ECHR : Greenpeace v. France : Application

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Ma H{|oyí jhy cdmzy

\dr rhtxæzh hgrh`myzríh ah 3 edm 2<<;! a'dyyoimdzmog @RHHG\HDIH d ydmym ah Iogyhma j'Ízdz dcmg jh

somr dggxahr ah jíirhz 2<<;%2<= jx 9 edry 2<<; rhadzmc dx{ |roiíjxrhy d||amidbahy dx zrdmzhehgz jhy

ioebxyzmbahy xyíy |roshgdgz jh a'ízrdg`hr +|mëih 4-'

A'dyyoimdzmog rh|roikdmz hg hcchz ì ih jíirhz yd iogzrdrmízí ì ad Jmrhizmsh =2/9 Hxrdzoe dmgym tx'ì

a'drzmiah A8:2%2 jx iojh jh a'hgsmrogghehgz crdgàdmy

Ah jíbdz dmgym |orzí jhsdgz ah Iogyhma iogihrgdmz hg hcchz ad jícmgmzmog eæeh jx jíikhz gxiaídmrh

ízrdg`hr! gozmog txh ah aí`myadzhxr g'dsdmz |dy jícmgm dsdgz ad aom jh 2< <3 %09 =! b mhg tx 'ma hg dmz mgzhrjmz ah

yzoind`h jëy 4== 4

Ah jíirhz dzzdtxí dsdmz |oxr obfhz jh |ríimyhr! ioe|zh zhgx jh a'mgzhrjmizmog aí`dah jh yzoinhr hg

Crdgih jhy jíikhzy gxiaídmrhy ízrdg`hry! ahy eízkojhy |hrehzzdgz jh jízhremghr ahy yxbyzdgihy

iogihrgíhy |dr a'mgzhrjmizmog jh yzoind`h

Ahy |drzmhy ogz xzmahehgz íikdg`í ahxry dr`xehgzy dsdgz a'dxjmhgih +|mëih 43-'

Xgh |rhemërh dxjmhgih jh fx`hehgz d hx Khx ah 4< fxmaahz 2<<= DRHSD GI hyz mgzhrshgx

soaogzdmrhehgz ad shmaah jh a'dxjmhgih hz yog iogyhma d corexaí yhy obyhrsdzmogy |dr orda |hgjdgz

a'dxjmhgih +|mëih 2-'

Aory jh ihzzh dxjmhgih! ah rd||orzhxr |xbami! E @x}oedr! y'hyz d||x}í yxr ad fxrmy|rxjhgih

ioeexgdxzdmrh! hz gozdeehgz a'drræz \damg @rdgmz! jdgy ahtxha ad Ioxr jh Fxyzmih rhzmhgz tx'ma iogsmhgz

j'mgzhr|rízhr adr`hehgz ad gozmog jh jíikhz dx{ cmgy jh amemzhr ahy mgiogsígmhgzy ox ahy gxmydgihy

mgkírhgzhy ì ahxr gdzxrh +IFIH! 4; dsr 2<<2 ! dcc I%= /<< ! \damg @rdgmz! 93- dcmg jh |ro|oyh r

a'dggxadzmog |drzmhaah jx jíirhz dzzdtxí

Ísotxdgz ah |robaëeh |oyí |dr ad jícmgmzmog aí`dah! d||amtxíh hz ioe|aízíh |dr ah jíirhz! jx jíikhz

gxiaídmrh! ah rd||orzhxr |xbami dsdmz í`dahehgz yoxam`gí ad gíihyymzí j'xgh irmyzdaamydzmog 'jh a'mgzhgzmog

jh ríxzmamyhr ad edzmërh! ah jromz gh |oxsdgz yh ydzmycdmrh j'xg |rofhz yme|ahehgz ®hgsmyd`í¾ |oxrh{iaxrh ah txdamcmidzmc jh jíikhz Ah rd||orzhxr |ro|oydmz yxr ih |omgz jh ydmymr ad IFXH j'xgh txhyzmog

|rífxjmimhaah

Ah 2; fxmaahz 2<<=! yomz jhx{ yhedmghy d|rëy ihzzh dxjmhgih! a'dccdmrh d ízí ízrdg`hehgz rdjmíh jx rúah!

