EDU 3083

EDU 3083LEADERSHIP AND TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

SECTION A : ACADEMIC ESSAYDISCUSS HOW A SCHOOL LEADER CAN USE LEADER SUBORDINATES , TASK STRUCTURE , AND POWER TO CREATE AN EFFECTIVE SCHOOL SITUATION THAT WOULD IMPCT SCHOOL EXCELLENCE

Leaders direct and guide followers in the organization, recognizing both roles as critical to the success of the organization. There is a positive relationship between leaders and followers in organizations, and a distinct difference between leadership and management. Leaders may be autocratic, democratic, or laissez-faire in their approach .Leadership is an important element in a formal bureaucratic organization. Within the framework of an organization, leadership encompasses all forms of activities aimed at influencing the knowledge, practice and motivation members in it.Many studies show the success of the organization due to the dysfunction leadership. Effective school is to be created by the presence of a political leader. Leaders are individuals in a group that was given the responsibility to direct and coordinate activities to achieve group goals (Ibrahim Mamat, 2001). For him, the leader is a combination of the qualities of a director, and assistant driver of an organization.According to Kamus Dewan (2002), leadership is the ability to lead. Accordingly, Robbins (2003) explains the concept of leadership as the ability to influence the members of the group to achieve a goal.

Kim and Maubourgne (1992) also define leadership as a person's ability to inspire confidence and support among the group of people that are needed to achieve organizational goals. Furthermore, leadership is the ability to influence the belief systems, actions and values of the gang members (Leithwood & Janti, 1999).Fidler (1997) have identified two key features of the results of his analysis of the diversity of definitions of leadership, namely:

Ability to generate a sense of direction and confidence among his followers. Influencing followers towards the goal.

It clearly shows the impact of leadership can be shown in terms of the ability and wisdom of leaders influence the feelings, beliefs and actions of his followers towards a shared goal. However, Murphy (1988) leadership should not be interlinked with the characteristics of the leader alone. Leadership should also be interlinked with the interaction of leaders with followers, influence of leaders and followers in the context of where he is (leadership situation). Therefore, in addition to the characteristics of a leader, effective leadership is subject to context, and the issue of his / goals of the organization (leadership contingency).The success of a school achieving school status effective or outstanding schools will be referred to the ability of the leadership of the school principal or headmaster of the school's traditional leadership model based on a hierarchical structure in which power and control in an organization focused on the leadership alone.In the era of globalization, rapid technological change and priority to the development of human capital, transformational leadership began to influence the organization of the school. The education system is increasingly complex demands radical changes to the way the school provides educational services.

Decentralisation, excellent school culture and the principles of best practices is a new challenge in the individual's leadership schools nowadays. In a school that is made up of a group of professional teachers, school organization, hierarchical structures are shaped horizontal. School leadership is seen as a collaborative effort, fostering camaraderie colleagues as a means of enhancing professional practice. Teacher leadership can be seen in the context of the management of school activities, instructional leadership and kepe mimpinan in the context of the wider community. Today, the concept of teacher as leader is influential to the changes that occur in the system.

Both primary and secondary schools encountered many similar management issues. As a learning institution, one of the main issues is the management of school managers especially where their leadership and governance is concerned. Apart from this, Santrock (2001) the school managers of learning organization are responsible in establishing the safe and conducive learning environment in schools and therefore related to school and class size as well as home-school partnership. Meanwhile, the classrooms where teaching and learning take place need to be managed effectively. Therefore, it is the responsibility of headteacher as the manager of primary school and principals as the manager of secondary school to design the physical environment of the classroom for optimal learning, create positive environment for learning, establish and maintain rules, effectively deal with problems, effective usage of communication strategies and understand the development of the students.

