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E i i H ti Mi i t Engineering Hepatic Microenvironments: Using tiny technologies to model liver stage malaria Sangeeta N. Bhatia, MD, PhD Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Health Sciences and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Ei iEngineering HtiH epatic Mi i tMi croenvironments: tiny ...€¦ · Pf parasit 1 8s rRNA/h 2.0 104 Initiator Polymeriza Ice crystals form 20oC -20oC (0 PC-HJ Pf mock MPCC Pf mock

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Page 1: Ei iEngineering HtiH epatic Mi i tMi croenvironments: tiny ...€¦ · Pf parasit 1 8s rRNA/h 2.0 104 Initiator Polymeriza Ice crystals form 20oC -20oC (0 PC-HJ Pf mock MPCC Pf mock

E i i H ti Mi i tEngineering Hepatic Microenvironments:Using tiny technologies to model 

liver stage malaria

Sangeeta N. Bhatia, MD, PhDDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

Health Sciences and Technology

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Building With Tiny Technologiesg y gSingle Transistor [1] 100 million Transistors [2]

Mask

Develop Etch Strip

TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, INTEL[1] Technology Review, [2]Intel , [3] Torres+ Annual Rev. Biophys. 2008

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Tiny Technologies for Hepatic Microenvironments

100 m 100 nm

Microenvironment

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Building Human Livers

• HepatocyteMicroenvironment 

• Engineered Transplants

• Disease Modeling

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H t t C ll C ltHepatocyte Cell Culture

Reviewed in Bhatia et al, Science Translational Medicine 2014

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PhotolithographyPhotolithography to Control Cellto Control Cell‐‐Cell Interaction Cell Interaction 

Bhatia +, FASEB J. 1999; Hui & Bhatia, PNAS 2007

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Micropatterned Co‐Culture• Both homotypic and heterotoypic

interactions cooperate to rescue

• Many stroma are supportiveMany stroma are supportive

• Temporal dynamics play a role

• Reciprocal signals not essentialReciprocal signals not essential

• Candidates include cell-cell, cell-ECM, paracrine

• Non-parenchymal cells

• Exosomes

• Combinatorial screens

Bhatia+ J Biomed Mat Res. 1997; Bhatia+, J of Biom Science. 1998; Bhatia+ Biotech Prog. 1998; Bhatia +, FASEB J. 1999; Hui & Bhatia, PNAS 2007; Khetani+ Hepatology, 2004; Khetani+ Nature Biotech, 2008; Khetani+ Hepatology, 2008; March+ FASEB J, 2009

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Control of Cell‐Cell Interactionsusing Microfabricationusing Microfabrication

490 mIsland size: 100 m Albumin secretionMask

tocytes Develop Etch Strip

Hep

at

100 m

ures

Cocult

Khetani & Bhatia, Nature Biotechnology, 2008

Bile canaliculi 

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ArtThe Creators Project: COLONIESArt

9The Creators Project: Tal Danino/Vik Muniz

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Micropatterned Co‐Cultures (MPCC)

Photocredit: Tal Danino/Vik Muniz

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Human Microlivers (MPCC) are more Predictive of Clinical Responsesmore Predictive of Clinical Responses

Toxicity Metabolites Persistent viral infection(HCV) ll b i i h•Drug induced liver injury prediction (Khetani et al Tox Sci 2013) (HCV)

•Metabolite Identification (Wang et al. DMD, 2010)• Transporter‐metabolism interactions (Ramsden et al. DMD, 2013)R t MPCC L t f ti bi ti ti f d IVIVC f F ld i

In collaboration withRice Lab, Rockefeller

•Drug‐induced liver injury prediction (Khetani et al. Tox Sci, 2013)• Clearance prediction of low turnover drugs (Chan et al. DMD, 2013)

• Rat MPCCs: Long‐term functions, bioactivation of drugs, IVIVC for Faldaprevir(Ukairo et al. JBMT, 2013; Ramsden et al. DMD, 2013)

