EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 1 Environmental Auditing

EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007)

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Environmental AuditingEnvironmental Auditing


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Environmental Auditing

• Is a management tool with the aim of helping to safeguard environment.

• Is a method of examination of environmental information about the project activities.

• Is useful to assess the project implementation against the requirement derived from EIA.


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Environmental auditing

• Is a part of ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation)

• ISO14000 family of standard is emphasis on environmental management to take a more pro-active approach to provide a practical toolbox to assist in the implementation of actions supportive to sustainable development.


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Objectives of environmental audit

• Meeting the requirement of ISO14001

• Improving environmental regulation

• Achieving the goals of environmental policy

• saving money

• Continuous environmental improvement

• identifying potential environmental problems and impacts


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• Checking environmental management system (EMS) to be maintained

• deciding to do business with a supplier

• ensuring the quality of sampling and monitoring

• meeting contractual requirements

• improving the public perception the organisation

• improving management and employee awareness


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Types of Environmental Auditing

• 1. Internal audits– an in-house evaluation of the adequacy of

controls to ensure regulatory compliance

• 2. Cross audits– Usually an audit for a supplier by a

customer

• 3. External audits– an independent entity (third party) will do

auditing


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3 stages of environmental audit• 1. Pre-audit stage

– following TOR– obtaining background data

• 2. Audit stage– observation of what is happening and

discussion with operational personnel– It normally takes 1-10 days to complete.– If the sampling is necessary it will take 1-

several weeks.


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• 3. Post-audit stage– Audit report is completed.– It is submitted to the auditee and the cli

ent for comments.


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Characteristics of audit report

• Confidential

• Based on traceable evidence

• Complete with the inclusion of adequate support for the finding


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Life Cycle AssessmentLife Cycle Assessment(LCA)(LCA)


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Life-cycle Assessment

is a procedure for assessing policy analysis based on environmental implication of options and decisions.


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• is a tool to help us decide between alternative plans, policies, designs for products/services

• is a means of assessing the effects of a business’s products, as well as the raw materials and components purchased from suppliers.


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• LCA LCA –are not currently required by are not currently required by

legislationlegislation, nor are they , nor are they always available for always available for investigation by the investigation by the publicpublic..


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Concept of LCAConcept of LCA

• Developed from the need to take ‘a holistic view’ of a project or activity, but with particular emphasis on industrial activity


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LCA takes the concept of LCA takes the concept of “cradle to grave”“cradle to grave”


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Why do life cycle assessment?•Minimise the magnitude of pollution

•Conserve non-renewable resources•Conserve biological systems•Develop and utilise the cleaner technology•Maximise and recycling the raw materials and waste

•Apply the most appropriate pollution prevention and/or abatement technologies


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Aspects of LCAAspects of LCA

• 1. LCA is a management approach for reducing the impact of a product, package, or activity upon physical protection of:

• human health

• ecosystem health

• resource consumption


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• 2. LCA is the eco-balance approach involved in

– eco-labeling product

– eco-marketing of product

– design of new products

– investment & purchasing decision

– determining future development strategies

– design environmental policy instruments


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10 Golden Guidelines for Ecodesign:

1. Do not design products, but life cycles 2.Natural materials are not always better 3.Energy consumption: often underestimated 4. Increase product life time 5. Do not design products, but services 6. Use a minimum of material 7.Use recycled materials 8. Make your product recyclable 9.Ask stupid questions 10. Become an O2 member!


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Environmentally sound materials do not exisEnvironmentally sound materials do not exist, but environmentally friendly products and t, but environmentally friendly products and services do. services do.

Life cycle thinking helps a designer to develoLife cycle thinking helps a designer to develop these.p these.

How is LCA used?? By manufacturer!!

Product developmentProduct improvementProduct comparison


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Stages in LCAStages in LCA• 1. Goals and scope of study

– includes identification of the system boundary, subsystem involved and input & output of materials and energy

• 2. Inventory stage– quantifies input-output flow (inputs to

system and waste produced)• materials, energy, wastes, emission and

product


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• 3. Impact assessment stage– assesses the resource consumption

and environmental impacts

• 4. Improvement assessment stage– identifies the potential improvement

to have less environmental impacts throughout the whole life-cycle of product/service


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Key Steps of a Life Cycle Impact Assessment:

The following steps comprise a life cycle impact assessment.

