a) Number of 230kV breakers/substation

b) Number of 500kV breakers/substation

Number of 500kV breakers/ switching station

2

4

2400

960

600

840

4

4619

CALCULATION OF HVDC LINE COSTS

1) Rated Voltage

2

end, Step-Down transformer at the receiving end)

2) HVDC line capability

1620 MW/line. But

power to be transmitted has been proposed as 3200 MW. This means

that we need 2 Bipolar HVDC lines to transmit the available power.

MVA rating of 230kV/500kV Transformer 4000

Number of HVAC Lines required

HVAC LINE REQUIREMENTS CALCULATION

The rated voltage of the HVDC line is proposed as 450kV. Since the sending and receiving

filters & transformers, one at each end of the line. (Step-Up transformer at the sending

end voltage is 230kV, we require converter stations with

The line capability of one HVDC line has been given as

HVDC

Number of Converter Stations 2

HVAC

Series Reactance XL ( per km) 0.35

Shunt Susceptance BL (S per km) 5*10^-6

5000 (Lambda)

Number of Bipolar HVDC lines required

Number of Grounding Electrodes

Reactive Power Requirement (MVAR)

2

2

2

12

Number of Transformer Substations

Power Factor

a) AC System Supply (MVAR)

b) Shunt Capacitors (MVAR)

c) Shunt Filters (MVAR)

HVDC LINE REQUIREMENTS CALCULATION

HVDC Transmission Voltage (kV)

HVAC Transmission Voltage (kV)

450

500

Current (IL)-Amps

1000Surge Impedance Loading/HVAC line (MW)

HVDC Line Capability (MW) 1620

Sending End Voltage(kV)

Receiving End Voltage(kV)

Total Power to be transmitted (MW)

Distance to be Studied (km)

230

230

3200

0-1200

0.8

3) Grounding Electrodes

2 Bipolar HVDC lines, 4 grounding electrodes are

required.

4) Reactive Power Requirement

The reactive power requirement (Qdc) is obtained as 2400 MW and is

shared among the following according to the given ratios.

Ratio

AC System Supply 0.4

0.25

Shunt Filters 0.35

5) Cost of HVDC line components

$100,000

$15,000

$400,000

$6,000

$15,000

a) Bi-polar HVDC line cost (per km)

b) HVDC Converter Station including filters and Transformers (per MW)

c) Earth Electrode (each line)

d) Capacitors for Reactive Power (per MVAR)

e) System Reactive Power (per MVAR)

Each Bipolar HVDC line requires 2 nos. of grounding electrodes, one at each end. Thus, for

Shunt Capacitors

0 $0

Length of the line (km) Bi-polar HVDC line cost ($)

