2
No. 65, February 2018 MAPS & FACTS This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. We encourage the use of our maps. Please include the Club’s copyright, inform or contact us for specific requests: [email protected] www.oecd.org/swac/maps Club SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA Secretariat Club SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA Secretariat TRANSHUMANCE AND NOMADISM T ranshumance is a mobile livestock farming method that is based on regular, seasonal movements. The movements are mostly predictable; each year, herders follow the rhythm of the seasons and pass over the same trails and pasturelands that they already know. On the other hand, nomadism is characterised by the continual and unpredictable movements of all members of a family or a group. Most agro-pastoralists in the Sahel today practice semi-transhumance. Only a part of the family moves according to the seasons, while the rest of the family practices sedentary farming. Agro-pastoral livestock farming is prevalent throughout West Africa. Animals move within Sahelian countries, from Sahelian countries to coastal countries and within coastal countries. Livestock farming is probably the most integrated economic activity in West Africa. Every year, hundreds of thousands of animals are moved to supply coastal markets. These internal and cross- border movements are oſten sources of conflict between sedentary farmers and transhumant agro-pastoralists. However, transhumant livestock farming also contributes to the development of abandoned and isolated areas by ensuring a human presence in areas with significant security issues. OECD (2014), An Atlas of the Sahara-Sahel: Geography, Economics and Security, OECD Publishing, Paris. Extract West African Studies An Atlas of the Sahara-Sahel GEOGRAPHY, ECONOMICS AND SECURITY Club SAHEL AND WEST AFRICA Secretariat GUINEA SIERRA LEONE GUINEA BISSAU LIBERIA CÔTE D’IVOIRE GHANA BENIN TOGO NIGERIA CAMEROON C.A.R ALGERIA LIBYA Bamako Nouakchott Dakar Ouagadougou Niamey N’Djamena Lake National transhumance Cross-border transhumance Caravan Marketing itineraries Border crossing point Pastoral zone Wet season Dry season Sources: FAO-CIRAD, Atlas of trends in pastoral systems in the Sahel 2012; OECD/SWAC 2009

Eight million pEoplE in northErn nigEria TRANSHUMANCE AND ... · Edo Delta Bayelsa Rivers Akwa Ibom Anambra Enugu Lake Chad FCT Adamawa Borno Yobe Bauchi Gombe Taraba Jigawa Kano

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  • n°32March 2016Maps & facts ClubSAHEL ANDWEST AFRICA

    No 45, November 2016

    www.oecd.org/swac/maps ClubSAHEL ANDWEST AFRICA

    Secretariat

    These maps are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. We encourage the use of our maps! Please include the Club’s copyright, inform or contact us for specific requests: [email protected]

    Eight million pEoplE in northErn nigEria facing acutE food insEcurity

    T he October 2016 analysis of the Cadre harmonisé1 expands its coverage to include for the first time 16 out of 36 states, almost half of Nigeria. In these states, some eight million people are currently facing acute food insecurity (phases  3-5, October-December 2016). Due to the Boko Haram insurgency and massive population displacement, the three northeastern states, Adamawa, Borno and Yobe, have

    1 West African tool to analyse and identify areas and amount of people at risk of food and nutrition insecurity.

    reached extremely high levels of food insecurity (Maps & Facts no 44). While humanitarian access is improving, the situation remains particularly worrisome in the state of Borno, where nearly 60% of the population (3.3 million people) are still facing acute food insecurity (phases 3-5), including 55 000 people threatened by famine (phase 5). If no appro-priate measures are being taken, the current food and nutrition situation

    is likely to get worse during the next lean season in June-August 2017. By then, the Cadre harmonisé projec-tions indicate that the number of severely food insecure people in the 16 analysed states could reach 8 to 10 million people. Analytical tools, data collection methods and training for local administrations need to be further developed in order to fine-tune and expand the analysis of the Cadre harmonisé to all parts of Nigeria.

    Source: Cadre harmonisé, national analysis, October 2016. © Agrhymet/CILSS

    FCT

    Adamawa

    BornoYobe

    GombeBauchi

    Taraba

    Jigawa

    Kano

    Kaduna

    KatsinaZamfara

    Plateau

    Niger

    Kebbi

    Sokoto

    Oyo

    Ogun

    Lagos

    OsunEkiti

    Kwara

    KogiBenue

    Nassarawa

    Cross River

    Ebonyi

    ImoAbia

    OndoEdo

    Delta

    Bayelsa RiversAkwaIbom

    Anambra

    Enugu

    Lake Chad

    FCT

    Adamawa

    BornoYobe

    GombeBauchi

    Taraba

    Jigawa

    Kano

    Kaduna

    Katsina

    Zamfara

    Plateau

    Niger

    Kebbi

    Sokoto

    Oyo

    Ogun

    Lagos

    OsunEkiti

    Kwara

    KogiBenue

    Nassarawa

    Cross River

    Ebonyi

    ImoAbia

    OndoEdo

    Delta

    Bayelsa RiversAkwaIbom

    Anambra

    Enugu

    Lake Chad

    Phases of food insecurity

    June-August 2017October-December 2016

    Phase 1: Minimal Phase 2: Stressed Phase 3: Crisis Phase 4: Emergency Phase 5: Famine Not analysed

