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E i i H ti Mi i tEngineering Hepatic Microenvironments:Using tiny technologies to model
liver stage malaria
Sangeeta N. Bhatia, MD, PhDDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Health Sciences and Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Building With Tiny Technologiesg y gSingle Transistor [1] 100 million Transistors [2]
Mask
Develop Etch Strip
TECHNOLOGY REVIEW, INTEL[1] Technology Review, [2]Intel , [3] Torres+ Annual Rev. Biophys. 2008
Tiny Technologies for Hepatic Microenvironments
100 m 100 nm
Microenvironment
Building Human Livers
• HepatocyteMicroenvironment
• Engineered Transplants
• Disease Modeling
H t t C ll C ltHepatocyte Cell Culture
Reviewed in Bhatia et al, Science Translational Medicine 2014
PhotolithographyPhotolithography to Control Cellto Control Cell‐‐Cell Interaction Cell Interaction
Bhatia +, FASEB J. 1999; Hui & Bhatia, PNAS 2007
Micropatterned Co‐Culture• Both homotypic and heterotoypic
interactions cooperate to rescue
• Many stroma are supportiveMany stroma are supportive
• Temporal dynamics play a role
• Reciprocal signals not essentialReciprocal signals not essential
• Candidates include cell-cell, cell-ECM, paracrine
• Non-parenchymal cells
• Exosomes
• Combinatorial screens
Bhatia+ J Biomed Mat Res. 1997; Bhatia+, J of Biom Science. 1998; Bhatia+ Biotech Prog. 1998; Bhatia +, FASEB J. 1999; Hui & Bhatia, PNAS 2007; Khetani+ Hepatology, 2004; Khetani+ Nature Biotech, 2008; Khetani+ Hepatology, 2008; March+ FASEB J, 2009
Control of Cell‐Cell Interactionsusing Microfabricationusing Microfabrication
490 mIsland size: 100 m Albumin secretionMask
tocytes Develop Etch Strip
Hep
at
100 m
ures
Cocult
Khetani & Bhatia, Nature Biotechnology, 2008
Bile canaliculi
ArtThe Creators Project: COLONIESArt
9The Creators Project: Tal Danino/Vik Muniz
Micropatterned Co‐Cultures (MPCC)
Photocredit: Tal Danino/Vik Muniz
Human Microlivers (MPCC) are more Predictive of Clinical Responsesmore Predictive of Clinical Responses
Toxicity Metabolites Persistent viral infection(HCV) ll b i i h•Drug induced liver injury prediction (Khetani et al Tox Sci 2013) (HCV)
•Metabolite Identification (Wang et al. DMD, 2010)• Transporter‐metabolism interactions (Ramsden et al. DMD, 2013)R t MPCC L t f ti bi ti ti f d IVIVC f F ld i
In collaboration withRice Lab, Rockefeller
•Drug‐induced liver injury prediction (Khetani et al. Tox Sci, 2013)• Clearance prediction of low turnover drugs (Chan et al. DMD, 2013)
• Rat MPCCs: Long‐term functions, bioactivation of drugs, IVIVC for Faldaprevir(Ukairo et al. JBMT, 2013; Ramsden et al. DMD, 2013)
• Infection with Hepatitis C Virus (Ploss/Khetani et al. PNAS, 2010)• Real‐time imaging of HCV infection (Jones et al. Nat Biotech, 2010)
The Global Burden of Malaria
Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax
BETTER VACCINE NEEDED
DRUG RESISTANCE EMERGING
Guerra et al Trends in Parasitology 2005Snow et al Nature 2005
DRUG RESISTANCE EMERGING
Guerra et al. Trends in Parasitology, 2005Snow et al. Nature, 2005
2.5 billion people at risk of infection
400 million cases annually
2.6 billion people at risk of infection
130‐435 million cases annually 400 million cases annually
Highly virulent
(700,000 deaths annually)
130‐435 million cases annually
Barrier to eradication
(50‐100,000 deaths annually)
If we had a model of the human liver stages:• Develop antimalarials that prevent
disease and block transmission
• Improve vaccine development
• Elucidate host‐pathogen interactions
Current in vitro Liver ModelsD i it iDesign criteria:
• Permissive to infection• Support full parasite life cycle• Capture host response• Capture host response• Reproducible
Hepatoma‐derived cell lines: Huh‐1HC‐04HepG2HHS 102
Dysregulatedhost responses: cell cycle
b li
ReproduciblePermissive
HHS‐102 metabolism polarity partial life cycle