$2,000,000

$4,000,000

$6,000,000

$8,000,000

$10,000,000

$12,000,000

$14,000,000

$16,000,000

$18,000,000

$20,000,000

$22,000,000

$24,000,000

$26,000,000

$28,000,000

$30,000,000

$32,000,000

$34,000,000

$36,000,000

$38,000,000

$40,000,000

$42,000,000

$44,000,000

$46,000,000

$48,000,000

$50,000,000

$70,000,000

$72,000,000

$74,000,000

$76,000,000

$78,000,000

$80,000,000

$82,000,000

$84,000,000

$86,000,000

$52,000,000

$54,000,000

$56,000,000

$58,000,000

$60,000,000

$62,000,000

$64,000,000

$66,000,000

$68,000,000

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

520

530

540

550

560

570

460

470

480

490

500

510

$92,000,000

$94,000,000

$96,000,000

$98,000,000

$100,000,000

$102,000,000

700

710

720

730

740

750

640

650

660

670

680

690

580

590

600

610

620

630

850

860

870

760

770

780

790

800

810

$104,000,000

$106,000,000

$108,000,000

$110,000,000

$112,000,000

$114,000,000

880

890

900

910

920

930

820

830

840

$140,000,000

$142,000,000

$144,000,000

$146,000,000

$148,000,000

$150,000,000

$128,000,000

$130,000,000

$132,000,000

$134,000,000

$136,000,000

$138,000,000

$116,000,000

$118,000,000

$120,000,000

$122,000,000

$124,000,000

$126,000,000

$182,000,000

$184,000,000

$186,000,000

$164,000,000

$166,000,000

$168,000,000

$170,000,000

$172,000,000

$174,000,000

$176,000,000

$178,000,000

$180,000,000

$152,000,000

$154,000,000

$156,000,000

$158,000,000

$160,000,000

$162,000,000

$88,000,000

$90,000,000

440

450

960

1120

1130

1140

1060

1070

1080

1090

1100

1110

1180

1190

1200

1150

1160

1170

970

980

990

1000

1010

1020

1030

1040

1050

940

950

$200,000,000

$202,000,000

$204,000,000

$206,000,000

$208,000,000

$210,000,000

$188,000,000

$190,000,000

$192,000,000

$194,000,000

$196,000,000

$198,000,000

$230,000,000

$232,000,000

$234,000,000

$212,000,000

$214,000,000

$216,000,000

$218,000,000

$220,000,000

$222,000,000

$224,000,000

$226,000,000

$228,000,000

$236,000,000

$238,000,000

$240,000,000

Since the sending and receiving end voltages have to be maintained at 230

kV, we require a fixed number of 2 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS,

one at the sending end (to step-up the voltage) and the other at the receiving end (to step

down the voltage. Each Transformer Substation consists of two 230 kV & two 500kV CBs.

Each Transformer Substation has 2 230 kV Circuit Breakers &

2 500 kV Circuit Breakers.

The Surge Impedance Loading of one line has been given as 1000 MW. However,

the Power to be transmitted along line has been proposed as 3200 MW. Thus, to

transmit the power, we need a min. of 4 HVAC lines.

According to the requirement, we require ONE SWITCHING SUBSTATION for every 200km.

Thus, the number of Switching Substations will vary depending on the length of the line.

In addition, nos. of 500kV breakers in each switching station is given as 12

The line current is determined to be 4619 A. The value of is also

given as 5000 km. Now we calculate the series compensation as

follows.

where,

The Shunt reactive compensation can be calculated using the following formula.

$150,000

$2,000

$200,000

$500,000

$7,000

$4,000

CALCULATION OF HVAC LINE COSTS

1) HVAC Line Rated Voltage & Transformer Substations

2) HVAC line Loading

3) Switching Substations

4) Series Compensation of 500kV line

3) Shunt Reactive Compensation

4) Cost of HVAC line components

a) 3-phase 500kV line (per km)

b) 230kV/500kV Transformer (per MVA)

c) 230kV circuit breaker (each)

d) 500kV circuit breaker (each)

e) 500kV series compensation (per MVAr)

f) 500kV shunt compensation (per MVAr)

=

= ()

= .

= * *

*

3-phase HVAC line costLength of the line (km)

