Eco Substitutes in Textile Processing

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ECO SUBSTITUTES IN TEXTILE

Introduction

Chemical Substitution

Many chemicals currently used in thetextile industry influence the

environment. Sometimes these chemicals can be substituted by other chemicals. The total

quantity of chemicals used in textile mills varies from 10% to over 100% the weight of

the cloth. This is not always easy due to the lack of information about BOD data and

aquatic toxicity of the chemicals and due to the proprietary nature of specialty chemicals.

A recommendation many mills get is to substitute low BOD chemicals for chemicals with

a high BOD. These low BOD chemicals will help to reduce the waste load of the mills

effluent. However, little is known about the long-term effects of these products. Potential

negative effects of some chemicals on the environment are,

1) Alkyl phenol ethoxylates (detergents, wetting agents, levelling agents, etc.): their

metabolites (octyl- and nonyl phenols) are highly toxic to aquatic life and are reported to

disturb the reproduction of aquatic species.

2) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and chlorinated paraffins (flame retardants),

halogenated phenols and benzenes (reagents in the production of flame retardants): some

members of these classes of substances (e.g. pentabromodiphenylether, C10-13

chloroparaffines) have already been identified as Priority Hazardous Substances fortheir toxicity.

3) Sequestering agents such as EDTA and DTPA and NTA: these are capable of forming

very stable complexes with metals (EDTA and DTPA are also poorly bioeliminable).

4) Chlorine and chlorine-releasing compounds such as sodium hypochlorite (bleaching

agent).

5) Metal-containing compounds such as potassium dichromate.

Eco Substitution

The main environmental issues associated with textile industry arise from

emissions to water. The changing face of environmental legislation is causing serious

problems for industries many and the textile industry is no exception. A new parameter

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that today increasingly vital is ecology. The logo of eco-labeling is becoming an

increasingly important factor. Worldwide environmental problems associated with the

textile industry are typically those associated with the water pollution caused by the

discharge of untreated effluents and those because of use of toxic chemicals especially

during processing. These chemicals can harm consumer if retained in the fabric. There is

always a danger to the workforce in the industry via air, direct contact, accidental

exposure etc. Hence the substitution of the non eco-friendly auxiliaries will only serve

towards the consumer and the environment. The eco norms are also becoming stringent

these days. Thus it is increasingly becoming necessary for the industry to adapt the novel

trends, which are benevolent to the nature. 1

Dyeing

Several auxiliary chemicals are added to the bath during the dyeing processes.

The mixtures are often developed to solve problems specific to the process. Some

specialty chemicals are developed to counteract or enhance the effects of other chemicals.

In other cases, the specialty chemicals cause side effects that are detrimental to the

overall process. For example, wetting agents are often added to preparation and dyeing

steps to ensure penetration of chemicals. Apart from a few exceptions (e.g. the thermosol

process, pigment dyeing, etc.), most of the emissions originating from the dyeing process

are emissions to water. Water-polluting substances can originate from the dyesthemselves (e.g. aquatic toxicity, metals, colour), auxiliaries contained in the dye

formulation (e.g. dispersing agents, anti-foaming agents, etc.). Basic chemicals and

auxiliaries used in dyeing processes are alkali, salts, reducing and oxidising agents, etc

and residual contaminants present on the fiber (e.g. residues of pesticides on wool, spin

finishes on synthetic fibres). 2, 3

Pre-reduced sulphur dyestuffs (liquid formulations with sulphide content


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Precautions while dyeing with disperse dyes

1) Avoid the use of hazardous carriers by (in order of priority).

2) Use of non-carrier dyeable polyester fibres (modified PET or PTT-type)

3) Substituting conventional dye carriers with compounds based on benzylbenzoate and

N-alkylphthalimide .Replacing sodium dithionite with reducing agent based on sulphinic

acid derivatives.

This should be combined with measures in order to ensure that only the strict amount of

reducing agent needed to reduce the dyestuff is consumed (e.g. by using nitrogen to

remove oxygen from the liquor and from the air in the machine).

