM
ON
SE
AL
PO
PG
RA
4P
opul
us g
rand
iden
tata
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eB
IG T
OO
TH
ED
AS
PE
NP
OP
TR
E1
Pop
ulus
trem
uloi
des
0F
AC
Nt T
ree
QU
AK
ING
AS
PE
NP
RU
SE
R2
Pru
nus
sero
tina
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eW
ILD
BLA
CK
CH
ER
RY
QU
ER
UB
5Q
uerc
us r
ubra
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eR
ED
OA
KR
IBC
YN
4R
ibes
cyn
osba
ti5
UP
LN
t Shr
ubP
RIC
KLY
or
WIL
D G
OO
SE
BE
RR
YR
UB
OC
C1
Rub
us o
ccid
enta
lis5
UP
LN
t Shr
ubB
LAC
K R
AS
PB
ER
RY
RU
BS
TR
2R
ubus
str
igos
us-2
FA
CW
-N
t Shr
ubW
ILD
RE
D R
AS
PB
ER
RY
SA
MC
AN
3S
ambu
cus
cana
dens
is-2
FA
CW
-N
t Shr
ubE
LDE
RB
ER
RY
SM
IRA
C5
Sm
ilaci
na r
acem
osa
3F
AC
UN
t P-F
orb
FA
LSE
SP
IKE
NA
RD
SO
LCA
E7
Sol
idag
o ca
esia
3F
AC
UN
t P-F
orb
BLU
E S
TE
MM
ED
GO
LDE
NR
OD
TIL
AM
E5
Tili
a am
eric
ana
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eB
AS
SW
OO
DT
RIB
OR
5T
rient
alis
bor
ealis
-1F
AC
+N
t P-F
orb
ST
AR
FLO
WE
RT
RIG
RA
5T
rilliu
m g
rand
iflor
um5
UP
LN
t P-F
orb
CO
MM
ON
TR
ILLI
UM
TS
UC
AN
5T
suga
can
aden
sis
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eH
EM
LOC
KV
IBA
CE
6V
ibur
num
ace
rifol
ium
5U
PL
Nt S
hrub
MA
PLE
LE
AV
ED
AR
RO
W W
OO
DV
IOC
AN
5V
iola
can
aden
sis
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bC
AN
AD
A V
IOLE
T
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
1 c
ontin
ued.
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-22
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
2.
Loca
le:
Em
met
Cou
nty
Dat
e:15
-Aug
2006
9ho
urs
By:
Josh
ua C
ohen
FLO
RIS
TIC
QU
ALI
TY
DA
TA
Nat
ive
4293
.30%
Adv
entiv
e3
6.70
%42
NA
TIV
E S
PE
CIE
ST
ree
1328
.90%
Tre
e0
0.00
%45
Tot
al S
peci
esS
hrub
36.
70%
Shr
ub0
0.00
%4.
6N
AT
IVE
ME
AN
CW
-Vin
e0
0.00
%W
-Vin
e0
0.00
%4.
3 W
/Adv
entiv
esH
-Vin
e0
0.00
%H
-Vin
e0
0.00
%29
.6N
AT
IVE
FQ
IP
-For
b18
40.0
0%P
-For
b2
4.40
%28
.6 W
/Adv
entiv
esB
-For
b0
0.00
%B
-For
b0
0.00
%2.
4N
AT
IVE
ME
AN
WA
-For
b2
4.40
%A
-For
b1
2.20
%2.