0 $0

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

420

430

440

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

$60,000,000

$66,000,000

$72,000,000

$78,000,000

$84,000,000

$90,000,000

$96,000,000

$102,000,000

$108,000,000

$6,000,000

$12,000,000

$18,000,000

$24,000,000

$30,000,000

$36,000,000

$42,000,000

$48,000,000

$54,000,000

$168,000,000

$174,000,000

$180,000,000

$186,000,000

$192,000,000

$198,000,000

$204,000,000

$210,000,000

$216,000,000

$114,000,000

$120,000,000

$126,000,000

$132,000,000

$138,000,000

$144,000,000

$150,000,000

$156,000,000

$162,000,000

$222,000,000

$228,000,000

$234,000,000

$240,000,000

$246,000,000

$252,000,000

$258,000,000

$264,000,000

920

910

900

890

880

870

940

$312,000,000

$306,000,000

$300,000,000

$294,000,000

670

660

650

640

630

740

730

720

710

700

690

840

830

820

810

450

680

570

580

590

600

610

620

510

520

530

540

550

560

460

470

480

490

500

$318,000,000

$324,000,000

$330,000,000

$336,000,000

930

850

860

750

760

770

780

790

800

$342,000,000

$348,000,000

$354,000,000

$360,000,000

$366,000,000

$372,000,000

$276,000,000

$282,000,000

$288,000,000

$450,000,000

$456,000,000

$462,000,000

$468,000,000

$474,000,000

$480,000,000

$414,000,000

$420,000,000

$426,000,000

$432,000,000

$438,000,000

$444,000,000

$378,000,000

$384,000,000

$390,000,000

$396,000,000

$402,000,000

$408,000,000

$558,000,000

$564,000,000

$522,000,000

$528,000,000

$534,000,000

$540,000,000

$546,000,000

$552,000,000

$486,000,000

$492,000,000

$498,000,000

$504,000,000

$510,000,000

$516,000,000

$270,000,000

Length (km) HVAC LINE COST HVDC LINE COST

0 $18,800,000 $114,800,000

10 $24,840,000 $116,800,000

20 $30,880,000 $118,800,000

30 $36,920,000 $120,800,000

40 $42,960,000 $122,800,000

50 $49,000,000 $124,800,000

60 $55,040,000 $126,800,000

70 $61,080,000 $128,800,000

80 $67,120,000 $130,800,000

90 $73,160,000 $132,800,000

100 $79,200,000 $134,800,000

110 $85,240,000 $136,800,000

120 $91,280,000 $138,800,000

130 $97,320,000 $140,800,000

140 $103,360,000 $142,800,000

150 $109,400,000 $144,800,000

160 $115,440,000 $146,800,000

170 $121,480,000 $148,800,000

180 $127,520,000 $150,800,000

190 $133,560,000 $152,800,000

980

970

960

950

1200

1190

1180

1170

$720,000,000

$714,000,000

$708,000,000

$702,000,000

$624,000,000

$618,000,000

$612,000,000

$606,000,000

$600,000,000

$594,000,000

$660,000,000

$654,000,000

$648,000,000

$642,000,000

$636,000,000

$630,000,000

$696,000,000

$690,000,000

$684,000,000

$678,000,000

$672,000,000

$666,000,0001110

1120

1130

1140

1150

1160

1050

1060

1070

1080

1090

1100

990

1000

1010

1020

1030

1040

$570,000,000

$576,000,000

$582,000,000

$588,000,000

200 $145,600,000 $154,800,000

210 $151,640,000 $156,800,000

220 $157,680,000 $158,800,000

230 $163,720,000 $160,800,000

240 $169,760,000 $162,800,000

250 $175,800,000 $164,800,000

260 $181,840,000 $166,800,000

270 $187,880,000 $168,800,000

280 $193,920,000 $170,800,000

290 $199,960,000 $172,800,000

300 $206,000,000 $174,800,000

310 $212,040,000 $176,800,000

320 $218,080,000 $178,800,000

330 $224,120,000 $180,800,000

340 $230,160,000 $182,800,000

350 $236,200,000 $184,800,000

360 $242,240,000 $186,800,000

370 $248,280,000 $188,800,000

380 $254,320,000 $190,800,000

390 $260,360,000 $192,800,000

400 $272,400,000 $194,800,000

410 $278,440,000 $196,800,000

420 $284,480,000 $198,800,000

430 $290,520,000 $200,800,000

440 $296,560,000 $202,800,000

450 $302,931,579 $204,800,000

460 $309,437,390 $206,800,000

470 $315,941,747 $208,800,000

480 $322,444,638 $210,800,000

490 $328,946,048 $212,800,000

500 $335,445,961 $214,800,000

510 $341,944,361 $216,800,000

520 $348,441,234 $218,800,000

530 $354,936,561 $220,800,000

540 $361,430,328 $222,800,000

550 $367,922,515 $224,800,000

560 $374,413,105 $226,800,000

570 $380,902,081 $228,800,000

580 $387,389,422 $230,800,000

590 $393,875,109 $232,800,000

600 $406,359,123 $234,800,000

610 $412,841,443 $236,800,000

620 $419,322,047 $238,800,000

630 $425,800,915 $240,800,000

640 $432,278,024 $242,800,000

650 $438,753,350 $244,800,000

660 $445,226,872 $246,800,000

670 $451,698,564 $248,800,000

680 $458,168,402 $250,800,000

690 $464,636,360 $252,800,000

700 $471,102,412 $254,800,000

710 $477,566,533 $256,800,000

720 $484,028,693 $258,800,000

730 $490,488,865 $260,800,000

740 $496,947,019 $262,800,000

750 $503,403,127 $264,800,000

760 $509,857,157 $266,800,000

770 $516,309,079 $268,800,000

780 $522,758,859 $270,800,000

790 $529,206,465 $272,800,000

800 $541,651,863 $274,800,000

810 $548,095,017 $276,800,000

820 $554,535,893 $278,800,000

830 $560,974,453 $280,800,000

840 $567,410,659 $282,800,000

850 $573,844,473 $284,800,000

860 $580,275,855 $286,800,000

870 $586,704,763 $288,800,000

880 $593,131,156 $290,800,000

890 $599,554,990 $292,800,000

900 $605,976,221 $294,800,000

910 $612,394,803 $296,800,000

920 $618,810,690 $298,800,000

930 $625,223,833 $300,800,000

940 $631,634,182 $302,800,000

950 $638,041,687 $304,800,000

960 $644,446,295 $306,800,000

970 $650,847,952 $308,800,000

980 $657,246,604 $310,800,000

990 $663,642,192 $312,800,000

1000 $676,034,659 $314,800,000

1010 $682,423,943 $316,800,000

1020 $688,809,984 $318,800,000

1030 $695,192,717 $320,800,000

1040 $701,572,077 $322,800,000

1050 $707,947,996 $324,800,000

1060 $714,320,404 $326,800,000

1070 $720,689,230 $328,800,000

1080 $727,054,400 $330,800,000

1090 $733,415,839 $332,800,000

1100 $739,773,467 $334,800,000

1110 $746,127,205 $336,800,000

1120 $752,476,970 $338,800,000

1130 $758,822,675 $340,800,000

1140 $765,164,233 $342,800,000

1150 $771,501,552 $344,800,000

1160 $777,834,540 $346,800,000

1170 $784,163,099 $348,800,000

1180 $790,487,129 $350,800,000

1190 $796,806,528 $352,800,000

$0

$100,000,000

$200,000,000

$300,000,000

$400,000,000

$500,000,000

$600,000,000

$700,000,000

$800,000,000

$900,000,000

0

1200 $809,121,191 $354,800,000

The rated voltage of the HVDC line is proposed as 450kV. Since the sending and receiving

filters & transformers, one at each end of the line. (Step-Up transformer at the sending

converter stations with

HVDC Converter

Station including

filters and

Transformers ($)

