EFFECTIVE EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTIONS AND INTRODUCTIONS AND

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

IntroductionsIntroductions

Its function is Its function is - - to capture attention, to capture attention,

- - to create interest,to create interest,

- - to introduce to introduce

the subject.the subject.

Components

OpeningOpening

IIntroductionntroduction to the presentation to the presentation

Which one?Which one? „„I’d like to talk about the results of a survey I’ve I’d like to talk about the results of a survey I’ve

conducted about adult SLL. After interviewing 10 conducted about adult SLL. After interviewing 10 successful and 10 unsuccessful learners, it successful and 10 unsuccessful learners, it seems that the keys to success are an seems that the keys to success are an „obsession”, a positive attitude or a strong „obsession”, a positive attitude or a strong career-related motivation.”career-related motivation.”

„„I’d like to talk about the results of a survey I’ve I’d like to talk about the results of a survey I’ve conducted about adult SLL. On the basis of conducted about adult SLL. On the basis of interviews with 10 successful and 10 interviews with 10 successful and 10 unsuccessful learners, I’ll discuss the main unsuccessful learners, I’ll discuss the main factors that guarantee success in language factors that guarantee success in language learning.”learning.”

Opening strategiesOpening strategies

1.1. The Bettger techniqueThe Bettger technique ( (profit or experience)profit or experience)

If it were possible for you to …?If it were possible for you to …? Do you have a ….? Do you have a ….? What would you say …?What would you say …? Have you ever seen/observed …?Have you ever seen/observed …? What do you think about …?What do you think about …? Do you think it is true …?Do you think it is true …?

2. 2. NoveltyNovelty

““The Governor of the State of California The Governor of the State of California (USA) is (USA) is planning to planning to initiatinitiatee the the elimination of the licence for gun elimination of the licence for gun ownership.” ownership.”

3. 3. The striking ideaThe striking idea

““Did you know that we remember Did you know that we remember

10% of what we have read,10% of what we have read,

20% of what we have heard, 20% of what we have heard,

30% of what we have seen and only 30% of what we have seen and only

50% of what we have seen and 50% of what we have seen and heard?”heard?”

4. 4. ImaginationImagination

„„Imagine that you, a mother/father of two Imagine that you, a mother/father of two little children with a career, get an little children with a career, get an opportunity to spend two years working opportunity to spend two years working in a foreign country. You can relocate in a foreign country. You can relocate with your family but only you speak the with your family but only you speak the language – would you take this chance?” language – would you take this chance?”

5. 5. PersonalisationPersonalisation

““Having learnt at least one language Having learnt at least one language successfully, you must have some ideas successfully, you must have some ideas about what makes a good language about what makes a good language learner.” learner.”

““As some of you have spent an Erasmus As some of you have spent an Erasmus year at a foreign university, you may be year at a foreign university, you may be able to remember some phases in your able to remember some phases in your acculturation process.”acculturation process.”

6. 6. Personal testimonyPersonal testimony

„„When in Leeds a couple of years ago, I was When in Leeds a couple of years ago, I was utterly taken aback when I was regularly utterly taken aback when I was regularly called „duck” and „luv” by telephone called „duck” and „luv” by telephone operators, shop assistants and others. operators, shop assistants and others. That somewhat shook my idea of English That somewhat shook my idea of English „cold-bloodedness” and made me „cold-bloodedness” and made me uncertain how to react.”uncertain how to react.”

7. 7. The storyThe story

““When at the end of the 16th century, When at the end of the 16th century, Montaigne wrote an essay about the Brazilian Montaigne wrote an essay about the Brazilian Indians, he said they were brave, genteel, and Indians, he said they were brave, genteel, and even gifted in their own way. Then he added, even gifted in their own way. Then he added, somewhat reiterating his contemporaries’ somewhat reiterating his contemporaries’ concern: how come they do not wear concern: how come they do not wear breeches? It seems that Western breeches? It seems that Western communication research has been more or communication research has been more or less missing the wearing of its own “breeches” less missing the wearing of its own “breeches” in developing countries for a good one and a in developing countries for a good one and a half decades.” (Szecskő Tamás, 1978)half decades.” (Szecskő Tamás, 1978)

8. 8. The quotationThe quotation

““How does language work? If you How does language work? If you remember Carroll’s remember Carroll’s Alice in WonderlandAlice in Wonderland, , there Humpty Dumpty very nicely there Humpty Dumpty very nicely illustrates how it does illustrates how it does notnot, when he says, , when he says, ‘When ‘When I I use a word, it means just what I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean – neither more not choose it to mean – neither more not less.’”less.’”

AvoidAvoid

being negative.being negative. excusing yourself.excusing yourself. making the introduction too long.making the introduction too long. talking down to your audience.talking down to your audience. being confused.being confused. leaving out a real introduction.leaving out a real introduction. revealing your main ideas too soon.revealing your main ideas too soon.

ConclusionsConclusions

A good conclusionA good conclusion

isis formulated in simple language, formulated in simple language, inspireinspiress further interest in your audience, further interest in your audience, reiteratereiteratess or summarise or summarisess your subject your subject includes a brief, final evaluation of topicincludes a brief, final evaluation of topic..

Effective conclusionsEffective conclusions

1. The summary conclusion1. The summary conclusion

2. Reiterative conclusion2. Reiterative conclusion

““Give your child a chance for early foreign Give your child a chance for early foreign language learning – and you won’t regret it.”language learning – and you won’t regret it.”

3. 3. Perspective conclusionPerspective conclusion

““At the speed present research is going, At the speed present research is going, we can expect that in twenty years genetic we can expect that in twenty years genetic engineering will be everyday practice.”engineering will be everyday practice.”

4. Inciting conclusion4. Inciting conclusion

““As you have seen, homeopathy can As you have seen, homeopathy can provide you with an alternative form of provide you with an alternative form of healing and prevention without the side healing and prevention without the side effects of traditional medicine. So when effects of traditional medicine. So when you go to the chemist’s next time to ask for you go to the chemist’s next time to ask for something for the common cold, don’t something for the common cold, don’t forget to ask about the homeopathic forget to ask about the homeopathic alternative!”alternative!”

5. The challenge question5. The challenge question

““Shall we have the courage to utilize the Shall we have the courage to utilize the benefits of genetic engineering? Shall we benefits of genetic engineering? Shall we undergo genetic testing to reveal any undergo genetic testing to reveal any perspective diseases – or should we perspective diseases – or should we rather remain in the dark?”rather remain in the dark?”

6. The quotation6. The quotation

What to avoid? What to avoid?

1. Dragging it out.1. Dragging it out.

2. Negative or redundant statements.2. Negative or redundant statements.

33. Statements that leave room for doubt.. Statements that leave room for doubt.

44. Excuses and justifications.. Excuses and justifications.

55. Not stopping being afraid of silence, . Not stopping being afraid of silence, rambling on without knowing what to say.rambling on without knowing what to say.

66. . „„Thank you for your time and attentionThank you for your time and attention””..

77. If you allow a question period, forgetting . If you allow a question period, forgetting to add a second conclusion at the end. to add a second conclusion at the end.

9. 9. Sudden speeding up or ending because Sudden speeding up or ending because of lack of time. of lack of time.