6 W
/Adv
entiv
esP
-Gra
ss0
0.00
%P
-Gra
ss0
0.00
%A
VG
:F
ac. U
plan
d (+
)A
-Gra
ss0
0.00
%A
-Gra
ss0
0.00
%P
-Sed
ge1
2.20
%P
-Sed
ge0
0.00
%A
-Sed
ge0
0.00
%A
-Sed
ge0
0.00
%F
ern
511
.10%
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
EW
WE
TN
ES
SP
HY
SIO
GN
OM
YC
OM
MO
N N
AM
EA
CE
PE
N5
Ace
r pe
nsyl
vani
cum
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eS
TR
IPE
D M
AP
LEA
CE
SA
U5
Ace
r sa
ccha
rum
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eS
UG
AR
MA
PLE
AC
TP
AC
7A
ctae
a pa
chyp
oda
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bD
OLL
'S E
YE
SA
DIP
ED
6A
dian
tum
ped
atum
1F
AC
-N
t Fer
nM
AID
EN
HA
IR F
ER
NA
LLT
RI
5A
llium
tric
occu
m2
FA
CU
+N
t P-F
orb
WIL
D L
EE
KA
RA
NU
D5
Ara
lia n
udic
aulis
3F
AC
UN
t P-F
orb
WIL
D S
AR
SA
PA
RIL
LAA
ST
MA
C4
Ast
er m
acro
phyl
lus
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bB
IG L
EA
VE
D A
ST
ER
BE
TA
LL7
Bet
ula
alle
ghan
iens
is0
FA
CN
t Tre
eY
ELL
OW
BIR
CH
BE
TP
AP
2B
etul
a pa
pyrif
era
2F
AC
U+
Nt T
ree
PA
PE
R B
IRC
HB
OT
VIR
5B
otry
chiu
m v
irgin
ianu
m3
FA
CU
Nt F
ern
RA
TT
LES
NA
KE
FE
RN
CX
PLA
N8
Car
ex p
lant
agin
ea5
UP
LN
t P-S
edge
SE
DG
EC
AU
TH
A5
Cau
loph
yllu
m th
alic
troi
des
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bB
LUE
CO
HO
SH
CIR
LUT
2C
ircae
a lu
tetia
na3
FA
CU
Nt P
-For
bE
NC
HA
NT
ER
'S N
IGH
TS
HA
DE
DR
YC
AR
5D
ryop
teris
car
thus
iana
-2F
AC
W-
Nt F
ern
SP
INU
LOS
E W
OO
DF
ER
NE
PIH
EL
0E
PIP
AC
TIS
HE
LLE
BO
RIN
E5
UP
LA
d P
-For
bH
ELL
EB
OR
INE
FA
GG
RA
6F
agus
gra
ndifo
lia3
FA
CU
Nt T
ree
AM
ER
ICA
N B
EE
CH
FR
AA
ME
5F
raxi
nus
amer
ican
a3
FA
CU
Nt T
ree
WH
ITE
AS
H
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-23
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
2 c
ontin
ued.
()
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
EW
WE
TN
ES
SP
HY
SIO
GN
OM
YC
OM
MO
N N
AM
EG
ALT
ET
0G
ALE
OP
SIS
TE
TR
AH
IT5
UP
LA
d A
-For
bC
OM
MO
N H
EM
P N
ET
TLE
GA
LTR
R4
Gal
ium
trifl
orum
2F
AC
U+
Nt P
-For
bF
RA
GR
AN
T B
ED
ST
RA
WG
ER
RO
B3
Ger
aniu
m r
ober
tianu
m5
UP
LN
t A-F
orb
HE
RB
RO
BE
RT
HE
PA
CU
8H
epat
ica
acut
iloba
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bS
HA
RP
LO
BE
D H
EP
AT
ICA
IMP
CA
P2
Impa
tiens
cap
ensi
s-3
FA
CW
Nt A
-For
bS
PO
TT
ED
TO
UC
H M
E N
OT
LON
CA
N5
Loni
cera
can
aden
sis
3F
AC
UN
t Shr
ubA
ME