• Infection with Hepatitis C Virus (Ploss/Khetani et al. PNAS, 2010)• Real‐time imaging of HCV infection (Jones et al. Nat Biotech, 2010)

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The Global Burden of Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax

BETTER VACCINE NEEDED

DRUG RESISTANCE EMERGING

Guerra et al Trends in Parasitology 2005Snow et al Nature 2005

DRUG RESISTANCE EMERGING

Guerra  et al. Trends in Parasitology, 2005Snow  et al. Nature, 2005

2.5 billion people at risk of infection

400 million cases annually

2.6 billion people at risk of infection

130‐435 million cases annually 400 million cases annually

Highly virulent 

(700,000 deaths annually)

130‐435 million cases annually

Barrier to eradication

(50‐100,000 deaths annually)

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If we had a model of the human liver stages:• Develop antimalarials that prevent 

disease and block transmission

• Improve vaccine development

• Elucidate host‐pathogen interactions

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Current in vitro Liver ModelsD i it iDesign criteria:

• Permissive to infection• Support full parasite life cycle• Capture host response• Capture host response• Reproducible

Hepatoma‐derived cell lines: Huh‐1HC‐04HepG2HHS 102

Dysregulatedhost responses: cell cycle

b li

ReproduciblePermissive

HHS‐102 metabolism polarity partial life cycle

Hollingdale, Exp Parasitol 1994 & Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; Karnasuta, Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; Sattabongkot, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006

Variable: permissiveness

Primary human hepatocytes:Captures hostpathways

metabolism culture lifetime

Supports full life cycleMazier, Science 1984 & Nature 1985

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Human Liver Donors Have Variable PermissivityAlbumin Urea CYP450

0 3

0.4

0.5

0.6

ctiv

ity (B

FC)

Day 18 Day 24

80

100

120

140

160

(µg/

ml)

Day 7 Day 21

8

10

12

14m

in (µ

g/m

l)

Day 7 Day 21

Albumin Urea CYP450

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

1 2 3 4 6 7 8

CYP

450

ac

0

20

40

60

80

1 2 3 4 6 7 8

Ure

a (

0

2

4

6

1 2 3 4 5 7 8

Albu

Donors Donors Donors

CD81125

150s

CD81 ++

25

50

75

100

125

P.fa

lcip

arum

EFFs

(%/D

onor

8)

CD81 +

CD81 - P.  bergheiP.  yoeli C 81

100µm

CD81 expression

01 2 3 4 6 7 8

Donors

P. falciparum infection

CD81        

March et al., Cell Host Microbe, 2013

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Plasmodium falciparum in Human Microlivers

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Plasmodium falciparum in Human MicroliversCD81 HSP70 inside / outside

100 um Dextran 100 um

ENTRY RECEPTOR GLIDING TRAVERSAL ENTRY

ring

MSP 1 5 um

EBA-1755 um

BLOODSTAGE

MSP-1 5 um 5 um

DEVELOPMENTtrophozoiteMarch et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013

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MPCC: Reproducible Human Microlivers as a Liver Stage Malaria Platforma Liver Stage Malaria Platform

Progression rate(D3 / D6)

MPCC HC04

(D3 / D6)Coefficient ofvariation (CV) = 10% in a

sporozoite batch

1 Reproducible infection and progression1. Reproducible infection and progression2. Low interexperimental variability

March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013

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MPCC: Reproducible Human Microlivers as a Liver Stage Malaria Platform

High content image acquisitionManual classification

a Liver Stage Malaria Platform

Manual classificationMachine learning algorithm

Positive in red channel (HSP70)

Automated identification of potential parasites In proximity to hepatocyte nucleus Not autofluorescent

1 Reproducible infection and progression1. Reproducible infection and progression2. Low interexperimental variability3. Supports automated, high content image acquisition

March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013

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MPCC: Reproducible Human Microlivers as a Liver Stage Malaria Platforma Liver Stage Malaria Platform

