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Rwanda
Education Budget BriefInvesting in child education in Rwanda
2019/2020
© U
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Education Budget Brief: Investing in child education in Rwanda 2019/2020
© United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) RwandaDecember 2019
3
Preface
This education budget brief explores the extent to which the
Government of Rwanda addresses the educational needs of
children and young people. The brief analyses the size and
composition of budget allocations to the education sector
for the fiscal year 2019/20, as well as the adequacy of past
spending. The budget brief aims to synthesize complex
budget information and offer recommendations to strengthen
public investments in children. The financial data used for this
analysis was drawn from various budget documents, with a
major focus on the 2019/20 national budget.
Key Messages and Recommendations
• The majority of education sector resources go to pre-primary and primary education representing 43.3 per cent of the total education sector budget, with allocations to secondary education representing 32.5 per cent. However, there is limited information available that separates pre-primary education from primary education. There is a need for separate budget lines; one for pre-primary and another for primary education levels, to monitor the allocation adequacy for pre-primary education as a foundation to child learning and development.
• Government budget allocation to pre-primary and primary education level is disproportionate compared to other sectors in terms of allocation per student. While it still comprises a large share of the education budget, its budget slightly declined to FRW 106.3 billion in 2019/20 from FRW 111.4 billion. There is a need to further prioritize allocation in the pre-primary and primary education sector to ensure a stronger foundation in learning and education development for the early ages and younger students.
• The allocation of the budget towards improving quality of education has doubled between 2016/17 and 2019/20, increasing from FRW 16.1 billion to FRW 32.9 billion. However, these inputs are mainly focused on ICT development and hardware as opposed to teacher training or other soft inputs. Significant resources are still needed for teacher training and the professional development of those already in service to improve the quality of learning.
• The external financing as a share of the education budget increased almost threefold, from 6.1 per cent in 2018/19 to 16.8 per cent in 2019/20. It is also expected that this rate will continue to rise over the medium term, since the Government of Rwanda has recently signed a credit-financing agreement with the World Bank to support the education sector.
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The education sector is coordinated by the Ministry of
Education (MINEDUC), whose mission it is to ensure equitable
access to quality education through a focus on combating
illiteracy, promoting science and technology, and developing
critical thinking and positive values.
By implementing education policies, MINEDUC is supported
by several agencies including: the Rwanda Education Board
(REB) responsible for pre-primary, primary and secondary
school programmes; the Workforce Development Authority
(WDA), responsible for Technical and Vocational Education
and Training (TVET) and Rwanda Polytechnic Higher Learning
Institution (RP); the Higher Council of Education (HEC),
responsible for university accreditations and tertiary schools
regulation and oversees the functions of higher education
financing; and the districts (decentralized entities) responsible
for daily management of schools at local level. Rwanda’s
education sector has seen significant developments across all
education levels.
Pre-primary education has seen rapid growth in recent years
The net enrolment rate (NER) at the pre-primary level
increased by 3 per cent between 2016 and 2018, from 17.5 per
cent to 20.8 per cent (Figure 1). The government target by
2024 is to expand access to pre-primary to reach 41.5 per cent
net enrolment.
Figure 1: GER and NER for Pre-Primary Education
23.8% 24.1% 24.4%
17.5%20.6% 20.8%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
2016 2017 2018
Gross Enrolment Rate (Overall) Net Enrolment Rate (Overall)
Source: Ministry of education, annual statistical yearbooks, 2016, 2017, 2018
1. Introduction sector overview
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The primary school to secondary school transition rate1 remained above 71 per cent for both boys (71 per cent) and
girls (72.3 per cent). The school drop-out rate has remained low over the past years.
Over the past four years, the school drop-out rate has remained
low (around 5 per cent). However, in 2018 there was a slight
increase by one per cent from 5.6 per cent in 2017 to 6.7 per
cent (Figure 2). The drop-out rate in primary school is slightly
higher for boys (7 per cent) than for girls (6.3 per cent). Both
drop-out and repetition remain an issue within the Rwandan
education system.
The ratio of students/pupils to qualified teachers has
continued to marginally improve over the past four years,
from 62:1 in 2015 to 57:1 in 2018 (Figure 3). To reach the ESSP
target of 52:1, there is therefore a strong need for increased
investments in the recruitment and training of teachers to
further reduce the ratio of pupils to qualified teachers.
