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Lecture 1, Slide 1EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Electrical Engineering 40Introduction to Microelectronic

Circuits

Instructor: Prof. Andy Neureuther

EECS DepartmentUniversity of California, Berkeley

Lecture 1, Slide 2EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Introduction• Instructor: Prof. Andy Neureuther

– Office: 509 Cory Hall– Office hours: M1, W3, F10– Email: neureuth@eecs.berkeley.edu– Phone: (510) 642-4590– Emergencies: Charlotte Jones, 558 Cory, 643-2834

• Background– Research area is Integrated Circuit Fabrication

Technology and Technology Computer Aided Design– Modeling and simulation of optical imaging,

electromagnetic scattering, photoresist materials– Projects

• Phase-Shifting Masks as precision instruments• Linking Process effects to CAD

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Lecture 1, Slide 3EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

EE 40 Course Overview• EECS 40:

– One of five EECS core courses (with 20, 61A, 61B, and 61C)• introduces “hardware” side of EECS• prerequisite for EE105, EE130, EE141, EE150

– Prerequisites: Math 1B, Physics 7B– Course involves three hours of lecture, one hour of discussion

and three hours of lab work each week.• Course content:

– Fundamental circuit concepts and analysis techniques of electriccircuits

– Integrated-circuit devices and technology– CMOS digital integrated circuits

• Text Book– Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications”, third edition,

Allan R. Hambley, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2005 – A few pages of notes on digital circuits will be circulated in class.

Lecture 1, Slide 4EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Key Data from Course Information SheetWeekly HW:

– Assignment on web on Monday, starting 8/29/05

– Due 8 days later at 5 PM on Tuesdays in 240 Cory

• Quizes and Exams:– Quizes in class: Sep 28 and Nov 2, 2005– Exams in class: Oct 5 and Nov 9, 2005– Final Exam: 8-11AM, Dec 19, 2005

• Grading– Labs: 18 %; Midterm 1 and 2: 18 % each;

Final: 36 %; Homework 10 %

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Lecture 1, Slide 5EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Announcements• Discussion and Lab Sessions

– start first week• Get acquainted and have individual dialog• Consolidation required in both Lab $ Disc• Hold your slot or obtain slot in another section

– If you are not present you drop in priority

• You may be able to start in EE 105– EECS will take a fresh look at your transfer

• Based on experience, mastery, study program• Prepare detailed assesment in writing• Prepare intended program of study 05/06 & 06/07• Take calculator based written/oral quiz

Lecture 1, Slide 6EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Lecture #1OUTLINE

• Course overview

• Introduction: integrated circuits

• Energy and Information

• Analog vs. digital signals

• Reading: Hambley 1.1, 7.1-7.3 through pp 340

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Lecture 1, Slide 7EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

IC Technology Advancement“Moore’s Law”: # of transistors/chip doubles every 1.5-2 years

– achieved through miniaturizationTechnology Scaling

Investment Better Performance/Cost

Market Growth

Lecture 1, Slide 8EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Why is Nano hot?

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Lecture 1, Slide 9EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Why is Nano Hot?

Lecture 1, Slide 10EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Generation:

Intel386™ DXProcessor

Intel486™ DXProcessor

Pentium®

Processor

Pentium® II Processor

1.5µ 1.0µ 0.8µ 0.6µ 0.35µ 0.25µ

Benefit of Transistor Scaling

smaller chip area lower cost

more functionality on a chip better system performance

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Lecture 1, Slide 11EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Putting it in Scale

Lecture 1, Slide 12EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Energy and Information• Electrical circuits function to condition,

manipulate, transmit, receive electrical power (energy) and/or information represented by electrical signals

• Energy System Examples: – electrical utility system, power supplies that

interface battery to charger and cell phone/laptop circuitry, electric motor controller, etc.

• Information System Examples: – computer, cell phone, appliance controller,

etc.

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Lecture 1, Slide 13EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Analog-to-digital (A/D) & digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion is essential (and nothing new)

think of a piano keyboard

• Most (but not all) observables are analogthink of analog vs. digital watches

but the most convenient way to represent & transmit information electronically is to use digital signals

think of telephony

Analog vs. Digital Signals

Lecture 1, Slide 14EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Analog Signals• may have direct relationship to information presented• in simple cases, are waveforms of information vs. time• in more complex cases, may have information modulated

on a carrier, e.g. AM or FM radio

Am plitude M odula ted S igna l

-1

-0 .8

-0 .6

-0 .4

-0 .2

0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Tim e in m icro seco nds

Sign

al in

mic

rovo

lts

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Lecture 1, Slide 15EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Voltage with normal piano key stroke Voltage with soft pedal applied

