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ELEMENTS OF

ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING

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ELEMENTS OFENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING

Dr. K.N. DUGGALPh.D., C. Eng. (I) FIE

S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD.(AN ISO 9001 : 2008 COMPANY)

RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110055


S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD.(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company)Head Office: 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888Fax: 91-11-23677446Shop at: schandgroup.com; e-mail: [email protected]

Branches :AHMEDABAD : 1st Floor, Heritage, Near Gujarat Vidhyapeeth, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad - 380 014,

Ph: 27541965, 27542369, [email protected] : No. 6, Ahuja Chambers, 1st Cross, Kumara Krupa Road, Bengaluru - 560 001,

Ph: 22268048, 22354008, [email protected] : Bajaj Tower, Plot No. 2&3, Lala Lajpat Rai Colony, Raisen Road, Bhopal - 462 011,

Ph: 4274723, 4209587, [email protected] : S.C.O. 2419-20, First Floor, Sector - 22-C (Near Aroma Hotel), Chandigarh - 160 022,

Ph: 2725443, 2725446, [email protected] : No.1, Whites Road, Opposite Express Avenue, Royapettah, Chennai - 600014

Ph. 28410027, 28410058, [email protected] : 1790, Trichy Road, LGB Colony, Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore - 6410045,

Ph: 2323620, 4217136 [email protected] (Marketing Office)CUTTACK : 1st Floor, Bhartia Tower, Badambadi, Cuttack - 753 009, Ph: 2332580; 2332581,

[email protected] : 1st Floor, 20, New Road, Near Dwarka Store, Dehradun - 248 001,

Ph: 2711101, 2710861, [email protected] : Dilip Commercial (Ist floor), M.N. Road, Pan Bazar, Guwahati - 781 001,

Ph: 2738811, 2735640 [email protected] : Padma Plaza, H.No. 3-4-630, Opp. Ratna College, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad - 500 029,

Ph: 27550194, 27550195, [email protected] : 1st Floor, Nand Plaza, Hawa Sadak, Ajmer Road, Jaipur - 302 006,

Ph: 2219175, 2219176, [email protected] : Mai Hiran Gate, Jalandhar - 144 008, Ph: 2401630, 5000630, [email protected] : Kachapilly Square, Mullassery Canal Road, Ernakulam, Kochi - 682 011,

Ph: 2378740, 2378207-08, [email protected] : 285/J, Bipin Bihari Ganguli Street, Kolkata - 700 012, Ph: 22367459, 22373914,

[email protected] : Mahabeer Market, 25 Gwynne Road, Aminabad, Lucknow - 226 018, Ph: 4076971,

4026791, 4065646, 4027188, [email protected] : Blackie House, IInd Floor, 103/5, Walchand Hirachand Marg, Opp. G.P.O., Mumbai - 400 001,

Ph: 22690881, 22610885, [email protected] : Karnal Bagh, Near Model Mill Chowk, Nagpur - 440 032, Ph: 2720523, 2777666

[email protected] : 104, Citicentre Ashok, Mahima Palace , Govind Mitra Road, Patna - 800 004, Ph: 2300489,

2302100, [email protected] : 291, Flat No.-16, Ganesh Gayatri Complex, IInd Floor, Somwarpeth, Near Jain Mandir,

Pune - 411 011, Ph: 64017298, [email protected] (Marketing Office)RAIPUR : Kailash Residency, Plot No. 4B, Bottle House Road, Shankar Nagar, Raipur - 492 007,

Ph: 2443142,Mb. : 09981200834, [email protected] (Marketing Office)RANCHI : Flat No. 104, Sri Draupadi Smriti Apartments, (Near of Jaipal Singh Stadium) Neel Ratan Street,

Upper Bazar, Ranchi - 834 001, Ph: 2208761, [email protected] (Marketing Office)SILIGURI : 122, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, East Vivekanandapally, P.O., Siliguri, Siliguri - 734001,

Dist., Jalpaiguri, (W.B.) Ph. 0353-2520750 (Marketing Office)VISAKHAPATNAM : No. 49-54-15/53/8, Plot No. 7, 1st Floor, Opp. Radhakrishna Towers,

Seethammadhara North Extn., Visakhapatnam - 530 013, Ph-2782609 (M) 09440100555,[email protected] (Marketing Office)

© 1966, Dr. K.N. DuggalAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (includingphoto copying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whetheror not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyrightowner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All desputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts,tribunals and forums of New Delhi, India only.First Edition 1966Subsequent Editions and Reprints 1971, 75, 77, 83, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 2000, 2007, 2012 (Twice)Reprint with Correction 2013

ISBN : 81-219-1547-3 Code : 10B 189PRINTED IN INDIA

By Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055and published by S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.


