EFFECTIVENESS OF FRONT LINE DEMOSTRATIONS OF

KRISHI VIGYANA KENDRA ON FLD FARMERS OF

MANDYA DISTRICT

YASHASHWINI, M.A.

PALB 1134

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

GKVK, BENGALURU-65

2013

EFFECTIVENESS OF FRONT LINE DEMOSTRATIONS OF

KRISHI VIGYANA KENDRA ON FLD FARMERS OF

MANDYA DISTRICT

YASHASHWINI, M.A.

PALB 1134

Thesis submitted to the

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BENGALURU

in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the Degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (Agriculture)MASTER OF SCIENCE (Agriculture)MASTER OF SCIENCE (Agriculture)MASTER OF SCIENCE (Agriculture)

ININININ

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSIONAGRICULTURAL EXTENSIONAGRICULTURAL EXTENSIONAGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

BENGALURU JULY, 2013

Affectionately Dedicated to

Beloved Parents Sister and

Brother

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

BENGALURU

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Effectiveness of Front line

Demonstrations of Krishi Vigyana Kendra on FLD farmers of

Mandya District” submitted by Ms. YASHASHWINI, M.A., ID No.

PALB 1134 for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE

(AGRICULTURE) in AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION to the University of

Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, is a record of bonafide research work

carried out by her during the period of her study in this University under

my guidance and supervision and thesis has not previously formed the

basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or

other similar titles.

Bengaluru

July, 2013 Dr. Y. N. SHIVALINGAIAH Major Advisor

Approved by:

Chairperson : ________________________ (Y.N.SHIVALINGAIAH)

Members : 1. ________________________ (K. NAGABHUSHANAM)

2. ________________________ (P.N. SUBBA REDDY)

3. ________________________ (S.V. SURESHA)

4. ________________________ (D. M. GOWDA)

AAAAKNOWLEDGEMENTKNOWLEDGEMENTKNOWLEDGEMENTKNOWLEDGEMENT With regardful memories . . . . . . . . . .With regardful memories . . . . . . . . . .With regardful memories . . . . . . . . . .With regardful memories . . . . . . . . . . It is heart’s turn to express my deepest sense of gratitude to all those who

directly and indirectly helped me in this endeavour. I wish to record my profound sense of gratitude to Dr. Dr. Dr. Dr. Y.N. Y.N. Y.N. Y.N.

SHIVALINGAIAH, SHIVALINGAIAH, SHIVALINGAIAH, SHIVALINGAIAH, Associate Professor, university of Agriculture sciences Bangalore and chairman of my Advisory Committee for his untiring and valuable guidance, constructive and critical review and constant encouragement and His innovative thinking and ideas made a deep impact on me throughout the period of my research. I had a great pleasure and precious opportunity to be associated with him and

I feel no words to express my heartfelt respects for all his kindness.

I gratefully indebted to Dr. K. NAGABHUSHANAMDr. K. NAGABHUSHANAMDr. K. NAGABHUSHANAMDr. K. NAGABHUSHANAM Professor and Head of

AC and ABC, Directorate of Extension who served as member of my Advisory

Committee, for his encouragement, valuable suggestions and cordial cooperation during

the course of investigation.

I express my heartfelt thanks to Dr. S.V.SURESHADr. S.V.SURESHADr. S.V.SURESHADr. S.V.SURESHA, Coordinator, Bakery

Trainig Unit, Directorate of Extension for his constant encouragement during course of

investigation.

I immensely thank MMMMr.r.r.r.P.N.SUBBAREDDYP.N.SUBBAREDDYP.N.SUBBAREDDYP.N.SUBBAREDDY, Associate Professor, university of

Agriculture sciences Bangalore for his constant encouragement and cooperation, during

course of investigation.

My sincere thanks to Dr. D.M GOWDADr. D.M GOWDADr. D.M GOWDADr. D.M GOWDA, Professor and head Department of

statistics, for helpful criticisms, cooperation, valuable suggestions during my course

work and research work.

I thank all the teachers of the Department of Agricultural Extension, UAS,

GKVK, Bangalore for their valuable suggestions and support during the degree

programme.

I to express my heartfelt thanks to Rangaswamy, NarRangaswamy, NarRangaswamy, NarRangaswamy, Naraaaayanappa, Ranganna, yanappa, Ranganna, yanappa, Ranganna, yanappa, Ranganna, and

mamatha mamatha mamatha mamatha (non-teaching staff) for their help and cooperation during my study.

Words are inadequate to express my gratitude to my beloved parents

Mrs.Sarwamangala, Mr.Ashwath, Mrs.Sarwamangala, Mr.Ashwath, Mrs.Sarwamangala, Mr.Ashwath, Mrs.Sarwamangala, Mr.Ashwath, my sister Keerthana DiwakarKeerthana DiwakarKeerthana DiwakarKeerthana Diwakar and Sahana Lokesh and Sahana Lokesh and Sahana Lokesh and Sahana Lokesh

my brothers Vishwanath, Naveen Krishna, Vishwanath, Naveen Krishna, Vishwanath, Naveen Krishna, Vishwanath, Naveen Krishna, PradeepPradeepPradeepPradeep, Vishwegowda and Suresh , Vishwegowda and Suresh , Vishwegowda and Suresh , Vishwegowda and Suresh

kalegowda, My Niece Niharika and Anikalegowda, My Niece Niharika and Anikalegowda, My Niece Niharika and Anikalegowda, My Niece Niharika and Ani, , , , my uncle Mr.Ramprasad, Mr. Shankar and Mr.Ramprasad, Mr. Shankar and Mr.Ramprasad, Mr. Shankar and Mr.Ramprasad, Mr. Shankar and

Mr.Sainath Mr.Sainath Mr.Sainath Mr.Sainath for their endurance, abundant love and affection, moral encouragement,

constant support and personal sacrifice during the academic carrier.

My cordial thanks to my classmates for their moral support and help they

offered in time when I needed.

I sincerely and honestly confess thanks to my seniors for their valuable

suggestions, guidance, keen interest and affection with care were the great source of

inspiration in successful completion of this research work and all my juniors for their

help, support and great company.

Words could not help me when I need to thank my dear friends,

Sadhana,Nirmala,Deepthi,Ramya,Shivakumar,Preethi,Madhushree,Bhavya,Vidya, Sadhana,Nirmala,Deepthi,Ramya,Shivakumar,Preethi,Madhushree,Bhavya,Vidya, Sadhana,Nirmala,Deepthi,Ramya,Shivakumar,Preethi,Madhushree,Bhavya,Vidya, Sadhana,Nirmala,Deepthi,Ramya,Shivakumar,Preethi,Madhushree,Bhavya,Vidya,

Divayasampath,Nagraj,Naveen,Aarati,Prema,Nayima Banu, Varsharani Divayasampath,Nagraj,Naveen,Aarati,Prema,Nayima Banu, Varsharani Divayasampath,Nagraj,Naveen,Aarati,Prema,Nayima Banu, Varsharani Divayasampath,Nagraj,Naveen,Aarati,Prema,Nayima Banu, Varsharani for the great

support they gave me.

Finally, I wish to thank the farmers of Mandya district who have cooperated in

conduct of my research work. Above all, I must thank and express my inspiration for

the blessings of the almighty, the eternal spirit.

Bengaluru July, 2013 (Yashashwini,M.A.)

THESIS ABSTRACT

Krishi Vigyana Kendras are unique system established by Indian Council of

Agricultural Research functioning as knowledge and resource centre to address

the emerging challenges. One of the most important mandates is organizing

front line demonstrations to show the results of the latest/newly released

technologies to the farming community in the respective KVKs area. A research

study was designed to know the effectiveness of frontline demonstrations. The

present investigation included 120 respondents from Mandya, Malavalli and

Krishnarajpet taluks of Mandya district in Karnataka state. The major findings

found to be about 47.50 per cent, 65.00 per cent and 50.00 per cent of the

respondents belong to medium effectiveness index category in paddy, maize and

ragi respectively. Majority of the farmers belong to medium level of socio-

economic characteristics. The variables viz., mass media exposure,

innovativeness, cosmopoliteness and cropping pattern had positive and

significant relationship with effectiveness index at one per cent level of

significance. Whereas, land holding, extension participation, social participation

and management orientation had positive and significant relationship with

effectiveness index at five per cent level. Majority of the respondents are middle

aged, having high school education and marginal farmers and also majority of

the respondents belongs to medium level of land holding, mass media exposure,

extension participation, extension contact, social participation, innovativeness,

cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, leadership ability, risk bearing ability,

dependent ratio, management orientation, level of aspiration, information

seeking behavior and cropping pattern category. Lack of irrigation and non

availability of labours were the main constraints faced by the farmers.

Signature of the student Signature of the Major Advisor

(Yashashwini, M.A.) (Y.N.Shivalingaiah)

CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGES

I INTRODUCTION 1-6

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7-35

III MATERIAL AND METHODS 36-60

IV EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 61-80

V DISCUSSION 81-102

VI SUMMARY 103-110

VII REFERENCE 111-127

APPENDICES 128

LIST OF TABLES

Sl.

No Title of the tables Page No.

1 Profile of Front Line Demonstration Farmers 66

2 Effectiveness Index of Respondents Due to Conduct of

FLD on Paddy 68

3 Effectiveness Index of Respondents Due to Conduct of

FLD on Maize 71

4 Effectiveness Index of Respondents Due to Conduct of

FLD on Ragi 73

5 Association Between Profile of FLD Farmers with

Effectiveness Index 76

6 Overall Significance of Effectiveness of FLD 77

7 Constraints Faced by the Respondent Farmers for

Effective Implementation of FLD 78

8 Suggestions as Perceived by Respondent farmers for

Effective Implementation of FLD 80

LIST OF FIGURES

Sl.

No. Title

Between

Pages

1 Map showing the study area 38-39

2 Conceptual model of the study 60-61

3 Knowledge level of paddy respondents 69-70

4 Adoption level of paddy respondents 69-70

5 Yield level of paddy respondents 69-70

6 Economic status of paddy respondents 69-70

7 Social status of paddy respondents 69-70

8 Effectiveness index of paddy respondents 69-70

9 Knowledge level of maize respondents 70-71

10 Adoption level of maize respondents 70-71

11 Yield level of maize respondents 70-71

12 Economic status of maize respondents 70-71

13 Social status of maize respondents 72-73

14 Effectiveness index of maize respondents 72-73

15 Knowledge level of ragi respondents 73-74

16 Adoption level of ragi respondents 73-74

17 Yield level of ragi respondents 74-75

18 Economic status of ragi respondents 74-75

19 Social status of ragi respondents 74-75

20 Effectiveness index of ragi respondents 74-75

21 Overall Significance of Effectiveness of FLD 77-78

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

The present growth rate of Indian population demands production

of additional 5-6 million tonnes of food every year for ensuring food

security at the household level. This is a major challenge for the policy

makers, planners, administrators, agricultural scientists and extension

workers of the country. These calls for the reassessment of the existing

roles, mission and strategies related to technology generation, technology

assessment and refinement and dissemination in the field of agriculture

and allied sectors. Considering the major challenges in agriculture

including the need for enhanced productivity and enhanced profitability

there is a need for greater thrust for technology dissemination without

any transmission loss.

To increase the food production at the rate of at least three per

cent per year the efforts of government organizations alone is not

sufficient. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), during the

Fifth Five Year Plan, launched an innovative project for imparting

training in agriculture and allied areas to the farmers, rural youths and

field level extension functionaries in the country by establishing Krishi

Vigyana Kendras (KVKs). The education commission (1964-66)

recommended that a vigorous effort to be made to establish specialized

institutions to provide vocational education in agriculture and allied

fields at the pre and post matriculate levels to cater the training needs of

a large number of youths coming from rural areas. The commission

further suggested that such institutions be named as “Agricultural

polytechnics”. The recommendation of the commission was thoroughly

discussed during 1966-72 by the Ministry of Education, Ministry of

Agriculture, Planning Commission, Indian Council of Agriculture

Research (ICAR) and other allied institutions.

Finally, ICAR mooted the idea of establishing Krishi Vigyana

Kendras (Agricultural Science Centers) as innovative institutions for

imparting vocational training to practicing farmers, rural youths and

field level extension functionaries. The ICAR standing committee on

agricultural education, in its meeting held in August 1973 observed that,

since the establishment of KVKs was of national importance which would

help in accelerating the agricultural production as well as improving the

socio-economic conditions of the farming community, the ICAR

constituted a committee under chairmanship of Dr. Mohan Singh Mehta

of Seva Mandir, Udaipur (Rajasthan), for working out a detailed plan for

implementing this scheme. The committee submitted its report in 1974.

The first KVK, on pilot basis, was established in 1974 at Pondicherry

under the administrative control of the Tamilnadu Agricultural

University, Coimbatore (Choudhary, 1999). As on 2013, 631 KVKs have

been established in the country. Krishi Vigyana Kendras are being run

under the State Agriculture Universities, ICAR institutes, Central

University and non- governmental organizations. These KVKs have been

assigned to take up the responsibilities of technology evaluation and

impact assessment, demonstration of technology on the farmer’s field,

organizing capacity building programmes for the extension functionaries

to update their knowledge and skill and conduct trainings for the farmers

including farm women and youth.

KVKs work with the following mandates such as,

� Conducting “On farm testing” for identifying technologies in terms

of location specific sustainable land use systems,

� Organize training to update the extension personnel with emerging

advances in agricultural research on regular basis,

� Organize short and long term vocational training courses in

agriculture and allied vocations for the farmers and rural youth

with emphasis on “learning by doing” for higher production on

farms and generating self-employment,

� Organize frontline demonstrations on various crops to generate

production data and feedback information.

Frontline demonstrations (FLD): is the new concept of field

demonstrations evolved by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research

(ICAR) with the inception of the Technology Mission on Oilseed Crops

(TMOs) during mid-eighties. The field demonstrations conducted under

the close supervision of the scientists of the National Agriculture

Research System is called frontline demonstrations because the

technologies are demonstrated for the first time by the scientists

themselves before being fed into the main extension system of the State.

Special Features of FLD

The front-line demonstrations are different from normal

demonstrations conducted by the extension functionaries. The special

features of frontline demonstrations are:

• Frontline demonstrations are conducted under the close supervision of

the scientists of the National Agricultural Research System comprising of

ICAR Institutes, National Research Centers, Project Directorates, Krishi

Vigyana Kendras, and State Agricultural Universities and its Regional

Research Stations.

• Only newly released technologies or those likely to be released in near

future are selected for the frontline demonstrations.

• Frontline demonstrations are organized in a block of two to four

hectares involving all those farmers whose plots fall in the demonstration

block.

• Only critical inputs and training are provided from the scheme budget,

remaining inputs are borne by the farmers themselves.

• Training of the farmers associated with the frontline demonstrations is

a pre-requisite for conducting such demonstrations.

• The target audiences of frontline demonstrations are both farmers and

the extension officers. The purpose is to, convince extension

functionaries and farmers together about the potentialities of

technologies for further wide scale diffusion and

• Frontline demonstrations are used as a source of generating data on

factors contributing for higher crop yields and constraints of production

under various farming situations.

Frontline demonstrations are meant not only to educate farmers on

the efficacy of new technologies but also help the field extension

functionaries to gain confidence in suggested technologies. The success

of frontline demonstration depends on how well they are being

established and used for educational purposes.

The present investigation focuses on studying the effectiveness of

technologies demonstrated through Front line demonstrations on

knowledge, adoption, yield, economical and social changes and also

useful to know the constraints and suggestions in adoption of

technologies and helps in improving the efficiency of KVKs.

Keeping the concept, features, objectives, advantages and

limitations of Frontline Demonstrations in mind the present study was

designed to study the Effectiveness of Frontline Demonstrations of Krishi

Vigyana Kendras with the following objectives.

The specific objectives of the study

1. To study the profile of the frontline demonstration farmers.

2. To find out the effectiveness of frontline demonstration on

farmers.

3. To study the association between profile of frontline

demonstration farmers and effectiveness.

4. To document the constraints and suggestions for effective

implementation of frontline demonstration farmers

Scope of the study

The present investigation is aimed at finding the effectiveness of

frontline demonstrations. It is necessary to know how far these

demonstrations are efficient in increasing production and profitability of

participant farmers. Study will be helpful to know the effectiveness of

technologies demonstrated through frontline demonstrations on

knowledge, adoption, yield, socio-economic changes of farmers and also

useful to know the constraints and suggestions in adoption of

technologies and help in improving the efficiency of KVKs.

Limitation of the study

This study was ex-post-facto designs and has its own limitations

as the cause and effects have already occurred before conducting the

study. Therefore, an in-depth study of this nature is very much required

to analyze the bottlenecks of this nature. The research has its own

limitation, as it is only a part of M.Sc. programme and the researcher

could not devote full time to undertake an in-depth study. Most of the

data collected were based on the expressed opinion of the respondents.

Therefore, the study may not be free from usual bias, which is involved

with the respondents in social investigation.

Presentation of the study

The thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter deals

with the introduction wherein the importance, statement of the problem,

specific objectives, the scope and limitations of the study are given. The

second chapter deals with the review of literature and related studies in

light of present investigation. The third chapter devoted to the details of

methodology used in the process of investigation, followed by

presentation of results in fourth chapter. The findings of study have been

discussed in fifth chapter and the sixth chapter summarizes the study

followed by references in seventh chapter and appendices.

Operational definitions of the terms used

Effectiveness: Satisfaction with the technologies demonstrated through

FLD on knowledge, adoption, yield, economic and social status of the

farmers.

OR

The extent of intended outcome on knowledge, adoption, yield,

participation, socio- economic impact and recognition received from

among farming community by a demonstrator farmer.

Frontline Demonstrations: The technologies which are demonstrated

for the first time by the scientists themselves before being fed into the

main extension system of the State.

Krishi Vigyana Kendras: KVKs are grass root level organizations meant

for application of technology through assessment, refinement and

demonstration of proven technologies under different ‘micro farming’

situations in a district.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A brief review of literature is an integral part of any investigation as

it not only gives an idea on the work done in the past, but also provides

the basis for interpretation and discussion of the findings. In the light of

the objectives of the study, the relevant literatures are reviewed and

presented under the following sub headings.