RIC
AN
FLY
HO
NE
YS
UC
KLE
LYC
AN
N5
Lyco
podi
um a
nnot
inum
0F
AC
Nt F
ern
Ally
ST
IFF
CLU
BM
OS
SLY
CO
BS
5Ly
copo
dium
obs
curu
m3
FA
CU
Nt F
ern
Ally
GR
OU
ND
PIN
EM
AIC
AC
4M
aian
them
um c
anad
ense
0F
AC
Nt P
-For
bC
AN
AD
A M
AY
FLO
WE
RM
ITR
EP
5M
itche
lla r
epen
s2
FA
CU
+N
t P-F
orb
PA
RT
RID
GE
BE
RR
YO
SM
CLI
4O
smor
hiza
cla
yton
ii4
FA
CU
-N
t P-F
orb
HA
IRY
SW
EE
T C
ICE
LYO
ST
VIR
5O
stry
a vi
rgin
iana
4F
AC
U-
Nt T
ree
IRO
NW
OO
D; H
OP
HO
RN
BE
AM
PO
LPU
B5
Pol
ygon
atum
pub
esce
ns5
UP
LN
t P-F
orb
DO
WN
Y S
OLO
MO
N S
EA
LP
OP
GR
A4
Pop
ulus
gra
ndid
enta
ta3
FA
CU
Nt T
ree
BIG
TO
OT
HE
D A
SP
EN
PO
PT
RE
1P
opul
us tr
emul
oide
s0
FA
CN
t Tre
eQ
UA
KIN
G A
SP
EN
PR
UV
UL
0P
RU
NE
LLA
VU
LGA
RIS
0F
AC
Nt P
-For
bLA
WN
PR
UN
ELL
AP
RU
SE
R2
Pru
nus
sero
tina
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eW
ILD
BLA
CK
CH
ER
RY
RIB
CY
N4
Rib
es c
ynos
bati
5U
PL
Nt S
hrub
PR
ICK
LY o
r W
ILD
GO
OS
EB
ER
RY
SA
MC
AN
3S
ambu
cus
cana
dens
is-2
FA
CW
-N
t Shr
ubE
LDE
RB
ER
RY
SM
IRA
C5
Sm
ilaci
na r
acem
osa
3F
AC
UN
t P-F
orb
FA
LSE
SP
IKE
NA
RD
SO
LCA
E7
Sol
idag
o ca
esia
3F
AC
UN
t P-F
orb
BLU
E S
TE
MM
ED
GO
LDE
NR
OD
TH
UO
CC
4T
huja
occ
iden
talis
-3F
AC
WN
t Tre
eA
RB
OR
VIT
AE
TIL
AM
E5
Tili
a am
eric
ana
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eB
AS
SW
OO
DT
RIB
OR
5T
rient
alis
bor
ealis
-1F
AC
+N
t P-F
orb
ST
AR
FLO
WE
RT
RIG
RA
5T
rilliu
m g
rand
iflor
um5
UP
LN
t P-F
orb
CO
MM
ON
TR
ILLI
UM
TS
UC
AN
5T
suga
can
aden
sis
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eH
EM
LOC
KV
ER
OF
F0
VE
RO
NIC
A O
FF
ICIN
ALI
S5
UP
LA
d P
-For
bC
OM
MO
N S
PE
ED
WE
LLV
IOC
AN
5V
iola
can
aden
sis
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bC
AN
AD
A V
IOLE
T
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-24
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
3.
Loca
le:
Em
met
Cou
nty
Dat
e:15
-Aug
2006
2.5
hour
sB
y:Jo
shua
Coh
en
FLO
RIS
TIC
QU
ALI
TY
DA
TA
Nat
ive
2210
0.00
%A
dven
tive
00.
00%
22N
AT
IVE
SP
EC
IES
Tre
e7
31.8
0%T
ree
00.
00%
22 T
otal
Spe
cies
Shr
ub2
9.10
%S
hrub
00.
00%
4.7
NA
TIV
E M
EA
N C
W-V
ine
00.
00%
W-V
ine
00.
00%
4.7
W/A
dven
tives
H-V
ine
00.
00%
H-V
ine
00.
00%
22.2
NA
TIV
E F
QI
P-F
orb
940
.90%
P-F
orb
00.
00%
22.2
W/A
dven
tives
B-F
orb
00.
00%
B-F
orb
00.
00%
1.8
NA
TIV
E M
EA
N W
A-F
orb
14.
50%
A-F
orb
00.