ydgy txh ihzzh jíimymog gh yomz eozmsíh gm hg jromz! gm hg cdmz +|mëih 9-' Ad ioeexgmidzmog jhy

iogiaxymogy jx rd||orzhxr |xbami d |dr ad yxmzh ízí rhcxyíh ì | axymhxry rh|rmyhy ì ad rhtxírdgzh

\axymhxry eíeomrhy ogz hgyxmzh ízí |rojxmzy! |dr ahy |drzmhy ioeeh |dr a'mgzhrshgdgzh soaogzdmrh

+|mëih :-'

9



Xgh hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh d ízí jíimjíh hz cm{íh dx 22 edry 2<4<!Ad jíimymog mgjmtxdmz txh ikdtxh

|drzmh |oxrrdmz yh cdmrh dyymyzhr jh txdzrh |hryogghy +|mëih 8-'

Dxixgh jhy |hryogghy |ríyhgzhy g'd ih|hgjdgz |ræzí ah yhrehgz |rísx |dr ah iojh jh fxyzmih

djemgmyzrdzmsh

Rhshgdgz yxr a'o|mgmog tx'ma dsdmz jíshao||í ì a'dxjmhgih jx 4< fxmaahz! ah rd||orzhxr |xbami! jh eæeh

txh ahy ehebrhy jh ad coredzmog j'mgyzrxizmog! ogz iadmrhehgz mgjmtxí ahxr |drzm |rmy hg cdshxr jhy

dr`xehgzy jíshao||íy |dr ah Emgmyzërh jh a'Íioao`mh hz DRHSD

Ah |roiëy%shrbda jícmgmzmc jh ihzzh hgtxæzh d ízí zrdgyemy dx{ |drzmhy! diioe|d`gí jhy yhxay

joixehgzy coxrgmy |dr DRHSD |hgjdgz a'hgtxæzh hz gog jh ihx{ zrdgyemy dx eæeh eoehgz |dr ad

rhtxírdgzh +|mëih 3-'

Ad rhtxírdgzh y'hyz ízoggíh jh a'ísoaxzmog jh ih joyymhr txm! jh rdjmdzmog hg hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh! d

iogydirí ad |droah jx Emgmyzërh jh a'Íioao`mh hz jh a'mgzhrshgdgz soaogzdmrh dx jízrmehgz jh ad ymhggh!|axymhxry iogyhmaahry d}dgz! dx yzdjh jh a'mgyzrxizmog! |rmy oxshrzhehgz |drzm hg cdshxr j'xgh

mgzhr|rízdzmog iogcoreh +|mëih 0-'

Ah Iogyhma j'Ízdz! jdgy yd jíimymog jx 9< fxmg 2<4<! d ih|hgjdgz bdad}í ihy iogymjírdzmogy hg

txhatxhy am`ghy! iogymjírdgz txh a'mgyzrxizmog jh ih joyymhr dsdmz joggí amhx ì ®xg jíbdz ioe|ahz hz

|ahmghehgz iogzrdjmizomrh¾ +|mëih ;-'

@rhhg|hdih Crdgih hgzhgj jogi ydmymr ad Ioxr Hxro|íhggh jhy Jromzy jh a'Koee h

mW



M a a H{|oyí jh ad ox jhy s mo ad z mogy jh ad iogshgz mog hz /ox jhy\rozoioahy da aí`xíy+y- ! dmgym txh jhy dr`xehgzy ì a'd||xm

SMOADZMOG JH A'DRZMIAH 3 JH AD IO GSHG ZMOG

Adyyoimdzmog @RHGG\HDIH CRDGIH hyzmeh tx'ma } d hx smoadzmog jh a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad iogshgzmog

jh ydxsh`drjh jhy jromzy jh a'Koeeh hz jhy ambhrzíy cogjdehgzdahy °

®Zoxzh |hryoggh d jromz ì ih txh yd idxyh yomz hgzhgjxh ítxmzdbahehgz! |xbamtxhehgz hz jdgy xg

jíadm rdmyoggd bah! |dr xg zrmbxgda mgjí|hgjd gz hz me|d rzmda! ízdbam |dr ad aom! txm jíimjhrd! yo mz jhy

iogzhyzdzmogy yxr yhy jromzy hz obam`dzmogy jh idrdizërh imsma! yomz jx bmhg%cogjí jh zoxzh diixydzmog

hg edzmërh |ígdah jmrm`íh iogzrh haah Ah fx`heh gz j omz æzrh rhgjx |xbamtxhehg z! ed my a'diiëy jh ad