Dyeing with sulphur dyes

1) Replace conventional powder and liquid sulphur dyes with stabilised non-pre-reduced

Sulphide-free dyestuffs or with pre-reduced liquid dye formulations with a sulphide

content of less than 1 %

2) Replace sodium sulphide with sulphur-free reducing agents or sodium dithionite, in

that order of preference

3) Adopt measures to ensure that only the strict amount of reducing agent needed to

reduce the dye solutions.

4) Use of hydrogen peroxide as oxidising agent.

Sulphur-containing reducing agents

Waste water from sulphur dyeing contains sulphides used in the process as reducing

agents. In some cases the sulfide is already contained in the dye formulation and in some

other cases it is added to the dye bath before dyeing. In the end, however, the excess of

sulfide ends up in the water. Sulphides are toxic to aquatic organisms and contribute to

increasing COD load. In addition, sulphide anions are converted into hydrogen sulphide

under acidic conditions, thereby giving rise to problems of odour and corrosivity.

Sodium hydrosulphite (also called sodium dithionite) is another sulphur-containing

reducing agent, which is commonly used not only in sulphur and vat dyeing processes,

but also as reductive after-cleaning agent in polyester dyeing. Sodium hydrosulphite is

less critical than sodium sulfide. However, during the dyeing process sodium dithionite is

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converted into sulphite (toxic to fish and bacteria) and in some cases this is further

oxidised into sulphate. 4, 5, 6

In the waste water treatment plant sulphite is normally oxidised into sulphate, but this can

still cause problems. Sulphate, in fact, may cause corrosion of concrete pipes or may be

reduced under anaerobic conditions into hydrogen sulphide.Hydroxyacetone, although it

produces an increase in COD load, is recommended to lower the sulphur content in waste

water, but it cannot replace hydrosulphite in all applications. Consumption of the

reducing agent by the oxygen present in the machine (partially-flooded dyeing machines)

needs also to be taken into account. Instead of applying only the amount of reducing

agent required for the reduction of the dyestuff, a significant extra amount of reducing

agent often needs to be added to compensate for the amount consumed by the oxygen

contained in the machine. This obviously increases oxygen demand of the effluent.

Oxidising agents

Dichromate should be avoided as an oxidising agent when dyeing with vat and sulphur

dyes, but it is still widely used for the fixation of chrome dyes in wool dyeing.Chromium

III exhibits low acute toxicity, while chromium VI is acutely toxic and has been shown to

be carcinogenic towards animals. During the dyeing processes with chrome dyes, CrVI is

reduced to Cr III if the process is under control. Nevertheless, emissions of Cr VI may

still occur due to inappropriate handling of dichromate during dye preparation (care must

be taken as dichromate is carcinogenic and may cause health problems for workers

handling it). The use of bromate, iodate and chlorite as oxidising agents in vat and

sulphur dyeing processes and the use of hypochlorite as stripping agent for decolouring

faulty goods or for cleaning dyeing machines (e.g. before subsequent lighter-coloured

dyeing) may produce AOX emissions. However, only hypochlorite and elemental-

chlorine-containing compounds (e.g. certain chlorite products that contain chlorine or use

chlorine as activator for formation of chlorine dioxide gas) are likely to give rise to

hazardous AOX.

Important precautions in dyeing for reducing pollution

1) Dyes found to be containing PCBs (e.g. certain sources of Cu-phtalocyanine) should

be substituted immediately.

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2) Cadmium containing pigments should not be used.

3) Benzidine-based azo-dyes should not be used at all.

4) Carriers containing chlorine should not be used.

5) Reduction of dyes by sulphide should be avoided. Dichromate oxidation of vat dyes

and sulphur dyes should be substituted by peroxide oxidation.

6) Azo dyes, which can, under reductive conditions, release aromatic amines, which are

suspected carcinogens, should not be used.

7) Halogenated solvents and dispersants for dyes and chemicals should be substituted

where possible by water-based systems.

8) Metal containing dyes (Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, etc.) should be substituted by other dyes ortechniques.

9) In order to minimize the discharges of BOD, COD, etc. as well as of colored

substances in case of repeated dyeing, the rinsing bath should be used as next dye bath, it

the after-treatment chemicals are compatible with the dye bath chemicals.

