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EMC for the IoT and Drones

Anders P. Mynster

Senior Consultant EMC & Wireless

EMC Europe 2016

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Outline of presentation

IoT is everywhere

Litterature study of IoT related EMC

EMC directive Vs. Radio and TeleTerminal Equipment directive

Performance monitoring

Drones will go everywhere

Drone categories

Immunity vs. Emissions

Standards

Interference

Cybersecurity

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IoT definitions

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a framework in which all things have a

representation and a presence in the Internet. More specifically, the

Internet of Things aims at offering new applications and services

bridging the physical and virtual worlds, in which Machine-to-

Machine (M2M) communications represents the baseline

communication that enables the interactions between Things and

applications in the cloud. – IEEE Communication society

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing

devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or

people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to

transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or

human-to-computer interaction. - TechTarget

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IoT system components

ActuatorSensor

RF

App

Api

Thing

Analog

Digital

Rule based engine

Device security

Device management

Analytics Storage

Event

Trigger

IDRF IP

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Litterature study

Need for time domain measurements due to software cycles

In-band interference

Varying EM environment

EMC performance of low cost components

Application criticality

Co-location: Detuning and cross talk

SAR

Model based software testing

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EMCD – EMC Directive

RTTE – Radio and TeleTerminal Equipment

EMCD Emissions

Radiated emission 30 – 1000 MHz

Radiated emission 1 – 6 GHz

Conducted emission 150 kHz to 30 MHz.

EMCD Immunity

Radiated immunity 80 - 1000 MHz

Conducted immunity 150 kHz - 80 MHz

Burst

Surge

ESD

Voltage dips

Voltage interruptions.

Additional RTTE/RED requirements

RF output power

Duty cycle and accumulated

transmit time

Hopping sequence, adaptivity

and frequency separation

Occupied channel bandwidth

Out-of-band and spurious

emission

Receiver blocking and spurious

emission

Geo-location capability

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EMCD( EN 61000-6-4) vs. RTTE (EN 300 328 / 489)

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Equipment under test monitoring

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Performance criterion – IEC 61000-4-3

A) Normal performance within limits specified by the manufacturer,

requestor or purchaser

B) Temporary loss of function or degradation of performance which

ceases after the disturbance ceases, and from which the equipment

under test recovers its normal performance, without operator

intervention

C) Temporary loss of function or degradation of performance, the

correction of which requires operator intervention

D) loss of function or degradation of performance which is not

recoverable, owing to damage to hardware or software, or loss of data

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Performance criterion for the cloud?

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Monitoring performance

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Monitoring performance

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Drones

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Understanding categories of drones

Open

- Low Risk

- No aviation authority

- Limited area

- Visual line of sight

- Maximum altitude

- Airport clearance

- Less than 500 g

Specific

- Increased risk

- Safety and risk

assessment

- Approval by Aviation

authority required

- Operator authorisation

- Operations manual

- Airwothyness of drones

and operator based on

risk assessment

Certified

- High risk

- Comparable to manned

aviation

- Approval by Aviation

authority required

- Type, Noise and

airworthyness

certificates

- Command and Control

and detect and avoid

modules can receive

independent approval

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Drones EMC testing

Open

- CE Marking

- RED

- EMCD

- LVD

- General product safety

Specific

- Minimum CE marking

Certified

- RTCA

- DO 160

- MIL

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Drone manufacturers and integrators

Drone users

Mar

itim

Far

min

g

Env

ironm

ent

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

Pro

duct

ion

and

logi

stic

s

Saf

ety

Consulting on

User and developmentTest EMC, wireless,

Reliability

Consultation on

international standards

Drones and verticals

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Notified Body number : 0199

Standardisation and interpretation

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Immunity is your own problem Emissions is everybody elses

Immunity vs. Emissions

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Requirements:

Does your product

comply with statutory

requirements

and standards?

Users:

What do users think

and how can we

improve the quality of

your product?

Environmental

impact:

What effect do the

weather and

environment have

on your product?

Electromagnetic

noise:

Can your electronic

product coexist with

other electronic

products?

Function and

technology:

Does the technology

work?

Every year we perform around 2,500 product

tests, which all helps to ensure that your

product can be successful in the real world

Test & consultancy

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ASIC Solutions

Manufacturing Solutions

Services

Microelectronics

Design services

Digital

Analog

Mixed signal

Layout

DFT

IPs

Foundry libraries

Cadence set-up

Wafer services

Wafer purchase

Wafers from European

& Far East foundries

Wafer storage in N2

cabinets

Package services

Design & evaluation

Prototyping in-house

Partners for high volume

Package experience:

CSP

QFN

MLP

BGA

Test services

European test centre

Wafer test

Component test

Load boards

Probe cards

Multi-site test

Digital, mixed signal, RF

Verigy & Teradyne

Supporting services

Qualification

Characterization

FA (e.g. SAM, SEM)

Prototyping

Field returns

Yield optimisation

Supply chain services

Logistics

Storage facilities

Shipping anywhere anytime

Insurance

Customer inventory

Management

Quality assurance

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Testing - EMC

• Approval and EMC management

• Consultancy and design

• Accredited test

• Compliance test and documentation

• EMC troubleshooting

• EMC know how

• Workshops & training courses

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EU Drone Conformity Requirements

Aircraft and

control system

Airworthiness approval functional safety cyber security

Pilot

Training and certification

Maintenance

Continuing airworthiness

Air traffic

Regulations

Waste handling WEEE and batteries

Harmonised StandardsREACH

Phthalates, etc.