Figure 2: Dropout and transition rates, primary
71.1% 71.1% 74.5% 71.6%
5.7% 5.7% 5.6%
6.7%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
2015 2016 2017 2018
Transition Rate (left axis) Drop-out Rate (right axis)
Source: Ministry of education, annual statistical yearbooks, 2016, 2017 and 2018
Figure 3: Pupil-teacher ratio, primary
58 58 58 5662 59 59 57
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2015 2016 2017 2018
Pupils: Teacher Ratio Pupils: Qualified Teacher Ratio
Source: Ministry of education, annual statistical yearbooks, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
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2. Education spending trends
2.1. Size of spending
The budget allocated to the Ministry of Education, its agencies
and districts has shown a nominal increase over the past four
years. In 2019/20, the Government of Rwanda has allocated
FRW 310.2 billion to the education sector, up from FRW 278.2
billion in 2018/19, reflecting an increase of 11.5 per cent in
nominal terms or 10.4 per cent in real terms (Figure 4).
Figure 4: The Education sector budget in nominal FRW billion and as
% of total budget and GDP
220.0 240.8 278.2
310.2
3.3 3.2 3.1 3.4
11.3 11.5 11.0 10.8
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
-
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Education budget (FRW billion) (left axis)
Education budget as share of GDP (right axis)
Education budget as share of national budget (right axis)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws and microframework data
A comprehensive analysis of the budget allocations to the
education sector includes not only the Ministry of Education
and its agencies, but also other budgets allocated to other
Ministries (for example, internet provision to schools).
Therefore, budget allocations to the education sector and
other sectors contributing to education increase up to FRW
571.9 billion and, as share of the domestic national budget
(excluding debt financing & another non-flexible public
budget such as peace keeping operations), reached 21 per
cent in 2019/20, up from 18 per cent in 2018/19 (Figure 5).
Figure 5: The Education budget in nominal FRW billion and as % of
total budget and GDP
290400.86
560 571.9
2019
18
21
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
FRW
Bill
ion
% o
f al
loca
tio
ns
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Education sector and others contributing to education (FRW Billion) (Left axis)
% Education sector and others contributing to education (Right axis)
Source: MINECOFIN & MINEDUC Education sector budget analysis 2019
Note: For the purposes of this document, all analysis will be made on the budget allocated directly to MINEDUC and
Districts.
2.2. Government spending in the region in selected ESAR countries
Among the selected East African countries with comparable
data in 2017/19, Kenya allocated 23 per cent of total natioal
budget to education, followed by Tanzania mainland with 17.3
per cent, Rwanda with 11.5 per cent, while Uganda allocated
8.9 per cent of total national budget to the education sector
(Figure 6).
Figure 6: Education budget % of total government expenditure in
selected ESAR countries, FY 2017/18
23.0
8.911.5
17.3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Kenya Uganda Rwanda Tanzania(Mainland)
Source: UNICEF- Budget briefs
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The budget allocation to the education sector in 2019/20 is 26.9
per cent less than costed estimates in the Education Sector
Strategic Plan (ESSP). The ESSP presents three scenarios for
the future developments of the education sector, as well as
the estimated costs for each. These are a “Business as usual”
situation in which the education sector maintains the current
pace of innovations, a pragmatic scenario, envisioning that
“most of new initiatives shall be implemented by 50 per cent”,
and finally, an ambitious scenario, in which all new initiatives
are fully implemented. Table 1 provides the various ESSP cost
scenarios and respective funding gaps.
Table 1: Education Budget Allocations against ESSP Cost Estimates
Scenario 2019/2020
ESSP Costs
(RWF)
Allocated budget
(RWF)
Funding Gap
Business as Usual 424,410,773,568 310,200,000,000 114,210,773,568 (26.9 %)
Pragmatic Implementation 434,950,500,243 124,750,500,243 (28.7%)
Ambitious Approach 476,080,177,449 165,880,177,449 (34.8%)
Source: MINEDUC-ESSP 2018/19 – 2023/24 and State finances law 2019/20
In comparison with other NST1 sectors, the education sector
allocation ranks second with 10.8 per cent, after public finance
management (28.9 percent), the latter covering the allocations
for executive offices, legislative organs, financial and fiscal
affairs, and external affairs (Figure 7).