The reviews of the research on effective schools concluded that the environment of schools does make a difference in students learning. Some schools are more effective than others, and the school students attend can make a significant differencein their level of academic achievements. (Berliner, 1990; Henson & Eller, 1999, 1983;Othman,2001;Sabu,2005). It has often been observed that the head of the school is the key factor in how effective the school is. In an effective school the principal acts as an instructional leader and effectively and persistently communicates the school's mission to the staff, parents, and students. The principal understands and applies effective leadership skills to enable both students and staff to achieve the desired school and student achievements. Almost every single study on effective school has shown that both primary and secondary leadership to be the key factor. Mukhtar & Muslizah (2004) has drawn attention to the fact that no evidence of effective schools with weak leadership has emerged in reviews of effectiveness research. Reviews by Othman (2001) concluded that leadership is necessary to initiate and maintain school improvement. Leadership is not simply about the quality of individual leader although this is, of course, important. It is also about the role that leaders play, their style of management, their relationship to the vision, values and goals of the school, and their approach to change. MOE is aware of the important role of the headteacher/principal in school improvement. In their efforts to enhance the professionalism of headteachers/principals at the primary school level, MOE has drastically developed an intensive graduate program for the head teacher/principal.It was found that effective school has a great impact on educating the citizens. Although effective schools is no longer a new concept in Malaysia since it was introduce in 1995 but the development and realization towards it is still in the infancy stage and a long way to be translated into effective strategies. Hence, the Ministry of Education should be more proactive with the implementation of effective schools in Malaysia. The important point we want to highlight here is that these characteristics can be used to describe in the context of higher learning institutions. They are relevant in explaining the functions of universities and what can be done towards realizing the organizational effectiveness. Hence, the need for cultural change is imperative which calls for the transformation of organizational values, norms, structure and processes. This transformation does not mean that the essential values for academic freedom, intellectual creativity and the new wisdom must be sacrificed. In achieving the organizational change, top management of universities must articulate the changes that are required with utmost commitment and perseverance.

SECTION BPREPARE AN INTERVIEW ON DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTIICS OF LEADERSHIP OF A NOVICE TEACHER AND A SENIOR ASSISTANT.1. Plan and prepare interview questions before actual interview going.2. Record the interview session.3. Analyse and make comparison on the different characteristics of both interviewee.4. Produce a VCD of the interview.

Interview questions.SENIOR ASSISSTANT1. Can you introduced yourself?My Name is Pn Jannah ,I am a senior assistant of this school since 2010.

2. Can you give some characteristic of a professional teacher?Based on my experience , I can say that a professional teacher need to be knowledgeable , pedagogical content knowledge in teaching and learning and also have a good attitude.

3. What do you think of teacher intergrity ?Integrity of the teacher means that a teacher need to implement trust and powers entrusted by the public interest. In terms of teaching and learning, the teacher should be responsible to give the best to the students.

4. How about the politeness in the context of the teaching profession ?Politeness can be seen in many ways in daily interaction. Procedure acting and speaking that should be done by the teacher must be in harmony with the norms of the society in which the teacher is serving.

5. Can u give some characteristics on pedagogical content knowledge of a novice teacher ?Based on my experience on a novice teacher , their pedagogical action is limited and leading to methods of teaching performance.6. What are the duties and responsibilities of a teacher?Duties and responsibilities of a teacher is not confine to the classroom alone but the teacher is beyond the limitations of the school.

NOVICE TEACHER1. Can you introduced yourself?My Name is Pn Laili . I am a new teacher in this school. I was posted here 2013.

2. Can you give some characteristic of a professional teacher?A professional teacher must be rich with knowledge and always trying to improve the qualities of teaching.

3. What do you think of teacher intergrity ?In my opinion , a teacher must be responsible to give the best to the students and also honesty to create a generation that is useful to our country.

4. How about the politeness in the context of the teaching profession ?Politeness is very important. Gentle and caring attitude is the attitude that one teacher should have in themselves.

5. Can u give some characteristics on pedagogical content knowledge of a novice teacher ?As a new teacher , I must understand the pedagogical content knowledge which can help me in teaching and learning strategies.

6. What are the duties and responsibilities of a teacher?As a teacher , I must realize that the duties and responsibilities of teachers as a whole is to build and independent nation and develop.

ANALYSE AND MAKE COMPARISON ON THE DIFFEREN CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH INTERVIEWEE..To summarize the interview session , we may say that a few main characteristics of preactive thinking identified on which novice and senior assistant differ. In the planning process , senior assistant more autonomy. A novice teacher planning is guided by rules and models. On the other hand , senior assistant is fully aware of the contextual variables that she needs to consider when planning. From her experience , she know what works in the classroom and what does not. Hence , the senior assistant is much more ready to depart from rules and take responsibilities for their own actions.The senior assistant is much more efficient rather than the novice teacher. We can see that senior assistant seem to be similar in other fields and her mentals plans is much richer and that they do engage in detailed planning.The senior asisstant is much more responsive to contextual cues , and much more ready to make changes to her plan accordingly. In other words , it is the way teacher relate to their specific context of work that differentiate from the novice.