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

Earth Electrodes Cost ($)Cost of Capacitors for Reactive Power

($)

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$96,000,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$800,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

$3,600,000

TRANSFORMER SUBSTATIONS,

Transformer Cost 230kV C.B 500kV C.B Number (rad.)

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.000

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.013

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.025

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.038

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.050

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.063

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.075

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.088

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.100

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.113

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.126

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.138

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.151

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.163

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.176

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.188

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.201

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.214

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.226

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 0 0.239

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.251

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.264

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.276

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.289

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.301

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.314

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.327

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.339

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.352

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.364

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.377

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.389

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.402

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.414

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.427

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.440

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.452

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.465

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.477

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 1 0.490

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.502

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.515

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.528

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.540

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.553

500 kV Series CompensationSwitching Stations

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

$6,000,000

Transformer Station with Transformers and

Circuit Breakers

Cost ($)

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$0

$6,000,000

$0

$0

$0

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.565

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.578

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.590

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.603

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.615

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.628

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.641

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.653

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.666

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.678

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.691

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.703

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.716

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.728

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 2 0.741

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.754

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.766

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.779

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.791

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.804

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.816

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.829

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.842

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.854

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.867

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.879

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.892

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.904

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.917

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.929

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.942

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.955

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.967

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.980

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 3 0.992

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.005

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.017

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.030

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.042

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.055

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.068

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.080

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.093

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.105

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.118

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.130

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.143

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.156

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.168

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.181

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$12,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$18,000,000