Figure 7: Budget Allocations to various sectors in FRW billion and as a % of Domestic Budget and GDP
28.9
10.8 9.4 9.3 8.25.7 5.5 5.4 4.9 3.9 2.3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
0100200300400500600700800900
2019/20 allocations (FRW Billion) (left axis) Share of budget (%) (right axis)
2.4. The education sector budget allocation among other NST1 sectors
2.3. The education budget against national commitments
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
8
3. Education budget changes
3.1. Initial and revised education sector budget trends
Over the past four years, a comparison of the original
approved and revised budgets indicates that the allocations
for the education sector were slightly revised upward by about
one per cent as indicated in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Trends budget revision (FRW billion and % change)
220.0 240.8 273.0 310.2
221.3 240.5
278.2
0.6
-0.2
1.9
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Orginal Revised budget % Changes
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
3.2. Nominal vs. real changes (inflation adjusted) in the education sector budget
Inflation has not significantly affected the education budget
allocations over the past two years.
Figure 9: Nominal and inflation adjusted changes in the education
budget
-7.8
1.4
9.5
13.3 11.5
-9.5
.62016/17-1
3.2
7.8 10.4
-15.0
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
2015/16 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Nominal budget changes (%) Inflation adjusted changes (%)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
Over the past two years, Rwanda has been able to maintain
a low level of inflation below the government target (5 per
cent). Therefore, the gap between nominal and real budget
changes has continued to narrow. In 2018/19, the nominal
budget change was 13.3 per cent against 7.8 per cent of the
real budget changes while in 2019/20, the nominal education
budget change was 11.5 against 10.4 per cent of the real budget
changes (adjusted with inflation) (Figure 9).
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4. Composition of education sector spending
4.1. Budget trends by education levels
More than half of the education sector budget is allocated to
primary and secondary education, as it is in line with universal
access to education.
Figure 10: Budget allocation by education levels (FRW Billion)
83.8 92.5 111.4 106.3
53.2 60.0 63.7 79.82.9
2.4 2.1
3.1
32.4 35.9
57.0 56.3
-
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
FRW
Bill
ion
Pre-primary and primary Secondary TertiaryPost-secondary nontertiary
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
The combined pre-primary and primary education levels
budget allocation takes a large share of the education budget.
However, its budget slightly declined to FRW 106.3 billion
in 2019/20 down from FRW 111.4 billion in 2018/19, while the
secondary education budget allocation increased from FRW
63.7 billion to FRW 79.8 billion in 2019/20. The allocation
to tertiary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
programmes remained relatively equal over the past four
years (Figure 10).
Figure 11: % Share of budget allocations against % of students by levels
76.5
18.5 5.0
43.3
32.524.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
Pre-primary andPrimary
Secondary Post seconday incl.Tertiary
Pro
po
rtio
n (%
) o
f al
loca
ted
bu
dg
et
% if
stu
den
ts b
y lv
el
% Students by levels Proportion (%) of Allocated budget
Source: Calculated using state finance laws & Annual statistical year book 2018
The analysis of budget allocations for the students in each
education category shows that 76.5 per cent of the student
population were enrolled in pre-primary and primary
(combined) and were allocated 43.3 per cent of the education
sector budget. The secondary education level accounted for
18.5 per cent of the total student population, and was allocated
32.5 per cent, while the tertiary education accounted for 5 per
cent to students and was allocated 24.2 per cent (Figure 11).
This suggests that the budget increase in the education sector
should focus more on pre-primary, primary and secondary
to ensure universal access to 12 years of basic education in
Rwanda.
4.2. Education spending by big education sector institutions
A significant portion of education sector resources are
transferred to districts (decentralized entities). In 2019/20, FRW
161.6 billion or 52 per cent of the total education sector budget
was allocated to Districts. The Higher Education Council
(HEC) takes second place with FRW 54.4 billion and remains
constant when compared to 2018/19. The budget for HEC
mainly supports the financing of tertiary education through
education loans and scholarships. The budget allocated to
MINEDUC has significantly increased over the past two years
from FRW 9.6 billion in 2017/18 to FRW 20.2 billion in 2018/19
and FRW 26.8 billion in 2019/20 (Figure 12).
Figure 12: Budget allocations, by spending agency (FRW billion)
0.69.9 0.79.6 20.2 26.854.4 54.4
32.1 27.8
12.0 8.751.9 70.723.3 22.215.7 21.9
119.8127.9
151.2161.6
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
2019/202018/19
Higher Education Council (HEC)
Rwanda Education Board (REB)
Rwanda Polytechnic
2016/17 2017/18
Mineduc
Workforce Development Authority (WDA)
University of Rwanda
Districts
Source: Calculated using state finance Laws
10
The education budget is mainly dedicated to cover recurrent
expenses, such as salaries and wages for teaching staff.
