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Electrolytes. Clinical Pathology. Electrolytes. Electrolytes and acid-base disorders may result from many different diseases. Correction of fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base disturbances is often more immediate benefit to patients than a specific diagnosis. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Electrolytes
Clinical Pathology
Electrolytes
• Electrolytes and acid-base disorders may result from many different diseases.
• Correction of fluid, electrolytes, and acid-base disturbances is often more immediate benefit to patients than a specific diagnosis.
• Most common electrolytes that are measured are Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3, as TCO2.
• Serum is the best place to observe the electrolyte levels.
Anion Gap
• Used to determine metabolic acidosis
• (Na++K+)- (Cl- + HCO3)
Sodium
• Most abundant electrolyte in blood.• Functions:
• Maintain osmotic pressure• Acid-base balance• Transmit nerve impulses
• Essential for renal water retention (controls hydration status).
Hyponatremia
• Diabetes Mellitus (DM)• Addison’s disease• Diarrhea (foals and horses)• Renal disease (cattle)• Salt deficiency (cattle)• Ruptured urinary bladder (horse, dog, cat)• Saliva loss (horse)• Psychogenic polydipsia
Hypernatremia
• Panting• Sweating• Diabetes insipidus• Increased GI water in ruminants (grain
overload acidosis, propylene glycol toxicity).
Normal Sodium Values
• Normal values:• Dogs: 140-150 mEq/L• Cats: 150-160 mEq/L
Neurologic signs may occur at <120 or >170 mEq/L in dogs.
Serum Chloride
• Important in many secretions• Saliva• Sweat• gastric
• Increases and decreases may parallel change in serum sodium
• Normal values:• Dogs: 105-115 mEq/L• Cats: 115-125 mEq/L
Danger values are unknown
Potassium
• Serum potassium is maintained within narrow limits for normal neuromuscular and cardiac function.
• Potassium is released from platelets during clotting.
• Normal values:• Dogs: 3.5-5.5 mEq/L• Cats: 3.5-5.5 mEq/L
Danger values are <2.5 mEq/L
May result in cardiac conduction disturbances
Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia
• Hyperkalemia• Anuria• Addison’s • Parenteral administration
• Hypokalemia• Loss through GI fluids, urine or
anorexia.
Calcium
• Dietary intake rarely effects serum levels directly
• 99% of Calcium is stored in the bone, other in cells and extracellular fluid
• Functions:• Main component of bones and teeth• Cofactor for clotting• Necessary for transmission of nerve
impulses and muscle contraction
Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia
• Hypercalcemia• Renal failure (horses)• Neoplasia• Certain plants• Addison’s
• Hypocalcemia• Hypoproteinemia• Milk fever (eclampsia)• Hypomangesmic tetany• Panceatitis
Blood Gas Anaylsis
• Useful in any severely ill dog or cat (vomiting, diarrhea, etc)
• Analysis of proper evaluation of gas exchange and alterations of TCO2 in patients with respiratory disorders
• Analyzers are equipped with specific electrodes to measure pH carbon dioxide tension (pCO2), and oxygen tension (pO2).
• Arterial blood is ideal but jugular vein blood may be used.
Blood Gas Analysis Continued
• Blood is collected in a heparinized syringe.• The blood is immediately injected into the
machine for analysis• Test takes 15-30 minutes• Used to determine if animal is in metabolic
acidosis/alkalosis or respiratory acidosis/alkalosis.
Metabolic Acidosis
• Characterized by decreased plasma HCO3, decrease pH, and decrease pCO2
• Loss of HCO3 usually occurs via the GI tract but may also occur via the kidneys
Respiratory Acidosis
• Due to decreased effective ventilation (increased pCO2).
• Decrease pH and compensatory increase in HCO3.
• Hypoventilation may occur from airway obstruction, cardiopulmonary arrest, and neuromuscular diseases.
Metabolic Alkalosis
• Increased plasma HCO3, increased pH, and compensatory increased CO2.
• Caused by loss of chloride rich fluid via the GI tract
Respiratory Alkalosis
• Results from increased ventilation.
• Decreased pCO2, increased pH and decrease HCO3.
• Caused by tachypnea due to hypoxemia usually secondary to a disease process.