Hollingdale, Exp Parasitol 1994 & Am J Trop Med Hyg 1986; Karnasuta, Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995; Sattabongkot, Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006
Variable: permissiveness
Primary human hepatocytes:Captures hostpathways
metabolism culture lifetime
Supports full life cycleMazier, Science 1984 & Nature 1985
Human Liver Donors Have Variable PermissivityAlbumin Urea CYP450
0 3
0.4
0.5
0.6
ctiv
ity (B
FC)
Day 18 Day 24
80
100
120
140
160
(µg/
ml)
Day 7 Day 21
8
10
12
14m
in (µ
g/m
l)
Day 7 Day 21
Albumin Urea CYP450
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
1 2 3 4 6 7 8
CYP
450
ac
0
20
40
60
80
1 2 3 4 6 7 8
Ure
a (
0
2
4
6
1 2 3 4 5 7 8
Albu
Donors Donors Donors
CD81125
150s
CD81 ++
25
50
75
100
125
P.fa
lcip
arum
EFFs
(%/D
onor
8)
CD81 +
CD81 - P. bergheiP. yoeli C 81
100µm
CD81 expression
01 2 3 4 6 7 8
Donors
P. falciparum infection
CD81
March et al., Cell Host Microbe, 2013
Plasmodium falciparum in Human Microlivers
Plasmodium falciparum in Human MicroliversCD81 HSP70 inside / outside
100 um Dextran 100 um
ENTRY RECEPTOR GLIDING TRAVERSAL ENTRY
ring
MSP 1 5 um
EBA-1755 um
BLOODSTAGE
MSP-1 5 um 5 um
DEVELOPMENTtrophozoiteMarch et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013
MPCC: Reproducible Human Microlivers as a Liver Stage Malaria Platforma Liver Stage Malaria Platform
Progression rate(D3 / D6)
MPCC HC04
(D3 / D6)Coefficient ofvariation (CV) = 10% in a
sporozoite batch
1 Reproducible infection and progression1. Reproducible infection and progression2. Low interexperimental variability
March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013
MPCC: Reproducible Human Microlivers as a Liver Stage Malaria Platform
High content image acquisitionManual classification
a Liver Stage Malaria Platform
Manual classificationMachine learning algorithm
Positive in red channel (HSP70)
Automated identification of potential parasites In proximity to hepatocyte nucleus Not autofluorescent
1 Reproducible infection and progression1. Reproducible infection and progression2. Low interexperimental variability3. Supports automated, high content image acquisition
March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013
MPCC: Reproducible Human Microlivers as a Liver Stage Malaria Platforma Liver Stage Malaria Platform
IC50 IC50
Primaquine
50
1 Reproducible infection and progression
100010 100 10,000PQ concentration (nM)0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10,000
Concentration (nM)
1. Reproducible infection and progression2. Low interexperimental variability3. Supports automated, high content image acquisition
d f d4. Broad spectrum of drug sensitivity5. Clinically relevant liver metabolism
March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013
Role of Hypoxic Microenvironment
pp
Arteel et al. Brit J Cancer, 1995
pvHypoxyprobe
Periportal Perivenous
110 mmHg 10 mmHg
HIF‐1αPHD
proteasome
ency
icie
ncy
0μm
)
5 um
100μmDMOG
PHD
nucleus
hypoxia
Infe
ctio
n ef
fici
Infe
ctio
n ef
fi(E
EFs
> 10
μ
Hypoxyprobe (pimonidazole hydrochloride)110 mmHg 10 mmHg 110 mmHg + DMOG
Ng et al, Dis. Mod. Mech, 2014with M. Mota, IMM, Portugal
Liver stage hypnozoites cause relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria
Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium vivax malaria
• Develop antimalarials that produce ‘radical cure’ and preventrelapse
Guerra et al Trends in Parasitology 2005Snow et al Nature 2005
• Elucidate hynpozoite biology
‐ Dormancy versus ReplicationGuerra et al. Trends in Parasitology, 2005Snow et al. Nature, 2005
2.5 billion people at risk of infection
400 million cases annually
2.6 billion people at risk of infection
130‐435 million cases annually
‐ Reactivation
400 million cases annually
Highly virulent
(700,000 deaths annually)
130‐435 million cases annually