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.193

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.206

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.218

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.231

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 4 1.243

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.256

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.269

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.281

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.294

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.306

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.319

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.331

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.344

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.356

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.369

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.382

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.394

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.407

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.419

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.432

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.444

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.457

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.470

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.482

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 5 1.495

$16,000,000 $800,000 $2,000,000 6 1.507

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$36,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$24,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

$30,000,000

200 400 600 800 1000

COST V/S LENGHT (KM)

HVAC LINE COST HVDC LINE COST

Total Cost ($)

$182,800,000

$184,800,000

$186,800,000

$188,800,000

$190,800,000

$192,800,000

$194,800,000

$196,800,000

$198,800,000

$200,800,000

$148,800,000

$150,800,000

$152,800,000

$154,800,000

$156,800,000

$158,800,000

$160,800,000

$162,800,000

$164,800,000

$166,800,000

$168,800,000

$170,800,000

$172,800,000

$174,800,000

$176,800,000

$178,800,000

$180,800,000

$114,800,000

$116,800,000

$118,800,000

$120,800,000

$122,800,000

$124,800,000

$126,800,000

$128,800,000

$130,800,000

$132,800,000

$134,800,000

$136,800,000

$138,800,000

$140,800,000

$142,800,000

$144,800,000

$146,800,000

Cost of System Reactive Power ($)

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$284,800,000

$286,800,000

$288,800,000

$290,800,000

$292,800,000

$294,800,000

$296,800,000

$298,800,000

$300,800,000

$250,800,000

$252,800,000

$254,800,000

$256,800,000

$258,800,000

$260,800,000

$262,800,000

$264,800,000

$266,800,000

$268,800,000

$270,800,000

$272,800,000

$274,800,000

$276,800,000

$278,800,000

$280,800,000

$282,800,000

$216,800,000

$218,800,000

$220,800,000

$222,800,000

$224,800,000

$226,800,000

$228,800,000

$230,800,000

$232,800,000

$234,800,000

$236,800,000

$238,800,000

$240,800,000

$242,800,000

$244,800,000

$246,800,000

$248,800,000

$202,800,000

$204,800,000

$206,800,000

$208,800,000

$210,800,000

$212,800,000

$214,800,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$352,800,000

$354,800,000

$318,800,000

$320,800,000

$322,800,000

$324,800,000

$326,800,000

$328,800,000

$330,800,000

$332,800,000

$334,800,000

$336,800,000

$338,800,000

$340,800,000

$342,800,000

$344,800,000

$346,800,000

$348,800,000

$350,800,000

$302,800,000

$304,800,000

$306,800,000

$308,800,000

$310,800,000

$312,800,000

$314,800,000

$316,800,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

$14,400,000

(deg.) Comp. Cost ($)