00%
1.8
W/A
dven
tives
P-G
rass
00.
00%
P-G
rass
00.
00%
AV
G:
Fac
. Upl
and
(+)
A-G
rass
00.
00%
A-G
rass
00.
00%
P-S
edge
00.
00%
P-S
edge
00.
00%
A-S
edge
00.
00%
A-S
edge
00.
00%
Fer
n3
13.6
0%
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
EW
WE
TN
ES
SP
HY
SIO
GN
OM
YC
OM
MO
N N
AM
EA
CE
PE
N5
Ace
r pe
nsyl
vani
cum
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eS
TR
IPE
D M
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Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-25
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
4.
Loca
le:
Em
met
Cou
nty
Dat
e:16
-Aug
2006
9ho
urs
By:
Josh
ua C
ohen
FLO
RIS
TIC
QU
ALI
TY
DA
TA
Nat
ive
4293
.30%
Adv
entiv
e3
6.70
%42
NA
TIV
E S
PE
CIE
ST
ree
1124
.40%
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e0
0.00
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Tot
al S
peci
esS
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W/A
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00%
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ine
00.
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27.9
NA
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E F
QI
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entiv
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H
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-26
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
4 c
ontin
ued.
()
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
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SP
HY
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T
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-27
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
5.
Loca
le:
Em
met
Cou
nty
Dat
e:16
-Aug
2006
3ho
urs
By:
Josh
ua C
ohen
FLO
RIS
TIC
QU
ALI
TY
DA
TA
Nat
ive
3489
.50%
Adv
entiv
e4
10.5
0%34
NA
TIV
E S
PE
CIE
ST
ree
821
.10%
Tre
e0
0.00
%38
Tot
al S
peci
esS
hrub
821
.10%
Shr
ub1
2.60
%4.
3N
AT
IVE
ME
AN
CW
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e0
0.00
%W
-Vin
e0
0.00
%3.
8 W
/Adv
entiv
esH
-Vin
e0
0.00
%H
-Vin
e0
0.00
%25
NA
TIV
E F
QI
P-F
orb
1436
.80%
P-F
orb
25.
30%
23.7
W/A
dven
tives
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orb
00.
00%
B-F
orb
00.
00%
2.5
NA
TIV
E M
EA
N W
A-F
orb
00.
00%
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12.
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dven
tives
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rass
00.
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rass
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AV
G:
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. Upl
and
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rass
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edge
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edge
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edge
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Fer
n2
5.30
%
AC
RO
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MC
SC
IEN
TIF
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SP
HY
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ER
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ree
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ITE
AS
H
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-28
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
5 c
ontin
ued.
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
EW
WE
TN
ES
SP
HY
SIO
GN
OM
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OM
MO
N N
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ET
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IAN
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ilia
amer
ican
a3
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SS
WO
OD
TR
IGR
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lium
gra
ndifl
orum
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PL
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-For
bC
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MO
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ER
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VE
RO
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ICIN
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PE
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VIN
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PL
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ER
IWIN
KLE
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-29
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
s 6 a
nd 7
.
Loca
le:
Em
met
Cou
nty
Dat
e:17
-Aug
2006
7ho
urs
By:
Josh
ua C
ohen
FLO
RIS
TIC
QU
ALI
TY
DA
TA
Nat
ive
4295
.50%
Adv
entiv
e2
4.50
%42
NA
TIV
E S
PE
CIE
ST
ree
1125
.00%
Tre
e0
0.00
%44
Tot
al S
peci
esS
hrub
49.
10%
Shr
ub0
0.00
%4.
4N
AT
IVE
ME
AN
CW
-Vin
e0
0.00
%W
-Vin
e0
0.00
%4.
2 W
/Adv
entiv
esH
-Vin
e0
0.00
%H
-Vin
e0
0.00
%28
.7N
AT
IVE
FQ
IP
-For
b17
38.6
0%P
-For
b1
2.30
%28
W/A
dven
tives
B-F
orb
00.
00%
B-F
orb
12.