2.1 Concept of Front line demonstrations.

2.2 Profile of the FLD farmers.

2.3 Effectiveness of front line demonstrations on farmers.

2.4 Association between profile of the FLD farmers and effectiveness.

2.5 Constraints faced by the FLD farmers

2.6 Suggestions for extension personnel.

2.1 Concepts of Frontline Demonstrations

The concept of Frontline Demonstration was dealt in detail by

ICAR. The field demonstration organized by the KVKs/SAUs/ICAR

Institutes are called Frontline Demonstrations because the technologies

are demonstrated for the first time before being fed into the main

extension system of the State.

2.1.1 Genesis of Frontline Demonstration

The Frontline Demonstrations were started in the year 1991-92. In

order to increase pulse production per unit area and also to create

awareness among farming community about recent technologies involved

in pulse production as overall pulse production and pulse area were

considerably decreasing in the recent past. There is an imperative need

for production of pulses not only to bridge the gap between Demand and

Supply but also to reduce the import bill and save foreign exchange.

These Frontline Demonstrations were conducted directly involving the

scientists and have provided the impetus to the scientists to involve

themselves with the farmers to test the research results on farmers fields

and this will also facilitate to provide direct feedback from the farmers so

that the scientists can reorient their research, education and training

programmes for transfer of all the technologies through these Frontline

Demonstrations.

2.1.2. The Distinct Features and Benefits of Frontline Demonstrations

The Frontline Demonstration is sponsored through ICAR and

implemented in all the states of the country with uniform design and

pattern in cereals, oilseed and pulses through State Agricultural

Universities and ICAR Institutes. Frontline Demonstrations differ from

other regular Demonstrations in the following aspects:

1. Frontline Demonstrations are being implemented through State

Agricultural

Universities, ICAR Institutes and a few reputed voluntary organizations

to transfer the newly evolved farm technologies in the shortest possible

period to the farming communities.

2. The Training programmes are conducted along with field

demonstrations involving latest available production technologies.

3. This approach is immensely benefiting the State Agricultural

Department and selected group of innovative farmers adopted for the

purpose of demonstrations and training.

4. These Demonstrations will also provide scientists with an opportunity

to demonstrate the technology under actual farmer’s conditions and get

direct feedback from the field so that the performance of the new

technology could be further improved.

2.2 Profile of the FLD Farmers.

Kar et al. (1970) reported that higher the number of extension

contacts greater was the rate of adoption.

Somashekarappa (1971) observed that majority of the participant

farmers in the production- cum demonstration training session had high

level of contact with extension agency, medium mass media participation

and belonged to middle socio- economic status.

Janakiramaraju (1978) indicated that the farmers in irrigated areas

were superior to those in non-irrigated areas regarding farm size and

socio-economic status. However, they did not differ in age, education and

social participation.

Subramaniyam and Sripaul (1978) in their comparative study on

garden land and dry land farmers reported that the dry land farmers were

more aged, less educated, had small farm size and less social

participation, compared to garden land farmers

Savalagi (1981) reported that majority of the participant farmers in

the pilot project demonstrations belonged to young age group, higher

education level, low farm size, low social participation, high

Cosmopoliteness and high change proneness.

Kumbar (1983) concluded that there was a non significant

relationship between achievement motivation and adoption of grape

growers.

Pachori and Tripathi (1983) found that majority of the contact

farmers belonged to young age group had primary school education, low

social participation, medium socio economic status and high innovation

proneness. In contrast to this, majority of the non contact farmers were

illiterates, had no social participation, belonged to medium socio economic

status and had low innovation proneness.

Renukaradhya (1983) revealed that achievement motivation was

positively and significantly related to adoption by farmers.

Jhansi (1985) found that there was no significant relationship

between size of the family and the productivity of the agricultural crops.

Sudheendra (1986) reported that there was no association between

age, education and mass media participation were found to be associated

with knowledge level of sunflower growers.

Venkataswamy (1987) found that the adoption behavior of farmers

had positive and highly significant relationship with education, farm size,

economic status, social participation, risk orientation and economic

motivation of the farmers.

Shyamala (1988) observed that, innovation proneness had

significant positive relationship with adoption of demonstrated practices

by both demonstrator farmers and the neighboring farmers.

Shailaja (1990) found a positive and significant relation of

education, extension contact, extension participation, economic

motivation, achievement motivation and innovation proneness as

farmwomen with their farm productivity.

Kher (1992) revealed that there was a positive relationship between

extension contact and adoption of improved wheat cultivation practices

Subramaniam (1992) reported that the difference between

participant and non participant farmers with respect to innovation

proneness and adoption was significant.

Keshavaiah et al. (2003) revealed that farmers in the middle age

group of 31 to 50 years showed more enthusiasm and interest in growing

hybrid rice and accepted the technology more readily.

Jyothi (2005) revealed that majority of FLD farmers had education of

high school, 10 to 20 years of farming experience, medium level of mass

media use, utilization of inputs, innovation proneness and livestock

possession. They had low to medium income, medium to high level of

adoption of technologies, extension orientation and family labor. They had

low level of social participation.

Chandrashekhar (2007) investigated an analysis of onion

production and marketing behavior of farmers in Gadag district of

Karnataka and revealed that majority of the respondents (63.34%)

belonged to middle age group followed by equal per cent in both young

age and old age group (18.33%).

Raghavendra (2010) reported that majority of participant farmers

belongs to high extension contact, medium innovation proneness and

medium scientific orientation category where as majority of non-

participant farmers belongs to low extension contact, innovation

proneness and scientific orientation category.

Sneha et al. (2012) observed that 38.83 per cent of the

respondents had medium level of listening behavior where as 35.00 per

cent and 26.67 per cent of them exhibited low and high level of listening

behavior, respectively.

Kadiri and Reddy (2012) reported that majority (60.56%) of the

farmers were of middle age group and in case of Chittoor (63.33%),

Vizainagaram (53.34%) and Warangal (65 %) of the respondents were

belonged to middle age group.

2.3 Effectiveness of Frontline Demonstrations on Farmers.

Demonstration plays a vital role in the transfer of technology. The

main purpose of the scheme is to show the utility and feasibility of

recommended practices under village conditions and also to establish

confidence in farmers as well as extension personnel. There are many

past studies to show the importance and effectiveness of demonstration.

Few of them presented below:

Pathak et al. (1979) observed that there were highly significant

relationships between demonstrating and non demonstrating farmers

with respect to paddy, jute and wheat crops of adoption process. This

shows demonstration is an effective media in diffusion of new ideas in

farming community.

Sinha and Sinha (1980) opined that demonstration is the most

effective credible source as judged by farmers.

Gaurha and Jain (1982) inferred that the yield gap between

demonstrating and non demonstrating farmer’s plots is because of good

management practices on a result of demonstration.

Gaurha and Pyasi (1983) noted that yield is 13 times more than

average paddy yield of district Rewa after demonstration.

Hirevenkanagoudar et al. (1984) revealed that 15 per cent of

participant farmers in national demonstration got paddy yield of 30-35

qt/ha after demonstration but before demonstration yield was 25-30 qt/

ha.

Gaurha and Pathak (1985) found that the national demonstration

plays a very important role in motivating farmers for increasing their

paddy area under demonstrated technology and also appears to be good

and appreciable.

Patil et al. (1986) observed that farmers need to be organized and

special extension educational efforts (demonstration) need to be

undertaken to manipulate the maladies responsible for wide yield gap in

wheat.

Sinha et al. (1988) reported that a skillful demonstration

undoubtedly is the most effective way of changing behavior of farmers

towards acquiring knowledge, adoption and also change their traditional

attitudes.

Sharman and Daipuria (1989) confirmed that demonstration and

technical guidance seems to be effective approach for adoption of new

technology increasing crop production.

Arun Kumar and Vijayaraghavan (2007) revealed that majority of

the farmers belong to high (86.00%), medium (14.00%) and none of them

belong to the low level of effectiveness of the extension services rendered

by TKS.

Vijaya et al. (2009) studied that the majority of the respondents

belong to high (50.00%), medium (18.51%) and low (31.48%) categories of

knowledge level after the training programme.

Pratibha and Chaya (2013) revealed that Most of the non-home

science supervisors (73.33%) were in medium range leadership

effectiveness followed by lower range and in case of home science

supervisors (53.33%) were in the medium range followed by higher

leadership effectiveness category.

2.4 Association Between Profile of the FLD Farmers and

Effectiveness.

2.4.1. Age

A good number of studies have revealed that, age of the farmer was

not associated with their behavior in practicing adoption of new practices

(Kher et al., 1991).

Kher (1992) reported in his study that, there was negative

relationship between age and adoption of new practices.

Dolli and Sundaraswamy (1994) revealed that, age was positively

and significantly correlated in case of red gram cultivation, while it was

not significant with green gram and bengal gram.

Shivarajan and Dalal (1994) revealed that, age had significant

negative correlation with the adoption.

Karpagam (2000) conducted a study on knowledge and adoption

behavior of turmeric growers in Erode district of Tamil Nadu state and

indicated that majority (70.83%) of the turmeric growing farmers

belonged to middle aged group.

Babanna (2001) conducted a study on arecanut growers in

Shimoga district and stated that 38.40 per cent of growers belonged to

old age, 35 per cent of them were middle aged and 26.66 per cent of the

growers were young.

Wase (2001) conducted a study on knowledge and adoption of

farmers about Jayanti chilli cultivation observed that, majority of chilli

growers (52.50 %) were in the age group of 36 to 50 years that is middle

age category.

Vedamurthy (2002) in his study on arecanut growers in Shimoga

district focused that 25.33 per cent of the growers were old aged, 40 per

cent of middle aged and 34.66 per cent were young aged group.

Sunil (2004) from his study on farmer’s knowledge and adoption of

production and post-harvest technology in tomato crops of Belgaum of

Karnataka state indicated that majority of the tomato growers (53.30%)

belonged to middle age group.

Amol (2006) conducted a study on indigenous technical knowledge

about rice cultivation and bovine health management practices in

Konkan region of Maharashtra reported that, majority of the respondents

belonged to middle age group.

Chandrashekhar (2007) investigated an analysis of onion

production and marketing behavior of farmers in Gadag district of

Karnataka revealed that, majority of the respondents (63.34%) belonged

to middle age group, followed by equal per cent in both young age and

old age group (18.33%).

2.4.2. Education

Maraddi (1999) carried out a study on cotton production

technologies-constraints analysis of cotton growers, categorized the

respondents as illiterates (50.00%), up to primary education (49.00%), up

to high school (40.00%) and above high school (8.00%) level of education.

Kanavi (2000) in his study on the knowledge and adoption

behaviour of sugarcane growers in Belgaum district of Karnataka found

that 30 per cent of the respondents were illiterates followed by high

school (22.00%), middle school (15.33%), primary school (11.33%), post

graduates (9.33%) and 6 per cent are graduates.

Venkataramalu (2003) conducted a study on the knowledge level,

adoption and marketing behaviour of chilli growers in Guntur district of

Andhra Pradesh revealed that majority of them studied up to primary

school (25.83%) followed by illiterate (22.50%) and high school (16.83%).

Sunil (2004) carried out a study on farmers knowledge and

adoption of production and post-harvest technology in tomato crop of

Belgaum district in Karnataka revealed that, 14.16 per cent were

illiterate, 15.75 per cent of the respondents had received education up to

middle school, whereas, 22.50 per cent of them received education up to

high school, while the other 10.80 and 10.00 per cent of the respondents

received education upto PUC and graduation level, respectively.

Amol (2006) conducted a study on indigenous technical knowledge

about rice cultivation and bovine health management practices in

Konkan region of Maharashtra reported that, majority of the farmers

(66.20%) were educated up to or below middle school. Whereas, 21.13

per cent of the respondents were illiterate, followed by primary (40.85%),

middle school (23.35%) and only 2.82 per cent of the respondents had

studied upto high school and 8.45 per cent of them had pre-university

level education.

Chandrashekhar (2007) from his analysis of onion production and

marketing behaviour of farmers in Gadag district of Karnataka revealed

that, 43.33 per cent of the respondents had high school level of

education followed by 26.67 per cent upto middle school, 13.33 per cent

upto primary school, 7.50 per cent were illiterate, 1.67 per cent of the

respondents can read and write and 0.83 per cent had post graduation.

2.4.3 Land Holding

Gowda (1997) revealed that majority of the farmers (89.00%) were

big farmers whereas, 9.00 per cent were belong to small and only 2.00

per cent of them were marginal farmers.

Ravi (2000) through his study reported that with respect to land

holding of the respondents, 37.77 per cent of jasmine growers were

belonged to small land holding followed by 22.23 per cent were medium

and 40 per cent respondents were having large land holding.

Gowda (2005) noticed that 31.26 per cent of the respondents were

medium farmers followed by semi medium (28.12%), small (20.31%), big

farmers (14.06%) and marginal farmers (6.25%).

Kumar (2005) observed that majority of the respondents were semi

medium farmers (41.67%) followed by medium (30%), small (21.67%) and

marginal farmers (6.66%).

Nethravathi (2007) reported that 50.00 per cent of the respondents

belong to high land holding category followed by low (27.50%) and

medium (22.50%) land holding category.

Kundu and Mehta (2008) reported that more than half of the farm

women (53.75%) belonged to low land holding category followed by

medium (26.50%) and high (20.00%) land holding category.

Mamathalakshmi (2010) stated that about 76.67 per cent of the

respondents were marginal farmers followed by small farmers (20.00%)

and big farmers (3.33%).

2.4.4 Mass Media Exposure

Gowda (1997) observed that majority of the respondents (79.00%)

had mass media participation followed by medium (19.00%) and low

(2.00%) level of mass media participation.

Ravi (2000) stated that 42.23 per cent of jasmine growers were

found to be non participants in mass media, while 40.00 per cent 17.00

per cent of the respondents had medium and high mass media usage

practice.

Kumar (2005) noticed that as high as 55.00 per cent of the

respondents belonged to medium mass media participation category

followed by high (30.83%) and low (14.17%) mass media participation

category.

Nethravathi (2007) mentioned that 52.50 per cent of the

respondents had medium mass media participation followed by low

(27.50%) and high (20.00%) mass media participation.

Kundu and Mehta (2008) confirmed that 53.75 per cent of farm

women belong to low mass media exposure followed by medium (40.00%)

and high (6.25%) mass media exposure.

Mamathalakshmi (2010) stated that 55.00 per cent of the

respondents belonged to medium mass media participation category

followed by low (23.33%) and high (21.67%).

2.4.5 Extension Participation

Kumar (1997) stated that 62.00 per cent of the respondents were

having low level of extension participation followed by medium (32.00%)

and high (6.00%) level of extension participation.

Ravi (2000) in his study reported that majority (87.78%) of the

respondents did not participate in extension activities and only 12.22 per

cent of the respondents were found to have participated to a considerable

extent in extension activities.

Kumar (2005) confirmed that 59.17 per cent of the respondents

belonged to medium extension participation category followed by low

(22.50%) and high (18.33%) extension participation category.

Mamathalakshmi (2010) stated that 53.33 per cent of the

respondents belonged to medium extension participation category

followed by low (28.34%) and high (18.33%).

2.4.6 Extension contact

Dhaliwal and Sohal (1965) revealed that the farmer’s frequency of

contact with the Extension agency was significantly related to their

adoption of agricultural practices.

Singh and Sohal (1965) found that extension agency concentrated

their contacts with farmers having higher educational and economic

status.

Grewal and Sohal (1967) found that there was positive and

significant relationship with the extent of adoption of farm practices and

contact with the extension agency.

Kar et al. (1970) reported that, higher the number of extension

contacts, greater was the rate of adoption.

Siddalingappa (1978) revealed that, farmers contact with extension

agency had positive influence on their adoption of recommended potato

practices.

Prakash (1986) revealed that, extension contact had significant

association with the extent of adoption of improved agricultural practices

by farmers.

Dwarakanath (1987) reported that, there was a significant

association between extension contact and adoption of improved

practices of cabbage cultivation by the farmers.

Kher (1992) revealed that, there was a positive relationship

between extension contact and adoption of improved wheat cultivation

practices.

Patel et al. (1994) reported that, there was a significant difference

between extension contact and adoption of improved sugarcane

practices.

Reddy (1997) stated that 50.00 per cent of Agriculture based

farmers + Poultry farmers had medium extension contact followed by

high (30.55%) and low (19.45%) extension contact.

Geetha (2002) in her study on analytic study on diversified farming

in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh reported that 44.00 per cent of

paddy + dairy respondents had medium extension contact followed by

high (40.00%) and low (32.00% ) extension contact, respectively.

Sunil (2004) revealed that, 40.83 per cent of the respondents

belonged to medium extension contact category followed by 30.00 per

cent and 29.16 per cent belongs to high and low categories of extension

contact, in Belgaum district of Karnataka state, respectively.

Thiranjangowda (2005) revealed that the 64.06 per cent of cut

flower growers contacted Assistant Horticultural Officer, where as 46.87

per cent of them contacted Assistant Director of Horticulture for

information.

Raghavendra (2010) revealed that majority of the participant

farmers belongs to high extension contact (50.00%) followed by medium

and low (35.00 % and 15.00 %) category respectively. where as majority

of non-participant farmers belongs to low extension contact (65.00%),

followed by medium and high (26.67 %) percent and 8.33 percent),

respectively.

Research studies reviewed above have indicated that majority of

farmers contact with extension agency and participation in extension

activities have positive influence on the adoption behavior.

2.4.7 Social Participation

Guarha and Pyasi (1983) observed there was an association

between social participation and adoption behavior of farmers.

Rotti (1983) showed a positive significant relationship between

social participation and adoption of recommended practices.

Lokhande (1990) observed that 45.00 % of the grape growers were

having medium level of social participation followed by high (35.00%) and

low (20.00%) level of social participation.

Sheela (1991) in her study observed that 90.50% of the

respondents were members of any one of the organizations and among

them 3.91% were office bearers.

Raghuprasad (1992) reported that 90.00% of the respondents

participated regularly in activities of mandal panchayats, 14.00% of the

respondents participated regularly in cooperative societies.

Srinivasareddy (1995) found that, 57 per cent of mango growers

had medium level followed by low level (33.00%) and high (10.00%) level

of social participation.

Sarvanakumar (1996) in his study revealed that 79.17% and

78.33% of the mango growers were members of cooperative milk society

and district cooperative bank. While only 9.17% of the mango growers

were members of youth club and farmers discussion group.