0.000 ND $0

0.720 -41.040 $0

1.440 -20.022 $0

2.160 -13.016 $0

2.880 -9.514 $0

3.600 -7.413 $0

4.320 -6.013 $0

5.040 -5.013 $0

5.760 -4.264 $0

6.480 -3.681 $0

7.200 -3.215 $0

7.920 -2.834 $0

8.640 -2.517 $0

9.360 -2.248 $0

10.080 -2.018 $0

10.800 -1.819 $0

11.520 -1.645 $0

12.240 -1.492 $0

12.960 -1.356 $0

13.680 -1.234 $0

14.400 -1.124 $0

15.120 -1.025 $0

15.840 -0.935 $0

16.560 -0.853 $0

17.280 -0.778 $0

18.000 -0.710 $0

18.720 -0.646 $0

19.440 -0.587 $0

20.160 -0.533 $0

20.880 -0.482 $0

21.600 -0.435 $0

22.320 -0.391 $0

23.040 -0.350 $0

23.760 -0.311 $0

24.480 -0.275 $0

25.200 -0.241 $0

25.920 -0.209 $0

26.640 -0.178 $0

27.360 -0.149 $0

28.080 -0.122 $0

28.800 -0.097 $0

29.520 -0.072 $0

30.240 -0.049 $0

30.960 -0.027 $0

31.680 -0.006 $0

500kV Shunt Compensation

420

430

440

500 kV Series Compensation

MVAR

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

MVAR

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

410

32.400 0.014 $331,579

33.120 0.033 $797,390

33.840 0.051 $1,261,747

34.560 0.069 $1,724,638

35.280 0.085 $2,186,048

36.000 0.101 $2,645,961

36.720 0.116 $3,104,361

37.440 0.131 $3,561,234

38.160 0.145 $4,016,561

38.880 0.158 $4,470,328

39.600 0.171 $4,922,515

40.320 0.184 $5,373,105

41.040 0.195 $5,822,081

41.760 0.207 $6,269,422

42.480 0.218 $6,715,109

43.200 0.228 $7,159,123

43.920 0.238 $7,601,443

44.640 0.248 $8,042,047

45.360 0.258 $8,480,915

46.080 0.267 $8,918,024

46.800 0.275 $9,353,350

47.520 0.284 $9,786,872

48.240 0.292 $10,218,564

48.960 0.300 $10,648,402

49.680 0.307 $11,076,360

50.400 0.314 $11,502,412

51.120 0.321 $11,926,533

51.840 0.328 $12,348,693

52.560 0.335 $12,768,865

53.280 0.341 $13,187,019

54.000 0.347 $13,603,127

54.720 0.353 $14,017,157

55.440 0.359 $14,429,079

56.160 0.364 $14,838,859

56.880 0.369 $15,246,465

57.600 0.374 $15,651,863

58.320 0.379 $16,055,017

59.040 0.384 $16,455,893

59.760 0.389 $16,854,453

60.480 0.393 $17,250,659

61.200 0.397 $17,644,473

61.920 0.401 $18,035,855

62.640 0.405 $18,424,763

63.360 0.409 $18,811,156

64.080 0.413 $19,194,990

64.800 0.416 $19,576,221

65.520 0.420 $19,954,803

66.240 0.423 $20,330,690

66.960 0.426 $20,703,833

67.680 0.429 $21,074,182

860

870

880

890

900

910

920

930

940

600

610

620

630

640

650

660

670

680

690

700

710

720

730

740

750

760

450

460

470

480

490

500

510

520

530

540

550

560

570

580

2851

2904

2958

3011

246

312

378

443

509

574

639

703

768

832

896

959

1023

1086

1149

1212

1274

1460

1521

1582

1643

1704

1764

1824

1884

1943

2002

2061

2120

2178

2236

2294

1336

1398

47

114

180

2351

2408

2464

2521

2577

2632

2687

2742

2797

590

770

780

790

800

810

820

830

840

850

68.400 0.432 $21,441,687

69.120 0.435 $21,806,295

69.840 0.437 $22,167,952

70.560 0.440 $22,526,604

71.280 0.442 $22,882,192

72.000 0.445 $23,234,659

72.720 0.447 $23,583,943

73.440 0.449 $23,929,984

74.160 0.451 $24,272,717

74.880 0.453 $24,612,077

75.600 0.455 $24,947,996

76.320 0.456 $25,280,404

77.040 0.458 $25,609,230

77.760 0.459 $25,934,400

78.480 0.461 $26,255,839

79.200 0.462 $26,573,467

79.920 0.463 $26,887,205

80.640 0.465 $27,196,970

81.360 0.466 $27,502,675

82.080 0.467 $27,804,233

82.800 0.468 $28,101,552

83.520 0.468 $28,394,540

84.240 0.469 $28,683,099

84.960 0.470 $28,967,129

85.680 0.470 $29,246,528

86.400 0.471 $29,521,191

1090

1100

1110

1120

1130

1140

1150

1160

1170

1180

1190

1200

950

960

970

980

990

1000

1010

1020

4138

4178

4217

3063

3115

3167

3218

3269

3319

3369

3419

3468

3516

3564

3611

3658

1030

1040

1050

1060

1070

10803705

3751

3796

3841

3885

3929

3972

4015

4056

4098

1200 1400

Cost ($)