ydaah j'dxjmhgih |hxz æzrh mgzhrjmz d ad |rhyyh hz dx |xb ami |hgj dgz ad zozdamzí ox xgh |drzmh jx |roië y

jdgy a'mgzíræz jh ad eordamzí! jh a'orjrh |xbami ox jh ad yíixrmzí gdzmogdah jdgy xgh yoimízí

jíe oirdzmtxh! aorytxh ahy mgzíræzy jhy e mghxry ox ad |rozhizmog jh ad smh |rmsíh jhy |drzmhy dx |roiëy

a'h{m`hgz! ox jd gy ad ehyxrh fx`íh yzrmizhehg z gíihyydmrh |dr ah zrmbxgda! aorytxh jd gy jhy

imriogyzdgihy y|íimdahy ad |xbamimzí yhrdmz jh gdzxrh ì |orzhr dzzhmgzh dx{ mgzíræzy jh ad fxyzmih ¾

Rx|zxrh jh a'í`damzí jhy drehy! gog eozmsdzmog jhy jíimymogy! dbyhgih j'diiëy jx rhtxírdgz dx

|rofhz jh jíimymog! |drzmdamzí jh a'mgyzrxizmog

D Yxr rd||amidb maazí jh a'drzmiah 3 4

Yhaog ad fxrmy|rxjhgih jh ad Ioxr! ®|oxr txh a'drzmiah 3 4 yoxy yd rxbrmtxh ®imsmah¾ zroxsh d

y'd||amtxhr! ma cdxz tx'ma } dmz ®iogzhyzdzmog¾ yxr xg ®jromz¾ jh gdzxrh ®imsmah¾ txh a'og |hxz |rízhgjrh! dx

eomgy jh e dgmërh jíchgjdb ah! rhioggx hg jromz mgzhrgh MM jomz y'd`mr j'xgh ®iogzhyzdzmog¾ ríhaah hz

yírmhxyh! haah |hxz iogihrghr dxyym bmhg a'h{myzhgih eæeh j'xg jromz txh yog ízhgjxh ox yhy

eoj damzíy j'h{hrimih A'myyxh jh ad |roiíjx rh jomz æzrh jmrhizhehgz jízhremgdg zh |oxr ah jromz hg

txhyzmog xg amhg zígx ox jhy rí|hrix yymogy aomgzdmghy gh yxccmyhgz |dy ì cdmrh hgzrhr hg fhx a'drzmiah

3 b7 rrdynmg hz dxzrhy i/ZXR TX MH! 4< goshebrh 2<<: ! g¼:34 40/==! 49<-

A'drzmiah 3 4 d jog i soid zmog ì y'd||amtxhr ì xgh |roiíjx rh jh jromz mgzhrgh jh adtxhaah ma rhyyorz xgh

iogzhyzdzmog yírmhxyh yxr xg jromz jíchgjdbah! rhioggx hg jromz mgzhrgh! ih tx m hyz ah idy hg a'hy|ëih

& Yxr Zh{myzhgih j'xgh iogzhyzdzmog ríhaah hz yírmhxyh |orzdgz yxr xg jromz jíchgjdbah hg

jromz mgzhrgh



Ma d ízí fx`h tx'xg h zhaah iogzhy zdzmog h{myzdmz aorytxh! jhsdgz ahy fxrmjmizmogy gdzmogdahy! ®ahy mgzírhyyíy

ogz iogzhyzí ah cogizmogghehgz jh zromy ihgzrdahy zkhremtxhy hg rdmyog jhy joeed`hy tx'haahy

idxyhgz d a'hgsmrogghehgz hz jhy rmytxhy tx'haahy |oyhgz |oxr ad smh hz ad ydgzh jhy cmdbmzdgzy jh ad

iúzh í`íhggh! jogz may cogz |drzmh Y/ ahy rhtxírdgz g'ogz |dy |rízhgjx dsomr yxbm xgh |hrzh

íiogo emtxh ox d xzrh! may ogz mgsot xí ahxr jromz iogyzmzxzmoggha jh smsrh jdgy xg hgsmrogghehgz ydmg hz

