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November 17, 2015
SAKANASHI, Yoshihiko
J-POWER
Electricity System and Coal
- A Perspective from Japan -
2
1. Electricity Sector: System Team Work
2. Electricity Sector: Locality of Electricity System
3. International Cooperation:
Integration of Different Characteristics
4. Japanese High Efficiency, Low Emissions
Technology (HELE)
5. Japan’s New Energy Mix and CO2 Target for 2030
Contents
3
1. Electricity Sector : System Team Work
Primary energy
(Natural resources)
Natural gas
Coal
Oil
Uranium
Hydro
……
Transformation/control
(Power plants /technologies)
Gas-fired power
Coal-fired power
Oil-fired power
Nuclear power
Hydro power
……
Secondary energy
(Electricity)
Homogeneity Versatility - Lighting - Heat - Power Accurate control Safety Difficult to stock Hard to transport
Electricity sector - Key strategic roles for energy security
4
Electricity Sector
Variable cost = marginal cash cost Wind, photovoltaic, hydro, geothermal < nuclear < coal < LNG < oil
< pumped-storage hydro (assuming 1/0.7 to nuclear or coal for pumped-storage)
Load following capability Wind, photovoltaic, flow type hydro (negative) < geothermal < nuclear < coal
< LNG < oil < reservoir hydro < pumped-storage hydro
5
Team Work :Rugby
Source: http://photo.shinmura.net/?p=202
Electricity System : Team Work
6
2. Electricity Sector : Locality of Electricity
System
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2005 07 09 11 13
US Fuel Prices
(Annual Average) US$/MMBtu
CAPP coal
WTI
Henry Hub
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2015
US$/MMBtu
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2005 07 09 11 13
Natural gas market in US
Indigenous
Pipeline network
Hub price
Liquidity
Natural gas market in Japan
Import
LNG
Oil-linked price
Locked system
Steam coal
LNG
Crude oil
Source: J-POWER’s trial calculation based on the data from the
Institute of Energy Economics, Japan
7
JFY
Japan Fuel Prices (CIF)
(Annual Average)
Locality of Natural Gas
8
Source: METI materials
EU has broad expansion of transmission network.
Japan has ‘linear type’ of transmission network with very narrow lines among the utilities.
EU and Japan had their own development taking its advantage.
Locality of Transmission Network : EU and Japan
Kyushu
Electric
Kansai
Electric
Chubu
Electric
Tokyo
Electric
Tohoku
Electric
Hokkaido
Electric
Shikoku
Electric
Chugoku
Electric
Hokuriku
Electric
50Hz 60Hz
Conceptual
diagram
9
It is expected that electricity demand will increase rapidly in emerging countries, especially in Asian region, that from cost perspective, coal-fired power plants will play an crucial role.
Some countries, Multi-lateral Development Banks, and financial institutions recently have decided to scale back or to stop funding new coal fired power plants.
However, as more efficient technologies generally are more expensive, and for those region with capital constraint, promoting high-efficiency coal fired power plants with public finance is necessary to fulfill demand increase, and contribute to CO2 emissions reduction.
Policies of public financing for coal-fired power plants
Source: World Energy Outlook, special report, Southeast Asia
Energy Outlook 2015, October 2015
10
3. International Cooperation :
Integration of Different Characteristics
Example: JCM (Joint Crediting Mechanism)
Source: Developed from “Recent Development of The Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM)”, Government of Japan
Using to achieve Japan’s
emission reduction target
Host Country
Credits
JCM Projects
Japan
MRV*
MRV*: Measurement, Reporting, and Verification
GHG emission
reductions/removals
Operation and
management
by the Joint
Committee
Leading low
carbon
technologies
11
Indigenous Efforts & International Cooperation
12
Electricity generated by the
imported hydrogen
Vessel to transport the hydrogen
Brown coal in Australia
Hydrogen-fired power plant
Hydrogen produced by
Japan’s gasification
technology from brown coal
Photo: Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Photo: Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Cross-border project to exchange advantages
13
4. Japanese High Efficiency, Low Emissions
Technology (HELE)
25%
27%
29%
31%
33%
35%
37%
39%
41%
43%
45%
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Gro
ss T
he
rmal
Eff
icie
ncy(
LHV
,%)
J-POWER
Japan
Germany
UK+Ireland
United States
Australia
China
India
14
Energy efficiency of Japan’s coal-fired power generation is higher than those of other
countries including China, India and USA. Isogo PS marks the highest level in the world.