General Product Safety

Paraglider Emergency parachute

Packaging

CE-marking

RT

TE

/RE

D

heal

th, s

afet

y, E

MC

, effe

ctiv

e us

e of

spe

ctru

m

Mac

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ery

mov

ing

part

s, s

harp

edg

es

To

y S

afet

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mec

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Phy

sica

l, E

lect

rical

No

ise

Em

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s fr

om

Ou

tdo

or

Eq

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pot

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Ro

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echa

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nent

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wo.

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En

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-by

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effic

ienc

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Drone standardization incomplete Existing standards cover drones Potential for drone specific standardization

Not applicable, however ……

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Drone EMC test at high field strength

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Code cycle

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EMC analysis to avoid, detect or resolve

coexistence issues

WiFi

Wireless Camera

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Testing

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Emission 20 % load - EN 300 328 - 30-1000 MHz

-9 0

-8 0

-7 0

-6 0

-5 0

-4 0

-3 0

3 0 M 5 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 M 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 8 0 0 1 G

Level in

dB

m

F re q u e n c y in H z

Fu ll S p e c tru m

P re v ie w R e su lt 1 -P K + E N 3 0 0 3 2 8 V 1 .9 .1 T ra n sm itte r b a n d Fin a l_ R e su lt R M S

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Emission 80 % load - EN 300 328 - 30-1000 MHz

-9 0

-8 0

-7 0

-6 0

-5 0

-4 0

-3 0

-2 0

-1 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0 M 5 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 M 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0 8 0 0 1 G

Level in

dB

m

F re q u e n c y in H z

Fu ll S p e c tru m

P re v ie w R e su lt 1 -P K + E N 3 0 0 3 2 8 V 1 .9 .1 T ra n sm itte r b a n d Fin a l_ R e su lt R M S

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Emission 20 % load - EN 300 328 - 1-12.75 GHz

-7 0

-6 0

-5 0

-4 0

-3 0

-2 0

-1 0

0

1 0

2 0

1 G 2 G 3 G 4 G 5 G 6 8 1 2 ,7 5 G

Level in

dB

m

F re q u e n c y in H z

Fu ll S p e c tru m

P re v ie w R e su lt 1 -P K + Crit ic a l_ Fre q s P K +

E N 3 0 0 3 2 8 V 1 .9 .1 T ra n sm itte r b a n d Fin a l_ R e su lt R M S

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Table-top vs floor-standing equipment

Control and telemetry signal feeds

Rotation of turntable

Concise description of freedom

Practical experiences

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Contents of a product approval project

Specify Implement Document

Begin Finish

Conformity Requirement

Specification

Tests & Assessments Technical Construction File

Performing the tests and

assessments specified in the CRS

- In-house or via third party labs

Compiling (accredited) test reports

Project management for third party

labs and internal testing

Maintenance service: CRS & TCF still updated?

Guidance on requirements for contents of

the technical file

Folder structure and descriptions for each

entry in the technical file

Templates for specific entries, such as an

EU Declaration of Conformity or a US

agent letter

Advising requirements for products labels

and user- / service manuals

Obtaining Notified Body Opinions, Grants,

safety marks, certifications…

Review of technical data for completion of

the technical file

Description of product and intended use

Description of markets and conformity

assessment procedures

Applicable directives, rule parts, standards

Conformity strategy; product family

synergies, inheriting modular approvals

Test plan

Applicable tests, pass limits,

frequency & temp ranges,…

Performance criteria, test setups

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Cyber security

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Eavesdropper is listening in on data or commands to reveal

confidential information about the operation of the infrastructure

Fake device injecting fake measurements and data to disrupt the

control processes and cause them to ract inappropriately, dangerously

or can be used to mask physical attacks

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Top 10 errors in physical devices

• OWASP IoT top 10 Seven strategies

– Insecure web interface

– Insufficient Authentication

– Insecure network services

– Lack of transport encryption

– Privacy concerns

– Insecure cloud interface

– Insecure mobile interface

– Insufficient security configurability

– Insecure software/firmware

– Poor physical security

Source: Tripwire - Defending industrial control systems with tripwire based on

- Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

- National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center(NCCIC)

- National Security Agency (NSA)

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Source: https://www.owasp.org/index.php/OWASP_Internet_of_Things_Project

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Summary

IoT is everywhere

Litterature study of IoT related EMC

Timedomain emissions, low cost electronics, Varying EM environments

EMC directive Vs. Radio and TeleTerminal Equipment directive

Performance monitoring

Application criticality

Performance criterion in the cloud

Drones will go everywhere

Drone categories

Immunity vs. Emissions and Interference

Cybersecurity

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Thank you for the attention

Questions?

Anders P. Mynster, apm@delta.dk

Senior Consultant EMC & Wireless

23 Februar 2016