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Compare Exponential & Linear Population Growth
1. Exponential:
a. The population multiplies by the same number every week/month/year.
b. If a population has a constant birth rate through time and is never limited by food or disease
c. Occurs when number of organisms increases rapidly
d. Produces J-shaped curve on graph
***Unlimited Resources allow for this type of growth***
2. Linear:
a. The population adds the same number every week/month/year.
b. Shows slow steady growth
c. Birth & death rates are equal
d. Produces straight line on graph**Limited Resources cause this type of growth**
Limits to growthLimits to growth
• Limiting factors- a factor that causes population growth to decrease– Density independent: Usually are abiotic in nature; Any factor in the
environment that does NOT depend on the members in a population per unit area. Drought, Human disturbances
– Density dependent: Are usually biotic in nature; Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area. Competition, Predation,Parasitism, Disease
Describe Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity
1. The number of organism that an environment can support
2. Limits the population
3. Affected by: temperature, food supply, reproduction, hunting
Describe Factors that affect population size
1. Predation:
a. Predators limit number of prey
b. Pick out the sick, old, young
2. Competition:
a. Compete for resources
b. Water, food, living space, mates
3. Environmental changes:
a. pollution, thermal warming, unfit water, disease, all effect the population number
Write this below your graphs on Write this below your graphs on IN: 44IN: 44
• 4. Immigration- movement of organisms
into an area.
• 5. Emmigration- movement of organisms
out of an area.
Ex. Animals leave b/c they reach maturity,
Food shortage.
4. May cause species to become threatened or endangered
a. Threatened - when population declines rapidly
b. b. Endangered - when numbers are so low that extinction is possible in near future
c. Extinction - disappearance of species
Siberian tiger
Manatee
Bald Eagle
Use of Resources
A. Compare types of resources• Natural resource - part of natural
environment– EX: soil, water, crops, oil, gas, wildlife
• Renewable - replaced or recycled by natural processes (Biodegradable)
– EX: plants, animals, crops, soil
• Nonrenewable - available in limited amounts
– EX: fossil fuels, metals
Cover CropsLegumes, grasses, and othercover crops recycle soil nutrients,reduce fertilizer need, andprevent weed growth.
Controlled GrazingBy managing graze periods and herddensities, farmers can improve nutrientcycling, increase the effectiveness ofprecipitation, and increase the carryingcapacity of pastures.
Biological Pest ControlThe use of predators and parasitesto control destructive insectsminimizes pesticide use as well ascrop damage
Contour PlowingContour plowing reduces soil erosion from land runoff. On hilly areas, plowing is done across the hill rather than straight up and down.
Crop RotationDifferent crops use and replenish different nutrients. By rotating crops, the loss of important plant nutrientsis decreased.
A B C
Yr. 1
Yr. 2
Yr. 3
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corn
corn
corn
alfalfa
alfalfa
alfalfa
oats
oats
alfalfa (plowed in)
Ways to Sustain Agriculture-natural resources
Insects
BacteriaFungi
Plants
Protists Other Animals
54.4%
4.2%
18%
3.4%0.3%
19.7%
Section 6-3
Go to Section:
Species Diversity
C. Identify major sources of air, water, and land pollution
1. Pollution - contamination of any part of environment
2. Air pollutiona. Caused most by burning fossil fuelsb. Particulates - solid soot particles, form smogc. Can cause cancer, respiratory difficulties
3. Acid raina. Water mixes with carbon dioxide to form
carbonic acidb. Damages plants, affects fish, contaminates
waterc. More in cities and industrialized areas
Emissions to AtmosphereNitrogen oxidesSulfur dioxide
Chemical TransformationNitric acid
Sulfuric acid
PrecipitationAcid rain, fog,snow, and mist
Dry Fallout
Condensation
particulates, gases
Industry Transportation Ore smelting Power generation
Section 6-2
Figure 6-12 The Formation of Acid Rain
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4. Ozone depletiona. Ozone layer - high in stratosphere; protects
Earth from U.V.b. Depletion allows lethal doses of UV rays to
reach earthc. Caused by CFC’s(chlorofluorocarbons),
styrofoam products, some aerosol sprays
5. Greenhouse effect causes global warminga. Natural process that traps heat in atmosphereb. Atmospheric gases (CO2, methane) prevent
heat from escaping into spacec. Process where heat is retained by gases in the
environmentd. Thought to be caused by combination of
different pollutants( car exhaust, etc)
*Due to excess pollution and forest destruction the carbon cycle cannot remove the gases fast enough!