Vijay kumar (2000) conducted a study on sugarcane growers in

Belgaum district of Karnataka and found that 29.00 per cent of the

respondents were members of co-operative society and 2.00 per cent

were office bearers. Whereas, 8.00 per cent of the farmers were members

of youth club and 5.33 per cent of the respondents were members of

gram panchayat.

Chandracharan (2003) in a study on Sujala watershed project

beneficiary farmers in Dharwad district reported that, only 4.00 and 2.66

per cent of the farmers were members and office bearers of gram

panchayats whereas 30.00 per cent and 43.33 per cent of the respondent

farmers attended the meetings regularly and occasionally, respectively.

2.4.8 Innovative Proneness

Siddalingappa (1978) indicated that, there was a positive and

significant relationship between innovation proneness and the adoption

of practices.

Philip (1984) reported non-significant association between

innovation proneness and extent of adoption of recommended practices

by the radio listening farmers.

Shyamala (1988) observed that, innovation proneness had

significant positive relationship with adoption of demonstrated practices

by both farmer demonstrators and the neighboring farmers.

Subramaniam (1992) found that, the differences between

participant and nonparticipant farmers with respect to socio-economic

status were significant.

Shahsidhar (2003) in his study on socio economic profile of drip

irrigation farmers in Shivamoga and Davanagere dist. of Karnataka

found that majority of farmers belong to medium innovativeness category

(47.50%) followed by low (31.66%) and high (20.83%) innovativeness

category, respectively.

Suresh (2004) indicated that the milk producers in the Chittor

district had medium, high and low innovativeness in the order of 55.00,

24.58 and 20.42 per cent respectively.

Raghavendra (2010) found that, about 55.00 percent of participant

farmers belong to medium innovation proneness category followed by

high and low (35% and 10%) innovation proneness, respectively. In case

of non-participant farmers 46.67, 35.00 and 18.33 per cent belongs to

low, medium and high innovative proneness category, respectively.

2.4.9 Cosmopoliteness

Lakshminarayana (1970) reported that, cosmopoliteness had

significant and positive relationship with adoption.

Ziaul and Mahaboob (1974) revealed that, cosmopoliteness of

farmers had a significant relationship with their adoption.

Gangappa (1975) found that, small farmers with high

cosmopoliteness had adopted more number of practices including

fertilizers practices.

Desai (1977) has inclined to reveal that cosmopoliteness had a

significant and positive relation to adoption as well as, innovative farmers

is more cosmopolite.

Hirevenkanagoudar (1983) found that, there was a significant

association between extent of urban contact and adoption level of

farmers about improved dairy management practices.

Singh and Ray (1985) found that utilization of personal

cosmopolite source of information contributed positively and

significantly to the level of fertilizer use.

Kubde and Kalantri (1986) and Kher and Halyal (1988) found that,

Cosmopoliteness had positive and significant relationship with adoption.

Patel et al. (1994) reported that, there was positive relationship

between Cosmopoliteness and adoption of improved practices of

sugarcane.

Chandregowda (1997) reported that many of the chrysanthemum

growers (60%) had medium cosmopoliteness followed by low (23%) and

high (17%) cosmopoliteness

Kumar (1998) revealed that 43 per cent of the banana growers had

low Cosmopoliteness followed by 31 per cent and 26 per cent under

medium and high category of Cosmopoliteness, respectively. There were

no significant differences among different groups.

Anitha (2004) indicated that more than one-fourth (28.30%) of

farmwomen had high cosmopoliteness followed by medium (44.20%) and

low (27.50%) cosmopoliteness groups.

Suresh (2004) reported that 45.00 per cent of milk producers had

low level of cosmopoliteness, followed by 44.17 per cent of them had

medium and 10.83 per cent had high level of cosmopoliteness.

Chandramouli (2005) indicated that among the rice growing

farmers, 42.50per cent had medium level of cosmopoliteness, 39.17 per

cent had low and remaining 18.33 per cent had high level of

cosmopoliteness.

2.4.10 Economic Motivation

Gowda (1997) indicated that 49.00 per cent of the farmers had

medium economic motivation followed by considerable number of them

(38.00%) having high economic motivation. However, 13.00 per cent of

them had low economic motivation.

Gowda (2005) reported that 43.76 per cent of the respondents

belong to medium level of economic motivation category followed by high

(35.93%) and low (20.31%) level of economic motivation category.

Kumar (2005) revealed that 61.67 per cent of the respondents

belonged to medium level of economic motivation category followed by

high (24.17%) and low (14.16%) level of economic motivation category.

Nethravathi (2007) found that 42.50 per cent of the respondents

belonged to medium level of economic motivation category followed by

low (30.00%) and high (27.50%) level of economic motivation category.

Kundu and Mehta (2008) observed that 60.00 per cent of the

respondents belonged to medium level of economic motivation category

followed by high (27.50%) and low (12.50%) level of economic motivation

category.

Mamathalakshmi (2010) stated that 60.00 per cent of the

respondents belonged to medium level of economic motivation category.

While, low and high economic categories had same percentage level of

20.00 per cent.

2.4.11 Leadership Ability

Mahadik (1995) indicated that, majority (82.35%) of the

respondents had medium leadership ability and remaining respondents

(17.65%) had high leadership ability.

Patil (1999) revealed that 39.53 per cent of the respondents

belonged to medium leadership ability category followed by high (33.73%)

and low (26.74%).

Bheemappa (2006) stated that more than half of the respondents

(62.50%) had medium leadership ability followed by high (20.00%) and

low (17.50%).

2.4.12 Risk Bearing Ability

Verma (1993) found that majority (64.00% and 50.67%) of the

member and non-member dairy farmers had medium orientation towards

admitting risk. There were 20.67 per cent members and 16.00 per cent

non-members who had high risk preference ability as against 14.87 per

cent members and 33.33 per cent non-members who had low risk

preference ability.

Meeran and Jayaseelan (1999) reported high risk orientation

(72.00%) among shrimp farmers followed by medium (26.00%) and low

(20.00%) risk orientation.

Vijaya Kumar (2001) indicated that 38.34, 35.00 and 26.66 per

cent of total respondents fell under low, medium and high risk taking

ability categories, respectively.

Subramanyam (2002) revealed that 75.00 per cent of the trained

farmers had medium risk preference followed by high (13.34%) and low

(11.66%) levels of risk preference.

Bhagyalaxmi et al. (2003) revealed that majority of the respondents

(75.56%) had medium risk orientation followed by low (15.56%) and high

(13.33%) risk orientation categories.

Suresh (2004) indicated that majority of respondents had medium

level of risk taking ability (62.02%) followed by low and high level at the

rate of 24.58 per cent and 13.34 per cent, respectively.

2.4.13 Dependency Ratio

Lalitha (1997) found that percentage of employed persons was

around 28.00 per cent and dependency ratio was 1:2.56.

Anitha (2004) revealed that majority of the respondents belonged

to medium dependency ratio category.

Chethana (2005) stated that majority of the respondents belonged

to medium (40.84%) dependency ratio category.

Narayanaswamy (2005) found that majority of the respondents

belonged to medium (62.00%) dependency ratio category.

Pushpa (2009) indicated that two fifth (40.00%) of the respondents

belong to high dependency ratio category followed by low (36.11%) and

medium (23.89%).

2.4.14 Management Orientation

Kumar Vijaya (1997) reported that 42.00 per cent of the growers

had low management orientation followed by medium (54.00%) and high

(4.00%)

Chawla and Patel (2003) found that majority (71.30%) of the

respondents had medium degree of management orientation followed by

high (20.00%) and low (8.70%).

Nagesha (2005) revealed that majority of the respondents belonged

to medium category of management orientation followed by high

(14.20%) and low (19.10%).

Mamathalakshmi (2010) stated that about 54.17 per cent of the

respondents belonged to medium level of management orientation

category followed by high (26.67%) and low (19.17%).

Swetha (2010) reported that less than half (48.88%) of the farm

women were found to be in the medium management orientation

category followed by low (31.12 %) and high (20.00%).

2.4.15 Level of Aspiration

Shailaja (1990) revealed that marginal farm women had a high

level of aspiration and were superior to large and small farm women.

Neelaveni et al. (2002) denoted nearly three –fourth of the

respondents had medium aspiration.

Sowmya (2009) found that 38.33 per cent of the respondents had

high level of aspiration followed by medium (33.33%) and low (28.37%).

2.4.16 Information Seeking Behavior

Raghavendra (1997) in a study on knowledge and adoption

behaviour of arecanut farmers of South Canara district, Karnataka state,

revealed that 50 per cent of the arecanut growers consulted progressive

farmers for cultivation practices of arecanut followed by mass media

sources 25 per cent and institutional sources 20 per cent.

Bhople et al. (1997) reported that 98.33 per cent and 95.83 per

cent of the orange growers consulted friends, neighbours and progressive

orange growers of Maharashtra respectively. This was followed by

listening the radio broadcast, visit to the officer of the village extension

workers, contact with agro services centers and personal contact with

Agricultural Extension Officer, university scientists and participation on

field days were the least consulted sources/ channels.

Wagdhare et al. (1998) reported that village extension workers of

training and visit systems were the top most credible source and

information as perceived by the small farmers of the Maharashtra,

followed by neighbours /friends, progressive farmers and TV.

Kumar (1998) in his study on knowledge, adoption and economic

performances of banana growers, reveal that a major proportion 50 per

cent of the banana growers had consulted neighbours and friends to get

information regarding banana cultivation.

Jyothi (2000) reported that input dealers were the most frequently

consulted information sources followed by progressive farmer, TV,

Extension personnel of private organization, friends, radio and Assistant

Agriculture Officers.

2.4.17 Cropping Pattern

Sandeep (2006) revealed that cent per cent of the respondents

cultivated maize in kharif season crop followed by sorghum (70.00%) and

green gram (40.83%). Where as in rabi season cent percent of the

farmers cultivated wheat followed by mustard (60.00%) and gram

(56.66%). During summer 37.50 per cent of the respondents cultivated

groundnut and 33.33 per cent of the respondents cultivated vegetables.

2.5 Constraints Faced by the FLD Farmers.

Thyagarajan and Vasanthakumar (2000) conducted a study on

constraints in getting high yield in rice in south Arcot district of Tamil

Nadu, and revealed that, ‘lack of reasonable support price’ (36.33%)

was found to be the first important constraint followed by ‘high cost of

inputs’ expressed by 34.00 per cent of respondents.

Mutkule et al. (2001) conducted a study on constraints in

adoption of chilli technology in Nanded district of Maharashtra and

observed that, majority of the respondent (93.33%) experienced the

constraints like ‘insecticides and pesticides were costly’ followed by

‘fluctuation of prices of chilli’ (86.00%).

Krishnamurthy et al. (2004) identified the problems of rice growers

in five district of Karnataka state. The major constraints faced by them

were non availability of quality seeds and fertilizer (98.00%), lack of

literature (93.00%), lack of knowledge (90.00%) and complex technology

(87.00%).

Sunilkumar (2004) carried out a study on farmer’s knowledge and

adoption of post harvest technology in tomato crop of Belgaum district in

Karnataka and reported that, majority of the farmers (75.83%) faced the

problem of lack of technical knowledge and guidance about improved

cultivation practices as well as post-harvest technology. Whereas, 65.00

per cent of the respondents faced the problem of high fluctuation in

market price followed by high transportation cost (62.53%), labour

shortage and high wages (55.83%) and lack of irrigation facilities and

power shortage (46.66%) as major constraints.

Thejaswini et al. (2004) conducted a study on performance of farm

women in agriculture and income generating activities in Mysore

district of Karnataka and reported that majority of respondents

indicated that lack of training (85.00%), financial constraints (82.00%),

poor quality of raw materials (81.00%), high cost of production

(77.00%), lack of quality aspects (73.00%), marketing problems

(65.00%) and lack of storage and ware housing facilities (64.00%) were

the major constraints to undertake income generating activities.

Thiranjangowda (2005) conducted a study on Cultivation and

marketing pattern of selected cut flowers in Belgaum district and

reported that, high investment in poly house (75.00%), problems of

pests and diseases (65.00%) and high cost of fertilizers (45.00%) are the

main constraints regarding gerbera flower cultivation.

Nagesha (2005) reported that high incidence of pests and diseases

followed by other problems such as high cost of fertilizers, chemicals and

insecticides, high wages of labour, non-availability of skilled labour and

lack of transportation and storage facilities were the major constraints

faced by them.

Vani (2005) reported that a great majority of the farmers who were

practicing agriculture expressed that lack of irrigation facilities (95%),

erratic distribution of rainfall (94.16%), irregular supply of electricity

(93.30%) and lack of soil testing facilities (90.80%) as the major

constraints. Further, majority of them expressed that failure of rainfall at

the critical stages of crop growth, non-availability of drought resistant

varieties and high incidence of pests and diseases for the crops as other

important constraints.

Ganesh (2006) reported that the important production

constraints faced by the turmeric growers were rotting of seed rhizome

(98.83%), lack of technical know-how (71.67%), high labour wage

(63.33%), scarcity of labour (60.00%) and high cost of inputs (54.17%).

Nethravathi (2008) observed that the constraints faced by majority

of farm women in various post-harvest technologies of tomato were change

in climate (98.33%), loss of fruits while grading (97.50%), Far off market

places (84.17%), lack of training (57.50%), non-availability of processing

units (52.50%) and manual harvesting (55.00%).

Karthik (2009) reported that Lack of timely availability of credit,

lack of required finance and non availability of sufficient credit were the

most important financial constraints. Problem of timely supply of seeds,

lack of market facilities at local level and problem in supply of quality

seeds were the most important institutional constraints.

Chitra (2010) reported that in case of paddy +sugar cane

+dairy farming system, less than 50 per cent of farmers were facing

problems like non availability of good quality seeds (50.0%), lack of good

marketing system (43.3%), lack of improved breeds(40.0%), lack of

training and guidance by extension personnel (33.3%) and lack of

transportation facility(30.0%)

Pushpa (2010) reported that in dairy farming non-

availability of fodder cuttings material (95.83%), lack of knowledge on

fodder crop cultivation (93.33%), inadequate veterinary service (91.67%)

were the major constraints. Fluctuations in the price of cocoons, lack of

knowledge on identification of disease symptom, lack of training on

silkworm reeling could be considered as the most important constraints

in practicing Sericulture enterprise. Establishing model farms, high

lighting the benefits of integrated farming system in one or two locations

in each Panchayat union will enable the farmers of that locality to gain

firsthand knowledge about various aspects of integrated farming system.

Raghavendra (2010) stated that Irrespective of participant

and non-participant farmers clearly expressed that non availability of

seeds, high seed cost, high cost of fertilizers, non availability of

fertilizers and high cost of plant protection chemicals.

2.6 Suggestions for Extension Personnel

Singh et al. (1977) revealed that while studying

integration of crop and milk production on small farmers in Punjab, the

integrated crop and dairy plans could play an important role in

increasing income and employment on the small farms. Dairying being a

capital intensive activity requirement of capital increased manifold with

the introduction of improved technology and also he suggested that in

order to harvest benefit if integrated crop and dairy production together

with the adoption of improved technology, the financial institutions

should provide adequate short and medium term credit on easy terms to

small farmers.

Kamble et al. (1987) reported that 20.02 per cent of the

farmers of Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra suggested to organize

method demonstration on the treatment of the seeds with bio-fertilizers

followed by those suggestions to supply them along with certified seeds

and to organize result demonstration (18.20%) timely supply of bio-

fertilizers giving wide publicity (16.36%) and organizing training classes

(7.27%) were some other agencies.

Kella et al. (2002) suggested two field extension approaches for

sustainability viz., integrated farming system and blending of

indigenous farm technologies into modern technologies and opined that

these two approaches have advantage as they are eco-friendly,

economically feasible and the IFS gives more income per unit area by

reducing the cost of production.

Ravi (2000) revealed that 87.70 per cent of the respondents

suggested the need for stable price to produce as a prime suggestion.

While, information on control of pests and diseases were expressed by

89.00 per cent, timely availability of credit and need for training centers

at mandal level were the suggestions reported by 33.33 per cent each of

the respondents. Further, reduced cost of fertilizer and pesticides

(27.77%) and provision for fertilizer shop at the local place (16.67%) were

the suggestions made by the jasmine growers.

Kumar (2005) in their study on knowledge and adoption of rose

growing farmers in Karnataka reported that establishment of separate

and more number of markets (74.17%), necessity of good transportation

facility (69.17%), establishment of good storage facility (60.83%) and

removal of middleman (55.00%) were some of the suggestions expressed

by the rose growers for improving rose marketing.

Mamathalakshmi (2010) found that cent per cent of the

respondents suggested ensuring availability of quality inputs at right

time and proper irrigation facilities followed by 98.33 per cent suggested

that inadequate power supply, providing appropriate storage facilities

(93.33%), proper market infrastructure facilities (92.50%) and financial

assistance (90.83%) were some of the suggestions expressed by

chrysanthemum growers.

Chapter III

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was conducted in Mandya district of Karnataka

state during 2013. The details of the methodology adopted for the

present investigation are presented in this chapter under the

following sub headings:

3.1 Locale of the study

3.2 Description of the study area

3.3 Research design

3.4 Selection of villages and the respondents

3.5 Method used for measurement of dependent variable.

3.6 Methods used for measurement of independent variables.

3.7 Constraints faced by farmers.

3.8 Instruments used for data collection.

3.9 Statistical methods used for data analysis.

3.10 Conceptual Model of the Study

3.1 Locale of the Study

The study was conducted during 2013 in Mandya district which

comes under southern Dry zone (Zone -6) of Karnataka. The district is

purposively selected as the KVK in district was established during the

year 2000 and it is one of the oldest KVKs in Karnataka. One of the

important objectives of KVK is organizing FLD’s to maximize the

productivity. The purpose is to convince extension functionaries and

farmers together about the potentialities of technologies for further wide

scale diffusion and used as a source of generating data on factors

contributing for higher crop yields and constraints of production under

various farming situations. The wide varieties of FLD’s were identified

through this KVK. FLD’s were conducted on important crops like paddy,

maize, ragi, red gram, tomato, mulberry etc and out of these crops, KVK,

Mandya organized more FLD’s on ragi, paddy and maize. Hence, front

line demonstrations on these crops were considered for the study. The

villages for data collection were selected based on the presence of

majority of FLD farmers for each crop.