    No. 65, February 2018

    MAPS & FACTS

    This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. We encourage the use of our maps. Please include the Club’s copyright, inform or contact us for specifi c requests: [email protected]

    www.oecd.org/swac/maps ClubSAHEL ANDWEST AFRICA Secretariat

    ClubSAHEL ANDWEST AFRICASecretariat

    TRANSHUMANCE AND NOMADISM

    Transhumance is a mobile livestock farming method that is based on regular, seasonal movements. The movements are mostly predictable; each year, herders follow the rhythm of the seasons and pass over the same trails and pasturelands that they already know. On the other hand, nomadism is characterised by the continual and unpredictable movements of all members of a family or a group. Most agro-pastoralists in the Sahel today practice semi-transhumance. Only a part of the family moves according to the seasons, while the rest of the family practices sedentary farming. Agro-pastoral livestock farming is

    prevalent throughout West Africa. Animals move within Sahelian countries, from Sahelian countries to coastal countries and within coastal countries. Livestock farming is probably the most integrated economic activity in West Africa. Every year, hundreds of thousands of animals are moved to supply coastal markets. These internal and cross-border movements are o� en sources of conflict between sedentary farmers and transhumant agro-pastoralists. However, transhumant livestock farming also contributes to the development of abandoned and isolated areas by ensuring a human presence in areas with significant security issues.

    OECD (2014), An Atlas of the Sahara-Sahel: Geography, Economics and Security, OECD Publishing, Paris.

    Ext

    ract

    Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264222359-en.

    This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases.Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information.

    West African Studies

    An Atlas of the Sahara-SahelGeoGrAphy, economicS And Security

    While the Sahara-Sahel region has experienced recurrent episodes of instability, the recent crises in Libya and Mali have increased the level of violence. These two crises have reshaped the region’s geopolitical and geographical dynamics. The current crises are cross-border and regional, and addressing them requires new institutional responses. How can the countries that share this space – Algeria, Chad, Libya, Mali, Morocco, Mauritania, Niger and Tunisia – in collaboration with other countries of the region, such as Nigeria, work together towards its stabilisation and development?

    Historically, the Sahara plays the role of intermediary between North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. Even before Roman times, the area was criss-crossed by roads, principally serving a military use in this period. Today, commercial and human exchange is vibrant, founded on social networks. These networks have more recently been used by traffickers. Understanding the nature of this trafficking, the geographic and organisational mobility of criminal groups, as well as migratory movements is of strategic importance. This work aims to contribute towards this objective and to help inform the Sahel strategies of the European Union, United Nations, African Union and ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) in their attempts to forge a lasting peace.

    This Atlas proposes a cartographic and regional analysis of security and development issues. It provides objective information for the necessary dialogue between regional and international organisations, states, researchers and local stakeholders.

    part i. reactivating a space of fragmented circulationChapter 1. Sahara-Sahelian space and geography

    Chapter 2. Socio-economic indicators within Sahara-Sahel countries

    Chapter 3. Petroleum and networks of influence in the Sahara-Sahel

    part ii. Securing the Sahara-Sahel by integrating its social and spatial mobilityChapter 4. Ancient and new mobility in the Sahara-Sahel

    Chapter 5. Migration and the Sahara

    Chapter 6. Nomadism and mobility in the Sahara-Sahel

    Chapter 7. Borders, cross-border co-operation and freedom of movement in the Sahara-Sahel

    Chapter 8. Security issues, movement and networks in the Sahara-Sahel

    Chapter 9. Trafficking economies in the Sahara-Sahel

    Chapter 10. An institutional point of view on the challenges of the Sahara-Sahel

    iSbn 978-92-64-22234-2 44 2014 01 1 p

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    West African Studies

    An Atlas of the Sahara-SahelGeoGrAphy, economicS And Security

    ClubSAHEL ANDWEST AFRICASecretariat

    Club DU SAHEL ET DEL'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST Secrétariat du

    GUINEA

    SIERRALEONE

    GUINEABISSAU

    LIBERIACÔTE D’IVOIRE GHANA

    BENIN

    TO

    GO NIGERIA

    CAMEROON

    C.A.R

    ALGERIA

    LIBYA

    Bamako

    Nouakchott

    Dakar

    Ouagadougou

    Niamey

    N’Djamena

    Lake

    National transhumance

    Cross-border transhumance

    Caravan

    Marketing itineraries

    Border crossing point

    Pastoral zone

    Aire protégé

    Wet season

    Dry season Sources: FAO-CIRAD, Atlas of trends in pastoral systems in the Sahel 2012; OECD/SWAC 2009 Sources: FAO-CIRAD, Atlas of trends in pastoral systems in the Sahel 2012; OECD/SWAC 2009