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To the loving Memoryof

My Late Wife


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F o r e w o r d

I have a great pleasure in writing the Foreword to the book titled ‘‘ELEMENTS OFPUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING’’ written by Prof. K.N. Duggal. The book has beendeveloped as a result of experience gained by the author while as a teacher at the PunjabEngineering College, Chandigarh and also as a practising engineer in the field. The bookdeals comprehensively important principles and practices of Sanitary Engineering neededfor studies by the students pursuing courses leading to B.Sc. Engineering Degree, DiplomaCourses and also for A.M.I.E. and other competitive examinations.

The metric system has also been followed in writing the book which will further add tothe usefulness of the book.

I am glad that this book has been written by a teacher who is actively engaged in teachingthe subject of Public Health Engineering and I am sure that this book will serve the needs ofthe students for which it is intended.

R. C. SHARMA1966 Professor & Head of Civil Engineering Deptt.,

Punjab Engineering College,Chandigarh.


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P r e fa c e T o T h e E ig h t h E d it io n

The past couple of years have seen a tremendous upsurge of the awareness ofenvironmental pollution in the fields of water, atmosphere (air), earth and other relateddomains. To reflect their importance in the course curriculum of various institutions, it isfelt necessary to update the existing-related subject matter and strengthen the EnvironmentalSanitation section of the book with the inclusion of subsections on Soil and AgriculturalPollution, Thermal Pollution and Radioactive Pollution.

The author thanks the readers for their overwhelming response to the Seventh revisedand enlarged edition of the book. It is hoped that the changes made in the Eighth edition ofthe book would as well evoke a most favourable reaction. The author also thanks thepublishers for their close cooperation and promptness in bringing out this edition.

Dr. K.N. DUGGAL

Disclaimer : While the authors of this book have made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and have used their skill,expertise and knowledge to the best of their capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The author and the publisherdoes not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication andare selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. Thepublisher and the author expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of thispublication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. The publisher shall not beresponsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purelycoincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.


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* Shri N.V. Modak in the text of the Eighth Sir M. Visvesvarya Lacture delivered at 45th Annual Convention,Lucknow, February 21, 1965.

P r e fa c e T o T h e F ir s t E d it io nPublic Health Engineering, to quote an eminent authority,* may be defined as the application of

engineering principles to man’s environment to water, air, food, shelter and working areas for theprotection and promotion of public health. This branch of engineering thus extends itself into diversefields and the contribution to it of such sciences as bacteriology, virology, entomology, physiology,epidemicology and ecology, to name only a few, has made the subject more diverse and almost of anunlimited nature.

To attempt to write a book on the subject in its true sense would be very exhaustive, requiring perhapsmany volumes in order to do real justice to the subject. This at least is not the object of presenting thisvolume, which is rather limited in scope, more in tune with the professional knowledge and its applicationto the specific conditions of our country than with the true engineering of sanitary science.

The book is the outcome of Author’s experience gained while dealing with the manifold aspectsof the topics covered both in the teaching as well as in the practical fields. The important principlesand practices of Sanitary Engineering, as they are understood and generally applicable in our countrytoday, have thus been fully delineated so that it may be easy for the students preparing for the variousexamination viz., B.Sc. Engg. Examination of different Indian Universities; A.M.I.E. Examination ofthe Institute of Engineers, India, Central Engineering Services Examination of the Union Public ServiceCommission and Diploma in Technical Education Examination, to comprehend the same. The treatmentof the subject has been kept exhaustive, sufficiently simple without sacrificing the fundamentals involved.Effort has been made to keep the information as much up-to-date and compact as possible, and withthat view, some references have been made to the relevant Indian Standard Specifications, so that tothe engineers in the profession, it may also prove to be of use.

The book is broadly split up into four parts. Part I deals exclusively with the subject of “WaterSupply”, Part II describes “Sewerage and Sewage Treatment”, Part III “Water Supply and Drainage ofBuildings” and Part IV “Environmental Sanitation”, which includes only some of the more importanttopics of the day viz., Refuse Sanitation, Ventilation and Air-conditioning, Air Pollution, and Malaria,incidental to Engineering. It is hoped students preparing for competitive examinations will, particularly,find this part useful.