3.2 Description of the Study Area

Mandya is predominately agrarian district in Karnataka located in

the south of the state between 760 19’ and 770 20’ E longitude and 110

50’ and 180 27’ N latitude with an altitude of 2500-3000 ft MSL. Mandya

consists of seven taluks with geographical area of 4, 96,100 ha. Based on

the agro-ecological parameters, three agro- ecological situations (AES)

have been identified in the district viz., AES-I-Irrigated, AES-II- Semi-

Irrigated and AES-III-Rain fed. The important taluks which come under

irrigated situation are Mandya, Pandavapura and Sri Ranga Patna.

Whereas, Krishna Raj Pet and Maddur taluks fall in semi-irrigated

situations, while, Nagamangala and Malavalli taluks come under rain fed

situations. The major crops grown are paddy, ragi, sugarcane, maize,

coconut, mango, tomato, green chilli, bhendi, cabbage, mulberry

cultivation, flower production is also practiced along with other allied

activities (dairy, poultry, sericulture, agro-forestry etc). Average rainfall of

the district is 725 mm with bimodal distribution. The soils are

predominately red sandy loams, medium black and lateritic soil and the

total irrigated area in the district is 2, 48, 825 ha with an cultivated area

of 1, 17,000 ha.

3.3 Research Design

The research design adopted for this study was ex-post-facto

design, since the phenomenon has already occurred and is continuing.

Ex-post-facto research is the most systematic empirical enquiry in which

the researcher does not have control over independent variable as their

manifestation has already occurred or they are inherent and cannot be

manipulate. Thus, inference about relation among variables was made

without direct intervention from concomitant variation of independent

and dependent variable.

3.4 Selections of Villages and the Respondents

The study was carried out in Mandya district of Karnataka state.

Out of seven taluks of the district, three taluks were purposively selected

based on the presence of majority of FLD farmers for each crop.

The list of frontline demonstration farmers and their villages were

obtained from the records at KVK, Mandya. Out of this, Jayapura,

Kundoor and Hirallalli were purposively selected based on the presence

of majority of FLD farmers on Paddy, Maize and Ragi crop respectively.

From this list, 40 demonstrators for each crop were selected. Thus, the

total sample size was 120 for three crops from three villages adopted by

KVK in three taluks.

Karnataka State

Fig 1: Map Showing the Study Area

3.5 Method Used for Measurement of Dependent Variable

The dependent variable for the study was the effectiveness of FLD

on the selected crops. The details on the measurement of effectiveness of

FLD are presented here under

3.5.1. Development of a Scale to Measure the Effectiveness of

Frontline Demonstrations

The appropriate and comprehensive device for measuring

effectiveness of Frontline demonstration was not reported by any of the

researchers. Visualizing the importance of this variable, it was decided to

develop an effectiveness scale for the use for the study. The different

steps adopted for this purpose is narrated in succeeding paragraphs.

Item pool: An item pool of important areas like knowledge, adoption,

yield level, economic and social status which form the indicators for

measuring effectiveness were prepared by reviewing package of practices,

journals and other publications. The items, thus evolved, were

scrutinized. Accordingly, the items which are complex, abstract and

incomplete were deleted or modified.

Item selection: Finally 13 statements under knowledge, 13 statements

under adoption, 4 statements under yield level, 7 statements under

economic status and 10 statements under social status were listed. The

relevancy of the items listed were tested by administering the scale items

to 60 judges i.e., extension personnel from UAS, Bangalore. The experts

were requested to evaluate these items on relevancy criterion with

response categories – ‘Most relevant’, ‘relevant’ and ‘not relevant’. Thirty

four judges (56 per cent) responded to the questionnaire. Those items

having the value 70.00 per cent and above were selected. Thus, a total of

10 statements under knowledge, 10 statements under adoption, 3

statements under yield level, 6 statements under economic status and 6

statements under social status were selected and included in the

instrument.

Effectiveness index= K+A+Y+E+S X 100

ES

Where, K= Observed Knowledge Score

A= Observed Adoption Score

Y= Observed Yield level

E= Observed Economic status Score

S= Observed Social status Score

ES= Expected Score

3.5.2. Quantifying the Effectiveness of FLD under Following

Headings

Knowledge Effectiveness: The item of activities obtained after relevancy

and responses were collected from the respondents on two point

continuum, namely ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. Scoring of these responses was 1 and

0, respectively. The aggregate score of each respondent was obtained by

adding the respective score for each item. The knowledge effectiveness

included in the study is given in Appendices.

Thus, after computing the knowledge score, the respondents were

grouped into low, medium and high categories by taking mean and

standard deviation as a measure of check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

Adoption Effectiveness: The item of activities obtained after relevancy

and responses were collected from the respondents on two point

continuum, namely ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. Scoring of these responses was 1 and

0, respectively. The aggregate score of each respondent was obtained by

adding the respective score for each item. The adoption effectiveness

included in the study is given in Appendices.

Thus, after computing the adoption score, the respondents were

grouped into low, medium and high categories by taking mean and

standard deviation as a measure of check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

Yield Effectiveness: The item of activities obtained after relevancy and

responses were collected from the respondents on two point continuum,

namely ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. Scoring of these responses was 1 and 0,

respectively. The aggregate score of each respondent was obtained by

adding the respective score for each item. The yield effectiveness included

in the study is given in Appendices.

Thus, after computing the yield score, the respondents were

grouped into low, medium and high categories by taking mean and

standard deviation as a measure of check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

Economic Status Effectiveness: The item of activities obtained after

relevancy and responses were collected from the respondents on two

point continuum, namely ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. Scoring of these responses was 1

and 0, respectively. The aggregate score of each respondent was obtained

by adding the respective score for each item. The economic status

effectiveness included in the study is given in Appendices.

Thus, after computing the economic status score, the respondents

were grouped into low, medium and high categories by taking mean and

standard deviation as a measure of check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

Social Status Effectiveness: The item of activities obtained after

relevancy and responses were collected from the respondents on two

point continuum, namely ‘Yes’ and ‘No’. Scoring of these responses was 1

and 0, respectively. The aggregate score of each respondent was obtained

by adding the respective score for each item. The Social status

effectiveness included in the study is given in Appendices.

Thus, after computing the social status score, the respondents

were grouped into low, medium and high categories by taking mean and

standard deviation as a measure of check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

Effectiveness Index:

Effectiveness index was calculated by addition of observed scores

of knowledge, adoption, yield, economic status and social status divided

by expected score and then it is multiplied by 100.

Summation of maximum score of each indicator constitutes the

expected score.

Thus, after computing the effectiveness index score, the

respondents were grouped into low, medium and high categories by

taking mean and standard deviation as a measure of check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

3.6 Methods Used for Measurement of Independent Variables

Variables Empirical Measurement

Age Schedule developed

Education Schedule developed

Land Holding Schedule developed

Mass Media Exposure Schedule developed

Extension Participation Hiremath (2000) procedure used

Extension Contact Hiremath(2000) procedure used

Social Participation Trivedi (1963) scale used.

Innovativeness Schedule developed

Cosmopoliteness Desai (1975) scale used.

Economic Motivation Supe (1969) scale used

Leadership Ability Nandapurkar(1982) scale used

Risk Bearing Ability Supe(1969) scale used

Dependency Ratio Savitha(1999)procedure followed

Management Orientation Samanta(1977) scale used

Aspiration level Cantrill(1965) scale used

Information Seeking Behaviour Rao (1985) scale used

Cropping Pattern Schedule developed

3.6.1 Age.

Age was measured as the number of calendar years completed by

the respondent at the time of investigation. Based on the completed

years, the respondents were classified as;

Category Criteria

Young

Middle

Old

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

3.6.2 Education.

Education is the process of producing desirable changes in the

behavior of an individual. In this study, this variable referred to the

amount of formal schooling undergone by farmer in terms of number of

years of formal standards attained. The respondents were asked to

indicate the level of education they had, later they were classified into

following categories. The scores assigned to each category were given as

below for computing the socio-economic status of the respondents.

Category Education Score

Illiterate

Primary School

High School

Pre University

Graduation and above

Can’t read & write

1st -7th standard

8th -10th standard

11th -12th standard

Above 12th standard

1

2

3

4

5

Considering the above scoring pattern, the individual score for each

respondent was arrived at and they were classified into three categories

taking mean and standard deviation as a measure of check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

3.6.3 Land Holding.

The extent of land actually possessed by the farmer was recorded

and this was converted into standard acres based on Karnataka Land

Reforms Act 38 of 1996. According to this act, one acre of wet or garden

land was considered and equated to 2.50 acres of dry land

It is taken as the total number of standard acres a farmer owned at

the time of data collection including land leased. The conversion of

different kinds of land holding into standard dry land acre was done. The

extent of land owned by each category of farmers is given under.

Category Criteria

Marginal farmers Below 2.5acres

Small farmers 2.51to5.0acres

Big farmers Above 5.0 acres

3.6.4 Mass Media Exposure.

Mass media exposure refers to the degree to which farmers were

exposed to various mass media. The different mass media sources were

listed and the respondents were asked to indicate as to how often they

use these mass media. The scores were given as below.

Subscriber /

Owner Score

Yes

No

1

0

Mass media use Use score

Regularly

Occasionally

Never

2

1

0

Considering the total score obtained by an individual, the respondents

were grouped into three categories based on the mean and standard

deviation.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

3.6.5 Extension Participation.

Extension participation is operationalised as the extent of

participation of farmers in different extension educational activities

organized by extension personnel. This variable was quantified by

following the procedure as followed by Hiremath (2000).

In order to assess the extent of participation of the farmer in

extension activities, different activities were listed and respondents were

asked to indicate their participation as regularly, occasionally and never

with 2, 1, and 0 scores, respectively. Then the respondents were grouped

into three categories based on the mean and standard deviation of the

score.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

3.6.6 Extension Contact.

Extension contact is operationally defined as the degree of contacts

made by the farmers with different extension workers in order to seek

information on different aspects. This variable was quantified as follows;

Extension contact Score

Regularly

Occasionally

Never

2

1

0

The respondents were grouped into three categories based on the

mean and standard deviation.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½ SD

3.6.7 Social Participation.

This variable was operationalised as the degree of involvement of

an individual in formal organizations either as a member or an office

bearer. The scoring procedure is given below.

Category Score

Member in any organization 1

Office bearer in any organization 2

Participation Score

Regularly

Occasionally

Never

2

1

0

Based on the scores obtained by each farmer, they were grouped

into three categories based on the mean and standard deviation.

Category Criteria

Low Less than (mean- ½ SD)

Medium Between (mean ± ½ SD)

High More than (mean + ½SD)

3.6.8 Innovativeness.

Innovativeness was operationalised as socio-psychological

orientation of an individual to get linked or closely associated with

change, adopting innovative ideas and practices.

The innovativeness scale developed by Feaster (1968) and modified

by Prasad (1983) was used in this study. Eight statements with first four

positive and next four negative statements constituted the scale. The

responses were obtained on a three point continuum viz., ‘yes’, ‘

undecided’ and ‘ no’ with a scoring pattern of 2,1 and 0 for positive

statements and 0, 1 and 2 for negative statements, respectively. The

summated score indicated the innovativeness of the farmers. The

categories were made based on mean and standard deviation.

Category Score

Low Less than (mean - ½ SD)

Medium Between (mean ± ½ SD)

High More than (mean + ½SD)

3.6.9 Cosmopoliteness.

Cosmopoliteness is defined as the degree to which an individual

is oriented to their immediate outside social system. The Cosmopolite

farmer is likely to be unique individual in that they are motivated to look

beyond their environment when most others are content to maintain a

legalistic frame of reference. The variable was measured using the scale

developed by Desai (1981). Two dimensions of the variable were

considered in this case.

a. The frequency of visit to the nearest town

b. The purpose of visit to the town

The items and scoring pattern followed in quantifying the

frequency of visit and purpose of visit were as follows.

No Frequency of

visit

Purpose of visit Score

a Two or more times

in a week

All visits relating to

agriculture

5

b Once in a week Some visits relating

to agriculture

4

c Once in 15 days Personal/ Domestic 3

d Once in a month Entertainment 2

e Seldom Others 1

f Never Without any

purpose

0

The mean and standard deviation of Cosmopoliteness score of

the respondents was considered for categorizing the respondents into

low, medium and high.

Category Score

Low Less than (mean - ½ SD)

Medium Between (mean ± ½ SD)

High More than (mean + ½SD)

3.6.10. Economic Motivation.

Economic motivation refers to the values or attitude for which the

farmer attached greater importance to profit maximization. This was

quantified by using the scale developed by Supe (1969). The scale

consists of six statements, of which first five statements were positive

and the last one was negative. The responses were recorded on five point

continuum ranging from strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and

strongly disagree with scores of 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for positive statements

and 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 for negative statements, respectively. By

considering the total score obtained by each respondent they were

equally divided into three groups as low, medium and high economic

motivation.

Category Score

Low Less than (mean - ½ SD)

Medium Between (mean ± ½ SD)

High More than (mean + ½SD)

3.6.11 Leadership Ability.

Leadership ability is the degree to which an individual initiate or

motivate the action of the followers. In the present study, this variable

was measured by using the scale developed by Nandapurkar (1982) and

Anonymous (1998). The scale consisted of five items which are measured

on three point continuum namely “strongly agree”, “agree” and “disagree”

with the score of 3, 2, and 1 respectively. Total score for all the items

given leadership score of the individual. The responses were categorized

as below. Based on the total score, following categories were made

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½SD)

3.6.12 Risk Bearing Ability.

Risk bearing ability is the degree to which a farmer is oriented

towards risks and uncertainty in agriculture, and has the courage to face

the various risks involved in agriculture. Supe (1969) developed a scale

for measuring risk orientation of farmers. The scale contained 6

statements. The same scale was used in the present study with slight

modifications. The fifth statement was negatively scored and all others

were positively scored. In case of positive statements, a score of one was

assigned for the ‘agree’ response and zero score for ‘disagree’ statement.

The mean and standard deviation of risk orientation score of the

respondents was considered for categorizing the respondents into low,

medium and high.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½SD)

3.6.13. Dependency Ratio.

Dependency ratio operationalised as the ratio of number of non

earning family members to the number of earning members of the family.

Family dependency ratio was measured as per the procedure followed by

Savitha (1999). The following formula was used to compute the family

dependency ratio.

Number of dependent members

D.R. = ___________________________________ X 100

Number of earning members

Based on the total scores obtained by the

respondents, they were grouped into three categories taking mean and

standard deviation as a measure of check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½SD)

3.6.14. Management Orientation.

Management orientation was operationally defined as the degree to

which a farmer is oriented towards scientific management of farm

comprising of planning, production and marketing functions. The scale

developed by Samantha (1977) was used to measure management

orientation.

The scale consisted of fifteen statements. There were five

statements each for planning, production and marketing orientation. In

each group positive and negative statements were kept mixed with a

more or less psychological order of the statements. The positive

statements were given a score of five for “strongly agree”, four for “agree”,

three for “undecided”, two for “disagree” and one for “strongly disagree”.

In case of negative statements the scoring procedure was reversed. The

total score was obtained by summation of scores awarded for each

statement based on the response category. The 15 management

orientation statements were given in the appendix.

By considering the total score obtained by each respondent they

were equally divided into three group’s viz., low, medium and high.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½SD)

3.6.15 Level of Aspiration.

Level f aspiration is defined as the possible goal an individual sets

himself in his performance. Level of aspiration is quantified as the level

of future performance in a familiar task, which an individual after

knowing the level of past performance in his task, explicitly undertook to

reach.

Self-anchoring striving scale devised by cantrill (1965) was used in

the study, consisting of desires, worries and fears in his own terms and

assumptions. A figure of ladder with one to ten steps was shown to each

respondent and asked to indicate the steps on the ladder he felt stood

personally, (a) at the present time (b) two years ago and (c) two years

from now onwards. Corresponding to the steps in the ladder for the

present, past and future, scores were given and summed up. The total

score would range from 0 to 30. The respondents were categorized into

three categories by keeping mean and standard deviation as a measure

of check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½SD)

3.6.16 Information Seeking Behavior.

Information seeking behavior was operationally defined as the

frequency of contact or exposure of a farmer to different sources for

obtaining farm information.

The information seeking behavior of a farmer was measured with rating

scale developed by Rao (1985). The scale contains 16 items and was

categorized under three sub-heads namely informal sources, formal

sources and mass media. For determining the degree of information

seeking by the respondents through these sources, four response

categories namely frequently, occasionally, rarely and never provided

with scores 3,2,1and 0 respectively.

Based on the score obtained by respondents on information seeking, they

were grouped into three following categories, keeping the mean and

standard deviation as check.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½SD)

3.6.17Cropping Pattern.

Cropping pattern was operationally defined as yearly sequence and

spatial arrangements of crops in a particular locality.

In the present study the cropping pattern was studied by asking

the respondents regarding crops grown in last three years. The

respondents were classified based on the crops grown in particular

season by using mean and standard deviation.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

< (Mean – ½ SD)

(Mean + ½ SD)

> (Mean + ½SD)

3.7 Constraints Faced by FLD Farmers.

Constraints are the restrictions or problems undergone by the

farmers in the process of cultivation. Some of the common constraints

were listed and the farmers were asked to indicate the constraints faced

by them which were noted down. The responses were pooled together.

The scores were assigned based on the responses of the respondents.

3.8 Instruments Used for Data Collection.

Keeping the objectives of the study in view, a structured

schedule was prepared with the help of experts in the field of Agricultural

Extension, which included all the variables in the study. The constructed

schedule was pre-tested in the non sample area interviewing 10 farmers.

The minor ambiguous items were re-constructed and the final interview

schedule has been prepared. Data collection was done by personal

interview method with the help of the interview schedule. The data

collection was done during the month of March 2013.

3.9 Statistical Tools Used for Data Analysis.

Appropriate statistical tools were used for analyzing the data of

investigation. The data collected from the respondents were scored,

tabulated and analyzed using the following statistical tools and

techniques.

3.9.1 Percentage.

Percentage was used to make the simple comparison of different

groups where ever needed.

3.9.2 Mean.

Mean is the sum of the observed values of a set divided by the

number of observations in the set is called a mean or an average. The

calculated mean was used for grouping the respondents.