  • n°32March 2016Maps & facts ClubSAHEL ANDWEST AFRICA

    No 45, November 2016

    www.oecd.org/swac/maps ClubSAHEL ANDWEST AFRICA

    Secretariat

    These maps are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. We encourage the use of our maps! Please include the Club’s copyright, inform or contact us for specific requests: [email protected]

    Eight million pEoplE in northErn nigEria facing acutE food insEcurity

    T he October 2016 analysis of the Cadre harmonisé1 expands its coverage to include for the first time 16 out of 36 states, almost half of Nigeria. In these states, some eight million people are currently facing acute food insecurity (phases  3-5, October-December 2016). Due to the Boko Haram insurgency and massive population displacement, the three northeastern states, Adamawa, Borno and Yobe, have

    1 West African tool to analyse and identify areas and amount of people at risk of food and nutrition insecurity.

    reached extremely high levels of food insecurity (Maps & Facts no 44). While humanitarian access is improving, the situation remains particularly worrisome in the state of Borno, where nearly 60% of the population (3.3 million people) are still facing acute food insecurity (phases 3-5), including 55 000 people threatened by famine (phase 5). If no appro-priate measures are being taken, the current food and nutrition situation

    is likely to get worse during the next lean season in June-August 2017. By then, the Cadre harmonisé projec-tions indicate that the number of severely food insecure people in the 16 analysed states could reach 8 to 10 million people. Analytical tools, data collection methods and training for local administrations need to be further developed in order to fine-tune and expand the analysis of the Cadre harmonisé to all parts of Nigeria.

    Source: Cadre harmonisé, national analysis, October 2016. © Agrhymet/CILSS

    FCT

    Adamawa

    BornoYobe

    GombeBauchi

    Taraba

    Jigawa

    Kano

    Kaduna

    KatsinaZamfara

    Plateau

    Niger

    Kebbi

    Sokoto

    Oyo

    Ogun

    Lagos

    OsunEkiti

    Kwara

    KogiBenue

    Nassarawa

    Cross River

    Ebonyi

    ImoAbia

    OndoEdo

    Delta

    Bayelsa RiversAkwaIbom

    Anambra

    Enugu

    Lake Chad

    FCT

    Adamawa

    BornoYobe

    GombeBauchi

    Taraba

    Jigawa

    Kano

    Kaduna

    Katsina

    Zamfara

    Plateau

    Niger

    Kebbi

    Sokoto

    Oyo

    Ogun

    Lagos

    OsunEkiti

    Kwara

    KogiBenue

    Nassarawa

    Cross River

    Ebonyi

    ImoAbia

    OndoEdo

    Delta

    Bayelsa RiversAkwaIbom

    Anambra

    Enugu

    Lake Chad

    Phases of food insecurity

    June-August 2017October-December 2016

    Phase 1: Minimal Phase 2: Stressed Phase 3: Crisis Phase 4: Emergency Phase 5: Famine Not analysed

    Cette carte est sans préjudice du statut de tout territoire, de la souveraineté s’exerçant sur ce dernier, du tracé des frontières et limites internationales, et du nom de tout territoire, ville ou région. Nous encourageons l’utilisation de nos cartes. Veuillez nous informer et en faire mention du copyright du Club. Pour des demandes spécifi ques, contacter : [email protected]

    No 65, février 2018

    MAPS & FACTS

    www.oecd.org/fr/csao/cartes

    Club DU SAHEL ET DEL'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST

    Club DU SAHEL ET DEL'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST Secrétariat du

    GUINEE

    SIERRALEONE

    GUINEEBISSAU

    LIBERIACÔTE D’IVOIRE GHANA

    BENIN

    TO

    GO NIGERIA

    CAMEROUN

    R.C.A

    ALGERIE

    LIBYE

    Bamako

    Nouakchott

    Dakar

    Ouagadougou

    Niamey

    N’Djaména

    Lac

    Transhumance nationale

    Transhumance transfrontalière

    Caravane

    Circuit de commercialisation

    Point de passage transfrontalier

    Zone pastorale

    Aire protégé

    Saison humide

    Saison sècheSources : FAO CIRAD, Atlas des évolutions des systèmes pastoraux au Sahel 2012 ; OCDE/CSAO 2009

    TRANSHUMANCE ET NOMADISME

    La transhumance est un mode d’élevage mobile fondé sur des déplacements réguliers et saisonniers. Les déplacements sont le plus souventprévisibles ; les bergers empruntent les mêmes pistes chaque année à la même saison vers des pâturages connus. Le nomadisme décrit en revanche un déplacement continuel et non prévisible de tous les membres d’une famille ou d’un groupe. La plupart des agropasteurs au Sahel pratiquent aujourd’hui la semi-transhumance. Seule une partie de la famille se déplace de façon saisonnière cependant que l’autre partie pratique l’agriculture sédentaire. L’élevage agropastoral domine dans toute l’Afrique de l’Ouest.