Nonecofriendly

chemical.

1)Carriers in polyester dyeing

a)Diphenyl

b)O-phenyl phenyl

c)P-phenyl phenyl

d)O-dichloro benzene

e)Trichlorobenzene

2) Acetic acid

(vat acid method of dyeing)

3) Sodium sulphide ,sodium hydrosulphide

(Reduction of sulphur dyes )

4)Potassium

Dichromate

(oxidation of sulphur dyes )

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5)Sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrosulphite

(reduction of vat dyes )

6) EDTA, DTPA

(sequestering agent)

Hazards1) Carriers in polyester dyeing.

a)Affects central nervous system; Convolusions,

Paralysis (high dose).

b) Moderately toxic when ingested.

c)Nausea ;Vomiting; Respiratory failure(high dose)

d) Injury to liver and kidneys.

e) Moderately toxic when inhaled.

2) Severe corrosion in mouth and gastrointestinal track

when ingested, vomiting, nausea,

eye irritation

3) Sodium sulphide:

Corrosive; Inhalation: Irritation of upper respiratory

tract.Skin Contact: Severe burns

Eye Contact: Severe burns. Skin Absorption: May be

harmful. Ingestion: Severe burns to mouth, throat, and

stomach, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Sodium hydrosulphide

Solution is highly alkaline. Contains hydrogen sulphide , a

highly toxic gas. Eye contact will cause marked eye

irritation and possibly severe corneal damage. Skin contact

will result in irritation and possible corrosion of the skin.

Ingestion will irritate/burn mouth, throat and gastrointestinal

tract. Contact with stomach acid will cause hydrogen sulfide

vapors to be released.

Heating or acid will cause hydrogen sulfide gas to evolve.

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4) Possible carcinogen, eye contact can cause severe

irritation and burns with possible damage, skin allergy, may

affect kidneys if ingested.

5)Sodium Hydroxide is a corrosive solid or liquid and can

cause severe burns of the eyes, resulting in blindness.

Sodium hydrosulpite is spontaneously Combustible If

inhaled, could be harmful. Contact could cause burns to skin

and eyes. Fire could produce irritating or poisonous gases.

Runoff from fire-control or dilution water could cause

pollution.

6) Contains elements which add to the water pollution.

Eco- substitute 1) Butyl benzoate.2) Benzoic acid.

3) Glucose, mercapto ethanol. Sodium or potassium iodate,

Peroxide

4) Indirect electrolysis (using mediator, redox system).

5) Contain N or P in their structure and are less

biodegradable, contain heavy metals.

6) Closed circuit technique indirect electrolysis (using

mediator, redox systems).

Remarks 1) Suitable, less efficient.

2) Less efficient.

3) Above 90 0 C acts as good reducing agent .Absence of

obnoxious smells.

4) Softer handle excellent fastness and color

reproducibility, High wet fastness

5) High rate of dye reduction6) None of these products contains N or P in their molecular

structure. In addition, the hydroxy carboxylic acids and

sugar-acrylic acid copolymers are readily biodegradable.

Printing

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Printing, like dyeing, is a process for applying colour to a substrate. However,

instead of colouring the whole substrate (cloth, carpet or yarn) as in dyeing, print colour

is applied only to defined areas to obtain the desired pattern. This involves different

techniques and different machinery with respect to dyeing, but the physical and chemical

processes that take place between the dye and the fiber are analogous to dyeing.

Emission sources typical of printing processes are

1) Printing paste residues.

2) Waste water from wash-off and cleaning operations.

3) Volatile organic compounds from drying and fixing.

Drying and fixing are another important emission source in printing processes. The

following pollutants may be encountered in the exhaust air

1) Aliphatic hydrocarbons (C10-C20) from binders.

2) Monomers such as acrylates, vinylacetates, styrene, acrylonitrile, acrylamide,

butadiene.

3) Methanol from fixation agents.

4) Other alcohols, esters, polyglycols from emulsifiers.

5) Formaldehyde from fixation agents.