3.9.3 Standard Deviation.

The positive square root of the variance is called standard

deviation. It explains the average amount of variation on either side of

the mean.

The mean and standard deviation were used to classify the farmers

into three following categories.

Category Criteria

Low

Medium

High

<(Mean - 1/2 SD)

(Mean ± 1/2 SD)

>(Mean + 1/2 SD)

3.9.4 Frequencies.

A frequency distribution was used to quantify the different

personal, social, psychological and economic characteristics of the

farmers. It was also used in the response analysis of constraints and

suggestions statements.

3.9.5 Chi-square test.

It is a non parametric test used to know the association between

the dependent and independent variables.

3.9.6 Paired‘t’ test.

It is a parametric test, used to know the interdependency between

the variables.

3.10 Conceptual Model of the Study

Conceptually the variables under study were presented in Figure

2. It is conceived that the dependent variable i.e. effectiveness is

influenced by the independent variables like age, education, land

holding, mass media exposure, extension participation, extension

contact, social participation, innovativeness, Cosmopoliteness, economic

motivation, leadership ability, risk bearing ability, dependent ratio,

management orientation, level of aspiration, information seeking

behavior and cropping pattern. The assumed relationship between

dependent and independent variables were represented in fig.2.

Chapter IV

RESULTS

Based on the objectives and methodology mentioned in the

preceding chapters, a systematic study was made and the results

obtained from the analysis of the data are presented under

following headings:

4.1 Profile of FLD farmers.

4.2 Effectiveness index of respondents due to conduct of FLD on

Paddy

4.3 Effectiveness index of respondents due to conduct of FLD on

Maize

4.4 Effectiveness index of respondents due to conduct of FLD on

Ragi

4.5 Association between profile of FLD farmers with effectiveness

index.

4.6 Overall significance of effectiveness of FLD

4.7 Constraints faced by the respondent farmers for effective

implementation of FLD.

4.8 Suggestions as perceived by respondent farmers for effective

implementation of FLD.

4.1 Profile of FLD Farmers

4.1.1 Age.

The data in table 1 provides the information on age grouping of the

FLD farmers. It was observed that majorities (61.67%) of the farmers

were under middle age, followed by old age (20.00%) and young age

(18.33%) categories, respectively.

4.1.2 Education.

The education level of FLD farmers has been presented in Table 1.

It was found that 34.17 per cent of the farmers had high school

education followed by illiterate (25.00%), primary school education

(20.83%), Pre-University (14.17%) and only 5.83 per cent studied upto

graduation and above.

4.1.3 Land Holding.

Based on the land holding, farmers were classified into three

groups and the results were presented in Table 1. The results indicated

that majority (60.00%) of the respondents are marginal farmers followed

by 34.17 per cent and 5.83 per cent of the respondents were small and

big farmers, respectively.

4.1.4 Mass Media Exposure.

It is clear from the Table 1 that about 73.33 per cent of the farmers

belonged to medium mass media exposure category followed by 14.17 per

cent and 12.50 per cent were high and low mass media exposure

category, respectively.

4.1.5 Extension Participation.

The keen observation of Table 1 revealed the extent of extension

participation of the FLD farmers. In total, majority of the respondents

belonged to medium category (73.33%) followed by high (17.50%) and low

(9.17%) level of extension participation

4.1.6 Extension Contact.

It can also be observed from Table 1 that nearly two- third of the

farmers were under medium extension contact category followed by high

(17.50%) and low (15.83%) level of extension contact.

4.1.7 Social Participation.

The data from the Table 1 also revealed the social participation

level of FLD farmers. The results from the data indicated that majority of

the respondents (73.33%) belonged to medium level of social

participation category. However, 17.50 per cent and 9.17 per cent of

farmers belonged to high and low level of social participation categories,

respectively.

4.1.8 Innovativeness.

The data in table 1 give the innovativeness of the FLD farmers. A

glance at the sample as a whole indicated that 60.00 per cent of the

farmers belonged to medium level of innovativeness followed by high

(23.33%) and low (16.67%) level of innovativeness.

4.1.9 Cosmopoliteness.

Cosmopoliteness nature of FLD farmers is presented in table 1.

The results from the table indicated that about 68.33 per cent of the

respondents had medium level of cosmopoliteness whereas 19.17 per

cent and 12.50 per cent had high and low level of cosmopoliteness,

respectively.

4.1.10 Economic Motivation.

Economic motivation of FLD farmers is presented in Table 1. The

data indicated that about 61.67 per cent of the respondents belonged to

medium economic motivation level followed by high (23.33%) and low

(15.00%) economic motivation category.

4.1.11 Leadership Ability.

Leadership ability of FLD farmers is depicted in Table 1. The

results from the table indicated that majority (60.83%) of the

respondent’s belonged to medium category. Whereas 26.67 per cent and

12.50 per cent of farmers had high and low leadership ability,

respectively.

4.1.12 Risk Bearing Ability.

The data from Table 1 revealed the risk bearing ability of FLD

farmers. A glance at the sample as a whole indicated that about 61.67

per cent falls under medium category followed by high (25.83%) and low

(12.50%) risk bearing ability category.

4.1.13 Dependency Ratio.

Table 1 revealed the dependent ratio of FLD farmers. The data

indicated that about 74.17 per cent of the respondents belonged to

medium dependency ratio followed by high (20.00%) and low (5.83%)

dependency ratio category.

4.1.14 Management Orientation.

Table 1 presents the management orientation of FLD farmers. The

results from the data indicated that majority (60.00%) of the farmers

were belonged to medium Management orientation category followed by

high (28.33%) and low (11.67%) management orientation category.

4.1.15 Level of Aspiration.

From the Table 1 we can observe the aspiration level of FLD

farmers. The data indicated that majority (64.17%) of farmers were

belonging to medium category followed by high (25.83%) and low

(10.00%) level of aspiration category.

4.1.16 Information Seeking Behavior.

Information seeking behavior of FLD farmers is presented in Table

1. The results from the data indicated that majority (63.33%) of the

respondent’s belonged to medium category. Whereas 28.34 per cent and

8.33 per cent of farmers had high and low information seeking behavior

respectively.

4.1.17 Cropping Pattern.

It is clear from the Table 1 that about 68.33 per cent of the farmers

belonged to medium cropping pattern category followed by 21.67 per cent

and 10.00 per cent of farmers belonged to high and low category

respectively.

4.2 Effectiveness Index of Respondents due to Conduct of FLD on

Paddy

Table 2 provides the information on knowledge, Adoption,

Yield, Economic, Social status and Effectiveness index of respondents

due to conduct of FLD on Paddy.

The data revealed that before FLD, 72.50 per cent of

respondents had medium knowledge level followed by low (15.00%) and

high (12.50%) knowledge level respectively. Whereas after FLD, 80.00 per

cent of respondents had medium knowledge level followed by high

(15.00%) and low (5.00%) knowledge level, respectively (Fig 3).

Table 1. Profile of Front line Demonstration Farmers

(n= 120)

Characteristics Number Per cent

Age Young (<32 years)

22

18.33

Mean= 44.9 S.D= 12.0 Middle (32-56 years) 74 61.67

Old (>56 years) 24 20.00

Education Illiterate

30

25.00

Mean= 2.5 S.D= 1.1

Primary school 25 20.83

High school 41 34.17

Pre-University 17 14.17

Graduate 7 5.83

Land Holding Marginal farmers(<2.5.0 acres)

72

60.00

Mean= 2.2 S.D= 1.5 Small farmers(2.5-5.0 acres) 41 34.17

Large farmers(>5.0 acres) 7 5.83

Mass Media Exposure Low

15

12.50

Mean= 4.5 S.D= 2.3 Medium 88 73.33

High 17 14.17

Extension Participation Low

11

9.17

Mean= 8.4 S.D= 4.1 Medium 88 73.33

High 21 17.50

Extension Contact Low

19

15.83

Mean= 4.9 S.D= 2.3 Medium 80 66.67

High 21 17.50

Social Participation Low

11

9.17

Mean= 7.3 S.D= 5.8 Medium 88 73.33

High 21 17.50

Innovativeness Low

20

16.67

Mean= 9.3 S.D= 7.2 Medium 72 60.00

High 28 23.33

Cosmopoliteness Low

15

12.50

Mean= 9.6 S.D= 3.1 Medium 82 68.33

High 23 19.17

Economic Motivation

Low

18

15.00

Mean= 22.3

S.D= 3.9 Medium 74 61.67

High 28 23.33

Leadership Ability

Low

15

12.50

Mean= 9.6

S.D= 3.3 Medium 73 60.83

High 32 26.67

Risk Bearing Ability

Low

15

12.50

Mean= 4.7

S.D= 1.2 Medium 74 61.67

High 31 25.83

Dependency Ratio

Low

7

5.83

Mean= 228.6

S.D= 123.2 Medium 89 74.17

High 24 20.00

Management Orientation

Low

14

11.67

Mean= 62.8

S.D= 9.1 Medium 72 60.00

High 34 28.33

Level of Aspiration

Low

12

10.00

Mean= 18.9

S.D= 6.1 Medium 77 64.17

High 31 25.83

Information Seeking Behavior

Low

10

8.33

Mean= 9.4

S.D= 2.5 Medium 76 63.33

High 34 28.34

Cropping Pattern

Low

12

10.00

Mean= 2.3

S.D= 1.1 Medium 82 68.33

High 26 21.67

Table 2. Effectiveness Index of Respondents due to Conduct of FLD

on Paddy

(n= 40)

Characteristics Before After

Number Per cent Number Per cent

Knowledge Level

Low

6

15.00

2

5.00

Medium 29 72.50 32 80.00

High 5 12.50 6 15.00

Adoption Level

Low

10

25.00

5

12.50

Medium 25 62.50 15 37.50

High 5 12.50 20 50.00

Yield Level

Low

4

10.00

4

10.00

Medium 29 72.50 26 65.00

High 7 17.50 10 25.00

Economic Status

Low

7

17.50

4

10.00

Medium 32 80.00 26 65.00

High 1 2.50 10 25.00

Social Status

Low

15

37.50

4

10.00

Medium 19 47.50 18 45.00

High 6 15.00 18 45.00

Effectiveness Index

Low

14

35.00

5

12.50

Medium 21 52.50 19 47.50

High 5 12.50 16 40.00

Fig 3: Knowledge Level of Paddy Respondents

Fig 4: Adoption Level of Paddy Respondents

Fig 5: Yield Level of Paddy Respondents

Fig 6: Economic Status of Paddy Respondents

Fig 7: Social Status of Paddy Respondents

Fig 8: Effectiveness Index of Paddy Respondents

It was observed that before FLD, majority (62.50%) of respondents

belong to medium adoption category followed by low (25.00%) and high

(12.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, half of the respondents belonged

to high adoption level category followed by medium (37.50%) and low

(12.50%) adoption category (Fig 4).

.

The result shows that before FLD, majority (72.50%) of

respondents belonged to medium level of yield category followed by high

(17.50%) and low (10.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, it was observed

that one- fourth of the respondents belong to high yield level category

and 65.00 per cent of respondents belong to medium category (Fig 5).

It was found that before FLD, majority (80.00%) of

respondents belong to medium economic status category followed by low

(17.50%) and high (2.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, one- fourth of

the respondents belong to high economic status and 65.00 per cent of

respondents comes under medium group (Fig 6).

The result indicated that before FLD, nearly half (47.50%) of

respondents belong to medium social status category followed by low

(37.50%) and high (15.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, forty five per

cent of respondents come under high social status group followed by

medium (45.00%) and low (10.00%) social status group (Fig 7).

It was noticed that before FLD, majority (52.50%) of

respondents belonged to medium effectiveness index category followed by

low (35.00%) and high (12.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, 40.00 per

cent of respondents belonged to high effectiveness index category

followed by medium (47.50%) and low (12.50%) category (Fig 8).

4.3 Effectiveness Index of Respondents due to Conduct of FLD on

Maize

Table 3 provides information on knowledge, Adoption, Yield,

Economic, Social status and Effectiveness index of respondents due to

conduct of FLD on Maize.

The data revealed that before FLD, great majority (87.50%) of

respondents belongs to medium knowledge level category followed by low

(10.00%) and high (2.50%) category, respectively. Whereas after FLD,

one- fourth of the respondents possess high knowledge level (Fig 9).

It was observed that before FLD, higher percentage (82.50%)

of respondents belongs to medium adoption category followed by low

(10.00%) and high (7.50%) category respectively. Whereas, after FLD,

nearly one- third (32.50 %) of the respondents belongs to high adoption

category followed by medium (62.50%) and low (5.00%) adoption category

(Fig 10).

The result shows that before FLD, majority (77.50%) of

respondents belong to medium yield level category followed by high

(12.50%) and low (10.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, 62.50 per cent

of respondents belong to medium yield level category and 30.00 per cent

of respondents come under high yield level category (Fig 11).

It was found that before FLD, majority (87.50%) of

respondents belong to medium economic status category followed by

high (7.50%) and low (5.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, more than

one-third (35.00%) comes under high economic status and 62.50 per

cent of respondents belongs to medium economic status group (Fig 12).

The result indicated that before FLD, majority (82.50%) of

respondents belong to medium social status category followed by high

(10.00%) and low (7.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, one-fourth of the

Table 3. Effectiveness Index of Respondents due to Conduct of FLD

on Maize

(n= 40)

Characteristics Before After

Number Per cent Number Per cent

Knowledge Level

Low

4

10.00

5

12.50

Medium 35 87.50 25 62.50

High 1 2.50 10 25.00

Adoption Level

Low

4

10.00

2

5.00

Medium 33 82.50 25 62.50

High 3 7.50 13 32.50

Yield Level

Low

4

10.00

3

7.50

Medium 31 77.50 25 62.50

High 5 12.50 12 30.00

Economic Status

Low

2

5.00

1

2.50

Medium 35 87.50 25 62.50

High 3 7.50 14 35.00

Social Status

Low

3

7.50

4

10.00

Medium 33 82.50 26 65.00

High 4 10.00 10 25.00

Effectiveness Index

Low

7

17.50

5

12.50

Medium 30 75.00 26 65.00

High 3 7.50 9 22.50

Fig 9: Knowledge Level of Maize Respondents

Fig 10: Adoption Level of Maize Respondents

Fig 11: Yield Level of Maize Respondents

Fig 12: Economic Status of Maize Respondents

respondents come under high social status category and nearly two-third

(65.00%) belongs to medium social status category (Fig 13).

It was noticed that before FLD, majority (75.00%) of

respondents belong to medium effectiveness index category followed by

low (17.50%) and high (7.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, nearly one-

fourth of the respondents (22.50%) belong to high effectiveness index

category and nearly two-third of them belong to medium effectiveness

index category (Fig 14).

4.4 Effectiveness Index of Respondents due to Conduct of FLD on

Ragi

Table 4 provides information on knowledge, Adoption, Yield,

Economic, Social status and Effectiveness index of respondents due to

conduct of FLD on Ragi.

The data revealed that before FLD, majority (72.50%) of

respondents belongs to medium knowledge level category followed by low

(20.00%) and high (7.50%) category, respectively. Where as after FLD,

majority (70.00%) of respondents belong to medium knowledge level

category and one- fourth of the respondents had high knowledge level

(Fig 15).

It was observed that before FLD, majority (75.00%) of

respondents belong to medium adoption category followed by low

(22.50%) and high (2.50%) adoption category. Whereas, after FLD, one-

fourth of the respondents belong to high adoption level category followed

by medium (70.00%) and low (5.00%) adoption level category (Fig 16).

The result shows that before FLD, 45.00 per cent of

respondents belong to medium yield level category followed by low

(37.50%) and high (17.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, half of the

Fig 13: Social Status of Maize Respondents

Fig 14: Effectiveness Index of Maize Respondents

Table 4. Effectiveness Index of Respondents due to Conduct of FLD

on Ragi

(n= 40)

Characteristics Before After

Number Per cent Number Per cent

Knowledge Level

Low

8

20.00

2

5.00

Medium 29 72.50 28 70.00

High 3 7.50 10 25.00

Adoption Level

Low

9

22.50

2

5.00

Medium 30 75.00 28 70.00

High 1 2.50 10 25.00

Yield Level

Low

15

37.50

5

12.50

Medium 18 45.00 20 50.00

High 7 17.50 15 37.50

Economic Status

Low

4

10.00

2

5.00

Medium 28 70.00 25 62.50

High 8 20.00 13 32.50

Social Status

Low

3

7.50

3

7.50

Medium 33 82.50 23 57.50

High 4 10.00 14 35.00

Effectiveness Index

Low

15

37.50

6

15.00

Medium 21 52.50 20 50.00

High 4 10.00 14 35.00

Fig 15: Knowledge Level of Ragi Respondents

Fig 16: Adoption Level of Ragi Respondents

respondents belong to medium yield level category and 37.50 per cent of

respondents belong to high yield level group (Fig 17).

It was found that before FLD, majority (70.00%) of

respondents belonged to medium economic status category followed by

high (20.00%) and low (10.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, nearly

one-third of the respondents belong to high economic status group

(32.50%) and more than three-fifth (62.50%) of respondents comes under

medium economic status group (Fig 18).

The result indicated that before FLD, majority (82.50%) of

respondents belong to medium social status category followed by high

(10.00%) and low (7.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, more than one-

third (35.00%) of the respondents belong to high social status category

and 57.50 per cent of the respondents come under medium social status

group (Fig 19).

It was noticed that before FLD, majority (52.50%) of

respondents belong to medium effectiveness index category followed by

low (37.50%) and high (10.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, half of the

respondents belong to medium effectiveness index category followed by

high (35.00%) and low (15.00%) category (Fig 20).

4.5. Association between Profile of FLD Farmers with Effectiveness

Index

In order to measure the association that exists between the

independent variables with effectiveness index of FLD farmers the chi

square test was employed and tested for its statistical significance.

Fig 17: Yield Level of Ragi Respondents

Fig 18: Economic Status of Ragi Respondents

Fig 19: Social Status of Ragi Respondents

Fig 20: Effectiveness Index of Ragi Respondents

The Table 5 revealed that association between independent variables

with effectiveness index of FLD farmers. The variables such as mass

media exposure, innovativeness, cosmopoliteness and cropping pattern

had positive and significant relationship with effectiveness index at one

per cent level of significance where as land holding, extension

participation, social participation and management orientation had

positive and significant relationship with effectiveness index at five per

cent level. Other variables such as age, education, extension contact,

economic motivation, leadership ability, risk bearing ability, dependency

ratio, level of aspiration and information seeking behavior had non

significant relationship with effectiveness index.