30%
2.2
NA
TIV
E M
EA
N W
A-F
orb
36.
80%
A-F
orb
00.
00%
2.3
W/A
dven
tives
P-G
rass
00.
00%
P-G
rass
00.
00%
AV
G:
Fac
. Upl
and
(+)
A-G
rass
00.
00%
A-G
rass
00.
00%
P-S
edge
24.
50%
P-S
edge
00.
00%
A-S
edge
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00%
A-S
edge
00.
00%
Fer
n5
11.4
0%
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
EW
WE
TN
ES
SP
HY
SIO
GN
OM
YC
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MO
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CE
PE
N5
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r pe
nsyl
vani
cum
3F
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eS
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U5
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r sa
ccha
rum
3F
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UN
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eS
UG
AR
MA
PLE
AC
TP
AC
7A
ctae
a pa
chyp
oda
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bD
OLL
'S E
YE
SA
DIP
ED
6A
dian
tum
ped
atum
1F
AC
-N
t Fer
nM
AID
EN
HA
IR F
ER
NA
LLT
RI
5A
llium
tric
occu
m2
FA
CU
+N
t P-F
orb
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RI
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risae
ma
trip
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TH
E P
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etul
a al
legh
anie
nsis
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ree
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LLO
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ET
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ula
papy
rifer
a2
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+N
t Tre
eP
AP
ER
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CH
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ex a
lbur
sina
5U
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ED
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PE
DU
5C
arex
ped
uncu
lata
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PL
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geS
ED
GE
CA
UT
HA
5C
aulo
phyl
lum
thal
ictr
oide
s5
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t P-F
orb
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E C
OH
OS
HC
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T2
Circ
aea
lute
tiana
3F
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t P-F
orb
EN
CH
AN
TE
R'S
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HT
SH
AD
ED
RY
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R5
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opte
ris c
arth
usia
na-2
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t Fer
nS
PIN
ULO
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gus
virg
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t P-F
orb
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EC
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RO
PS
FA
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gra
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ER
ICA
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EE
CH
FR
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ME
5F
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ican
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ree
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ITE
AS
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aliu
m tr
iflor
um2
FA
CU
+N
t P-F
orb
FR
AG
RA
NT
BE
DS
TR
AW
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-30
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
s 6 a
nd 7
con
tinue
d.
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
EW
WE
TN
ES
SP
HY
SIO
GN
OM
YC
OM
MO
N N
AM
EG
ER
RO
B3
Ger
aniu
m r
ober
tianu
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UP
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t A-F
orb
HE
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UC
AN
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can
aden
se0
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t P-F
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ITE
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EN
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UP
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5H
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zia
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dula
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t Fer
n A
llyS
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ING
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OS
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PC
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ns c
apen
sis
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OT
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OU
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ER
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ygon
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esce
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ulus
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bucu
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sis
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AN
AD
IAN
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ME
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ilia
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ican
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ree
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SS
WO
OD
TR
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lium
gra
ndifl
orum
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PL
Nt P
-For
bC
OM
MO
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LIU
MV
ER
DE
N0
VE
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AS
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EN
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LOR
UM
5U
PL
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B-F
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MU
LLE
INV
ER
OF
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VE
RO
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A O
FF
ICIN
ALI
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UP
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d P
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OM
MO
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PE
ED
WE
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AN
5V
iola
can
aden
sis
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
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AN
AD
A V
IOLE
T
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-31
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
8.
Loca
le:
Em
met
Cou
nty
Dat
e:18
-Aug
2006
4ho
urs
By:
Josh
ua C
ohen
FLO
RIS
TIC
QU
ALI
TY
DA
TA
Nat
ive
3110
0.00
%A
dven
tive
00.
00%
31N
AT
IVE
SP
EC
IES
Tre
e9
29.0
0%T
ree
00.
00%
31 T
otal
Spe
cies
Shr
ub4
12.9
0%S
hrub
00.
00%
4.6
NA
TIV
E M
EA
N C
W-V
ine
00.
00%
W-V
ine
00.