ítxmambrí \drhma jromz hyz rhioggx hg jromz zxri! dmgym tx'ma rhyyorz iadmrhehg z jhy jmy|o ymzmogy jh a'drzmiah83 jh ad Iogyzmzxzmog! hz d ízí iogydirí |dr ahy jíimymogy jhy fxrmjmizmogy djemgmyzrdzmshy Hx í`drj ì

ih txm |ríiëjh! ad Ioxr hyzmeh txh ahy rhtxírdgzy |oxsd mhgz |rízhgjrh! jh e dgmërh jíchgjdbah! dsomr

ah jromz hg jromz zxri j'æzrh |rozí`íy iogzrh ahy joee d`hy idx yíy ì a'hgsmrogghehgz |d r ahy dizmsmzíy d

rmytxhy jhy ihgzrdahy MM y'hgyxmz tx'ma h{myzh hg a'hy|ëih xgh iogzhyzdzmog ríhaah hz yírmhxyh'¾ +On}d} hz

dxzrhy i/ZXRT XMH ! 48 fxmaahz 2<< 8! g'W9322</=0! 38-

Hg a'hy|ëih! ad rhtxírdgzh d iogzhyzh xg jíirhz txm dxzormyh a'mgjxyzrmh gxiaídmrh ì iogyhrshr yxr ah

zhrrmzomrh crdgàdmy xg ihrzdmg goebrh j h yxbyzdgihy rdjmodizmshy ízrdg`ërhy +|mëih 4-'

Ad rhtxírdgzh cdmydmz sdaomr txh ih jíirhz ízdmz iogzrdmrh ad aom crdgàdmyh txm mgzhrjmz ah yzoind`h! hg

Crdgih! jh jíikh zy rdjmodizmcy ízrdg`hry ~drzmiah A8:2 %2 jx iojh jh a'hgsmrogghehgz-

Haah cdmydmz í`dahehgz sdaomr txh ahy jícmgmzmogy rhzhgxhy |dr ad aom hz |dr ah jíirhz ízdmhgz iogzrdmrhy dx{

jmy|oymzmogy jh ad jmrhizmsh =2/9 Hxrdzoe Ih |omgz d ízí fx`í dyyhv |hrzmghgz |oxr txh ah Rd||orzhxr

W \xbami! aory jh a'dxjmhgih jx 4< fxmaahz 2<<=! |ro|oyh! dsdgz jh yh rdsmyhr! ad ydmymgh jh ad Ioxr jh

Fxyzmih jhy Ioeexgdxzíy Hxro|íhggh

Ad rhtxírdgzh |omgzdmz jx jom`z ahy iogyhtxhgihy hgsmrogghehgzdahy j'xg zha yzoind`h! ehzzdgz hg

ísmjhgih ahy txdgzmzíy jh jíikhzy jdg`hrhx{ txh jhsrogz `írhr ahy `ígírdzmogy cxzxrhy |hgjdgz

|axymhxry emaamhry j'dggíhy ydgy zmrhr ah eomgjrh dsdgzd`h jhy dizmsmzíy jh zrdmzhehgz iogjxmz |dr xgh

hgzrh|rmyh |gsíh

Hg hcchz! ah jromz crdgàdmy iogydirh ah jromz jh smsrh jdgy xg hgsmrogghehgz ydrg

Dmgym ad Ikdrzh jh a'hgsmrogghehgz jh 2<<: iogydirh xg ihrzdmg goe brh jh jromzy 6

®Drzmiah 4hr % I kdixg d ah jromz jh smsrh jdgy xg hgsmrogghehgz ítxmambrí hz rhy|hizxhx{ jh ad ydgzí

Drzmiah 2 % Zoxzh |hryog gh d ah jhsomr jh |rhgjrh |drz ì ad |ríyhrsdzmog hz ì a'deíamordzmog jh

a'hgsmrogghehgz

Drzmiah 9 % Zoxzh |hryoggh jomz! jdgy ahy iogjmzmogy jícmgmhy |d r ad aom! |ríshgmr ahy dzzhmgzhy tx'haah hyz

yxyih|zmbah jh |orzhr d a'hgsmrogghehgz ox! d jícdxz! hg amemzhr ahy iogyítxhgihy