However, over the past few years, the development budget as
a share of the education sector budget has increased from 15.5
per cent in 2017/18 to 22.5 per cent in 2019/20. Furthermore,
the recurrent budget for education has also increased from
FRW 226.5 billion to FRW 240.4 billion (Figure 13). The increase
in the recurrent budget under education is partly explained by
the government’s decision to increase teachers’ salary by 10
per cent, implemented from March 2019.
Figure 13: Education recurrent vs. development budget
182.4
207.6 226.5 240.4
38.1 38.2 46.5 69.8
17.3 15.5
17.0
22.5
-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
-
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
2018/19 2019/20
Development (FRW billion)
2016/17 2017/18
Recurrent (FRW billion)
% development budget (Right axis)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
4.3. The education sector budget by recurrent and capital expenditure categories
4.4. Budget allocations for education quality enhancement programmes
The Government of Rwanda is pushing for an increased
quality of education. For the purpose of this analysis, the
following programmes were selected as drivers of quality
of education enhancing: (i) education quality and standards,
(ii) curricula and pedagogical material development, and
(iii) ICT integration in education. In 2019/20, the government
has allocated FRW 32.9 billion towards these programmes,
up from FRW 22.9 billion in 2018/19. The ICT promotion in
education is the main driver of the increase as it was allocated
FRW 15.6 billion in 2019/20 up from FRW 3.9 billion in 2018/19,
with a slightly reduced budget allocated to education quality
standard and teacher development (Figure 14).
Figure 14: Education budget allocation to programmes for quality
education in FRW billions
6.2 6.7 9.0 8.31.1
2.60.8 0.91.5
9.3 9.2 8.17.3
5.2 3.9
15.6
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Curricula and Pedagogical MaterialsTeacher Development and ManagementEducation Quality and Standards**ICT Integration in Education
Source: Calculated using state finance Laws
Figure 15: Per capita allocation, by level of education FRW
23,806 25,740 32,280 34,345
113,027 122,916
86,549
107,324
24,225
35,735
36,184 23,020
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
2016 20172015
Pre-primary and primary Secondary
2018
Post secondary non tertiary
Source: Calculated using state finance laws and NISR- Population projections 2018
4.5. Per capita spending
Per capita spending by education levels shows that combined
pre-primary and primary spending increased from FRW 32,280
to FRW 34,345 from 2017 to 2018, reflecting an increase of 6
per cent. In 2018, per capita spending in secondary level has
increased by 24 per cent when compared to 2017. However, the
allocation to post-secondary non-tertiary (mainly including
allocations for TVET) experienced a decrease from FRW 36,184
to 23,020 in 2019/20 (-36.6 per) as shown in Figure 15.
11
5. Decentralization and education spending
Education is the most decentralized sector in Rwanda.
Formal administrative coordination mechanisms have been
established for each district and almost half of the education
budget is implemented through the decentralized entities.
However, over the past four years, the share of the education
budget allocated to District Councils went from 55 per cent
in 2016/17 to 52 per cent in 2019/20 (Figure 16). This could be
partly attributed to the Ministry of Education reforms designed
to centralize school constructions, formerly implemented by
the districts.
Figure 16: Education central vs. decentralised budget allocations
98.1 112.3 129.5 148.6
119.8 127.9151.2
161.655.0
53.2
53.9
52.1
51.552.052.553.053.554.054.555.055.5
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Central Government allocations
Decentralized entities allocations
Share of decentalized education budget
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
Most resources transferred to District Councils are for teachers’
salaries and other incentives, including exam costs, capitation
grants and non-formal education. The government has set up
criteria to allocate the education budget at the district level
by ensuring geographical equity. The allocation formula is
output-based. Some of the parameters considered include
the number of students, number of teachers in the district,
number of examination centers, and number of students in
boarding schools. The decentralized budget for education is
quite evenly distributed, averaging FRW 5.4 billion per district.
Figure 17 shows the distribution of the budget for education
across different districts.