Sunlight
Some heat escapesinto space
Greenhousegases trapsome heat
Atmosphere
Earth’s surface
Section 4-1
The Greenhouse Effect
Go to Section:
Sunlight
Some heatescapesinto space
Greenhousegases trapsome heat
Atmosphere
Earth’s surface
Sunlight
Most direct sunlight
Sunlight
Sunlight
Sunlight
90°N North Pole
66.5°N
23.5°N
0°
23.5°S
66.5°S
90°S South Pole
Arctic circle
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Arctic circle
Section 4-1
Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate
Go to Section:
Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes
6. Water pollutiona. Sewage, industrial wastes, fertilizer runoffb. Contaminates groundwater (soil doesn't filter
out contaminants)
7. Land pollutiona. Trash is burned or buried instead of being
recycledb. Biodegradable - wastes broken down
naturallyc. Nonbiodegradable - stay in environment for
100's to 1000's of years
Fish-Eating BirdsMagnification ofDDT Concentration
10,000,000
100,000
10,000
1,000,000
1
1000
LargeFish
Small Fish
Zooplankton
Producers
Water
Section 6-3
Figure 6-16 Biological Magnification of DDT
Go to Section:
DDT-A chemical banned in the 1970’s
HumanActivities
that have changed the biosphere include
may have once caused often relies on the methods of thehave resulted in
which increased
Food supply Pesticide use Monocultureuse
Hunting andgathering Agriculture
Industrial growth
Urbandevelopment
Extinctions oflarge animals
Greenrevolution
High standardof living
Increasedpollution
Section 6-1
Concept Map
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1. Examine the list of natural resources shown below. Then, classify each
natural resource as either renewable or nonrenewable.a. Woodb. Fossil fuelsc. Aluminumd. Woole. Gold
2. Describe the impact that the loss of nonrenewable resources would have on the environment.
Go to Section:
• Rank the following items in order of their importance to you. Then, next to each item, write down how much you would be willing to pay for it.
• 1. Fresh, clean drinking water• 2. Clean air to breathe• 3. An endangered plant containing a substance that can cure cancer• 4. Gas for your family car
Section 6-4
Interest Grabber continued
Go to Section:
Condensation
Seepage
Runoff
Precipitation
TranspirationEvaporation
RootUptake
Section 3-3Fig 3-11 The Water Cycle
Go to Section:
All living things requirewater to survive. Wheredoes it all come from?
It moves between the ocean,atmosphere, and land.
This figure shows how water molecules can change forms and beused through evaporation (change from liquid to gas) and transpiration(by evaporating from the leaves of plants).
CO2 inAtmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
Section 3-3
Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle
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Carbon is especially importantto living systems because it isthe key ingredient in all livingorganisms.
Carbon is foundin the oceans, in the air, andin certain types of rocks.
This figure shows how theseprocesses move carbon throughthe biosphere.
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3-
and NO2-
Section 3-3
Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle
Go to Section:
All organisms re-quire nitrogen tomake amino acids,which in turn, areused to build proteins.
This figure shows how the different forms of nitrogen cycle throughThe biosphere.
Nitrogen Cycle
Is driven primarily by the activities of unicellular organisms in the soil and oceans.
1. Nitrogen is in the atmosphere all the time.2. Bacteria change the nitrogen into nitrates, which is a kind of natural fertilizer taken in by the roots of plants and trees and used to build plant protein.3. Animals then eat the plants with protein in them4. Animal and plant waste then releases protein into the soil through decomposition.5. Finally, more kinds of bacteria break down plant protein to a form that releases nitrogen back into the atmosphere.