1. Selection and Definition of Impact Categories - identifying relevant environmental impact categories (e.g., global warming, acidification, terrestrial toxicity).

2. Classification - assigning LCI results to the impact categories (e.g., classifying CO2 emissions to global warming).

3. Characterization - modeling LCI impacts within impact categories using science-based conversion factors. (e.g., modeling the potential impact of CO2 and methane on global warming).


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4. Normalization - expressing potential impacts in ways that can be compared (e.g. comparing the global warming impact of CO2 and methane for the two options).

5. Grouping - sorting or ranking the indicators (e.g. sorting the indicators by location: local, regional, and global).

6. Weighting - emphasizing the most important potential

impacts.

7. Evaluating and Reporting LCA Results - gaining a better understanding of the reliability of the LCA results.


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Impact Categories: The following is a list of several impact categories and endpoints that identify the impacts.


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Global Impacts:

1. Global Warming - polar melt, soil moisture loss, longer seasons, forest loss/change, and change in wind and ocean patterns.

2. Ozone Depletion - increased ultraviolet radiation.

3. Resource Depletion - decreased resources for future generations.


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Regional Impacts:

1. Photochemical Smog - "smog," decreased visibility, eye irritation, respiratory tract and lung irritation, and vegetation damage.

2. Acidification - building corrosion, water body acidification, vegetation effects, and soil effects.


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Local Impacts:

1. Human Health - increased morbidity and mortality.

2. Terrestrial Toxicity - decreased production and biodiversity and decreased wildlife for hunting or viewing.

3. Aquatic Toxicity - decreased aquatic plant and insect production and biodiversity and decreased commercial or recreational fishing.

4. Land Use - loss of terrestrial habitat for wildlife and decreased landfill space.


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Emission

Quanti ty (k

g)

Greenhou

se

Ozone laye r depleti

on

Humantoxicity

Acidification

CO2 1.792 x 1 - - -

CO0.0006

70- - x 0.012 -

NOx0.0010

91- - x 0.78 x 0.7

SO20.0009

87- - x 1.2 x 1

Effectscores:

1.792 0 0.002040.001

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In the comparison between paper and polyethylene (LDPE) the calculated effe

ct scores can be displayed as a graph. The highest calculated effectscore is s

caled to 1 0 0 %. This means the mat erialscanonl y be comparedper eff ect.


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The length of the columns actually rep resents the seriousness of the effects.

This makes itpossible to add the colu mns to calculate a final result.

The weighted scores can be added for a final judgment. The graph above clearly shows a pref

erence for paper


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Example of LCAExample of LCA

• Life-Cycle Design = LCA– a similar concept to ‘eco-design’

– emphasis on the design phase of product development


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Benefit of LCABenefit of LCA

• Example in Sweden:– The links between LCA &

Environmental policy

– Energy & materials consumption and pollution emissions assist to achieve the environmental policy goals


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Problems of LCAProblems of LCA

• There is a low awareness of LCA in government and industry.

• Lack of relevant, local, inventory data

• The cost of preparing LCA

• Difficulty of environmental impact comparison based on ecosystem health (different responses, values, etc.)


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ISO14000ISO14000

ISO14000 = International Organisation for Standards

(aim to develop environmental management system(EMS)


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LCA v.s. ISO 14040LCA v.s. ISO 14040

• LCA has been under development in 4 standards of ISO 14040-43

• ISO 14040: Environmental Management - Life-cycle Assessment (in 1998):- Principle and Framework– provides the general requirements for

conducting and reporting and LCA (no description of technique in detail)


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ISO 14041

• Environmental management - Life-Cycle Assessment - Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis– methodology for performing life-

cycle inventories

– reporting their results


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ISO 14042ISO 14042

• Environmental management - Life-Cycle Assessment - Life-cycle impact assessment – Principle and procedure for

understanding

– Evaluating the size of environmental impacts identified in LCA studies


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ISO 14043ISO 14043

• Environmental management - Life-Cycle Assessment - Life-cycle interpretation– provide a systematic approach for

interpreting the information generated by inventory analysis and impact assessment of a system


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Davy (1997) notes that

• “ a concern for some government has been whether the ISO14000 standards represent a trade barrier under world trade organisation (WTO)”

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Documents

EIALife-cycle13.07(Gajaseni, 2007) 1 Environmental Auditing