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Electrical Systems EfficiencyBill Tschudi, [email protected]
Electrical Systems EfficiencyElectrical Systems Efficiency
Electrical distribution systemsElectrical distribution systems
LightingLighting
Standby generationStandby generation
On-site generationOn-site generation
Electrical DistributionElectrical Distribution
Every power conversion (AC DC, DC AC, Every power conversion (AC DC, DC AC, AC AC) loses some power and creates AC AC) loses some power and creates heatheat
Distributing higher voltage is more Distributing higher voltage is more efficient and saves capital cost (wire size is efficient and saves capital cost (wire size is smaller)smaller)
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS’s) Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS’s) efficiency variesefficiency varies
Power supplies in IT equipment efficiency Power supplies in IT equipment efficiency variesvaries
Overall Power Use in Data Overall Power Use in Data CentersCenters
Courtesy of Michael Patterson, Intel Corporation
Inverter
In Out
Bypass
Battery/ChargerRectifier
Internal Drive
External Drive
I/O
Memory Controller
Processor
SDRAM
Graphics Controller
DC/DCAC/DC
DC/DC
AC/DC Multi output Power Supply
Voltage Regulator Modules
5V
12V
3.3V
12V 1.5/2.5V
1.1V-1.85V
3.3V
3.3V
12V
PWM/PFCSwitcher
Unregulated DCTo Multi Output Regulated DC
Voltages
Data Center Power Conversions
Power Distribution Unit (PDU)
ServerUninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
AC
DC AC
DC
UPS Factory MeasurementsUPS Factory Measurements
Typical Operation
Measured Power Supply EfficiencyMeasured Power Supply Efficiency
Typical operation
Typical AC Distribution Typical AC Distribution TodayToday
DC/ACAC/DC480 VACBulk Power
Supply
UPS PDU
AC/DC DC/DC VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
12 V
Loadsusing
LegacyVoltages
LoadsusingSilicon
Voltages
12 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.2 V
1.8 V
0.8 VServer
PSU
480 Volt AC
Facility-Level DC Facility-Level DC DistributionDistribution
AC/DC480 VACBulk Power
SupplyDC UPS
orRectifier
DC/DC VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
12 V
Loadsusing
LegacyVoltages
LoadsusingSilicon
Voltages
12 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.2 V
1.8 V
0.8 VServer
PSU
380 VDC380V.DC480
Volt AC
Rack-Level DC Rack-Level DC DistributionDistribution
DC/ACAC/DC480 VACBulk Power
Supply
UPS PDU
AC/DC DC/DC VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
12 V
Loadsusing
LegacyVoltages
LoadsusingSilicon
Voltages
12 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.2 V
1.8 V
0.8 V
Server
380 VDC
Rack
PSU
480 Volt AC
AC System Loss Compared to DCAC System Loss Compared to DC
DC/ACAC/DC480 VACBulk Power
Supply
UPS PDU
AC/DC DC/DC VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
12 V
Loadsusing
LegacyVoltages
LoadsusingSilicon
Voltages
12 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.2 V
1.8 V
0.8 VServer
PSU
AC/DC480 VACBulk Power
SupplyDC UPS
orRectifier
DC/DC VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
VRM
12 V
Loadsusing
LegacyVoltages
Loadsusing
SiliconVoltages
12 V
5 V
3.3 V
1.2 V
1.8 V
0.8 VServer
PSU
380 VDC
7-7.3% measured improvement
2-5% measured improvement
Rotary UPS
Video of DC Demonstration is Available
Data Center LightingData Center Lighting
Lights are on and nobody’s homeLights are on and nobody’s home Lighting controls are well proven – why Lighting controls are well proven – why
not use them?not use them? Small benefit but easy to accomplish – Small benefit but easy to accomplish –
also saves HVAC energyalso saves HVAC energy DC lighting would compliment DC DC lighting would compliment DC
distributiondistribution
Standby Generation LossStandby Generation Loss
Several load sourcesSeveral load sources HeatersHeaters Battery chargersBattery chargers Transfer switchesTransfer switches Fuel management systemsFuel management systems
Heaters (many operating hours) Heaters (many operating hours) use more electricity than the use more electricity than the generator will ever produce (few generator will ever produce (few operating hours)operating hours)
Opportunity may be to reduce Opportunity may be to reduce or eliminate heating, batteries, or eliminate heating, batteries, and chargersand chargers
Standby Generator HeaterStandby Generator Heater
On-Site GenerationOn-Site Generation
On-site generation with utility back-upOn-site generation with utility back-up Thermal host required for combined Thermal host required for combined
heat and powerheat and power– Absorption or adsorption chillersAbsorption or adsorption chillers– Other campus useOther campus use
Renewable sources (future)Renewable sources (future)– Fuel cellsFuel cells– SolarSolar– WindWind
Take AwaysTake Aways
Distributing higher voltage (AC or DC) is Distributing higher voltage (AC or DC) is more efficientmore efficient
Electrical power conversions are inefficientElectrical power conversions are inefficient Highly efficient UPS’s should be specifiedHighly efficient UPS’s should be specified Highly efficient IT equipment power supplies Highly efficient IT equipment power supplies
should be specifiedshould be specified Lighting is a small but low hanging Lighting is a small but low hanging
opportunityopportunity Standby generation losses can be minimizedStandby generation losses can be minimized On-site generation can improve reliability On-site generation can improve reliability
and efficiency and efficiency
website: website: http://hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters/http://hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters/