6) Ammonia (from urea decomposition and from ammonia present, for example, in

pigment printing pastes).

7) N-methylpyrrolidone from emulsifiers.

8) Phosphoric acid esters.

9) Phenylcyclohexene from thickeners and binders. 7

Non ecofriendly chemical. 1) Polysaccharides ,polyacrylates ,CMC

derivatives

2)Urea

3) Kerosene

Hazards 1) High COD hard to degrade

2)High levels of nitrogen contributes to

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eutrophication

3)Highly inflammable ;Irritation eyes, skin,

nose, throat; burning sensation in chest;

headache, nausea, lassitude (weakness,

exhaustion), restlessness

Eco- substitute 1)Guar gum, sodium alginate

2) There exists an agent, based on

polyacrylic acids, which is able to

substitute urea by up to 70% during cotton

printing.

3) Water based colorants

Remarks 1) Less efficient, costly

2) The problem, however, is lower colour

intensity during printing.

3) Dull shades may be obtained.

Finishing

Ways to reduce pollution in finishing

1) Finishing chemicals should be reused whenever possible

2) Reducing the use of formaldehyde releasing chemicals as much as possible.

Formaldehyde should be replaced with polycarboxylic. Alkylphenol should be

replaced with fatty alcoholethoxylates

3) Replacement of acetic acid (used for pH adjustment in resin finishing bath) with

formic or mineral acids to reduce BOD load.

4) Using formaldehyde- free cross-linking agents for cellulose textiles andformaldehyde-free dye-fixing agents.

5) Using formaldehyde scavengers during application and storage of resin finished

goods.

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6) Dimethylol or dihydroxythlene urea used in anti-wrinklefinishing should be

substituted by polycarboxylic acids, mainly 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid or

glyoxales.

7) MAC Complexing agents like DTDMAC, DSDMAC, DHTDMAC used insoftening finishing should be replaced with cellulose enzymes.

8) Asbestos, halogenated Compounds like bromated diphenylethers and heavy metal

containing compounds used in flame retardant finishing should be replaced by

inorganic salts and phosphonates. 8

9) Biocides such as chlorinated phenols, metallic salts (As, Zn, Cu, or Hg), DDE,DDT

and benzothiazole used in preservation finishing should be substituted by UV

treatment and, or mechanical processes or by enzymatic finishing.

10) In case of using fireproofing chemicals, the best technique is that which consumes

minimal amounts of water (such as Vacuum, back coating, foam) or techniques

leading to minimal of residues particularly (e.g. foam).

11) The use of hazardous chemicals for the conservation of textiles should be

minimized, either through substitution or through tailor-made selective use to

only those textiles which are exposed to possible environmental degradation.

12) Limitation of the chlorination stage in wool shrink proofing by substitution of other

techniques (e.g. peroxygen treatment).

13) It is more recommended to build in the finishing chemicals into the fiber during

production or during spinning than applying the finish at a later stage

14) Concentrated residues from finishing should not be discharged. They should be

reused or treated as waste.

In case of mothproofing agent-contaminated water, the volume of bath should be reducedby employing e.g. mini-bowls, modified centrifuges or foam treatment during back

coating laminating or carpets. 9

In case of mothproofing finish, wastewater should be treated in such a way that excessive

sludge is avoided. This sludge should preferably be incinerated as chemical waste or

detoxified by wet (catalysed) oxidation

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Softening

Softeners - Softeners give a soft feel to the fabric. They are also used with starch and

other additives to give softness and body to the fabric. Different types of softeners like

cationic, reactive and emulsion are available. Except silicone softeners, all others are

temporary and get washed off after two or three washes. Silicones also give water

repellency, which is fast to washing and dry cleaning. It is compatible with other

finishing agents. It can be easily applied on the cloth. Air porosity is not altered in fabrics

treated with silicones. 1

Problems associated:

1) Many times the exhaustion of the softening agent is low which causes health

problems if the softener is hazardous.

2) Unpleasant odor of the softening agents.

3) Skin irritation.