00%
4.6
W/A
dven
tives
H-V
ine
00.
00%
H-V
ine
00.
00%
25.5
NA
TIV
E F
QI
P-F
orb
1238
.70%
P-F
orb
00.
00%
25.5
W/A
dven
tives
B-F
orb
00.
00%
B-F
orb
00.
00%
2.5
NA
TIV
E M
EA
N W
A-F
orb
26.
50%
A-F
orb
00.
00%
2.5
W/A
dven
tives
P-G
rass
00.
00%
P-G
rass
00.
00%
AV
G:
Fac
. Upl
and
(+)
A-G
rass
00.
00%
A-G
rass
00.
00%
P-S
edge
13.
20%
P-S
edge
00.
00%
A-S
edge
00.
00%
A-S
edge
00.
00%
Fer
n3
9.70
%
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
EW
WE
TN
ES
SP
HY
SIO
GN
OM
YC
OM
MO
N N
AM
EA
CE
PE
N5
Ace
r pe
nsyl
vani
cum
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eS
TR
IPE
D M
AP
LEA
CE
SA
U5
Ace
r sa
ccha
rum
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eS
UG
AR
MA
PLE
AC
TP
AC
7A
ctae
a pa
chyp
oda
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bD
OLL
'S E
YE
SA
DIP
ED
6A
dian
tum
ped
atum
1F
AC
-N
t Fer
nM
AID
EN
HA
IR F
ER
NA
LLT
RI
5A
llium
tric
occu
m2
FA
CU
+N
t P-F
orb
WIL
D L
EE
KA
RA
NU
D5
Ara
lia n
udic
aulis
3F
AC
UN
t P-F
orb
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RI
5A
risae
ma
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m-2
FA
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-N
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orb
JAC
K IN
TH
E P
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ITB
ET
ALL
7B
etul
a al
legh
anie
nsis
0F
AC
Nt T
ree
YE
LLO
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HB
ET
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ula
papy
rifer
a2
FA
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+N
t Tre
eP
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ER
BIR
CH
CX
PE
DU
5C
arex
ped
uncu
lata
5U
PL
Nt P
-Sed
geS
ED
GE
CA
UT
HA
5C
aulo
phyl
lum
thal
ictr
oide
s5
UP
LN
t P-F
orb
BLU
E C
OH
OS
HD
RY
CA
R5
Dry
opte
ris c
arth
usia
na-2
FA
CW
-N
t Fer
nS
PIN
ULO
SE
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OD
FE
RN
FA
GG
RA
6F
agus
gra
ndifo
lia3
FA
CU
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ree
AM
ER
ICA
N B
EE
CH
FR
AA
ME
5F
raxi
nus
amer
ican
a3
FA
CU
Nt T
ree
WH
ITE
AS
HG
ALT
RR
4G
aliu
m tr
iflor
um2
FA
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t P-F
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FR
AG
RA
NT
BE
DS
TR
AW
GE
RR
OB
3G
eran
ium
rob
ertia
num
5U
PL
Nt A
-For
bH
ER
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OB
ER
TH
UP
LUC
5H
uper
zia
luci
dula
-1F
AC
+N
t Fer
n A
llyS
HIN
ING
CLU
BM
OS
S
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-32
App
endi
x 2.
Pla
nt sp
ecie
s obs
erve
d du
ring
Em
met
Cou
nty
Stat
e Fo
rest
Sur
vey,
Site
8 c
ontin
ued.