Barrier to eradication
(50‐100,000 deaths annually)
Eradication of Malaria on Islands: Lessons learned in Vanuatu for VivaxmalariaLessons learned in Vanuatu for Vivaxmalaria
• Vanuatu consists of 80 inhabited islands in the• Vanuatu consists of 80 inhabited islands in the Southwest Pacific
• Aneityum selected for intervention 718 i h bit t• 718 inhabitants
• Interventions tools:• Weekly MDA with CQ, SP, PQ X 9 weeks • Insecticide treated bed nets (Prevent
mosquitoes from biting)• 88% compliance with MDA• Before intervention Pf > Pv by 50%• Pf eradicated within one year• Pv took 5 years to eradicate• Pv took 5 years to eradicate
Lancet. 2000 Nov 4;356(9241):1560-4.
CQ = Chloroquine; PQ = Primaquine; SP = Sulphadoxine‐PyrimethamineCourtesy of Alan Magill
Discovery of the non‐replicating, persistent liver stage:The hypnozoite theory of relapseThe hypnozoite theory of relapse
IFA
Giemsa
Demonstration of of P. vivax liver stages at day 7 from liver biopsies of splenectomized chimpanzees infected with 21.7 million sporozoites
(Krotowski et al. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31(6), 1982, pp. 1291)
Infection of Human Microliverswith Plasmodium vivaxwith Plasmodium vivax
uM)
Day 3
diam
eter (u
Day 6
EEF d
Day 6 Day 3 Day 6 Day 21
Reticulocyte
Day 21
Overlay
PCR+ Pv18S rRNA
March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013
Pv18S rRNA
Time scale of reactivation
Blood PrimaryDay 8
Blood relapse
(eg Pv Chesson strain)
Spz
Day 0
Blood relapse
HypnozoitesDay 30 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6
(eg., Pv Chesson strain)
Bhatia+ FASEB J (1999), Khetani+ Hepatology (2004), Khetani+ Nature Biotech (2007)
Summary Part I
• Full liver stage ofFull liver stage of Plasmodium Falciparum
• Full liver stage of• Full liver stage of Plasmodium Vivaxincluding hypnozoitecandidates & signs of grelapse
• Established antimalarialEstablished antimalarialplatform that exploits drug metabolism
Future Work: Drugs VaccinesDrugs Vaccines
• Assess liver‐stage activity of Malaria box
1000100.01Concentration (uM)
Wild-type GeneticallyAttenuated
with D. Fidock, Columbia
• Effects of drug metabolism• Drug‐drug interaction• Mechanism of action
Spangenberg et al, PLOS One, 2013Bennett et al, NEJM, 2013Achan et al, NEJM, 2012Byakika‐Kibwika et al, J Antimicrob Chemother, 2012
Seder et al. Science, 2013March et al. Cell Host Microbe, 2013
Liver Stage Antisera Activity Assay
Immune sera/blocking antibodiesSporozoites
(WT)
Human primary hepatocytes Human primary hepatocytes
Anti‐seraBlocking ab
% infected hepatocytes
Antibody concentration (µg/ml)
In collaboration with Sanaria Seder et al, Science 2013
If we had a mouse model of human liver stages
• Study antimalarials in vivoy
• Improve vaccine development
• Elucidate host‐pathogen interactions
P. Vivax Liver Stage in a Humanized Mouse:Evidence for non‐replicating (hypnozoite) formsEvidence for non replicating (hypnozoite) forms
Day 7P. vivaxsporozoitessporozoites
hLIV‐mice
Day 7CSP BiP DNA10 um
10 um
courtesy of Stefan Kappe, SBRI (unpublished)Vaughan et al, J Clin Invest, 2012
Current Human Liver Chimeric Mice
hepatocyte isolation
hepatocyte single cell suspension
immunodeficient liver injury mouse
human liverhuman liver wedge biopsy
lb t
6-10 weeks
expansion of human graft within mouse liver
serum alb to determine % chimerism
Alb‐uPA (Heckel et al. Cell, 1990) Alb‐uPA (Suemizu et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2008)
courtesy of A. Ploss, Princetonmodified from:
Kneteman/Mercer, Hepatology, 2005& De Jong et al. J Clin Invest, 2010
MUP‐uPA (Heo et al. Hepatology, 2006) HSV‐tk (Hasegawa et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2011) AFC8 (Washburn et al. Gastroenterology, 2011)FAH‐/‐ (Grompe et al, Genes Dev, 1993; Azuma, Nat Biotech, 2007)
Can we Transplant Engineered Liversto Humanize Mice?to Humanize Mice?