ISOGO PS
Thermal efficiency of coal-fired power generation in major countries (1990-2011)
Source: Ecofys “International Comparison of Fossil Power Efficiency and CO2 Intensity”
Efficiency has a large room to improve
Insta
lled g
ross th
erm
al e
ffic
ien
cy (
%, b
ase
d o
n H
HV
)
Takehara No.1
(250MW)
566 / 538℃
16.6MPa
Matsushima
(500MW x 2 Units)
538 / 538℃
24.1MPa
Matsuura No.1
(1,000MW)
538 / 566℃
24.1MPa
Tachibanawan
(1,050MW x 2 Units)
600 / 610℃
25.0MPa
Isogo New No.2*
(600MW)
600 / 620℃
25.0MPa
Subcritical Supercritical (SC) Ultra-supercritical (USC)
Measures for improving generation efficiency Improve steam conditions Enlarge plant scale
Isogo New No.1*
(600MW)
600 / 610℃
25.0MPa
Trends in capacity per unit
45%
40%
35%
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Takasago
(250MW x 2 Units)
566 / 538℃
16.6MPa
Takehara No.3
(700MW)
538 / 538℃
24.1MPa
Ishikawa
(15.6MW x 2 Units)
566 / 566℃
14.6MPa
Matsuura No.2
(1,000MW)
593 / 593℃
24.1MPa [Legend]
Power plant names
(Capacity, number of units)
Steam temperature / Reheat steam temperature
Main steam turbine pressure
* Isogo No.1 (started operation in 1967) and No.2 (1969) have been replaced with cutting-edge units.
500MW
(1981)
1,000MW
(1990)
1,050MW
(2000)
15
Highly-efficient coal power plants have been introduced in a stepwise manner.
History of Japan’s Energy Efficiency Improvements
16
Isogo Coal-Fired Power Plant
opened in 1967
New Isogo Coal-Fired Power Plant
Unit1 opened in 2002, Unit2 in 2009
17% of CO2 Intensity
improvement
Numbers in ( ) are for Unit #1
Capacity 530MW 1200MW
(265MW×2) (600MW×2 )
SOx 60ppm 10ppm (20)
NOx 159ppm 13ppm (20)
PM 50mg/m3N 5 mg/m3N (10)
Steam Subcritical Ultra-Supercritical
Efficiency (gross HHV) 38% 43%
CO2 Intensity (Net) 100 (base) 83
New Isogo: The world’s leading USC Coal Power Plant
Fuel cell
Integrated coal
gasification combined
cycle
Gas turbine combined
cycle
Pulverized
coal-fired (PCF)
Super-critical
(SC)
<Latest coal-fired>
Ultra-SC (USC)
Advanced USC
(A-USC)
1300 ℃ GT 1500 ℃ GT 1700 ℃ GT
<Osaki CoolGen>
1300 ℃ IGCC 1500 ℃ IGCC 1700 ℃
IGCC
MOFC
SOFC
Integrated coal gasification
fuel cell combined cycle (IGFC)
Efficiency: 38% Efficiency: 41% Efficiency: 46%
Efficiency: 46-48%
Efficiency: over 55%
Efficiency: Net/ HHV
CO2 emissions
(g-CO2/kWh)
Source: Coal/ The Company’s estimates, oil and gas/ CRIEPI
795 709 679 593 695362
USC (41%) A-USC (46%) 1500℃ IGCC
(48%)
IGFC (55%) Oil (38%) 1300℃ LNG
(50%)
17
HELE evolution involves developments of gas turbine, metal material, fuel cell, etc.
Context for Evolution of HELE
18
Renewable Energy (solar, wind / FIT, tax exemption)
Coal-fired power plants with
load following capability
(ancillary services)
Rectified electricity
hour
MW
Conceptual
diagram
Flexibility of Coal-fired Power Plants
Fossil fuel fired power plants with load following capability is in need as
ancillary services.
Coal fired power plants: mill control, steam inputs, condenser control, etc.
under investigation ⇒ Loss / Sacrifice of energy efficiency
In order for those ancillary services to be in place, appropriate pricing
structure is crucial for it be invested and installed.