AC
RO
NY
MC
SC
IEN
TIF
IC N
AM
EW
WE
TN
ES
SP
HY
SIO
GN
OM
YC
OM
MO
N N
AM
ELO
NC
AN
5Lo
nice
ra c
anad
ensi
s3
FA
CU
Nt S
hrub
AM
ER
ICA
N F
LY H
ON
EY
SU
CK
LEO
SM
CLI
4O
smor
hiza
cla
yton
ii4
FA
CU
-N
t P-F
orb
HA
IRY
SW
EE
T C
ICE
LYO
ST
VIR
5O
stry
a vi
rgin
iana
4F
AC
U-
Nt T
ree
IRO
NW
OO
D; H
OP
HO
RN
BE
AM
PO
LPU
B5
Pol
ygon
atum
pub
esce
ns5
UP
LN
t P-F
orb
DO
WN
Y S
OLO
MO
N S
EA
LP
RU
SE
R2
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nus
sero
tina
3F
AC
UN
t Tre
eW
ILD
BLA
CK
CH
ER
RY
PR
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IR2
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nus
virg
inia
na1
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Nt S
hrub
CH
OK
E C
HE
RR
YR
AN
AB
O0
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uncu
lus
abor
tivus
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AC
W-
Nt A
-For
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MA
LL F
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ER
ED
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TT
ER
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PR
IBC
YN
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ibes
cyn
osba
ti5
UP
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t Shr
ubP
RIC
KLY
or
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OO
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BE
RR
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AM
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N3
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bucu
s ca
nade
nsis
-2F
AC
W-
Nt S
hrub
ELD
ER
BE
RR
YS
MIR
AC
5S
mila
cina
rac
emos
a3
FA
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Nt P
-For
bF
ALS
E S
PIK
EN
AR
DS
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AE
7S
olid
ago
caes
ia3
FA
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Nt P
-For
bB
LUE
ST
EM
ME
D G
OLD
EN
RO
DT
ILA
ME
5T
ilia
amer
ican
a3
FA
CU
Nt T
ree
BA
SS
WO
OD
TR
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A5
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lium
gra
ndifl
orum
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bC
OM
MO
N T
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MV
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AN
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iola
can
aden
sis
5U
PL
Nt P
-For
bC
AN
AD
A V
IOLE
T
Survey of Emmet County State Forest Page-33
Appendix 3. Global and state element ranking criteria
Global and State Element Ranking Criteria
GLOBAL RANKS
G1 = critically imperiled globally because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences range-wide or
very few remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it especially
vulnerable to extinction.
G2 = imperiled globally because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or
acres) or because of some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extinction throughout its
range.
G3 = either very rare and local throughout its range or found locally (even abundantly at some of its
locations) in a restricted range (e.g. a single western state, a physiographic region in the East)
or because of other factor(s) making it vulnerable to extinction throughout its range; in terms
of occurrences, in the range of 21 to 100.
G4 = apparently secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the
periphery.
G5 = demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at
the periphery.
GH = of historical occurrence throughout its range, i.e. formerly part of the established biota, with
the expectation that it may be rediscovered (e.g. Bachman's Warbler).
GU = possibly in peril range-wide, but status uncertain; need more information.
GX = believed to be extinct throughout its range (e.g. Passenger Pigeon) with virtually no likelihood
that it will be rediscovered.
STATE RANKS
S1 = critically imperiled in the state because of extreme rarity (5 or fewer occurrences or very few
remaining individuals or acres) or because of some factor(s) making it especially vulnerable to
extirpation in the state.
S2 = imperiled in state because of rarity (6 to 20 occurrences or few remaining individuals or acres)
or because of some factor(s) making it very vulnerable to extirpation from the state.
S3 = rare or uncommon in state (on the order of 21 to 100 occurrences).
S4 = apparently secure in state, with many occurrences.
S5 = demonstrably secure in state and essentially ineradicable under present conditions.
SA = accidental in state, including species (usually birds or butterflies) recorded once or twice or
only at very great intervals, hundreds or even thousands of miles outside their usual range.
SE = an exotic established in the state; may be native elsewhere in North America (e.g. house finch
or catalpa in eastern states).
SH = of historical occurrence in state and suspected to be still extant.
SN = regularly occurring, usually migratory and typically nonbreeding species.
SR = reported from state, but without persuasive documentation which would provide a basis for
either accepting or rejecting the report.
SRF = reported falsely (in error) from state but this error persisting in the literature.
SU = possibly in peril in state, but status uncertain; need more information.
SX = apparently extirpated from state.