$0

$40,000

$80,000

$120,000

$160,000

$200,000

$240,000

$280,000

$320,000

$360,000

$400,000

$440,000

$480,000

$520,000

$560,000

$600,000

$640,000

$680,000

$720,000

$760,000

$800,000

$840,000

$880,000

$920,000

$960,000

$1,000,000

$1,040,000

$1,080,000

$1,120,000

$1,160,000

$1,200,000

$1,240,000

$1,280,000

$1,320,000

$1,360,000

$1,400,000

$1,440,000

$1,480,000

$1,520,000

$1,560,000

$1,600,000

$1,640,000

$1,680,000

$1,720,000

$1,760,000

Total Cost

$242,240,000

$248,280,000

$254,320,000

$260,360,000

$272,400,000

$278,440,000

$284,480,000

$290,520,000

$296,560,000

$133,560,000

$145,600,000

$151,640,000

$157,680,000

$163,720,000

$169,760,000

$175,800,000

$181,840,000

$187,880,000

$193,920,000

$199,960,000

$206,000,000

$212,040,000

$218,080,000

$224,120,000

$230,160,000

$236,200,000

500kV Shunt Compensation

$18,800,000

$24,840,000

$30,880,000

$36,920,000

$42,960,000

$49,000,000

$55,040,000

$61,080,000

$67,120,000

$73,160,000

$79,200,000

$85,240,000

$91,280,000

$97,320,000

$103,360,000

$109,400,000

$115,440,000

$121,480,000

$127,520,000

$1,800,000

$1,840,000

$1,880,000

$1,920,000

$1,960,000

$2,000,000

$2,040,000

$2,080,000

$2,120,000

$2,160,000

$2,200,000

$2,240,000

$2,280,000

$2,320,000

$2,360,000

$2,400,000

$2,440,000

$2,480,000

$2,520,000

$2,560,000

$2,600,000

$2,640,000

$2,680,000

$2,720,000

$2,760,000

$2,800,000

$2,840,000

$2,880,000

$2,920,000

$2,960,000

$3,000,000

$3,040,000

$3,080,000

$3,120,000

$3,160,000

$3,200,000

$3,240,000

$3,280,000

$3,320,000

$3,360,000

$3,400,000

$3,440,000

$3,480,000

$3,520,000

$3,560,000

$3,600,000

$3,640,000

$3,680,000

$3,720,000

$3,760,000

$586,704,763

$593,131,156

$599,554,990

$605,976,221

$612,394,803

$618,810,690

$625,223,833

$631,634,182

$471,102,412

$477,566,533

$484,028,693

$490,488,865

$496,947,019

$503,403,127

$509,857,157

$516,309,079

$522,758,859

$529,206,465

$541,651,863

$548,095,017

$554,535,893

$560,974,453

$567,410,659

$573,844,473

$580,275,855

$354,936,561

$361,430,328

$367,922,515

$374,413,105

$380,902,081

$387,389,422

$393,875,109

$406,359,123

$412,841,443

$419,322,047

$425,800,915

$432,278,024

$438,753,350

$445,226,872

$451,698,564

$458,168,402

$464,636,360

$302,931,579

$309,437,390

$315,941,747

$322,444,638

$328,946,048

$335,445,961

$341,944,361

$348,441,234

$3,800,000

$3,840,000

$3,880,000

$3,920,000

$3,960,000

$4,000,000

$4,040,000

$4,080,000

$4,120,000

$4,160,000

$4,200,000

$4,240,000

$4,280,000

$4,320,000

$4,360,000

$4,400,000

$4,440,000

$4,480,000

$4,520,000

$4,560,000

$4,600,000

$4,640,000

$4,680,000

$4,720,000

$4,760,000

$4,800,000

$701,572,077

$707,947,996

$714,320,404

$720,689,230

$727,054,400

$733,415,839

$739,773,467

$746,127,205

$752,476,970

$758,822,675

$765,164,233

$771,501,552

$777,834,540

$784,163,099

$790,487,129

$796,806,528

$809,121,191

$638,041,687

$644,446,295

$650,847,952

$657,246,604

$663,642,192

$676,034,659

$682,423,943

$688,809,984

$695,192,717