Figure 17: Education budget allocations by district
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
GA
TS
IBO
NY
AM
AG
AB
EG
ICU
MB
IN
YA
MA
SH
EK
EM
US
AN
ZE
RU
BA
VU
RU
SIZ
IN
YA
GA
TA
RE
KA
RO
NG
IH
UY
EG
AK
ENK
ER
ULI
ND
OB
UG
ES
ER
AB
UR
ERA
KA
MO
NY
IN
YA
BIH
UG
ISA
GA
RA
NG
OR
OR
ERO
NY
AN
ZA
NY
AR
UG
UR
UR
UH
AN
GO
RU
TSIR
ON
GO
MA
MU
HA
NG
AK
AY
ON
ZA
KIR
EHE
RW
AM
AG
AN
AG
AS
AB
O
KIC
UK
IRO
NY
AR
UG
ENG
E
Ave
rag
e FR
W B
illio
n
FRW
Bill
ion
Budget for 2019/20 (FRW Billion) Average budget per district (FRW Billion)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
12
6. Budget execution in the education sector
The budget execution rate under the education sector remains
among the highest in social sectors. For 2018/19, the budget
execution rate stood at 94.3 per cent at district level, while at
the central (national) level the execution rate was at 91 per
cent (Figure 18).
Figure 18: Education budget execution rates
95.6 96.3 92.1 91.098.4 94.9 90.5 94.3
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
National Education budget execution rate (%)
District education budget executon rate (%)
Source: MINECOFIN- Budget execution reports
7. Financing of the education sector
Domestic and external funds recorded in the national budget
cover 73 per cent of the required ESSP costs for 2019/20. The
gap is partly covered by other players in the education sector.
However, education financing by non-government actors is
not covered under this budget brief.
Figure 19: Financing of the education sector budget in FRW billion
204.8 239.6
266.9 293.4
9.1 6.2 6.1 16.8
4.2
2.5 2.2
5.4
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
- 50.0
100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0
2016/17 2017/18 2018/19 2019/20
Domestic financing (billion)
External financing (billion)
% share external financing (right axis)
Source: Calculated using state finance laws
The education sector is mainly domestically financed. Over
the past four years, the share of external financing has
remained below 10 per cent. However, external financing to
education sector increased to 16.8 per cent in 2019/20, up
from 6.1 per cent in 2018/19 (Figure 19). The recent increase in
external financing is attributed to external loans and grants for
higher education, mainly directed at financing infrastructure
and different centers of excellence. Furthermore, the external
financing component of the education sector budget is
expected to continue rising as the Government of Rwanda
has recently signed a new credit financing agreement with
the World Bank to support the education sector. Other major
donors for the education sector include the UK department for
International Development (DFID), USAID, Global Partnership
for Education (GPE), Korea International Cooperation Agency
(KOICA) and UNICEF.
The Government of Rwanda is also devising home grown
initiatives to support the financing of the educations sector.
Some of the proposals include mobilizing community
contributions (used mainly in the construction of the
schools). This strategy has been used mainly by faith-based
organizations who manage several primary and secondary
schools in Rwanda. However, there is a need to explore the
possibility of tracking the non-government domestic financing
allocated to education, which further contributes to reducing
the funding gap as indicated in the Education Sector Strategic
Plan 2018-2024.
13
ANNEXESAnnex 1: Strategic documents and targets
Strategic documents Key performance indicators and targets
National Strategy for
Transformation (2017-2024)
1. Increase access to pre-primary education: net enrolment rates will reach 45% by 2024
from 17.5% in 2016;
2. Improve quality of education at all levels;
o Schools connected to the internet will increase to 100% by 2024 from 10% in
2016/17;
o The primary and secondary schools with access to electricity will increase from
32% and 46% in 2016 to 100% in 2024;
3. Strengthen mechanisms to promote completion rates especially in primary and
secondary education.
o Transition rate from primary to lower secondary will increase from 71.1% in 2015
to 92.4% by 2024;
4. Ensure that people with disabilities can start school and progress through all levels of
education.
5. Strengthen Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics across all levels of
education
o Achieve 80% of students enrolled in STEM in HLIs and TVETs by 2024 from 44%
in 2016.
6. Ensure digital literacy for all youth (16 to 30 years) by 2024 through achieving a digital
literacy rate of at least 60% by 2024.
