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Eco 200 – Principles of Macroeconomics
Chapter 9: Macroeconomic Equilibrium (AD/AS)
Aggregate demand and supply Aggregate demand – a relationship
between the price level and the equilibrium quantity of real GDP demanded.
Aggregate supply – a relationship between the price level and the equilibrium quantity of real GDP supplied.
Macroeconomic equilibrium
Demand-pull inflation Demand-pull inflation is caused by an
increase in AD
Business cycle expansion As AD rises, output rises, and
unemployment falls
Business cycle contraction As AD falls, output falls and
unemployment rises
Cost-push inflation Cost-push inflation is caused by a
reduction in AS.
Stagflation Rising prices and falling output
Aggregate demand Aggregate demand (AD) consists of
spending on GDP by: consumers (C) firms (I) the government (G), and the foreign sector (X)
Anything that increases C, I, G, or X at a given price level results in an increase in AD.
Factors affecting Consumption Income Wealth Expected future income and
wealth Demographics Taxes
Factors affecting Investment Interest rate Technology Cost of capital goods Capacity utilization
Government spending Determined by government
authorities
Factors affecting net exports Foreign and domestic income Foreign and domestic price levels Exchange rates Government policy (tariffs, trade
restrictions, etc.)
Aggregate expenditures AE = C+I+G+X AE is affected by any factor that
changes C, I, G, or X.
Aggregate demand Note that AD curve is not the same
as the demand curve for a particular good negative slope is NOT the result of
income and substitution effects Why is it downward sloping?
Wealth effect Interest rate International trade effect
Wealth effect As the price level rises:
the real value of dollar-denominated assets decline (real wealth declines)
this decline in wealth results in a reduction in consumption spending
This effect is also called the real-balance effect (or Pigou effect)
Interest-rate effect As the price level rises:
Individuals must hold more money to pay for transactions
To acquire more money, households sell bonds, and other financial assets.
As more bonds are sold, the price of bonds declines
A decline in bond prices results in a higher rate of return (interest rate) on bonds and other financial assets
A higher interest rate results in a reduction in investment and consumption spending
International trade effect As the domestic price level rises:
Imports become relatively cheaper, Exports become relatively more
expensive Exports decline, imports rise, and net
exports decline
Combined price-level effects As the price level rises, AE falls
due to the combined wealth, interest-rate, and international trade effects
Nonprice determinants of AD Anything that changes C, I, G, or X
at a given price level will cause the AD curve to shift
Effects of: Expectations (consumer and investor
confidence) Foreign income and price levels Government policy
Aggregate supply Price-level effects
Assumption: Resource prices adjust more slowly than output prices
As price level rises, production becomes more profitable and the quantity of output supplied rises.
Aggregate supply
Short-run Aggregate Supply
Long-run Aggregate Supply
Resource and output prices are assumed to be flexible in the long run. Output = potential real GDP.
Changes in Short-Run AS Resource prices Technology Expectations
Changes in Long-Run AS Changes in the quantity and/or
quality of resources Technology
Macroeconomic equilibrium
Short-run effect of an increase in AD
Long-run adjustment process