4) Softener is not biodegradable. 10

Non ecofriendly chemical. Polysiloxanes and derivatives (Softening

agents)

Quaternary ammonium siloxanes. Fattyacid modified melamine resins

Hazards Skin allergies

Eco- substitute 1) Vinyl and acrylic copolymers Polymeric

softeners, Cellulose enzymes

2)Epoxy modified silicones

Remarks 1) Good results are obtained

2) Do not require emulsifying agent

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Durable press finishes

Purpose

Cellulosic fibers like cotton dont have natural bridges or cross-links between them.

When deformed under stress (washing or wrinkling) the cellulose chains do not return to

their original position. Therefore durable press finishes are given to the cotton fabrics to

impart smooth drying properties and dimensional stability. Cross-linking agents are used

to produce wash and wear and durable press properties. They are applied on fabrics

which can be washed easily and dried to a smooth state. They exhibit excellent crease

recovery. For preparing rein finished fabric the textile is impregnated with a solution of

resin containing a catalyst, dried and cured at high temperature Examples: Urea

formaldehyde resin, dimethyl dihydroxy ethylene urea. . 11,12,13,14

Problems associated with durable press finish

1) Most of the DP finishes contain formaldehyde as a cross linking agent .

Formaldehyde is at toxic substance when present in gaseous as well as dissolved

form.

2) Formaldehyde is believed to be carcinogenic causing lung cancer when the test

was performed on rats.

3) It is a severe eye irritant dissolves in eye fluid resulting in inflammation.

Remedy

1) Partial replacement of N-methylol group with zero formaldehyde content. 1,15,16

2) Formaldehyde scavengers.

3) Efficiency of local ventilation.

4) Control of atmospheric conditions since high temperature and humidity increase

rate of formaldehyde release.

5) Extensive use of steam pressing and forming operations in garments forming.

Non ecofriendly chemical. 1) Urea formaldehyde resin, Ethylene urea and

Melamaine derivatives in their uncross-

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linked form

2) Dimethyl dihydroxy ethylene urea.

(DMDHEU) Ammonia liberated

Hazards 1)Formaldehyde released is carcinogenic. Free

formaldehyde irritates the mucosa, might cause

inflammation of the eyes and can provoke allergic

reaction.

2) Formaldehyde released is carcinogenic.

Ammonia hazards:

Respiratory discomfort due to ammonia vapors,

can irritate eyes and skin, shortness of breath,

nausea, vomiting.Eco- substitute 1)Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA)( an organic

acid)

2)Citric acid mixed with a polymer of maleic acid

3)Phosphonoalkylpolycarboxylic acids in combinay

in combination with polyacrylic acid

Remarks 1)Bulk production is costly

2)Superior wrinkle-free performance, good

laundering durability, and high strength retention5,31,32

3)Durable press performance equal to that of

dimethylol dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU)

Also exhibit from about 10 to about 20 percent better

retention of fabric strength than DMDHEU

Stone Washing

Biostoning and the closely related process of biopolishing are perhaps attracting most

current attention in the area of enzyme processing. Conventional stone washing uses

abrasive pumice stones in a tumbling machine to abrade and remove particles of indigo

dyestuff from the surfaces of denim yarns and fabric. Cellulase enzymes can also cut

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through cotton fibres and achieve much the same effect without the damaging abrasion of

the stones on both garment and machine; moreover, there is no need for the time-

consuming and expensive removal of stone particles from the garments after processing.

Machine capacity can be improved by 30-50% due to reduce processing times; product

variability is reduced and there is also less sludge deposited in the effluent. 1, 10

Disadvantages can include degradation of the fabric and loss of strength as well as

'backstaining' (discoloration of the white weft yarn, resulting in loss of contrast). A slight

reddening of the original indigo shade can also occur. However, careful selection of

neutral or alkaline cellulases able to function in the pH range 6-8, albeit at higher cost

and reduced activity compared with acid cellulases (pH 4.5-5.5) can control these

problems. Now, processors are learning to play more sophisticated tunes such as

achieving a peach skin finish by use of a combination of stones and neutral cellulase.