IC50 IC50

Primaquine

50

1 Reproducible infection and progression

100010 100 10,000PQ concentration (nM)0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10,000

Concentration (nM)

1. Reproducible infection and progression2. Low interexperimental variability3. Supports automated, high content image acquisition

d f d4. Broad spectrum of drug sensitivity5. Clinically relevant liver metabolism

March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013

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Role of Hypoxic Microenvironment

pp

Arteel et al. Brit J Cancer, 1995 

pvHypoxyprobe

Periportal Perivenous

110 mmHg 10 mmHg

HIF‐1αPHD

proteasome

ency

icie

ncy

0μm

)

5 um

100μmDMOG

PHD

nucleus

hypoxia

Infe

ctio

n ef

fici

Infe

ctio

n ef

fi(E

EFs

> 10

μ

Hypoxyprobe (pimonidazole hydrochloride)110 mmHg 10 mmHg 110 mmHg + DMOG

Ng et al, Dis. Mod. Mech, 2014with M. Mota, IMM, Portugal

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Liver stage hypnozoites cause relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria

Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium vivax malaria

• Develop antimalarials that produce ‘radical cure’ and preventrelapse

Guerra et al Trends in Parasitology 2005Snow et al Nature 2005

• Elucidate hynpozoite biology

‐ Dormancy versus ReplicationGuerra  et al. Trends in Parasitology, 2005Snow  et al. Nature, 2005

2.5 billion people at risk of infection

400 million cases annually

2.6 billion people at risk of infection

130‐435 million cases annually

‐ Reactivation

400 million cases annually

Highly virulent 

(700,000 deaths annually)

130‐435 million cases annually

Barrier to eradication

(50‐100,000 deaths annually)

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Eradication of Malaria on Islands: Lessons learned in Vanuatu for VivaxmalariaLessons learned in Vanuatu for Vivaxmalaria

• Vanuatu consists of 80 inhabited islands in the• Vanuatu consists of 80 inhabited islands in the Southwest Pacific

• Aneityum selected for intervention 718 i h bit t• 718 inhabitants

• Interventions tools:• Weekly MDA with CQ, SP, PQ X 9 weeks • Insecticide treated bed nets (Prevent 

mosquitoes from biting)• 88% compliance with MDA• Before intervention Pf > Pv by 50%• Pf eradicated within one year• Pv took 5 years to eradicate• Pv took 5 years to eradicate

Lancet. 2000 Nov 4;356(9241):1560-4.

CQ = Chloroquine; PQ = Primaquine; SP = Sulphadoxine‐PyrimethamineCourtesy of Alan Magill

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Discovery of the non‐replicating, persistent liver stage:The hypnozoite theory of relapseThe hypnozoite theory of relapse

IFA

Giemsa

Demonstration of of P. vivax liver stages at day 7 from liver biopsies of splenectomized chimpanzees infected with 21.7 million sporozoites 

(Krotowski et al.  Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31(6), 1982, pp. 1291) 

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Infection of Human Microliverswith Plasmodium vivaxwith Plasmodium vivax

uM)

Day 3

diam

eter (u

Day 6

EEF d

Day 6 Day 3 Day 6 Day 21

Reticulocyte

Day 21

Overlay

PCR+ Pv18S rRNA

March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013

Pv18S rRNA

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Time scale of reactivation

Blood PrimaryDay 8

Blood relapse

(eg Pv Chesson strain)

Spz

Day 0

Blood relapse

HypnozoitesDay 30 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6

(eg., Pv Chesson strain)

Bhatia+ FASEB J (1999), Khetani+ Hepatology (2004), Khetani+ Nature Biotech (2007)

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Summary Part I

• Full liver stage ofFull liver stage of Plasmodium Falciparum

• Full liver stage of• Full liver stage of Plasmodium Vivaxincluding hypnozoitecandidates & signs of grelapse

• Established antimalarialEstablished antimalarialplatform that exploits drug metabolism