Drzmiah : % Zoxzh |hryoggh jomz iogzrmbxhr d ad rí|drdzmog jhy joeed`hy tx'haah idxyh ì

a'hgsmrogghehgz! jdgy ahy iogjmzmogy jícmgmhy |d r ad aom

3%



Drzmiah 8 % Aorytxh ad rídamydzmog j'xg joee d`h! bmhg tx'mgihrzdmgh hg a'ízdz jhy ioggdmyydgihy

yimhgzmcmtxhy! |oxrrdmz dcchizhr jh edgmërh `rdsh hz mrríshrymbah a'hgsmrogghehgz! ahy dxzormzíy |xbamtxhy

shmaahgz! |dr d ||amidzmog jx |rmgim|h jh |ríidxzmog hz jdgy ahxry joedmghy j'dzzrmbxzmogy! ì ad emyh hg

ohxsrh jh |roiíjxrhy j'ísdaxdzmog jhy rmytxhy hz ì a'djo|zmog jh ehyxrhy |rosmyomrhy hz

|ro|orzmoggíhy dcmg jh |drhr ì ad rídamydzmog jx joeed`h

Drzmiah 3 % Ahy |oamzmtxhy |xbamtxhy jomshgz |roeoxsomr xg jíshao||hehgz jxrdbah D ihz hcchz! haahy

iogimamhgz ad |rozhizmog h z ad e myh hg sdahxr jh a'hgsmrogghehgz! ah jíshao||hehgz íiogoe mtxh hz ah

|ro`rëy yoimda

Drzmiah 0' % Zoxzh |hryoggh d ah jromz! jdgy ahy iogjmzmogy hz ahy amemzhy jícmgmhy |d r ad aom! j'diiíjhr dx{

mgcoredzmogy rhadzmshy ì a'hgsmrogghehgz jízhgxhy |dr ahy dxzormzíy |xbamtxhy hz jh |drzmim|hr ì

a'íadbordzmog jhy jíimymogy |xbamtxhy d}dgz xgh mgimjhgih yxr a'hgsmrogghehgz¾

A'drzmiah A8:4 %4 jx iojh jh a'hgsmrogghehgz crdgàdmy jmy|oyh 6

®Ad `hyzmog jxrdbah jhy e dzmërhy hz jhy jíikhzy rdjmodizmcy jh zoxzh gdzxrh! ríyxazdgz gozdee hgz jh

a'h{|aomzdzmog ox jx jíedgzëahehgz j'mgyzdaadzmogy xzmamydgz jhy yoxrihy o x jhy edzmërhy rdjmodizmshy!

hyz dyy xríh jdgy ah rhy|hiz jh ad |rozhizmog jh ad ydgzí jhy |hryogghy! jh ad yíixrmzí hz jh

a'hgsmrogghehgz¾

A'drzmiah A8:2%2 jx eæeh iojh yzm|xah 6

®Hyc mgzhrjmz ah yzoind`h hg Crdgih jh jíikhzy rdjmodizmcy hg |roshgdgih jh a'ízrdg`hr dmgym txh ihaxm

jhy jíikhzy rdjmodizmcy myyxy jx zrdmzhehgz jh ioebxyzmbahy xyíy hz jh jíikhzy rdjmodizmcy |roshgdgzjh a'ízrdg`hr¾

Ma yhrd |dr dmaahxry yoxam`gí txh ad rhtxírdgzh ízdmz |drzmh ì ad |roiíjxrh mgzhrgh amzm`mhxyh! hz txh yog

rhioxry d ízí fx`í rhihsdbah Haah |hxz jogi yh |rísdaomr jh ad txdamzí jh smizmeh! dx yhgy jh a'drzmiah

9: jh ad iogshgzmog! jh ad smoadzmog jh a'drzmiah 3 4 txm yh yhrdmz |rojxmzh jdgy ah idjrh jh ihzzh

|roiíjxrh

\dr iogyítxhgz! ah jromz iogzhyzí hyz jíchgjdbah hg jromz mgzhrgh

& Ah idrdizërh imsma jx jromz jíchgjdbah

Y'd`myydgz j'xgh dyyoimdzmog! ad Ioxr d jífì fx`í 6

®Ad Ioxr iog ymjërh +- tx'ma } d amhx j'd||amtxhr dshi yox|ahyyh ahy irmzërhy yxyehg zmoggíy

aorytx'xgh dyyoimdzmog yh |admgz j'xgh eíioggdmyydgih jh a'drzmiah 3 4 Zhaah ízdmz dx jhe hxrdgz jífì

yd jíedrikh jdgy a'Wdrræz @orrdmv Amvdrrd`d hz dxzrhy 6 jdgy ah idjrh jh ihzzh dccdmrh! jhy |drzmixamhry

jogz ahy |ro|rmízíy jhsdmhgz æzrh mgogjíhy ì a'oiidymog jh ad rídamydzmog j'xg bdrrd`h dsdmhgz iogyzmzxí