4.6. Overall Significance of Effectiveness of FLD

In order to know the interdependency between the variables, the

paired‘t’ test was employed and tested for its statistical significance. The

Table 6 revealed that there is a significant difference between before and

after FLD in terms of effectiveness in paddy, maize and ragi at 1% level of

significance (Fig 21).

4.7. Constraints Faced by the Respondent Farmers for Effective

Implementation of FLD.

Constraints faced by the respondent farmers for effective

implementation of FLD were presented in the Table 7.An examination of

the Table 7 shows that majority of the FLD farmers faced lack of

irrigation (93.33%), non availability of labor (85.00%) and non availability

of fertilizers (80.00%) as major constraints followed by lack of timely

information (78.33%), high cost of fertilizers (71.61%), non availability of

quality seed material (65.00%) and lack of subsidies (60.83%) and

significant percentage of respondents faced lack of marketing facilities

(57.50%), lack of finance/ credit facility (55.83%) and difficulty in

operating plant protection activities (52.50%) .

Table 5. Association between Profile of FLD Farmers with

Effectiveness Index

(n=120)

** Significant at the 0.01 level

* Significant at the 0.05 level

NS = Non-Significant

Sl

no

Variable Chi-square

value

Co-efficient of

contingency

1 Age 3.433 NS 0.166

2 Education 7.597 NS 0.244

3 Land Holding 10.172 * 0.279

4 Mass Media Exposure 14.303** 0.326

5 Extension Participation 10.050 * 0.277

6 Extension Contact 3.028 NS 0.156

7 Social Participation 11.042 * 0.290

8 Innovativeness 8.543** 0.257

9 Cosmopoliteness 13.767** 0.320

10 Economic Motivation 2.068 NS 0.130

11 Leadership Ability 3.654 NS 0.171

12 Risk Bearing Ability 1.344 NS 0.105

13 Dependency Ratio 0.963 NS 0.089

14 Management Orientation 2.568 * 0.144

15 Level Aspiration 3.969 NS 0.178

16 Information Seeking Behavior 7.429 NS 0.241

17 Cropping Pattern 7.822** 0.247

Table 6. Overall Significance of Effectiveness of FLD

(n=120)

** Significant at the 0.01 level

* Significant at the 0.05 level

NS = Non-Significant

(Figure in the parenthesis indicate Standard Error)

Mean score of Effectiveness

of FLD

Paired ‘t’

value

Before After

Paddy 56.63

(1.31)

69.76

(1.59)

12.17**

Maize 62.46

(1.01)

73.39

(0.91)

11.67**

Ragi 56.42

(1.43)

77.31

(1.13)

15.19**

Over all 55.34

(1.16)

63.56

(0.82)

11.50**

Fig 21: Overall Significance of Effectiveness of FLD

Table 7. Constraints Faced by the Respondent Farmers for

Effective Implementation of FLD

(n=120)

Constraints Frequency Percentage Rank

Lack of irrigation facilities 112 93.33 I

Non-availability of labor 102 85.00 II

Non-availability of fertilizers 96 80.00 III

Lack of timely information 94 78.33 IV

High cost of fertilizers 86 71.61 V

Non-availability of quality seed material 78 65.00 VI

Lack of subsidies 73 60.83 VII

Lack of marketing facilities 69 57.50 VIII

Lack of finance / credit facility 67 55.83 IX

Plant protection operation is difficult 63 52.50 X

Exploitation by middlemen in the

market

34 28.33 XI

High cost of seeds 15 12.50 XII

High cost of chemicals 14 11.67 XIII

Non-availability of chemicals 8 6.67 XIV

High cost of plant protection

equipments

6 5.00 XV

Non-availability of plant protection

equipments

5 4.17 XVI

Non-availability of bio fertilizers 4 3.33 XVII

High cost of bio fertilizers 2 1.67 XVIII

4.8. Suggestions as Perceived by Respondent Farmers for Effective

Implementation of FLD.

Suggestions as perceived by respondent farmers for effective

implementation of FLD were presented in the Table 8.An examination of

the Table 8 shows that the majority of the FLD farmers expressed proper

irrigation facilities (95.00%), continues supply of power (85.00%) and

developing labor saving technologies (81.66%) as major suggestions

followed by providing fertilizers & chemicals at reasonable price

(72.50%), providing appropriate marketing facilities (66.67%) and

providing timely information (61.66%) and significant percentage of

respondents expressed suggestions like financial assistance (59.16%),

providing quality seed material at right time (56.66%), providing seeds at

reasonable price (53.33%) and provision of supporting market price

(51.66%).

Table 8. Suggestions as Perceived by Respondent Farmers for

Effective Implementation of FLD

(n=120)

Suggestions Frequency Percentage Rank

Proper irrigation facilities 114 95.00 I

Continuous supply of power 102 85.00 II

Developing labor saving technologies 98 81.66 III

Providing fertilizers & chemicals at

reasonable price

87 72.50 IV

Providing appropriate marketing

facilities

80 66.67 V

Providing timely information 74 61.66 VI

Financial assistance 71 59.16 VII

Providing quality seed material at right

time

68 56.66 VIII

Providing seeds at reasonable price 64 53.33 IX

Provision of supporting market price 62 51.66 X

Provision for skill improvement training 60 50.00 XI

Knowledge on pests and diseases

control

58 48.33 XII

Training on new technologies 54 45.00 XIII

Chapter V

DISCUSSION

The findings of the study are discussed in this chapter under the

following headings.

5.1 Profile characteristics of FLD farmers.

5.2 Effectiveness index of respondents due to conduct of FLD on

Paddy

5.3 Effectiveness index of respondents due to conduct of FLD on

Maize

5.4 Effectiveness index of respondents due to conduct of FLD on

Ragi

5.5 Association between profile of FLD farmers with effectiveness

index.

5.6 Overall significance of effectiveness of FLD

5.7 Constraints faced by the respondent farmers for effective

implementation of FLD.

5.8 Suggestions as perceived by respondent farmers for effective

implementation of FLD.

5.1 Profile Characteristics of FLD Farmers

5.1.1 Age.

It is apparent from Table 1 that majority (61.67%) of the farmers

belong under middle age, followed by old age (20.00%) and young age

(18.33%) categories, respectively.

The probable reason for majority of the farmers being under middle

age category might be due to the fact that most of the young people are

and have been migrated to nearly by townships opted for better livelihood

options in urban area. Another reason may be that middle aged farmers

are enthusiastic and have more work efficiency than the older or younger

ones. Individuals in middle age group have physical vigor and also more

responsibility towards family than the younger ones. Further, among

younger group many of them continuing their education or searching for

jobs. Hence, they may not be ready to accept the responsibility related to

agriculture. As they become middle aged they will be taking more

responsibility for the family. Further, due to increase in nuclear family

system, it is natural to find more number of middle age groups took up

the responsibilities of head of the family

This finding is supported by Mahathab (2010) and Raghavendra

(2010).

5.1.2 Education.

It is observed from Table1 that nearly 34.17 per cent of the farmers

were under high school category followed by, illiterate (25.00%), primary

school (20.83%), Pre-University (14.17%) and only 5.83 per cent studied

up to graduation and above.

It is universal fact that education plays a key role in moulding and

bringing desirable changes in human beings. All the farmers were

relatively educated, which could be the result of a common social

environment. As the majority of the farmers are educated, they were able

to gather knowledge on recent technologies on cultivation. This finding

goes in agreement with that of Vijaya Kumar (1997) and Mahathab

(2010)

5.1.3 Land Holding.

The findings in Table 1 indicated that majority (60.00%) of

the respondents are marginal farmers followed by 34.17 per cent and

5.83 per cent are small and big farmers, respectively.

The probable reasons for the findings could be the ancestral lands

were broken into smaller and smaller due to increase in family size over

the year. Those who had other occupations apart from agricultural might

have less access to land holdings.

The findings are in accordance with the study reported by Ravi

(2000) and Mamathalakshmi (2010)

5.1.4 Mass Media Exposure.

It was clearly noticed in the Table 1 that about 73.33 per

cent of the farmers belonged to medium mass media exposure category

followed by, 14.17 per cent and 12.50 per cent had high and low mass

media exposure, respectively.

The reason for these findings could be majority of the farmers were

regular listeners and viewers of various mass media programmes,

besides subscribing and reading the newspaper and magazines.

Increased literacy level and exposure to television and radio could be

another reason. These factors could be the possible reasons for most of

the farmers belonging to the above categories of mass media

participation.

The result is in conformity with the findings of the study

conducted by Vedamurthy (2002) and Mahathab (2010).

5.1.5 Extension Participation.

The observation from of Table 1 revealed the extent of extension

participation of the FLD farmers. In total, majority of the respondents

belonged to medium group (73.33%) followed by high (17.50%) and low

(9.17%) level of extension participation.

The probable reason for having medium level of extension

participation might be due to the fact that majority of the farmers had

medium level of awareness on the KVK authority and frequently

participating in the extension activities organized by the developmental

departments and KVK’s.

This finding is in agreement with the findings of Vijay (1997) and

Mahathab (2010).

5.1.6 Extension Contact.

The result in the Table 1 revealed the extension contact of the FLD

farmers. The data indicated that majority (66.67%) of the farmers were

under medium extension contact category followed by high (17.50%) and

low (15.83%) level of extension contact.

This trend might be due to the fact that, due to establishment of

KVK’s at district level, farmers have close contact with scientists of KVK’s

as well as scientists of research stations and participate in various

extension educational activities. Further, they have also had close

contact with officials of Raitha Samparka Kendras of agricultural

department located at hobli level. Thus, the trend of results obtained.

These findings are in conformity with the studies of Ramanna et al

(2000) and Mahathab (2010).

5.1.7 Social Participation.

Table 1 inferred that the results from the data indicated that

more than half of the respondents (73.33%) belonged to medium level of

social participation category. However, 17.50 per cent and 9.17 per cent

of farmers belonged to high and low level of social participation

categories, respectively.

The medium level of social participation of farmers may be due to

the conservative nature of the rural families, lack of motivation, lack of

time, ignorance, lack of opportunities, lack of awareness, lack of social

mobility and lack of self confidence which made them to isolate

themselves with medium participation in formal organization.

The medium level of social participation of respondents was also

found in the studies reported by Sheela (1991), Lalitha (1999) and

Shwetha (2010).

5.1.8 Innovativeness.

Table 1 brought to notice that 60.00 per cent of the respondents

belong to medium level of innovativeness category followed by high

(23.33%) and low (16.67%).

The reason may be that, since majority of farmers belong to

medium economic motivation category. This clearly indicates that

farming standard of living is fairly good. Such of the characteristics

naturally might have influenced to accept the innovation quite earlier

than other members. Hence, majority belonged to medium

innovativeness category.

The findings of the present study are in conformity with the

findings of Nethravathi (2007) and Mamathalakshmi (2010)

5.1.9 Cosmopoliteness.

It could be noted from the Table 1 that the results from the data

indicated that about 68.33 per cent of the respondents had medium level

of cosmopoliteness whereas, 19.17 per cent and 12.50 per cent had high

and low level of cosmopoliteness, respectively.

The reason for medium and high cosmopoliteness is that they may

visit nearby place for agricultural, entertainment and personal purpose

so as to have some sort of change in their routine life and to satisfy their

personal needs. Nowadays, farmers have close contact with KVK’s and

developmental departments for getting information and guidance by

visiting and contacting extension professionals. Hence, this trend was

observed.

The observation made by Nethravathi (2007) and Mamathalakshmi

(2010) is in line with the present study.

5.1.10 Economic Motivation.

Economic motivation of FLD farmers is presented in Table 1. The

data indicated that about 61.67 per cent of the respondents belonged to

medium economic motivation level followed by high (23.33%) and low

(15.00%) economic motivation.

The possible reason might be that since, the farmers involve high

investment as a result in order to get more profit; it is natural that, the

farmers should have high economic motivation urge. Hence, majority of

them belonged to medium economic motivation category.

The observation made by Nethravathi (2007) and

Mamathalakshmi (2010) is in line with the present study.

5.1.11 Leadership Ability.

It was evident from Table 1 that results from the data

indicated that majority (60.83%) of the respondents belonged to medium

category. Whereas, 26.67 per cent and 12.50 per cent of farmers had

high and low leadership ability, respectively.

The above results might be due to the fact that participants may

take active participation in discussion, take leading role in planning,

implementation, distribution of works and serve as good communicators

in transfer of technologies. Hence this trend was observed.

These findings are supported by the findings of Mahadik (1995)

Patil (1999) and Bheemappa (2006)

5.1.12 Risk Bearing Ability.

An examination of the Table 1 brought to the focus that

about 61.67 per cent fall under medium category followed by high

(25.83%) and low (12.50%) risk bearing ability category.

The farmers in this category would make up their mind to take risk

and put efforts to adopt a new technology to get more profit. The farmers

who are prone to take risk generally will have higher innovativeness. The

reason for low risk orientation can be substantiated quoting the

prejudice of farmer believing that agriculture is less profitable in nature

and one cannot take risk to innovate. This may lead to take risks partly

and thus low level of risk bearing ability.

The results of the present study are in line with the observation of

Babanna (2001) and Shwetha (2010)

5.1.13 Dependency Ratio.

The findings of the Table 1 indicated that about 74.17 per cent of

the respondents belong to medium dependency ratio category followed by

high (20.00%) and low (5.83%) dependency ratio category, respectively.

This indicates that, majority of the respondents have more dependent

members compared to earning members in the family.

The another reason for medium dependency ratio of farmers may

be due to majority of the farmers belonged to medium aged group, they

are the earning members of the family and the high and low dependency

may be due to old people are looked after by younger family members

and children are supported for their education which might have

contributed for this kind of distribution.

The observations of the present study is contradicting with the

findings of Pushpa (2009)

5.1.14 Management Orientation.

It was observed from the Table 1 that majority (60.00%) of

the farmers were belonged to medium Management orientation category

followed by high (28.33%) and low (11.67%) management orientation

category respectively.

The medium to high level of management orientation of farmers

can be substantiated stating that farmers often face new and complex

situations with little resemblance to past or present situations because of

the even changing environment and people around them. A major role of

farmers as managers is to manage the specific situations faced by them

and hence, the desired result. Moreover, the situations do not present

themselves neat and clean, but unfold slowly and hence low

management orientation was found among 11.67 per cent farmers.

The studies conducted by Mamathalakshmi (2010) have reported

similar findings.

5.1.15 Level of Aspiration.

The results of Table 1 indicated that majority (64.17%) per cent

of farmers were belonging to medium category followed by high

(25.83%) and low (10.00%) level of aspiration category respectively.

This indicates good future levels of achievement by the farmers

which they would think valuable, attainable and thinks about best

possible life.

The findings are in agreement with the findings of Neelaveni et

al (2002) and Sowmya (2009).

5.1.16 Information Seeking Behavior.

The glance of Table 1 reveals the results from the data

indicated that majority (63.33%) of the respondents belonged to medium

category. Whereas, 28.34 per cent and 8.33 per cent of farmers had high

and low information seeking behavior.

The possible reasons for majority of small farmers to fall in

medium information seeking behavior category might be due to their less

education and poor resourceful conditions as compared to other farmers.

Most of the participants contact progressive farmers, friends and

neighbors for information as they are readily available in their villages.

The results are in conformity with the findings of Suresh (2004).

5.1.17 Cropping Pattern.

The Table 1 depicts that about 68.33 per cent of the farmers

belonged to medium cropping pattern category followed by 21.67 per cent

and 10.00 per cent are belongs to high and low category, respectively. It

could be observed that majority of the farmers grow two to three crops,

practice intercropping system and follow crop rotation in their field.

5.2 Effectiveness Index of Respondents Due to Conduct of FLD on

Paddy

Table 2 provides the information on knowledge, Adoption, Yield,

Economic, Social status and Effectiveness index of respondents due to

conduct of FLD on Paddy.

The data revealed that before FLD, 72.50 per cent of

respondents had medium knowledge level followed by low (15.00%) and

high (12.50%) knowledge level respectively. Whereas after FLD, 80.00 per

cent of respondents had medium knowledge level followed by high

(15.00%) and low (5.00%) knowledge level, respectively. Before FLD,

farmers had low knowledge level regarding production practices due to

lack of training. Here we can observe that, the possible reason might be

due to involvement in training related to paddy production technologies,

participation in discussion and demonstration programmes, farmers had

high knowledge level regarding production practices after participation in

FLD.

It was observed that before FLD, majority (62.50%) of respondents

belongs to medium adoption category followed by low (25.00%) and high

(12.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, half of the respondents belonged

to high adoption level category followed by medium (37.50%) and low

(12.50%) adoption category. Before FLD, farmers used their own seeds

and locally available inputs due to lack of knowledge and non availability

of critical inputs. However, after participation in the capacity building

programmes and with constant guidance of scientists, they were able to

adopt recommended technologies like use of blast tolerant variety like

BR-2655, seed treatment, recommended spacing, intercultural

operations at right time, nutrient management, and motivational factors

(critical inputs) may influence the farmers to adopt appropriate

technologies.

The result shows that before FLD, majority (72.50%) of

respondents belonged to medium level of yield category followed by high

(17.50%) and low (10.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, it was observed

that one- fourth of the respondents belong to high yield level category

and 65.00 per cent of respondents belong to medium category. The

possible reason might be that adoption of improved technologies like use

of BR-2655 seeds, seed treatment, recommended spacing, pest and

disease management and timely operations under the guidance of

scientists results in enhancement of productivity in paddy in terms of

grain and straw yield and also increases the quality of straw.

It was found that before FLD, majority (80.00%) of respondents

belong to medium economic status category followed by low (17.50%) and

high (2.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, one- fourth of the

respondents belong to high economic status and 65.00 per cent of

respondents comes under medium group. Changes in economic status

among respondents were observed. The possible reason may be that due

to the increased grain and straw yield, reduction in cost of production,

the net income of the farmers have been improved and as a result

purchasing capacity and economic status of the farmer in the village has

improved.