Design Criteria:• Engineered microenvironment stabilizes hepatocyte phenotype• Engraftment by ectopic transplant• Engraftment by ectopic transplant• Permissive to infection in engineered microenvironment
Human liver chimeric mice: l l f lRecapitulate liver stages of malaria Variable chimerism (>10% required)Months to establish Requires liver injuryq j y Limited, breeding‐challenged mouse strains
Ectopic engineered liver:o Uncouple repopulation from persistenceo Uncouple repopulation from persistenceo Rapid & reproducibleo No liver injuryo Strain‐independentS h i i i lo Synthetic microenvironment may alter host/parasite interaction
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)‐Based HydrogelsProteolyticallydegradable peptides 1,2,3,4PEG‐DA
Bioactive ligands(i.e adhesion peptides 8,9
Inert T bl
Crosslinked PEG with
peptides 8,9, growth factors10, ECM protein domains11)
TunablePhotocrosslinkableImmunoisolationIn clinical use Crosslinked PEG with
tunable porosity 5,6,7In clinical use
Adapted from:Gobin et al. FASEB J, 2002
[1] Mann et al. Biomat, 2001[2] Lutolf et al. PNAS, 2003[3] Miller et al. Biomat, 2010[4] Anderson et al. Biomat, 2011
[8] Hern et al. J Biomed Mat Res, 1998[9] Mann et al. Biomat, 2001[10] Gobin et al. Biotechnol Prog, 2003[11] Martino et al. PNAS, 2013
[5] Cruise et al. Biomat, 1998[7] Pollack et al. Acta Biomat, 2010 [6] Elisseeff et al. Biomed Mat Res, 2000
Engineering 3D PEG Hydrogels for Primary Human Hepatocytes
Soluble Factors [3]Cell-Cell Interactions[1-3] Cell-Matrix Interactions[2-3]
Primary Human Hepatocytes
HEPHEPHEP/FIBHEPHEP/FIBHEP/FIB in RGDS
HEPHEP/FIBHEP/FIB in RGDS 100100100100HEP/FIB+LEC in RGDS
SIDE view retio
ns/
day)
60
80
100
retio
ns/
day)
60
80
100
retio
ns/
day)
60
80
100
retio
ns/
day)
60
80
100
TOP-view
SIDE-view
min
Sec
r10
6 he
ps40
60m
in S
ecr
106
heps
40
60m
in S
ecr
106
heps
40
60m
in S
ecr
106
heps
40
60
0 2 4 6 8
Alb
um(
g/1
0
20
0 2 4 6 8
Alb
um(
g/1
0
20
0 2 4 6 8
Alb
um(
g/1
0
20
0 2 4 6 8
Alb
um(
g/1
0
20
[1] Khetani et al. FASEB J, 2008[2] Underhill / Chen et al. Biomaterials, 2007[3] Chen et al. PNAS, 2011
Day0 2 4 6 8
Day0 2 4 6 8
Day0 2 4 6 8
Day0 2 4 6 8
3D human livers implant, function & vascularize
uctio
n Ac
tivity
in (n
g/m
l)
Fold In
duCY
P3A4
A
Hum
an A
lbum
+ DMSO+ Rifampin
H
Chen et al. PNAS, 2011
Infection of 3D Porous Cryogel (PC)
e lo
aduA
CTB
)
4.010 4
A
I iti t Initiator
Pf p
aras
ite18
s rR
NA/
hu
2.010 4Initiator Initiator
Polym
eriza
Ice crystals form
-20oC20oC
(1
0
PC-HJ
mockPf
MPCC
mockPf
tion
Thaw + Lyophilize
Ice crystals form
hepatocytesfibroblasts
met
er (
m)
10
15
Thaw + Lyophilize
PEG hepatocytes
f.EE
F di
am5
10
PEG
PEGhydrogel
yfibroblasts
ice crystalPEGDA macromer
macroporeP.
