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Thermionic emissionIf a tungsten filament is heated to about 2000 o C, some of the electrons have sufficient kinetic energy to escape from the surface of the wire. This effect is called thermionic emission. It is quite easy to imagine this if we think about a metal wire as a lattice of ions in a sea of free electrons. In effect we are boiling the electrons off. Thermionic DiodeIn the vacuum tube there are two electrodesCathode -ve Anode +ve When the filament is switched on electrons start to flow from the cathode the tungsten filament and are attracted to the anodeYou need a vacuum as the electrons would collide with the gas particles. Also the filament would burn up Thermionic_diode

Deflection tubeThe electron gun consists of a heated filament/cathode and an anode with a hole in it. This produces a narrow beam of electronsThe screen is coated with a fluorescent material which glow when electrons strike it.

Deflection Tube

Defection by an electric field

The negatively charged electrons are attracted towards the positive plate.Deflection tube

In a magnetic field the electron is deflected depending on the direction of the magnetic field - Use Lenzs left hand rule.

Cathode Ray TubesThermionic emission was the starting point for Joseph John Thomson to produce his cathode ray tube (CRT) in 1897, the descendants of which we used to see every day, before TFT (thin film transistor) TV sets became more common.

Now do question 1 page 243Using an OscilloscopeLearning ObjectivesTo know what an oscilloscope is and how it works.The job description of the oscilloscopes main parts How the oscilloscope shows Direct Current DC and Alternating Current ACNo calculations are required in the exam for the voltage, time period or frequency

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

DefinitionFrom the specification book:-

An oscilloscope consists of a specially made electron tube and associated control circuits.

The electron gun emits electrons towards a fluorescent screen light is emitted when electrons hit the screen this is what we see.

Tube Photograph

Electron Gun PhotographTube DiagramH.T. supplyheater supplyy plates - amplifier+-fluorescent screenanodex plates - timebaseCathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)

DisplayChannel1Channel 2Time baseY-gainMy tieHow does it work?An oscilloscope consists of a specially made electron tube and associated control circuits.

An electron gun at one end of the glass tube emits electrons in a beam towards a fluorescent screen at the other end of the tube.

Light is emitted from the spot on the screen where the beam hits the screen.

How does it work?When no p.d. is applied across the plates the spot on the screen is stationary.

If a pd is applied across the X-plates the beam of electrons is deflected horizontally and the spot moves across.

pd across Y-plates spot moves up and down.

Time Period (ms)Peak-to-Peak voltageReading the CRO 1To get the time period you need to measure this distance and convert it to time by multiplying by the time base settingOscilloscope ControlsThe x-plates are connected to a time base circuit which is designed to make the spot move across the screen in a given time then back again much faster. a bit like a trace on a heart monitor.

The y-plates are connected to the Y-input and this causes the spot to move up or down depending on the input pd.summaryH.T. supplyheater supplyy plates+-phosphor screenanode

electron gun produces a beam of electrons

light produced on the screen by electron beam

a p.d. across the y plates deflects the trace vertically

a p.d. across the x plates deflects the trace horizontallyx platesDisplaying a waveform1. The time baseThe X-plates are connected to the oscilloscopes time base circuit.This makes the spot move across the screen, from left to right, at a constant speed.Once the spot reaches the right hand side of the screen it is returned to the left hand side almost instantaneously.The X-scale opposite is set so that the spot takes two milliseconds to move one centimetre to the right. (2 ms cm-1).

NTNU Oscilloscope SimulationKT Oscilloscope Simulation21Gain and Time-Base ControlsDisplaying a waveform2. Y-sensitivity or Y-gainThe Y-plates are connected to the oscilloscopes Y-input.This input is usually amplified and when connected to the Y-plates it makes the spot move vertically up and down the screen.The Y-sensitivity opposite is set so that the spot moves vertically by one centimetre for a pd of five volts (5 V cm-1).The trace shown appears when an alternating pd of 16V peak-to-peak and period 7.2 ms is connected to the Y-input with the settings as shown.

NTNU Oscilloscope SimulationKT Oscilloscope Simulation23

Peak VoltagePeak p.d. = 3 Divisions x 1.0 mV/div = 3.0 mV

Period & Frequencyperiod = 4.0 divisions x 1.0 ms/div = 4.0 msfrequency = 1 / periodfrequency = 1 / 0.004 sfrequency = 250 HzMeasuring d.c. potential differenceDiagram a shows the trace for pd = 0V.Diagram b shows the trace for pd = +4VDiagram c shows the trace for pd = -3V.

NTNU Oscilloscope SimulationKT Oscilloscope SimulationAll three diagrams below show the trace with the time base on and the Y-gain set at 2V cm-1.

26Self TestInternet LinksOscilloscope - basic display function - NTNU Oscilloscope Simulation - by KT Lissajous figures - Explore Science Lissajous figures - by KT 28