50 microvolt 220 Hz signal

-60-40-20

0204060

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

t in milliseconds

V in

mic

rovo

lts50 microvolt 440 Hz signal

-60-40-20

0204060

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

t in milliseconds

V in

mic

rovo

lts25 microvolt 440 Hz signal

-60-40-20

0204060

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

t in milliseconds

V in

mic

rovo

lts

Analog Signal Example: Microphone Voltage

Analog signal representing piano key A, below middle C (220 Hz)

Lecture 1, Slide 16EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Digital Signal Representations

Binary numbers can be used to represent any quantity.

We generally have to agree on some sort of “code”, and the dynamic range of the signal in order to know the form and the number of binary digits (“bits”) required.

Example 1: Voltage signal with maximum value 2 Volts

• Binary two (10) could represent a 2 Volt signal.

• To encode the signal to an accuracy of 1 part in 64 (1.5% precision), 6 binary digits (“bits”) are needed

Example 2: Sine wave signal of known frequency and maximum amplitude 50 µV; 1 µV “resolution” needed.

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Lecture 1, Slide 17EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

1100012 = 1x25 +1x24 +0x23 +0x22 + 0x21 + 1x20

= 3210 + 1610 + 110= 4910= 4x101 + 9x100

= ? x 161 + ? x 160

= ? x 32 + ? X 31 + ? X 30

Reminder About Binary and Decimal Numbering Systems

Lecture 1, Slide 18EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Possible digital representation for the sine wave signal:

Analog representation: Digital representation:Amplitude in µV Binary number

1 0000012 0000103 0000114 0001005 000101

8 001000

16 010000

32 100000

50 110010

63 111111

Example 2 (continued)

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Lecture 1, Slide 19EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Why Digital?

• Digital signals can be transmitted, received, amplified, and re-transmitted with far less degradation.

• Digital information is easily and inexpensively stored (in RAM, ROM, etc.), with arbitrary accuracy.

• Complex logical functions are easily expressed as binary functions (e.g. in control applications).

• Digital signals are easy to manipulate (as we shall see).

(For example, why CDROM audio vs. vinyl recordings?)

Lecture 1, Slide 20EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Digital Representations of Logical Functions

• Digital signals offer an easy way to perform logical functions, using Boolean algebra.– Variables have two possible values: “true” or “false”

• usually represented by 1 and 0, respectively.

• All modern control systems use this approach.• Example: Hot tub controller with the following

algorithm– Turn on the heater if the temperature is less than

desired (T < Tset) and the motor is on and the key switch to activate the hot tub is closed. Suppose there is also a “test switch” which can be used to activate the heater.

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Lecture 1, Slide 21EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

• Series-connected switches:A = thermostatic switchB = relay, closed if motor is onC = key switch

• Test switch T used to bypass switches A, B, and C

Simple Schematic Diagram of Possible Circuit

110V Heater

C B A

T

Hot Tub Controller Example

Lecture 1, Slide 22EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

A B C T H0 0 0 0 00 0 1 0 00 1 0 0 00 1 1 0 01 0 0 0 01 0 1 0 01 1 0 0 01 1 1 0 10 0 0 1 10 0 1 1 10 1 0 1 10 1 1 1 11 0 0 1 11 0 1 1 11 1 0 1 11 1 1 1 1

“Truth Table” for Hot Tub Controller

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Lecture 1, Slide 23EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

Basic logical functions:AND: “dot” Example: X = A·BOR: “+ sign” Example: Y = A+BNOT: “bar over symbol” Example: Z = A

Any logical expression can be constructed using these basic logical functions

Additional logical functions:Inverted AND = NAND:Inverted OR = NOR:Exclusive OR:

Notation for Logical Expressions

)1 and when 0ly (o AB =BAn)0BA when1ly n(o BA ==+

BA BA i.e., differ)BA,when1(only BA⋅+

⊕except

The most frequently used logical functions are implemented as electronic building blocks called “gates” in integrated circuits

Lecture 1, Slide 24EE40 Fall 2005 Prof. Neureuther

First define logical values:

• closed switch = “true”, i.e. boolean 1

• open switch = “false”, i.e. boolean 0

Logical Statement:Heater is on (H = 1) if A and B and C are 1, or if T is 1.

Logical Expression:H=1 if (A and B and C are 1) or (T is 1)

Boolean Expression:H = (A · B · C ) + T

Hot Tub Controller Example (cont’d)