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Future Work: Drugs VaccinesDrugs                                 Vaccines

• Assess liver‐stage activity of Malaria box

1000100.01Concentration (uM)

Wild-type GeneticallyAttenuated

with D. Fidock, Columbia

• Effects of drug metabolism• Drug‐drug interaction• Mechanism of action

Spangenberg et al, PLOS One, 2013Bennett et al, NEJM, 2013Achan et al, NEJM, 2012Byakika‐Kibwika et al, J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012

Seder et al. Science, 2013March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013

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Liver Stage Antisera Activity Assay

Immune sera/blocking antibodiesSporozoites

(WT)

Human primary hepatocytes Human primary hepatocytes

Anti‐seraBlocking ab

% infected hepatocytes 

Antibody concentration (µg/ml)

In collaboration with Sanaria Seder et al, Science 2013

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If we had a mouse model of human liver stages

• Study antimalarials in vivoy

• Improve vaccine development

• Elucidate host‐pathogen  interactions

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P. Vivax Liver Stage in a Humanized Mouse:Evidence for non‐replicating (hypnozoite) formsEvidence for non replicating (hypnozoite) forms

Day 7P. vivaxsporozoitessporozoites

hLIV‐mice

Day 7CSP BiP DNA10 um

10 um

courtesy of Stefan Kappe, SBRI (unpublished)Vaughan et al, J Clin Invest, 2012

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Current Human Liver Chimeric Mice

hepatocyte isolation

hepatocyte single cell suspension

immunodeficient liver injury mouse

human liverhuman liver wedge biopsy

lb t

6-10 weeks

expansion of human graft within mouse liver

serum alb to determine % chimerism

Alb‐uPA (Heckel et al. Cell, 1990) Alb‐uPA (Suemizu et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2008) 

courtesy of A. Ploss, Princetonmodified from:

Kneteman/Mercer, Hepatology, 2005& De Jong et al. J Clin Invest, 2010  

MUP‐uPA (Heo et al. Hepatology, 2006) HSV‐tk (Hasegawa et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2011) AFC8 (Washburn et al. Gastroenterology, 2011)FAH‐/‐ (Grompe et al, Genes Dev, 1993; Azuma, Nat Biotech, 2007)

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Can we Transplant Engineered Liversto Humanize Mice?to Humanize Mice?

Design Criteria:• Engineered microenvironment stabilizes hepatocyte phenotype• Engraftment by ectopic transplant• Engraftment by ectopic transplant• Permissive to infection in engineered microenvironment

Human liver chimeric mice:  l l f lRecapitulate liver stages of malaria Variable chimerism (>10% required)Months to establish Requires liver injuryq j y Limited, breeding‐challenged mouse strains

Ectopic engineered liver:o Uncouple repopulation from persistenceo Uncouple repopulation from persistenceo Rapid & reproducibleo No liver injuryo Strain‐independentS h i i i lo Synthetic microenvironment may alter host/parasite interaction

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Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)‐Based HydrogelsProteolyticallydegradable peptides 1,2,3,4PEG‐DA

Bioactive ligands(i.e adhesion peptides 8,9

Inert T bl

Crosslinked PEG with

peptides 8,9,            growth factors10, ECM protein domains11)

TunablePhotocrosslinkableImmunoisolationIn clinical use Crosslinked PEG  with 

tunable porosity 5,6,7In clinical use

Adapted from:Gobin et al. FASEB J, 2002

[1] Mann et al. Biomat, 2001[2] Lutolf et al. PNAS, 2003[3] Miller et al. Biomat, 2010[4] Anderson et al. Biomat, 2011

[8] Hern et al. J Biomed Mat Res, 1998[9] Mann et al. Biomat, 2001[10] Gobin et al. Biotechnol Prog, 2003[11] Martino et al. PNAS, 2013

[5] Cruise et al. Biomat, 1998[7] Pollack et al. Acta Biomat, 2010 [6] Elisseeff et al. Biomed Mat Res, 2000