SENIOR ASISTANT

NOVICE TEACHER

In-depth knowledge of the content and may associate with different contexts in an integrated manner.

Action is broader pedagogy, interactive and diverse.

Teach to consider the way students learn, how students construct concepts in cognitive structure representation. Focus on existing knowledge, student thinking can modify the curriculum planning mentally to suit the needs of the context.Some things need to be emphasized when you are in the process of transitioning to the novice to the more advanced levels can be achieved smoothly and efficiently.

Ability to generate a sense of direction and confidence among his followers.

Influencing followers towards the goal.

Knowledge is a discrete/ different content.

Pedagogical action is limited, leading to methods of imparting knowledge and teaching performance.

Lack of self confidence

INTERVIEW PLANNING CHECKLIST

ITEM

DATE

REVIEW AND UNDERSTAND THE TASK

25TH AUGUST 2014

PLANNING THE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

27TH AUGUST 2014

SETTING THE INTERVIEW DATE

28TH AUGUST 2014

DOING THE INTERVIEW SESSION

1st SEPTEMBER 2014

MAKING ANALYSE AND COMPARISON

3RD SEPTEMBER 2014

REFLECTION.Practice makes perfect I always use this quote in my life. By practicing of something I can face the problem that I cant predict it before. From that way I can know what I should do to solve the problem. Sometimes what I have learned from the theory was cant be effective in our situation, because of the situation will be different.As I joined Program Pensiswazahan Guru , I relearn the the subject of Leadership and Teacher Professional Development (EDU3083). The coursework mainly requires few tasks related on leadership in a particular school organization.Organization refers to the form of the enterprise or institution and the arrangement of the human and material resources functioning in a manner to achieve the objectives of the enterprise. It represents two or more than two people respectively specializing in functions of each perform, working together towards a common goal as governed by formal rules of behaviour (Sarfraz Ahmad, 2011). The scope of school organization is very massive. It includes; efficiency of the institution, securing benefits of the school through practical measures, clarification of the functions of the school, coordination of the educational programmes, and educational planning. It provides close collaboration and sense of sharing responsibilities, organized purpose and dynamic approach between leaders and subordinates. In school organization, there is a great role of the economy, men, and material to achieve the desired objectives.Being able to observe the school organization and how leadership works in a school has widened my knowledge a lot. Leadership requires experience and skills. I learnt that it was a tough job to become a leader. The school organization is made up of several individuals who holds up certain positions and these individuals are good at handling their tasks. I become aware of the skills in managing tasks by referring to the senior teachers in this particular school. Managing tasks include managing programmes or activities related with the schoolAs far as I am concerned, I believe that collaboration between the leader, teachers and all the school community is very crucial. A successful project or programme relies mostly on the effort and collaboration of each individual in an organization.Apart from that, using the knowledge of leadership also allows me to identify and classify the perfect styles of leadership that is suitable to be use in the future professional development. It is a must to combine all the practical experience, methods and theories of leadership in order to achieve excellent in school. Though I learnt that there are a lot of different style of leadership, I truthfully consider that a good leadership style is the blending of various leadership styles. In addition, I have also experienced that it is significant to learn about leadership during this internship as I can recognise how to solve problems and how to make a decision. As a teacher, this has increase my professional development in terms of dealing and handling problematic pupils in school. No matter what technique or method used to solve a problem and make decision, as a leader one must always remember that the decision should be beneficial in the long term, able to change negative behaviour to positive behaviour, and parallel to the aims and objectives in the teaching profession.The task is huge and a single person in charge is sufficient. At least working in a team can lessen the burden and the productivity of the work can be increase from time to timeAs a conclusion, this coursework has given a lot of chance for me to not only observe the leadership in an organization that relates to my coursework, but also to allow me experienced working with teachers who act as my mentors and help to develop deeper and trust relationship with all the school community. Being able to get the experienced in hand eventually increase my knowledge and skills and hopefully I will be able to apply on whatever I had learnt throughout this process and improve on becoming a great teacherPPG TESL ( A )