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Survivorship Types I – most individual survive to middle age with high mortality rate after that : humans II- likelihood of death is the same at any age: invertebrates III- most individuals die young with a few surviving to reproductive age and beyond: oysters and other free swimming larvae POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS
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Ecology ReviewBy Denise M. Green
•Population•Community•Biosphere•Habitat•Niche
Population Review•Size of population = N•Density•Dispersion•Age•Survivorship
POPULATIONS
Survivorship Types•I – most individual survive to middle age with high mortality rate after that : humans•II- likelihood of death is the same at any age: invertebrates•III- most individuals die young with a few surviving to reproductive age and beyond: oysters and other free swimming larvae
POPULATIONS
Population growth•Biotic potential•Carrying capacity•Limiting factors
•Density dependent-disease, food•Density independent-natural disasters
POPULATIONS
Growth of a population•r = reproductive rate or growth rate•N = population size•r = births – deaths / N•Two patterns: exponential growth and logistical growth
POPULATIONS
A population of 265 swans was introduced to Circle Lake. The population’s birth rate is 0.341 swans/year per capita, and the death rate is 0.296 swans/year per capita. What is the rate of the population growth per capita, and is it increasing or decreasing? Round to the nearest thousandth.
r = b – d = 0.341 – 0.296 = 0.045 increasing
Exponential growth
Simulation: http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp54/5402001.html
POPULATIONS
Logistical GrowthAs the size of the population increases, the reproductive rate increases until carrying capacity is reached.
K = carrying capacity http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp54/5402002.html
POPULATIONS
Changes in population size.
POPULATIONS
Community Ecology•Competitive exclusion principle•Resource partitioning•Character displacement•Realized niche
Predation•True predator•Parasite•Parasitoid•herbivore
Symbiosis•Mutualism•Commensalism•Parasitism
Coevolution•Secondary compounds•Camouflage (cryptic coloration)•Aposemastic coloration- a conspicuous coloration to warn predators that they sting, bite, are poisonous•Mimicry
•Mullerian- several animals all with the same defense mimic each other in coloration•Batesian mimicry- animal without a defense mimics an animal with a defense in coloration
Ecological succession•Primary succession•http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp55/55020.html
•Secondary succession
Ecosystems trophic levels•Primary producers•Primary consumers•Secondary consumers•Tertiary consumers•Dendritivores
Only 10% of energy from one level passes on to the next trophic level due to use at first trophic level.
Ecosystems and Energy Flow•Primary productivity is amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs
•GPP- total energy•NPP- net productivity•Rs- respiration
NPP = GPP – RsBiomass = primary productivity reflected as dryWeight of organic materialSecondary productivity = rate at which consumers convert chemical energy of food to their own biomass
Biogeochemical Cycles
Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes
Human Impact•Increase of Greenhouse effect•Ozone layer depletion•Acid rain•Desertification•Deforestation•Pollution•Reduction in species diversity
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