The result indicated that before FLD, nearly half (47.50%) of

respondents belong to medium social status category followed by low

(37.50%) and high (15.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, forty five per

cent of respondents come under high social status group followed by

medium (45.00%) and low (10.00%) social status group. As a result of

participation and success in front line demonstrations, changes observed

in social status of farmers in terms of serving as a resource person,

providing information and guidance to neighbor, respect and recognition

by the demonstrators in the society.

It was noticed that before FLD, majority (52.50%) of respondents

belonged to medium effectiveness index category followed by low

(35.00%) and high (12.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, 40.00 per cent

of respondents belonged to high effectiveness index category followed by

medium (47.50%) and low (12.50%) category. The purpose of conducting

frontline demonstration is to show the worth of new/ recent technology

before being fed into the main extension system of the state departments

under the guidance of scientists through capacity building, skill

teaching, demonstrations, regular field visits and other extension

strategies by providing critical inputs to the farmers.

As a result effectiveness or changes were observed in terms of

knowledge, adoption, yield, economic and social status among the

respondents. Reduction in the cost of production, higher grain and straw

yield, good quality straw, higher net income, respect and recognition in

the society are the some of the factors contributed for the effectiveness of

demonstrations.

5.3 Effectiveness Index of Respondents Due to Conduct of FLD on

Maize

Table 3 provides information on knowledge, Adoption, Yield,

Economic, Social status and Effectiveness index of respondents due to

conduct of FLD on Maize.

The data revealed that before FLD, great majority (87.50%) of

respondents belongs to medium knowledge level category followed by low

(10.00%) and high (2.50%) category, respectively. Whereas after FLD,

one- fourth of the respondents possess high knowledge level. Here we

can observe that, the possible reason might be due to involvement in

training related to maize production technologies, participation in

discussion and demonstration programmes, farmers had high knowledge

level regarding production practices after participation in FLD.

It was observed that before FLD, higher percentage (82.50%)

of respondents belongs to medium adoption category followed by low

(10.00%) and high (7.50%) category respectively. Whereas, after FLD,

nearly one- third (32.50 %) of the respondents belongs to high adoption

category followed by medium (62.50%) and low (5.00%) adoption

category. Before FLD, farmers used private varieties/hybrids and locally

available inputs due to lack of knowledge and non availability of critical

inputs. However, after participation in the capacity building programmes

and with constant guidance of scientists, they were able to adopt

recommended technologies like NAH 2049 hybrid seeds, recommended

spacing, nutrient management, powdery mildew management and

motivational factors (critical inputs) may influence the farmers to adopt

appropriate technologies.

The result shows that before FLD, majority (77.50%) of

respondents belong to medium yield level category followed by high

(12.50%) and low (10.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, 62.50 per cent

of respondents belong to medium yield level category and 30.00 per cent

of respondents come under high yield level category. The possible reason

might be that adoption of improved technologies like use of NAH 2049

hybrid seeds, seed treatment, recommended spacing, pest and disease

management and timely operations under the guidance of scientists

results in enhancement of productivity in paddy, maize and ragi in terms

of grain and straw yield.

It was found that before FLD, majority (87.50%) of

respondents belong to medium economic status category followed by

high (7.50%) and low (5.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, more than

one-third (35.00%) comes under high economic status and 62.50 per

cent of respondents belongs to medium economic status group. Changes

in economic status among respondents were observed. The possible

reason may be that due to the adoption of scientific production

technologies increased grain yield was observed and also, reduction in

cost of production and the net income of the farmers have been improved

and as a result purchasing capacity and economic status of the farmer in

the village has improved.

The result indicated that before FLD, majority (82.50%) of

respondents belong to medium social status category followed by high

(10.00%) and low (7.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, one-fourth of the

respondents come under high social status category and nearly two-third

(65.00%) belongs to medium social status category. As a result of

participation and success in front line demonstrations, changes observed

in social status of farmers in terms of serving as a resource person,

providing information and guidance to neighbor, respect and recognition

was received by the demonstrators in the society.

It was noticed that before FLD, majority (75.00%) of

respondents belong to medium effectiveness index category followed by

low (17.50%) and high (7.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, nearly one-

fourth of the respondents (22.50%) belong to high effectiveness index

category and nearly two-third of them belong to medium effectiveness

index category. The purpose of conducting frontline demonstration is to

show the worth of new/ recent technology before being fed into the main

extension system of the state departments under the guidance of

scientists through capacity building, skill teaching, demonstrations,

regular field visits and other extension strategies by providing critical

inputs to the farmers.

As a result, effectiveness or changes were observed in terms of

knowledge, adoption, yield, economic and social status among the

respondents. Reduction in the cost of production, higher grain yield,

higher net income, respect and recognition in the society are the some of

the factors contributed for the effectiveness of demonstrations.

5.4 Effectiveness Index of Respondents Due to Conduct of FLD on

Ragi

Table 4 provides information on knowledge, Adoption, Yield,

Economic, Social status and Effectiveness index of respondents due to

conduct of FLD on Ragi.

The data revealed that before FLD, majority (72.50%) of

respondents belongs to medium knowledge level category followed by low

(20.00%) and high (7.50%) category, respectively. Where as after FLD,

majority (70.00%) of respondents belong to medium knowledge level

category and one- fourth of the respondents had high knowledge level.

Here we can observe that, the possible reason might be due to

involvement in training related to ragi production technologies,

participation in discussion and demonstration programmes, farmers had

high knowledge level regarding production practices after participation in

FLD.

It was observed that before FLD, majority (75.00%) of

respondents belong to medium adoption category followed by low

(22.50%) and high (2.50%) adoption category. Whereas, after FLD, one-

fourth of the respondents belong to high adoption level category followed

by medium (70.00%) and low (5.00%) adoption level category. Before

FLD, farmers used their own seeds and locally available inputs due to

lack of knowledge and non availability of critical inputs. However, after

participation in the capacity building programmes and with constant

guidance of scientists, they were able to adopt recommended

technologies like use of MR-6 seeds, line sowing, thinning, nutrient

management, weed, pest and disease management and motivational

factors (critical inputs) may influence the farmers to adopt appropriate

technologies.

The result shows that before FLD, 45.00 per cent of

respondents belong to medium yield level category followed by low

(37.50%) and high (17.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD, half of the

respondents belong to medium yield level category and 37.50 per cent of

respondents belong to high yield level group. The possible reason might

be that adoption of improved technologies like use of MR-6 seeds, line

sowing, thinning, weed, pest and disease management and timely

operations under the guidance of scientists results in enhancement of

productivity in terms of grain and straw and also give fine quality straw.

It was found that before FLD, majority (70.00%) of

respondents belonged to medium economic status category followed by

high (20.00%) and low (10.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, nearly

one-third of the respondents belong to high economic status group

(32.50%) and more than three-fifth (62.50%) of respondents comes under

medium economic status group. Changes in economic status among

respondents were observed. The possible reason may be that due to the

increased grain and straw yield, reduction in cost of production, the net

income of the farmers have been improved and as a result purchasing

capacity and economic status of the farmer in the village has improved.

The result indicated that before FLD, majority

(82.50%) of respondents belong to medium social status category

followed by high (10.00%) and low (7.50%) category. Whereas, after FLD,

more than one-third (35.00%) of the respondents belong to high social

status category and 57.50 per cent of the respondents come under

medium social status group. As a result of participation and success in

front line demonstrations, changes observed in social status of farmers

in terms of serving as a resource person, providing information and

guidance to neighbor, respect and recognition by the demonstrators in

the society.

It was noticed that before FLD, majority (52.50%) of

respondents belong to medium effectiveness index category followed by

low (37.50%) and high (10.00%) category. Whereas, after FLD, half of the

respondents belong to medium effectiveness index category followed by

high (35.00%) and low (15.00%) category. The purpose of conducting

frontline demonstration is to show the worth of new/ recent technology

before being fed into the main extension system of the state departments

under the guidance of scientists through capacity building, skill

teaching, demonstrations, regular field visits and other extension

strategies by providing critical inputs to the farmers.

As a result effectiveness or changes were observed in terms of

knowledge, adoption, yield, economic and social status among the

respondents. Reduction in the cost of production, higher grain and straw

yield, good quality straw, higher net income, respect and recognition in

the society are the some of the factors contributed for the effectiveness of

demonstrations.

5.5 Association between Profile Characteristics of FLD Farmers

with Effectiveness Index

Table 5 revealed that association between independent variables

with effectiveness index of FLD farmers.

The variables such as mass media exposure, innovativeness,

cosmopoliteness and cropping pattern had positive and significant

relationship with effectiveness index at one per cent level of significance.

The above trend may be explained with the facts that, mass media

use of FLD farmers significantly associated with effectiveness of FLD. The

possible reason is that, mass media carry more information on improved

methods of cultivation. Increased mass media use enhances the ability of

farmers to get more information about cultivation practices and

marketing aspects, which might have helped them to acquire new

technology. Also, increased mass media use widens the mental horizon of

the farmers to accept and adopt the improved cultivation practices,

which in turn increases the farming efficiency. The findings are in

agreement with the findings of Jyothi (2005).

A cursory look at table 5 showed that there was a significant

association between innovativeness of FLD farmers with effectiveness of

FLD. The possible reason is that, people who are ready to change and

more innovative would certainly adopt more number of improved

agricultural practices, however complex and much risky they are. The

effective persuasion of the agricultural personnel and the experience

gained by the participant farmers might have contributed for the higher

degree of change proneness in turn leading to higher continued adoption.

The related studies supported the present findings are those of

Ramegowda (1983) and Krishnamurthy (1991)

An examination of table 5 showed that there was a significant

association between cosmopoliteness of FLD farmers and effectiveness of

FLD. As the name indicates, people who have higher cosmopolite

orientation will have more contact with people outside the social system,

including extension workers and scientists. The contact with these

people was expected to bring new information and ideas of the

development programmes. Higher cosmopoliteness behavior leads to

higher information seeking on agriculture, results in adoption of

technologies which results in changes in yield, economic and social

status of the respondents. The present finding is in agreement with the

findings of Fliegel (1960)

Table 5 reveals that there is a significant association between

cropping pattern followed by FLD farmers and effectiveness of FLD. The

possible reason is that, growing of different crops and practicing different

cropping systems in a same piece of land avoids the farmers from crop

failure and ensures crop sustainability which act as crop insurance.

Hence, different cropping pattern had positive association with

effectiveness of FLD.

The variables such as land holding, extension participation, social

participation and management orientation had positive and significant

relationship with effectiveness index at five per cent level.

The above trend may be explained with the facts that, there was a

significant association between land holding of FLD farmers and

effectiveness of FLD. (Table 5). The farmer having larger size of land

holding tends to increase the risk bearing capacity and resource

mobilization. They are very much eager to develop their lands by

adoption of new technologies to maximize the farm income. Further,

farmers with larger land holding are generally exposed to mass media,

highly cosmopolite and are in knowledge of new technology and

therefore, they are likely to be having more effectiveness. This finding is

in line with results of the related studies by Ramegowda (1983), Guarha

and Pyasi (1993) and Krishnamurthy (1991)

Here we can observe that, there was a significant association

between extension participation of FLD farmers and effectiveness of FLD.

(Table 5). The possible reason is that, farmers who were frequently

participated in extension activities like field days, demonstrations,

exhibitions, training programmes and campaigns organized by KVK

adopt all the technologies as suggested by specialist of KVK under FLD.

As a result, changes occurred among farmers in terms of knowledge,

adoption, yield, economic status and social status. Hence, this trend was

observed. The findings reported by Patel et al (1994) and Lakshmisha

(2000).

Social participation of FLD farmers had a significant association

with effectiveness of FLD (Table 5). The participation in the activities of

formal organizations exposes the farmers to secondary group

atmosphere, where due importance was bestowed on scientific and

rational decisions and interaction influencing the decisions. Thus, they

are likely to become early adopters of the farm innovation and continue

the same. In a social participation, situation agents as well as with other

farmers, leading to legitimization of the new ideas for acceptance. Once

the new ideas are adopted, they keep on continuing them. The present

finding was in conformity with the results of related studies by

Ramegowda (1983).

Management orientation of FLD farmers had a significant

association with effectiveness of FLD (Table 5). The farmers often face

new and complex situations with little resemblance to past or present

situations because of the even changing environment and people around

them. A major role of farmers as managers is to manage the specific

situations faced by them and hence the desired result. Hence higher the

management orientation higher will be the effectiveness of FLD.

5.6 Overall Significance of Effectiveness of FLD.

The Table 6 revealed that there is a significant difference between

before and after FLD in terms of effectiveness in paddy, maize and ragi at

1% level of significance.

The possible reason might be that due to desirable changes

occurred in terms of knowledge, adoption, yield, economic and social

status among the respondents after participation in FLD results in

significant difference. Hence, this trend was observed.

5.7 Constraints Faced by the Respondent Farmers for Effective

Implementation of FLD.

Major constraints experienced by FLD farmers were lack of

irrigation facilities. Since, it is a Cauvery command area, farmers fully

depend on the reservoir water for irrigating the crops, but due to lack of

timely monsoon there was a glut in the supply of water which in turn

affects the sowing activities and also decreases the yield in standing

crops. Cultivation requires more labor force but, the problem of higher

labor charges and non availability of fertilizers in time followed by other

problems like lack of timely information, high cost of fertilizers, non

availability of quality seeds, lack of subsidies, lack of marketing facilities,

lack of credit facilities, difficulty in carry out plant protection operations,

exploitation by middlemen in the market, high cost of seeds, high cost of

chemicals, non-availability of chemicals, high cost of plant protection

equipments , non-availability of plant protection equipments, non-

availability of bio fertilizers and high cost of bio fertilizers were the other

problems faced by FLD farmers in cultivation(Table 7).

To overcome the above problems, the extension specialists need to

educate the farmers about SRI method of paddy cultivation, contingency

crop planning in dry land situations, soil and water conservation

techniques, labor saving farm implements apart from ensuring quality

seed material and other critical inputs at reasonable rate.

5.8 Suggestions as Perceived by Respondent Farmers for Effective

Implementation of FLD.

Majority of farmers suggested providing proper irrigation facilities

so that they can take up timely cultivation practices. The other

suggestion was to give continuous power supply to run the pump sets for

timely irrigation. Followed by Non-availability of labor, Providing

fertilizers & chemicals at reasonable price, Providing appropriate

marketing facilities, Providing timely information, Financial assistance,

Providing quality seed material at right time, Providing seeds at

reasonable price, Provision of supporting market price, Provision for skill

improvement training, Knowledge on pests and diseases management

and training on new technologies (Table 8).

The possible reasons may be that to enhance the productivity of

each crop, the above mentioned activities are crucial and demand driven

activities. Hence, extension professionals those involved in organizing

demonstrations should take at most care and make necessary

arrangements for supplying critical inputs, skill teaching, training on

latest technologies and making necessary arrangements to provide

quality seed materials at reasonable rate and timely availability of bio

fertilizers, fertilizers and plant protection chemicals and technical

guidance on a constant basis to adopted villages as well as other villages

to enhance the productivity.

Chapter VI

SUMMARY

It is a result oriented and practical programme to the extension

workers and progressive farmers to increase the production and

productivity and educate other fellow farmers around these

demonstrations about the production potentialities of technologies used

in the demonstrations in increasing the income of the farmers.

The study was initiated in order to ascertain the effectiveness of

the Frontline Demonstration on 120 FLD farmers, where Frontline

Demonstrations were initiated through the KVK, Mandya.

The study assessed the knowledge, adoption, yield level, economic

status and social status of FLD farmers due to Frontline Demonstration.

The role of personal and socio-psychological characteristics effect in

relation to their effectiveness of FLD participant farmers was also

assessed to know the extent of influence of these characteristics in

increasing the effectiveness of FLD. Thus, the study entitled

“Effectiveness of Frontline Demonstrations of Krishi Vigyana Kendra on

FLD Farmers of Mandya District” was designed with the following specific

objectives:

1. To study the profile of the frontline demonstration farmers.

2. To find out the effectiveness of frontline demonstration on

farmers.

3. To study the association between profile of frontline

demonstration farmers and effectiveness.

4. To document the constraints and suggestions for effective

implementation of frontline demonstration farmers.

Keeping in view the above objectives, the relevant literature on

effectiveness and personal and socio-psychological characteristics were

reviewed. The list of front line demonstration farmers on ragi, paddy and

maize and their village were obtained from KVK, Mandya. From this list,

40 demonstrators for each crop were selected. Thus, the total sample size

will be 120 for three crops from four KVK adopted villages in three

taluks.

The data were collected by personal interview technique, besides

these statistical tools like Chi-square test, simple percentages were

employed to analyze and interpret the data.

6.1 Salient Findings

6.1.1. In Paddy,

Before FLD, 72.50 per cent of respondents had medium knowledge

level followed by low (15.00%) and high (12.50%) knowledge level

respectively. Whereas after FLD, 80.00 per cent of respondents had

medium knowledge level followed by high (15.00%) and low (5.00%)

knowledge level, respectively.

Before FLD, majority (62.50%) of respondents belong to medium

adoption category followed by low (25.00%) and high (12.50%) category.

Whereas, after FLD, half of the respondents belonged to high adoption

level category followed by medium (37.50%) and low (12.50%) adoption

category

Before FLD, majority (72.50%) of respondents belonged to medium

level of yield category followed by high (17.50%) and low (10.00%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, it was observed that one- fourth of the

respondents belong to high yield level category and 65.00 per cent of

respondents belong to medium category

Before FLD, majority (80.00%) of respondents belong to medium

economic status category followed by low (17.50%) and high (2.50%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, one- fourth of the respondents belong to

high economic status and 65.00 per cent of respondents comes under

medium group

Before FLD, nearly half (47.50%) of respondents belong to medium

social status category followed by low (37.50%) and high (15.00%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, forty five per cent of respondents come

under high social status group followed by medium (45.00%) and low

(10.00%) social status group.

Before FLD, majority (52.50%) of respondents belonged to medium

effectiveness index category followed by low (35.00%) and high (12.50%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, 40.00 per cent of respondents belonged to

high effectiveness index category followed by medium (47.50%) and low

(12.50%) category.

6.1.2. In Maize,

Before FLD, great majority (87.50%) of respondents belongs to

medium knowledge level category followed by low (10.00%) and high

(2.50%) category, respectively. Whereas after FLD, one- fourth of the

respondents possess high knowledge level.