Education sector strategic
plan 2018/19 - 2023/24
1. All learners achieve basic levels of literacy and numeracy in early grades and beyond;
2. All learners enter primary school at the correct age and successfully complete 12 years
of basic education;
3. All children complete school readiness programmes;
4. Ensure gender parity in participation and achievement at all levels of education;
5. Increased participation and achievement of children and young people with disabilities
at all levels of education;
6. TVET and HEI programmes are responsive to both labour market needs and Rwanda’s
social and economic development;
7. Qualified pupil- teacher ratio in pre-primary, primary and secondary schools shall
increase from 1:32; 1:62 and 1:28 in 2015 to 1:32, 1:52 and 1:34 respectively by 2024.
Annex 2: Learning outcomes results, students reaching the minimum proficiency
Grade Test Boys (%) Girls (%) Different (%) (B-G)
P6 (11-12 Years old) Literacy 59.8 53.2 6.6
Numeracy 63.7 54.5 9.2
S3 (15-16 Year-old) Literacy 77.6 65.3 12.3
Numeracy 81.8 75.9 5.9
Source: MINEDUC, Learning Achievement in Rwandan Schools, 2018
14
Annex 3: ICT in primary education
65.8% 69.2%75.5%
9.8%
25.1%30.0%
0
44.0%
55.4%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
2016 2017 2018
% of school with computers
% of school with internet connectivity
% of school having ICT for teaching and learning
Annex 4: Gross and net secondary school enrolment rates
38.0% 37.2% 38.2% 39.6%
28.3%32.9% 34.1%
30.1%
0.0%5.0%
10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0%35.0%40.0%45.0%
2015 2016 2018
Gross Enrolment Rate
2017
Net Enrolment Rate
Source: Ministry of Education, Annual Statistical Yearbooks, 2016, 2017, 2018
Annex 5: Repetition and dropout rates, secondary
8.8%
5.2% 5.0%4.5% 4.4%
5.8%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
2015 2016 2017
Repetition Rate Dropout Rate
Annex 6: Net enrolment rates: 2018
20.4%
98.0%
32.1%
21.2%
98.5%
28.2%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
Male Female
Pre-primary education Primary Education Secondary Education
Source: Education Statistical yearbook 2018
Source: Ministry of Education, Annual Statistical Yearbooks, 2016, 2017, 2018 Source: Ministry of Education, Annual Statistical Yearbooks 2016, 2017, 2018
Annex 7: Number of TVET training centres
94,373 93,158
107,501102,485
54,912 54,19965,327
57,643
39,461 38,959 42,174 44,842
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
2015 2016 2017 2018
MaleTotal Students Female
Source: Education Statistical yearbook 2018
Annex 8 : Tertiary education
48,868 52,297 49,908 51,119
37,447 38,506 41,285 38,041
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2015 2016 2017 2018
Male Female
Source: Education Statistical yearbook 2018
15
© U
NIC
EF/
UN
0300
498/
Bel
l
Source: Education Statistical yearbook 2018
i The net enrolment rate (NER) in primary education is the ratio of the number of children of official primary school age who are enrolled in primary education to the total population of children of official primary school age, expressed as a percentage. ii The percentage of students admitted to the first grade of a higher level of education in a given year, when compared to the number of students enrolled in the final grade of the lower level of education in the previous year. iii Capitation grants are funds allocated by the Ministry of Education to schools under the basic education programme to ensure that all Rwandan children are given an opportunity to attend school. iv http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/index.php?id=12&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=733&cHash=b3ea2f11caa9e47126bdb5fdc4a0f641 v Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, ‘Seven Years Government Programme (7YGP)’, Kigali, Rwanda, 2010, available at: <www.rwandapedia.rw/cmis/views/workspace%253A%252F%252FSpacesStore%252F1adfd4d9-01e0-4834-8d8a-9b1edb581294>. vi Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, ‘Education Sector Strategic Plan 2013/14–2017/18’, Kigali, Rwanda, 2013, available at: <www.minecofin.gov.rw/index.php?id=163>.
48,868 52,297 49,908 51,119
37,447 38,506 41,285 38,041
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2015 2016 2017 2018
Male Female
Endnotes
Annex 7: Number of TVET training centres
94,373 93,158
107,501102,485
54,912 54,19965,327
57,643
39,461 38,959 42,174 44,842
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
2015 2016 2017 2018
MaleTotal Students Female
Source: Education Statistical yearbook 2018
Annex 8 : Tertiary education
48,868 52,297 49,908 51,119
37,447 38,506 41,285 38,041
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2015 2016 2017 2018
Male Female
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