Biostoning was first introduced to the European industry in 1989 and spread to the USA

in 1990; its application is now global. Uptake by specialist denim garment processors is

almost 100% and provides an excellent example of how rapidly and completely a

biotechnology-based process can transform an industry. However, the economic

advantages of the process are unusually clear cut and directly benefit the immediate user,

the stonewasher. Initially, consumers noticed little or no difference to the products they

bought; there was therefore no need to promote and sell the new idea to a wider market.

This is only just beginning now as the scope of the technology for producing more

sophisticated finishes emerges. Biopolishing employs basically the same cellulase action

to remove fine surface fuzz and fibrils from cotton and viscose fabrics. The polishing

action thus achieved helps to eliminate pilling and provides better print definition, colour

brightness, surface texture, drapeability and softness without any loss of absorbency.

Biopolishing can be used to clean up the fabric surface after the primary fibrillation of a

peach skin treatment and prior to a secondary fibrillation process which imparts

interesting fabric aesthetics. Both batch and continuous processes can be employed as

long as there is some degree of mechanical action to detach the weakened fibers. One

area that still poses problems is that of tubular cotton finishing. Here the fiber residues

tend to be trapped inside the fabric rather than washed away. The technology was first

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developed in Japan as far back as 1988 and used for softening and smoothing of cotton

fabrics without the application of other chemicals; it was also used to upgrade ramie as a

cotton and linen substitute, and to upgrade lower qualities of cotton.

BIOFINASE NC-400 functions at concentrations from 0.4% to 0.8% owg. 3.BIOFINASE NC-400 is for use in specialty denim processing in combination with or

without pumice stones. Directions for Use 1) Add water for cellulase step at a liquor ratio

of 6.1 to 10:1. 2) The water level should be just enough to cover the garments and be

below wheel rib. This Enzyme delivers minimum back staining when used with or

without Pumice Stones.

Non-ecofriendly chemical. Sodium hypochlorite /potassium permanganate

(applied on pumice stones )

Hazards The substance decomposes on heating to 200C,

producing toxic and corrosive fumes, causing fire and

explosion hazard.

The substance is a strong oxidant and reacts violently with

combustible and reducing materials. Reacts violently with

acids,ammonium compounds, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium

dithionate,causing explosion hazard. Sore throat; Skin

Redness; EyesRedness

Eco- substitute1)Acid cellulase enzyme (biofade )

2) Neutral cellulose.

3) BIOFINASE NC-400 is an Enzyme system which is

primarily CelloBioHydrolase & Endogluconase activity

along with other side activities.

Remarks 1) Excellent grain effect.

2) Stone wash look with small grain patterns.

3) This Enzyme delivers minimum back staining when

used with or without Pumice Stones.

Soil Release agents

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Soil release is the term used for a finish with hydrophilic character which allows

the soil to penetrate the fabric during wear but comes into action during washing when its

special functional groups transfer the soil from the fabric to the wash liquor. Soil

repellent or anti soiling agents envelope the fiber surface so that the soil matter sticks

very loosely to it. 17 Soil release agents remove soil from the fabric and transfer it to the

detergent. The main factors affecting the soiling are textile structure electrostatic charge

moisture regain of the fiber and the particle size.

Examples: acid acrylates, ethoxylated alkyl phenols, flourochemicals, substituted

polyehtylene and polypropylene glycols etc. 18

Non ecofriendly chemical. Ethoxylated alkyl phenolsHazards Add to the water pollution

Eco- substitute Flurochemicals

Remarks Gives both stain and soil repellant

properties, stable to laundering and dry

cleaning.

Flame retardants

Fire retardancy involves the disruption of the burning process so that it is terminated

within an acceptable time period. In designing polymeric flame-retardant, three

approaches can be adopted:

1. Designing the basic polymer so that exposure to heat and oxygen will not produce

combustion. This requires thermally stable polymers with high decomposition

temperatures. 19

2. Transforming the existing polymer with either chlorination or substitution or Polyol.

(This category is called the reactive type flame-retardant.) 20

3. Adding either inorganic salts or organic compounds so that the polymer performs

satisfactorily when exposed to fire. (This category is called the additive type flame

retardants). Silicone is considered a universal additive to improve the flammability

properties of polymers. The uniqueness of silicon flame-retardant is that the hydrogen