Appropriate
pricing
structure is
crucial
Research and Demonstration Tests CO2 Capture Methods
Pre-combustion capture
CO2 separation and capture
from the gas produced by
IGCC before combustion in gas
turbine.
Post-combustion capture
CO2 separation and capture
from the gas produced by coal
combustion in boiler.
Oxyfuel combustion
CO2 separation and capture
from the gas produced by coal
combustion in boiler, to which
oxygen is supplied instead of
air.
Coal
Gasification
Pulverized
Coal-fired
EAGLE Project
Organization J-POWER/ NEDO
Test period FY2001 to FY2014
Osaki CoolGen Project
Organization Osaki CoolGen Corporation
Test period From FY2016 (planned)
Matsushima Power Plant
Organization J-POWER/ Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Test period FY2007 to FY2008
Callide Oxyfuel Project
Organization Oxyfuel Joint Venture (Japanese partners: J-POWER, Mitsui & Co., Ltd., and
IHI Corporation, Australian partners: CS Energy, the
Australian Coal Association, Glencore, Schlumberger
Location The Callide A Power Station in Queensland
(Capacity: 30MW)
Test period FY2012 to FY2014
19
Development of CO2 Capture Technologies by J-POWER
20
5. Japan’s New Energy Mix and CO2 Target
for 2030
(1) Renewables (solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectricity, biomass) Promising, multi-characteristic, important, low carbon and domestic energy sources. Accelerating their introduction as far as possible for three years, and then keep expanding renewables.
(2) Nuclear Power Important base-load power source as a low carbon and quasi-domestic energy source,
contributing to stability of energy supply-demand structure, on the major premise of ensuring of its safety, because of the perspectives; 1) superiority in stability of energy supply and efficiency, 2) low and stable operational cost and 3) free from GHG emissions during operation.
Dependency on nuclear power generation will be lowered to the extent possible by energy saving and introducing renewable energy as well as improving the efficiency of thermal power generation, etc.
Under this policy, we will carefully examine a volume of electricity to be secured by nuclear power generation, taking Japan’s energy constraints into consideration from the viewpoint of stable energy supply, cost reduction, global warming and maintaining nuclear technologies and human resources.
2. Evaluation of each energy source
(3) Coal Revaluating as an important base-load power source in terms of stability and cost
effectiveness, which will be utilized while reducing environmental load (utilization of efficient thermal power generation technology, etc.) .
(4) Natural Gas Important energy source as a main intermediate power source, expanding its roles in a variety of fields.
(5) Oil Important energy source as both an energy resource and a raw material, especially for the
transportation and civilian sectors, as well as a peaking power source. Source: Made from METI materials
The 4th Strategic Energy Plan (Extract) (April, 2014)
21
22
Following to the direction of the 4th Strategic Energy Plan, Japanese
government decided “2030 Energy target and generation mix” together with
“GHG reduction target” for COP 21 in July 2015.
Three basic requirements were set to develop the energy target and generation mix:
1. Improvement of self-sufficient rate of energy supply to the level before “Fukushima”.
2. Reduction of electricity tariff from the current level.
3. CO2 reduction target comparable with that of EU and USA.
2030 Energy Target and generation mix
(Total Electricity generation)
1,065TWh Energy
Conservation
+Renewable
Energy
= about 40%
Energy conservation
196TWh
(▲17%)
Electricity
Demand
981
TWh
Electricity generation mix
1,278TWh
2030 2030 2013
(actual results)
GDP growth
1.7%/year
Electricity
Demand
967
TWh
Oil 2%
Coal 22%
LNG 22%
Nuclear
18~17%
Renewable
Energy
19~20%
Energy
Conservation
17%
(loss form Electricity
transmission etc,)
Hydro
8.8~9.2%
Solar PV
7.9%
Wind 1.7%
Bioenergy
3.7~4.6%
Geothermal
1.0~1.1%
Total base load
power ratio
:56%
Renewable
Energy
22~24%
Nuclear
22~20%
LNG 27%
Coal 26%
Oil 3%
Electricity Demand
Source: Made from METI materials
Japan’s New Electricity Generation Mix in 2030
23
Thank you very much for your attention.
24