Electronic Warfareand Counter-Measures

Electronic Warfareand Counter-Measures

What is Electronic Warfare?

Electronic Warfare (EW)Electronic Warfare (EW)

Element of Command & Control Warfare (C2W) Command and Control Warfare (C2W) includes

integrated use of: Operational Security (OPSEC) Military Deception Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) Physical Destruction Electronic Warfare (EW)

Importance of EWImportance of EW

• Increased reliance on radar and OTH targeting

• Increased use of Communications and Tactical Data Systems (TDS)

• Increased capabilities of missile & weapons system– Requires high-speed detection and tracking

• Active/Passive homing long-range missile give little warning

Three Components of EWThree Components of EW

� Electronic Support (ES) *ESM

� Electronic Attack (EA) *ECM

� Electronic Protection (EP) *ECCM

Electronic Support (ES)Electronic Support (ES)

• Passive surveillance of the EM spectrum to detect the enemy’s position, strength, and intention, and warning of targets

-Detection -Tracking

-Recognition -Targeting

-Warning -Destruction

-Avoidance

Passive EW (ES)

• ELINT – Electronic Intelligence– Foreign non-communications elecromagnetic

information

• COMINT – Communications Intelligence– Foreign communications transmissions

intercepted by other than the intended recipients

• Advantages and Limitations

ES Receiver Design Requirements

ES Receiver Design Requirements

• Wide spectrum surveillance

• Wide dynamic range

• Unwanted signal rejection

• Angle-of-Arrival measurement

• Signal Analysis capability

• Real-Time Display

• Recording System

Electronic Attack (EA)Electronic Attack (EA)

• Preventing or reducing the enemy’s use of the EM spectrum (capabilities) and promoting uncertainty

• “Black boxes” that jam or deceive the enemy

• Radar or communications “jamming”

Electronic Attack (EA)Electronic Attack (EA)

• Use of active and passive energy to “attack “– Personnel– Facilities– Equipment

• Four Classes of EA– Jamming – Modifiers – Radar-absorbing materials (RAM)– Physical Destruction

Non-Destructive EANon-Destructive EA

• Denial: overload opposition’s receiver to deny its use by the enemy• Jamming

• Noise• Spot• Barrage• Sweep

• Chaff• Flares

Noise Jamming

Definition:

Noise jamming is the deliberate radiation, re-radiation, or reflection of electromagnetic energy with the purpose of impairing the use of electronic devices, equipment, or systems being used by the enemy.

Rcvd Signal Amp.

time

Ineffective Jamming

Effective Jamming

PW

PRT

Jamming

TGT FreqTGT Freq

True NoiseTrue Noise

Ideal Ideal JammerJammer

Actual Spot Actual Spot JammerJammer

Non-Destructive EA (cont.)Non-Destructive EA (cont.)

• Deception: Create false image or change image’s characteristics on a radar display. Misleads or “spoofs”– Repeaters: delay received radar signal and

retransmitting at a slightly later time– Transponders: Create false signal by playing back a

stored replica of the radar signal– Chaff - disguise– Radar Decoys– Blip Enhancers– Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification

Decoys

Velocity Gate Pull Off Velocity Gate Pull Off (VGPO)(VGPO)

Target Return

Velocity Gate

Gate Pull-Off

Confusion/Deception

Chaff CorridorChaff Corridor

Flares (active)

Chaff False TargetsChaff False Targets

Real TargetReal Target

Multiple False TargetsMultiple False Targets

StrobesStrobes

Cover Pulse JammingCover Pulse Jamming

XX

“Reactive Jamming”

EA-6B Prowler!!!!!!!!!

Passive DetectionPassive Detection

1.1. RadarRadar

2.2. IFFIFF

3.3. TACANTACAN

4.4. JammingJamming

Destructive EADestructive EA

• Anti-Radiation Missiles

–SLAM

–HARM

–Sidewinder

• Directed Energy

SLAM ER

• Stand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response

https://wrc.navair-rdte.navy.mil/warfighter_enc/weapons/airlanch/slamer/slamer.htm

HARM

• High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile

HARM Results

Portable Serbian Radar

AIM-9 SidewinderAIM-9 Sidewinder

Electronic Protection (EP)

Definition:

EP is the division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy employment of electronic warfare that degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly combat capability.

Electronic Protection (EP)Electronic Protection (EP)

• Protection of friendly combat capability against undesirable effect of friendly or enemy employed EW

• Types– Passive EW

– Active EW

Electronic Protection (EP)

• Three ways to defend from enemy EW– Modify radar

• Make it more complex • Make it harder to jam

– Modify the Medium • Chaff• Torch

– Modify the platform

EP: Radar DesignEP: Radar Design

PowerFrequencyPRFPWPulse ShapeAntenna DesignScan Pattern

EP FactorsEP Factors

Burnthrough: Increase signal strength to overpower jammer noise (ECCM)

Emission Control (EMCON)AlphaBravo CharlieDelta

Operator Recognition Training

EP Factors (Cont.)

• Frequency Agility

FREQFREQ

TIMETIME

SliderSliderStepperStepper RandomRandom

U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SLQ-32 “Sidekick”– On all combatants– Radar warning, detection and jamming– Uses internal library to auto detect/categorize

• Infrared Flares – On all combatants

• Chaff – On all combatants

U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SSQ-108 “Outboard” - – On some DDG, CG, LHA, LHD– Any ship with SSES– Real-time OTH passive detection, localization, and

targeting

• SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy– On Arleigh Burke class

• Rubber Duck– Looks like a life boat container

U.S. Airborne EW CapabilitiesU.S. Airborne EW Capabilities

• ALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B Prowler• ALQ-162 - EA jamming system on F-14 & F/A 18• ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 Seahawk• ALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18• ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 Viking• ALR-68 - ES detection system on P-3C Orion• ALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye• Chaff - On SH-60 Seahawk

ALQ-99

• Detection, Identification, tracking

• Communication, Data Link, and radar jamming

• Deception: mimics radar signals

• EA-6B Prowler

ALQ-162

• Radar Jamming

• F/A-18 Hornet

• Automatic radar jamming against surface-to-air and airborne intercept missiles that use continuous wave (CW) radars

ALQ-142

• Electronic Support System

• SH- 60 Seahawk

• Real time Identification and bearing of surveillance radars

Jamming EffectivenessJamming Effectiveness

• Match the victim radar’s RF

• Be continuous

• Have sufficient power

Methods to Defeat Direct Methods to Defeat Direct Threat JammingThreat Jamming

• Frequency Techniques– RF Change– RF Diversity– RF Agility– Diplexing

• Variable PRF

Questions?Questions?