f
3D (D4) 2D (D4.5)0
PEGcryogel
p
PC: PEG cryogel
P. berghei Infection of Human Microlivers
(x 1
05p/
s) 10
8
6
P. falciparum
50
P.b.
-luc
BLI
( 6
4
2
050μm
Pore size = 30 – 60μm
DAPIPbGFP
P.b.‐lu
cion10μm 10μm 24
h po
st P
infecti
Ng et al., submittedIn collaboration with M. Mota, IMM, Portugal
Summary Part II
• Established human ectopicEstablished human ectopic artificial liver without liver injury
• Humanized drug responses
• Evidence for ectopic liver stage malaria infection
Bridging the Gap with Human Ti M d lTissue Models
patient‐patient‐specific
1 cm
3D in vivo2D in vitro 3D perfused
Building Human Livers
• HepatocyteMicroenvironment
• Disease Modeling
E i d T l t• Engineered Transplants
Future Work:E i T l t Th t GEngineer Transplants That Grow
InVERT molding
Sacrificial Printing
Pre‐VascularizationPre Vascularization
Stevens et al. Nature Comm, 2013; Miller et al. Nature Mat, 2012; Baranski et al. PNAS, 2013In collaboration with C. Chen, UPenn/BU
Tiny Technologies for Ti Mi i tTissue Microenvironments
100 m 100 nm
• ModelModel• Monitor• Treat• Treat
Healthy or Diseased Microenvironment
Acknowledgements• Collaborators– C. Rice, Rockefeller– S. Duncan, M.C. Wisconsin– A, Rodriguez, NYU– Maria Mota, IMM, Portugal– S. Hoffman, Sanaria– T. Golub/ D. Thomas, Broad Institute– W. Goessling/T. North, DFCI– W. Hahn, (Broad Institute), DFCI– R. Hynes, MIT– T. Jacks, MIT– R. Langer/D. Anderson, MIT
E R l hti (B h I tit t )– E. Ruoslahti (Burnham Institute)– M. Sailor (Chemistry), UCSD– D. Schuppan (BIDMC)– P. Sharp, MIT
D Walt Tufts– D. Walt, Tufts – C. Chen (BME), Boston University– P. Zandstra (BME), U Toronto– V. Muniz• Laboratory for Multiscale Regenerative Technologies
– Post‐doctoral Fellows: G. Kwong, K. Stevens, P. Jain, S. Schurle, T. Danino, K. Trehan, E. Kwon, – Graduate: J. Shan, K. Lin, J. Lo, S. Ng, A. Bagley, A . Warren, V. Ramanan, N. Gural, J. Dudani, C. Buss, A. Chhabra– Staff: H. Fleming, L. Chng, S. Kangiser, A. Galstian, M. Skalak Research Scientist: S. March‐Riera– Thanks to all LMRT alumni!
• Funding• Funding– Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lustgarten Foundation– NIH NIBIB, NIH NCI, DARPA, Broad Institute, Merkin Institute, Deshpande Center, Stand Up to Cancer– Koch Institute, Ludwig Center for Molecular Oncology, Amar Bose Fund, Skoltech, MGH‐MIT Fund