Before FLD, higher percentage (82.50%) of respondents belongs to

medium adoption category followed by low (10.00%) and high (7.50%)

category respectively. Whereas, after FLD, nearly one- third (32.50 %) of

the respondents belongs to high adoption category followed by medium

(62.50%) and low (5.00%) adoption category.

Before FLD, majority (77.50%) of respondents belong to medium

yield level category followed by high (12.50%) and low (10.00%) category.

Whereas, after FLD, 62.50 per cent of respondents belong to medium

yield level category and 30.00 per cent of respondents come under high

yield level category.

Before FLD, majority (87.50%) of respondents belong to medium

economic status category followed by high (7.50%) and low (5.00%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, more than one-third (35.00%) comes under

high economic status and 62.50 per cent of respondents belongs to

medium economic status group.

Before FLD, majority (82.50%) of respondents belong to medium

social status category followed by high (10.00%) and low (7.50%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, one-fourth of the respondents come under

high social status category and nearly two-third (65.00%) belongs to

medium social status category.

Before FLD, majority (75.00%) of respondents belong to medium

effectiveness index category followed by low (17.50%) and high (7.50%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, nearly one-fourth of the respondents

(22.50%) belong to high effectiveness index category and nearly two-third

of them belong to medium effectiveness index category.

6.1.3. In Ragi,

Before FLD, majority (72.50%) of respondents belongs to medium

knowledge level category followed by low (20.00%) and high (7.50%)

category, respectively. Where as after FLD, majority (70.00%) of

respondents belong to medium knowledge level category and one- fourth

of the respondents had high knowledge level

Before FLD, majority (75.00%) of respondents belong to medium

adoption category followed by low (22.50%) and high (2.50%) adoption

category. Whereas, after FLD, one- fourth of the respondents belong to

high adoption level category followed by medium (70.00%) and low

(5.00%) adoption level category.

Before FLD, 45.00 per cent of respondents belong to medium yield

level category followed by low (37.50%) and high (17.50%) category.

Whereas, after FLD, half of the respondents belong to medium yield level

category and 37.50 per cent of respondents belong to high yield level

group.

Before FLD, majority (70.00%) of respondents belonged to medium

economic status category followed by high (20.00%) and low (10.00%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, nearly one-third of the respondents belong

to high economic status group (32.50%) and more than three-fifth

(62.50%) of respondents comes under medium economic status group.

Before FLD, majority (82.50%) of respondents belong to medium

social status category followed by high (10.00%) and low (7.50%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, more than one-third (35.00%) of the

respondents belong to high social status category and 57.50 per cent of

the respondents come under medium social status group.

Before FLD, majority (52.50%) of respondents belong to medium

effectiveness index category followed by low (37.50%) and high (10.00%)

category. Whereas, after FLD, half of the respondents belong to medium

effectiveness index category followed by high (35.00%) and low (15.00%)

category.

6.1.4. The variables such as mass media exposure, innovativeness,

cosmopoliteness and cropping pattern had positive and significant

relationship with effectiveness index at one per cent level of significance

where as land holding, extension participation, social participation and

management orientation had positive and significant relationship with

effectiveness index at five per cent level.

6.1.5. Majority of the respondents are middle aged, having high school

education and marginal farmers and also majority of the respondents

belongs to medium level of land holding, mass media exposure, extension

participation, extension contact, social participation, innovativeness,

cosmopoliteness, economic motivation, leadership ability, risk bearing

ability, dependent ratio, management orientation, level of aspiration,

information seeking behavior and cropping pattern category.

6.1.6. Majority of the FLD farmers faced lack of irrigation (93.33%), non

availability of labor (85.00%) and non availability of fertilizers (80.00%)

as major constraints followed by lack of timely information (78.33%),

high cost of fertilizers (71.61%), non availability of quality seed material

(65.00%) and lack of subsidies (60.83%) and significant percentage of

respondents faced lack of marketing facilities (57.50%), lack of finance/

credit facility (55.83%) and difficulty in operating plant protection

activities (52.50%).

6.1.7. Majority of the FLD farmers expressed proper irrigation facilities

(95.00%), continuous supply of power (85.00%) and developing labor

saving technologies (81.66%) as major suggestions followed by providing

fertilizers & chemicals at reasonable price (72.50%), providing

appropriate marketing facilities (66.67%) and providing timely

information (61.66%) and significant percentage of respondents

expressed suggestions like financial assistance (59.16%), providing

quality seed material at right time (56.66%), providing seeds at

reasonable price (53.33%) and provision of supporting market price

(51.66%).

6.2 Implications

The following are the implications for the findings of the study:

6.2.1 In the study, an attempt has been made to study the effectiveness

of front line demonstrations of Krishi Vigyana Kendra on FLD farmers of

Mandya district. Therefore, it is suggested that further investigation may

be taken up in different districts.

6.2.2 The study implies that, gain in knowledge, changes in adoption,

yield, economic and social status of FLD farmers has clearly shown the

difference between before and after implementation of FLD among

farmers. Therefore, the administrators, planners and executers must give

the focal importance to execute the frontline demonstrations and special

orientation training should be given to the field level workers and

participating farmers before conducting the demonstrations so that

demonstrations can be conducted more effectively and efficiently.

6.2.3 Front line demonstrations are believed to be on seeing is believing

principle. These FLD’s are to be well utilized to organize extension

educational activities like field visits, field days, training programmes by

the KVK’s, developmental departments, NGO’s and other concerned so

that as many farmers as possible to be exposed and convinced about the

performance of the technologies.

6.2.4 The study revealed that the personal and socio-psychological

characteristics of FLD farmers have also influenced the effectiveness of

FLD. Therefore, the administrators and implementing officers should also

keep this in view while selecting demonstrators. So that these

demonstrators are in turn motivate non-participant farmers for full

adoption of recommended technologies to enhance the productivity and

economic status.

6.2.5 The study also revealed and identified problems like lack of

irrigation facilities, non-availability of labor, non-availability of fertilizers,

lack of timely information and high cost of fertilizers as their major

constraints. Therefore, the planners, administrators and implementing

officers should keep these things in mind and develop suitable extension

strategies to overcome these bottlenecks. The timely supply of inputs is

the prime importance for the higher productivity in any conditions.

Hence, the proper planning has to be done to ensure the inputs to the

farmers in time and provide the technical know-how. So that the higher

productivity and production can be achieved.

6.2.6 Implementing institutes like KVK’s, developmental departments,

NGOs need to document the experiences of successful demonstrations as

success stories. Such success stories can be utilized for motivating other

farmers by publishing in mass media and also, demonstrators can be

used as resource persons in extension educational activities through

experience sharing.

Chapter VII

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INTERVIEW SCHEDULE

TITLE OF THE RESEARCH: EFFECTIVENESS OF FRONT LINE

DEMONSTRATIONS OF KRISHI VIGYANA KENDRA ON FLD FARMERS

OF MANDYA DISTRICT

PART I

Respondent Number: ________

Village: ___________________

Taluk: ____________________

1. Name of the respondent : ______________________

2. Age (Completed Years) : ______________________

3. Education Level : ______________________

4. Land Holding (Acres) : _______________________

Sl.

No.

Type of land Area(acres )

a. Irrigated

b. Rain fed

c. Garden

d. Waste Land

Total

5. Mass Media Exposure

Please indicate ownership/ borrower ship & frequency of use of the following media with Regular (R), Occasional (O), and Never (N)

Sl. No.

Media

Subscribe

r/ borrower

To what Extent You Read/Use the

Media

R O N

1. Radio

2. News paper

3. Farm Magazine(Name)

4. Television

5. Books

6. Internet

6. Extension Participation How extent you participate in the following extension activities

Sl. No.

Activities Frequency of Participation

Regular Occasional Never

1. Demonstrations

2. Group Discussion Meetings

3. Training Programmes

4. Field Visits/Exposure Visit

5. Field Days

6. Exhibitions

7. Krishimelas

8. Campaign

9. Any Others (Specify)

a.

b.

c.

7. Extension Contact Please indicate the frequency of your contact with the following extension worker

Sl no

Extension worker

Extent of Contact

R O N

1. Agricultural Assistant

2. Assistant Agricultural Officer

3. Agricultural Officer

4. A.D.A.

5. University scientists

6. KVK(SMS)

7. Any other( Specify)

8. Social Participation Are you member of any of the following organizations?

Sl no

Particular

Office bearer

Member Extent of participation

R O N

1. Village panchayat

2. Youth club

3. Milk producer society

4. Farmer’s co-operatives

5. Farmer’s associations

6. Krishik samaj

7. Mahila mandal

8. SHG

9. Any other specify a.

b.

c.

9. Innovativeness

Please indicate your response to the following statements

with Agree (A), Undecided (UD), and Disagree (DA)

Sl. No.

Statement A UD DA

1. Do you want to learn new ways of farming?

2. If the agricultural extension worker gives a talk on improved aspects of agriculture would you attend?

3. If government would help you to establish farm else where, would you move?

4. Do you want a change in your way of life?

5. Do you think you will live better in future?

6. Do you want your sons to be the farmers?

7. Do you think of living happily today with out worrying about tomorrows?

8. Do you believe that man’s future is in the hands of god?

10. Cosmopoliteness a) Please indicate the number of times you visit the nearest towns/cities? Two times per week ___________________ Once in a week ___________________ Once in 15 days ___________________ Once in a month ___________________ Seldom ___________________ Never ___________________ b) What generally would be the main purpose of visit? Agriculture __________________ Personal / domestic __________________ Entertainment __________________ Others __________________ Without any purpose __________________

11. Economic Motivation

Please indicate your agreement for the following statements

with Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (UD), Disagree (DA), and Strongly Disagree (SDA).

Sl. No.

Statement SA A UD DA SDA

1. A farmer should work towards higher yields & economic profit

2. The most successful farmer will make more profit

3. A farmer should try any new idea / technology that may earn him more money

4. A farmer should grow cash crops and take up income generating activities to increase monetary profits instead of field crops for home consumption

5. It is difficult for the farmer’s children to make a good stand unless he provides them with economic assistance

6. A farmer must earn for his living but most important thing in life is the one in which it can not be defined in economic terms

12. Leadership Ability

Farmer has to take decisions for getting the things done, initiate the action, and motivate the followers. The statements related to this aspect are given below. Please indicate your response

Sl no

Statement SA A DA

1. Active participation in discussions about new programmes

2. Take initiation to organize discussion about new development program introduced by Government

3. Villagers know me as good communicator about new programs of various

department

4. Take leading role in planning, implementation & distribution of works of developmental program to the concerned

5. Suggest new measures to solve the village problems

13. Risk Bearing Ability

Please state your response for the following statements with Agree (‘A’) or Disagree (‘DA’)

Sl no

Statement

A

DA

1. A farmer should grow large number of crops to avoid greater risks involved in growing one or two crops

2. A farmer should take care of a change in making a big profit than to be context with a smaller but less risking profit

3. A farmer who is willing to take greater risks than the average farmer usually has better financial condition

4. It is good for a farmer to take risks when he knows his change of success is fairly high

5. It is better for a farmer not to try new farming methods unless most other farmers have used them with success

6. Trying on entirely new method in farming by a farmer involves risks but it is worth trying

14. Dependent Ratio

1) Number of dependent members in the family ………..

2) Number of earning members in the family ……………

15. Management Orientation Please indicate your agreement for the following with Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Undecided (UD), Disagree (DA), and Strongly Disagree (SDA).

Sl. No.

Statement SA A UD DA SDA

1. Planning orientation

a) One should think of diversification of crops and not to depend on only one crop

b) It is not necessary to make prior decision about the variety of crops to be cultivated in the land

c) The number of buildings, quantity of manures and fertilizers, plant protection chemicals, etc., needed for raising crops should be assessed before taking up cultivation

d) It is necessary to think ahead about the cost involved in raising the crop

e) One need not consult an agricultural expert for the crop planning

2. Production orientation \

a) Timely and judicious irrigation of a crop ensures good yield

b) One should use as much fertilizer as he wishes

c) Determining fertilizers dose by soil testing saves money

d) Variety of crops should be grown as recommended by the specialists

e) Timely management of weeds will ensure good yield

3. Market orientation

a) Market news is not important for farmers to know when to send his produce to the market

b) One should know different forms of produce and its prices in the market

c) Growers can get good prices by grading his produce

d) One should purchase his inputs from the shop where his relative purchases

e) One should grow those intercrops which have more market demand

16. Level of aspiration

Here is the picture of ladder with 10 steps. Suppose we say that the top of ladder represents “Best Possible Life” and the bottom represents “Worst Possible Life”.

Best Possible Life

a) Where on the ladder do you feel personally stand at present?

10

9

Step No. _____ 8

7

b) Where on the ladder do you personally stood two years ago?

6

5

Step No. _____ 4

c) Where do you think you will be two years from now?

3

2

Step No. _____ 1

0

Worst Possible Life

17. Information Seeking Behavior

Please state that what are the sources you have utilized in general for getting farm information and the degree of contact with them.

Sl. No.

Information sources Degree of contact

Frequently Occasionally Rarely Never

I. Informal sources

1. Family members

2. Friends/relatives

3. Neighbors

4. Progressive farmers

II. Formal sources

5. Village panchayat member

6. VDO/AEO

7. BDO

8. ADA

9. Scientists from agricultural University

10. Salesman

11. Bank officials

III. Mass media

12. Newspapers

13. Radio

14. Television

15. Farm literature

16. Film shows

17. Others (specify)

18. Cropping Pattern

Indicate the cropping pattern followed in previous year on your own land

Crops

Year Area (acres) Kharif Rabi Summer

2009-2010 ……………

2010-2011 …………….

2011-2012 ……………

PART-II

A. Maize

A.

Knowledge effectiveness Before FLD

After FLD

B. Adoption effectiveness

Before FLD

After FLD

1.

What is the importance of soil testing?

1. Whether you have done soil testing?

2.

Name the recommended varieties?

2. Name the variety you had grown?

3.

What is the recommended spacing advocated?

3. What is the spacing you followed?

4.

What is the recommended quantity of FYM per acre?

4. What is the quantity of FYM you applied per acre?

5.

What is the recommended quantity of fertilizers per acre?

5. What is the quantity of fertilizers you applied per acre?

6.

What is the recommended seed rate per acre?

6. What is the quantity of the seed rate you applied per acre?

7.

What is the number of irrigation for the crop period?

7. What is the number of irrigation given for your crop?

8.

Mention the common pests for the crop and their management practices?

8. Which are the common pest you identified & their management practices?

9.

Mention the common diseases for the crop and their management practices?

9. Which are the common diseases you identified & their management practices?

B. Ragi

A. Knowledge effectiveness

Before FLD

After

FLD

B. Adoption effectiveness

Before FLD

After

FLD

1. What is the importance of soil testing?

1. Whether you have done soil testing?

2. Name the recommended varieties?

2. Name the variety you had grown?

3. What is the recommended spacing advocated?

3. What is the spacing you followed?

4. What is the recommended quantity of FYM per acre?

4. What is the quantity of FYM you applied per acre?

5. What is the recommended quantity of fertilizers per acre?

5. What is the quantity of fertilizers you applied per acre?

6. What is the recommended seed rate per acre?

6. What is the quantity of the seed rate you applied per acre?

7. Mention the common pests for the crop and their management practices?

7. Which are the common pest you identified & their management practices?

8. Mention the common diseases for the crop and their management practices?

8. Which are the common diseases you identified & their management practices?

C. Paddy

A. Knowledge effectiveness

Before FLD

After FLD

B. Adoption effectiveness

Before FLD

After FLD

1. What is the importance of soil testing?

1. Whether you have done soil testing?

2. Name the recommended varieties?

2. Name the variety you had grown?

3. What is the recommended spacing advocated?

3. What is the spacing you followed?

4. What is the recommended quantity of FYM per acre?

4. What is the quantity of FYM you applied per acre?

5. What is the recommended quantity of fertilizers per acre?

5. What is the quantity of fertilizers you applied per acre?

6. What is the recommended quantity of bio fertilizers per acre?

6. What is the quantity of bio fertilizers you applied per acre?

7. What is the recommended seed rate per acre?

7 What is the quantity of the seed rate you applied per acre?

8. What is the number of irrigation for the crop period?

8. What is the number of irrigation given for your crop?

9 Mention the common pests for the crop and their management practices?

9. Which are the common pest you identified & their management practices?

10 Mention the common diseases for the crop and their management practices?

10. Which are the common diseases you identified & their management practices?

E. Social effectiveness Before FLD After FLD

R O N R O N 1 Serving as resource person in KVK or other

departments?

2. Others consult you for information and guidelines?

3. Providing quality seed material to other farmers?

4. Got recognition and respect as quality seed producer?

5. Recognized as progressive farmer in the village?

6. Got attracted in farming and taken up income generating activities by consulting with KVK or other departments?

C Yield effectiveness Before After FLD

1 What is the grain yield obtained per

2 What is the straw/fodder yield obtained per acre?

3 Whether a straw/fodder is of good quality?

D Economic effectiveness Before FLD

After FLD

1 What is the cost of production per acre?

2 What is the income obtained per acre?

3 What is the net income obtained per acre?

4 What are the changes occurred in the family?

5 Whether your purchasing power has been increased?

III) Constraints

Sl. No.

Constraints Not at all a Problem

Problem to Some Extent

Very Problematic

1. Non-availability of quality seed material

2. High cost of seeds

3. Non-availability of bio fertilizers

4. High cost of bio fertilizers

5. Non-availability of fertilizers

6. High cost of fertilizers

7. Non-availability of chemicals

8. High cost of chemicals

9. Non-availability of plant protection equipments

10. High cost of plant protection equipments

11. Plant protection operation is difficult

12. Lack of finance / credit facility

13. Non-availability of labor

14. Lack of timely information

15. Lack of irrigation facilities

16. Lack of subsidies

17. Lack of marketing facilities

18. Exploitation by middlemen in the market

IV) Suggestions

Sl. No Suggestions Response

1. Providing quality seed material at right time

2. Providing seeds at reasonable price

3. Providing fertilizers & chemicals at reasonable price

4. Providing appropriate marketing facilities

5. Proper irrigation facilities

6. Financial assistance

7. Provision for skill improvement training

8. Developing labor saving technologies

9. Provision of supporting market price

10. Providing timely information

11. Knowledge on pests and diseases control

12. Training on new technologies

13. Any others (specify)

a._____________________

b._____________________

c._____________________