Realizing the need of the country for a change-over from the British to the metric systems, the bookalso makes an attempt, to incorporate the two systems. The equivalent M.K.S. units have been givenin parenthesis and their use illustrated through solved examples to make the reader more conversantwith their applications. A number of selective questions of the various Indian Universities and otherexaminations have been given towards the end of each chapter to serve as an exercise to the problemsduly solved in the chapter.

All the aforesaid represents only a modest attempt at presenting within the compass of a few hundredpages some elements of a diverse subject. The author is aware of the limitations involved; there maybe shortcomings here and there. Any suggestions for future improvement would be only too graciouslywelcomed.

The author is deeply grateful to Sh. R.C. Sharma, Professor and Head of the Civil EngineeringDepartment, Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh for his kind encouragement in writing the Forewordof the book. Thanks are due to Sh. Sarjiwan Kumar Mantroo, Asst. Prof. for the valuable help in goingthrough the manuscript and in checking up the solutions of various problems solved and the equivalentmetric conversions made up in the book.

The author also thanks his publishers for their cooperation and keenness in bringing out this volume.

Dr. K.N. DUGGAL


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A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

The Director, Indian Standards Institute, New Delhi has been kind enough to give his permissionin reproducing or referring to certain relevant Clauses, Tables, Appendices or Figures of the followingIndian Standard Publications. Details of the references are duly acknowledge in the form of foot-notes at different places in the book.

*IS : 659–1964 “Safety Code for Air Conditioning”. (Revised)

IS : 771–1963 “Specification for Glazed Earthenware Sanitary Appliances”.(Revised)

IS : 1172–1971 “Code of Basic Requirements for Water Supply, Drainage andSanitation”. (Second Revision)

IS : 1742–1972 “Code of Practice for Building Drainage”.

IS : 2005–1972 “Code of Practice for Water Supply in Buildings”.

IS : 2470 (Part–1968) “Code of Practice for Design and Construction of

Septic Tanks, Part I, Small Installations.

M/s. Glenfielc & Kennedy Ltd., Calcutta, Johnston Pumps India Ltd., Calcutta and AppliedElectronics Pvt. Ltd., Bombay have shown great courtesy in allowing to reproduce a few sketches ordrawings from their Catalogue or Manual. Much acknowledgements are also due to the authors ofbooks, journals and other publications for the help rendered in the preparation of the book. Thedetails of the references have been outlined in the Bibliography given after the last chapter of thebook.

* It is desirable that for more complete details, references be made only to the latest versions of these standardswhich are available from the Indian Standards Institution, Manak Bhawan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg,New Delhi – 1, and its Branch Offices at Mumbai, Kolkata, Kanpur and Chennai.


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C o n t e n t sForeword viiPreface ixAcknowledgements xii

PART IWATER SUPPLY

1. Introduction 3General Importance. Development of Public Water Supply–Historical Review.Need for Protected Water Supplies. Water Supply and Sanitation Developmentin India. Objectives of Water Supply System. Role of Agencies. Questions.

2. Quantity of Water 9Estimating Requirements. Design. Period. Per Capita Consumption. Factorsaffecting Per Capita Consumption. Consumption for Various Uses. FireDemand. Industrial Demand. Fluctuations in Rate of Consumption. Predictionof Population. Various Methods. Questions and Problems.

3. Sources of Water Supply 19Introduction. Classification.Rainfall and Runoff. Rainfall Measurement. Variations in Rainfall. RunoffMeasurement. Use of Rainfall and Runoff Records. Emperical Formulae.Gauging. Miscellaneous, Mass diagrams. Rivers. Lakes.Impounding Reservoir. Definition. Design Factors. Location. Ground Water.Springs.Wells. Definition. Classification–Wells according to Aquifer tapped. Wellsaccording to the Condition of Flow. Wells according to the Type ofConstruction–Dug Well. Sunk Well. Driven Well. Tube Wells. PercussionDrilling. Core Drilling. Rotary Drilling. Other Points in Well Construction.Developing of Wells. Yield Measurements of a Well. Gravity well. ArtesianWell. Specific Yield. Numerical Example. Well Tests. Example. WellInterference. Infiltration wells. Infiltration Wells. Infiltration Galleries.Suitability of Sources with regard to Quantity and Quality. Choice of Sourceof Water Supply. Questions and Problems.