    La mobilité des animaux s’opère à la fois à l’intérieur des pays sahéliens, des pays sahéliens vers les pays côtiers et au sein des pays côtiers. C’est probablement l’activité économique la plus intégrée en Afrique de l’Ouest. Des centaines de milliers d’animaux se déplacent chaque année pour approvisionner les marchés des zones côtières. Ces déplacements intérieurs et transfrontaliers sont souvent source de conflits entre agriculteurs sédentaires et agropasteurs transhumants Cependant, l’élevage transhumant participe également à la mise en valeur de vastes espaces isolés assurant une présence humaine dans des zones de confins à forts enjeux sécuritaires.

    OCDE (2014), Un atlas du Sahara-Sahel : Géographie, économie et insécurité, Éditions OCDE, Paris.

    Ext

    rait

    Veuillez consulter cet ouvrage en ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264222335-fr.

    Cet ouvrage est publié sur OECD iLibrary, la bibliothèque en ligne de l’OCDE, qui regroupe tous les livres, périodiques et bases de données statistiques de l’Organisation. Rendez-vous sur le site www.oecd-ilibrary.org pour plus d’informations. ClubSAHEL ANDWEST AFRICA

    Secretariat

    Club DU SAHEL ET DEL'AFRIQUE DE L'OUEST Secrétariat du

    Cahiers de l’Afrique de l’Ouest

    Un atlas du Sahara-SahelGéOGrAphie, éCOnOmie et inSéCUrité

    Cahiers de l’Afrique de l’Ouest

    Un atlas du Sahara-SahelGéOGrAphie, éCOnOmie et inSéCUrité

    Le Sahara-Sahel traverse des épisodes récurrents d’instabilité, cependant les crises libyenne et malienne récentes intensifient le degré de violence. Elles restructurent les dynamiques géopolitiques et géographiques. Transfrontalières, voire régionales, ces crises contemporaines nécessitent de nouvelles réponses institutionnelles. Comment les pays partageant cet espace – Algérie, Libye, Mali, Maroc, Mauritanie, Niger, Tchad et Tunisie – peuvent-ils, ensemble et en relation avec des États tels que le Nigéria, le stabiliser et le développer ?

    Depuis toujours, le Sahara joue un rôle d’intermédiaire entre l’Afrique du Nord et l’Afrique subsaharienne. Avant l’époque romaine, des routes le traversaient déjà, à l’origine militaires. Les échanges commerciaux et humains sont intenses et fondés sur des réseaux sociaux auxquels se greffent désormais les trafics. La compréhension de leur structuration, de la mobilité géographique et organisationnelle des groupes criminels et des circulations migratoires, représente un défi stratégique. Cet ouvrage espère relever ce défi et nourrir les stratégies pour le Sahel de l’Union européenne, des Nations Unies, de l’Union africaine ou encore de la CEDEAO (Communauté économique des États de l’Afrique de l’Ouest) en vue d’une paix durable.

    Cet atlas s’appuie sur une analyse cartographiée et régionale des enjeux de sécurité et de développement pour ouvrir des pistes objectives au nécessaire dialogue entre organisations régionales et internationales, États, chercheurs et acteurs locaux.

    Partie I. Réactiver un espace de circulation fragmentéChapitre 1. Espaces et géographie saharo-sahéliens

    Chapitre 2. Indicateurs socio-économiques des pays du Sahara-Sahel

    Chapitre 3. Pétrole et réseaux d’influence au Sahara-Sahel

    Partie II. Sécuriser le Sahara-Sahel en intégrant ses mobilités sociales et spatialesChapitre 4. Circulations anciennes et nouvelles au Sahara-Sahel

    Chapitre 5. Migrations et Sahara

    Chapitre 6. Nomadismes et mobilités au Sahara-Sahel

    Chapitre 7. Frontières, coopération transfrontalière et libre circulation au Sahara-Sahel

    Chapitre 8. Enjeux sécuritaires, circulations et réseaux au Sahara-Sahel

    Chapitre 9. Économie des trafics au Sahara-Sahel

    Chapitre 10. Le point de vue des institutionnels sur les enjeux saharo-sahéliens

    iSbn 978-92-64-22232-8 44 2014 01 2 p

    Un atlas d

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    Sources : FAO CIRAD, Atlas des évolutions des systèmes pastoraux au Sahel 2012 ; OCDE/CSAO 2009