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Engineering 3D PEG Hydrogels for Primary Human Hepatocytes

Soluble Factors [3]Cell-Cell Interactions[1-3] Cell-Matrix Interactions[2-3]

Primary Human Hepatocytes

HEPHEPHEP/FIBHEPHEP/FIBHEP/FIB in RGDS

HEPHEP/FIBHEP/FIB in RGDS 100100100100HEP/FIB+LEC in RGDS

SIDE view retio

ns/

day)

60

80

100

retio

ns/

day)

60

80

100

retio

ns/

day)

60

80

100

retio

ns/

day)

60

80

100

TOP-view

SIDE-view

min

Sec

r10

6 he

ps40

60m

in S

ecr

106

heps

40

60m

in S

ecr

106

heps

40

60m

in S

ecr

106

heps

40

60

0 2 4 6 8

Alb

um(

g/1

0

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[1] Khetani et al. FASEB J, 2008[2] Underhill / Chen et al. Biomaterials, 2007[3] Chen et al. PNAS, 2011

Day0 2 4 6 8

Day0 2 4 6 8

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3D human livers implant, function & vascularize

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Chen et al. PNAS, 2011 

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Infection of 3D Porous Cryogel (PC)

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P. berghei Infection of Human Microlivers

(x 1

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Summary Part II

• Established human ectopicEstablished human ectopic    artificial liver without liver injury

• Humanized drug responses

• Evidence for ectopic liver stage malaria infection

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Bridging the Gap with Human Ti M d lTissue Models

patient‐patient‐specific

1 cm

3D in vivo2D in vitro 3D perfused

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Building Human Livers

• HepatocyteMicroenvironment 

• Disease Modeling

E i d T l t• Engineered Transplants

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Future Work:E i T l t Th t GEngineer Transplants That Grow

InVERT molding

Sacrificial Printing

Pre‐VascularizationPre Vascularization

Stevens et al. Nature Comm, 2013; Miller et al. Nature Mat, 2012; Baranski et al. PNAS, 2013In collaboration with C. Chen, UPenn/BU

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Tiny Technologies for Ti Mi i tTissue Microenvironments

100 m 100 nm

• ModelModel• Monitor• Treat• Treat

Healthy or Diseased Microenvironment

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Acknowledgements• Collaborators– C. Rice, Rockefeller– S. Duncan, M.C. Wisconsin– A, Rodriguez, NYU– Maria Mota, IMM, Portugal– S. Hoffman, Sanaria– T. Golub/ D. Thomas, Broad Institute– W. Goessling/T. North, DFCI– W.  Hahn, (Broad Institute), DFCI– R. Hynes, MIT– T. Jacks, MIT– R. Langer/D. Anderson, MIT

E R l hti (B h I tit t )– E. Ruoslahti (Burnham Institute)– M. Sailor (Chemistry), UCSD– D. Schuppan (BIDMC)– P. Sharp, MIT

D Walt Tufts– D. Walt, Tufts – C. Chen (BME), Boston University– P. Zandstra (BME), U Toronto– V. Muniz• Laboratory for Multiscale Regenerative Technologies 

– Post‐doctoral Fellows: G. Kwong, K. Stevens, P. Jain, S. Schurle, T. Danino, K. Trehan, E. Kwon, – Graduate: J. Shan, K. Lin, J. Lo, S. Ng, A. Bagley, A . Warren, V. Ramanan, N. Gural, J. Dudani, C. Buss, A. Chhabra– Staff: H. Fleming, L. Chng, S. Kangiser, A. Galstian, M. Skalak  Research Scientist: S. March‐Riera– Thanks to all LMRT alumni!

• Funding• Funding– Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lustgarten Foundation– NIH NIBIB, NIH NCI, DARPA, Broad Institute, Merkin Institute, Deshpande Center, Stand Up to Cancer– Koch Institute, Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Amar Bose Fund, Skoltech, MGH‐MIT Fund