4. Intake Works and Transportation of Water 51Intakes. Design Considerations. Types of Intakes. Reservoir Intakes. RiverIntakes. Canal Intakes.Transportation of Water. Types of Conduits. Capacity and Design. GravityConduits. Pipe conduits. Pipe Flow Formulae; Darcy–Weisbach Formula.Hazen–Williams Formula. Limitations of Hazen–Williams Formula. ModifiedHazen–Williams Formula. Example. Pipe Materials. Cast Iron Pipes. WroughtIron and Steel Pipes. Concrete Pipes. Hume Steel Pipes. Asbestos CementPipes. Wood Pipes. Lead Pipes. Service Pipes. Plastic Pipes. Pipe Joints–PouredJoints. Spigot and Socket Joint. Flanged Joint. Mechanical Joints. Joints forConcrete and Asbestos Cement Pipes. Screwed and Socketed Joint. SpecialJoints, Pipe Laying. Pipe Testing. Pipe Corrosion. The Corrosion Phenomena.Tuberculation. Corrosion Prevention. Cathode Protection. Aeration of Water.Addition of Alkanity. Use of Meta Sulphate. Questions and Problems.


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5. Pumps and Pumping 70Necessity of Pumping. Pumps Classification–Pumps according to the class ofService. Pumps according to the form of Motive Power. Pumps according tothe Mechanical Principles of Operation. Displacement Pumps. CentrifugalPumps–Classification. Advantages, and Disadvantages. Characteristics ofCentrifugal Pumps. Pump–Operation. Air Lift Pump. Pumps according to theposition of pump-shaft. Well pumps. Deep Well. Turbine Pumps. SubmersiblePumps. Head. Power and Efficiency of Pumps. Economical Diameter ofPumping Main. Numerical Problem System. Characteristics Selection of typeof Pump. Questions and Problems.

6. Quality of Water 86Impurities in water and their importance.Water Analysis Physical Analysis–Turbidity. Colour. Odour and Tastes.Chemical Analysis–Total Solids. Hardness. Acidity and Alkalinity. pH Value.Chlorides. Sulphates. Residual Chlorine. Iron and Manganese. Organic Matter.Phosphorus. Fluorides. Heavy Metals. Bacteria in water. BacteriologicalAnalysis–Coliform Index and Most Probable Number. Sampling. Standardsof Quality for Domestic Water Supplies. Treated and Untreated Water. WaterBorne Diseases. Questions and Problems.

7. Treatment of Water 108The Problem. Unit Operation in Water Treatment. Sequence of Treatment.Sedimentation. Plain Sedimentation–Principle. Factors EffectingSedimentation : Type of Particles. Detention Period. Flowing–through Period.Inlet and Outlet Arrangements. Velocity of Flow. Surface Overflow Rate.Sedimentation with Coagulation. Coagulation and Flocculation. Type ofCoagulants.Chemical Reactions. Dosage of Coagulants. The Jar Test.Mixing Basins. Baffle Type Basins. Example. Mechanically Agitated MixingBasins. Sedimentation Tanks or Clarifiers. Classification. Settling TankEfficiency. Design Criteria. Examples.Filtration. Filter–classification. Action in Filters. Mechanical Straining.Sedimentation. and Adsorption. Biological Metabolisiom. Electrolytic Action.Filter Stand. Depth and Grading of Sand Bed. Filter Gravel.Slow Sand Filter–Construction. Operation. Cleaning of Filter Beds.Characteristics.Rapid Sand Filter–Construction. Operation. Filter Washing Design Criteria.Example. Characteristics. Negative Head and Air Binding. ComparativeCharacteristics. Pressure Filter. Double Filtration. Microstraining.Diatomaceous Earth Filters. Drawbacks of rapid sand filters. In-depth Filtration.Declining Rate Filtration.Disinfection of water. Necessity. Methods. Chlorination. Action. Application.Chlorine Dosage. Example. Special Methods. Ozonization. Ultra-violet Rays.Excess Lime. Silver. Iodine and Bromine. Potassium Permanganate.Miscellaneous Methods. Aeration. Taste and Odour Control. Copper SulphateTreatment. Ammonia-Chlorine Process. Activated Carbon.Chlorine Dioxide.Iron and Manganese Removal. Water Softening Processes. Lime Process. Limeand Soda Ash Process. Base Exchange Process. Defluoridation of Water.


Elements Of EnvironmentalEngineering

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121915472 Author : K N Duggal

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ELEMENTS OF - KopyKitab · S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD. (An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company) Head Office: 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055 Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888