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chloride formed in the combustion zone immediately takes part in flame inhibition and is

thus very effective. Flammability of a large number of materials is reduced in the

presence relatively small concentrations of silica gel and potassium carbonate. 23,8

Flame-retardant finishing has become more and more important and is compulsory for

some articles. Flame-retardant treatments should protect the fiber from burning, without

modifying the handle, the color or the look of the fabric. 21

They are generally applied to cotton and synthetic fibers (e.g. they are important in the

furniture sector for upholstery fabric). In some specific cases, in particular in the carpet

sector (e.g. contract market, aviation), they can also be required for wool, even though

this fiber is already inherently flame resistant. Flame-retardant properties are achieved by

the application of a wide range of chemicals, which either react with the textile or are

used as additives. 22

Non ecofriendly chemical. Organo-phosphorous and Polybrominated

organic compounds

Halogenated hydrocarbons

Hazards Possibly carcinogenic.

Allergic substances

Eco- substitute Inorganic salts and phosphonates

Remarks Compatible results are obtained

Conclusion

Textile wet processing industry being the chief cause of pollution needs to be looked

carefully from ecological point of view. Many hazardous chemicals are being used in the

processing mainly because of easy availability, weaker pollution prevention laws,

economy and sometimes lack of awareness. The important aspect, which is mostly

forgotten, is the environment. Such chemicals are harmful to the consumers as well as the

workforce in the industry, which is in the closest vicinity.

Eco-substitutes for these chemicals will not only help the consumer but also the

society, which is directly, affected by it. Also a close look at workers safety should be

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given, since they are the first who get affected by any immediate exposure. Some

substitutes are even better and economical as far as their precursors are concerned. Hence

use of such products should not be delayed. From environment and ecological point of

view the use of enzymes also serve as substitutes, especially for preparatory process.

These eco-friendly auxiliaries however are difficult to imply because of technical and

cost issues. But the latest technologies as well as the impetus for environment care will

definitely make these substitutes grand success. The motto of the textile process should

then be substitution is better than cure ".

References

1) Achawal W.B, Colourage annual, page.97 (1998).

2) Nadiger G.S. Indian journal of fiber and textile research, Vol.26, March-June,

page 55 (2001).

3) Patel Sudhakar B. Colourage December page 57 (1996)

4) Teli M.D., landge Sachin M., Aich Arnab,Indian journal of fiber and textile

research Vol.26 ,March-June, page 101 (2001)

5) .Mairal A.K and.Patel M.J,Man made textiles in India March page 103 (2001).

6) .Tarporewala K.S and Ramkrishnan Rekha, Man made textiles in India November

page 428 (2001).7) V.A.Shenai Technology of printing

8) Marsh, An introduction to textile finishing,page 136,261

9) Bajaj P., Indian journal of textile fiber and research Vol 26 Page 162 (2001).

10) 41) Habereder P. and Attila B., Review of Progress in Colouration , 32 page 125

11) Schramm Christian, Bischof Sandra Vukusic and katovic Drago, Coloration

Technology Vol118, page 244 (2002).

12) Welch C.M American dyestuff reporter.83 (9) Page 19. (1994).

13) Mostafa K.M., American dyestuff reporter c.m.85 (9) Page 85. (1996).

14) Cheng H and Kai, American dyestuff reporter.87 (3) Page 42 (1998).

15) Shenai V.A, Colourage September, page 61 (2002).

16) Shenai V.A, Indian journal of fiber and textile research,Vol 26 March June

,page 50 (2001).

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17) Jones David, European patent 1325164. (2002)

18) 40) Matusche Peter, European patents 1264036 (2002)

19) Welch E. U.S. Pat No. 4,820,307. (1989)

20) Blunden, USP 6372360 (2002).

21) Adachi Mayasuki, European patent 1247885. (2002)

22) 42) Zaikov G.E., Lomakin S.M., Journal of applied polymer science, 86/10, page

a. 2449 (2002).

23) Cooper; John F U.S.patent 5456809. (1995)

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Eco Substitutes in Textile Processing