xgh dyyoimdzmog jogz a'obfhz ízdmz jh ioorjogghr ahy hccorzy jh yhy ehebrhy |oxr ioebdzzrh ad

iogyzrxizmog jh ihzzh mgcrdyzrxizxrh > ihzzh dyyoimdzmog dsdmz hgyxmzh hg`d`í xgh |roiíjxrh jhsdgz ahy



fxrmjmizmogy mgzhrghy dcmg j'obzhgmr a'dggxadzmog jx |rofhz! ydmymh |dr ihzzh dyyoimdzmog hz jhy ehebrhy

jh ihaah%im! ad Ioxr d fx`í a'drzmiah 3 4 d||amidbah ì ihzzh |roihjxrh! ì adtxhaah |oxrzdgz yhxah

a'dyyoimdzmog ízdmz |drzmh! dx eozmc tx'hg yxy jh a'mgzíræz `ígírda! ihzzh jhrgmërh jíchgjdmz a'mgzíræz

|drzmixamhr jh yhy ehebrhy! jogz ahy jromzy |dzrmeogmdx{ gozdeehgz ízdmhgz hg idxyh

Ad |ríyhgzh hy|ëih yh jmyzmg`xh ihrzhy jh a'dccdmrh @orrdmv Amvdrrd`d hz dxzrhy hg ih txh a'dyyoimdzmog rhtxírdgzh gh yh |ríyhgzh |dy ioeeh xgh dyyoimdzmog jh rmshrdmgy smydgz y|íimcmtxhehgz ì ad

jíchgyh jhy jromzy hz mgzíræzy jh yhy ehebrhy +eæeh y'ma yhebah tx'haah ioe|zh jhy rmshrdmgy jh

a'xymgh Ehao{ |drem ihx{%im- 6 sx yog obfhz yzdzxzdmrh! ma y'd`mz |axzúz j'xgh dyyoimdzmog jh |rozhizmog jh

a 'hgsmrogghehgz txm y'hyz joggíh ad emyymog |axy adr`h jh jíchgjrh a'mgzíræz ̀ ígírda cdih d xg dy|hiz

jh ad |oamzmtxh crdgàdmyh jh `hyzmog jhy jíikhzy gxiaídmrhy > hg oxzrh! ì ad jmccírhgih jh a'dccdmrh

@orrdmv Amvdrrd`d hz dxzrhy! yhxah a'dyyoimdzmog hyz rhtxírdgzh jhsdgz ad Ioxr! ì a'h{iaxymog jh yhy

ehebrhy

+▬▬▬-

Ad Ioxr hg jíjxmz hg a 'hy|ëih txh! ym a'obfhz jh ad |roiíjxrh amzm`mhxyh ízdmz hyyhgzmhaahehgz ad jíchgyh

jh a'mgzíræz `ígírda! ad ® iogzhyzdzmog ¾ yoxahsíh |dr a'dyyoimdzmog rhtxírdgzh dsdmz hg yxy xg amhg

yxccmydgz dshi xg ® jromz ¾ jogz haah |oxsdmz yh jmrh zmzxadmrh hg zdgz txh |hryoggh eordah |oxr txh

a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog gh yomz |dy j'occmih fx`í mgd||amidbah Hgyxmzh! ahy zh{zhy jh jromz

mgzhrgh hz ioeexgdxzdmrh rhadzmcy dx ® jromz ¾ d a'mgcoredzmog hz d ad |drzmim|dzmog ehgzmoggíy im%jhyyxy!

dmgym txh ah idrdizërh íadborí jhy eozmcy rhzhgxy |dr ah Iogyhma j'Hzdz |oxr íidrzhr ahy eo}hgy jh

a'dyyoimdzmog rhtxírdgzh rhadzmcy ì ad eíioggdmyydgih jh ihy zh{zhy! yxccmyhgz ì ad Ioxr |oxr iogiaxrh

tx'ma |hxz æzrh yoxzhgx ® dx eomgy jh edgmërh jíchgjdbah ¾ txh ih ® jromz ¾ ízdmz rhioggx hg jromz

mgzhrgh hz txh ad ® iogzhyzdzmog ¾ ízdmz ® ríhaah hz yírmhxyh ¾ \dr dmaahxry! ma g'hyz |dy joxzhx{ txh ad

|roiíjxrh ízdmz jmrhizhehgz jízhremgdgzh |oxr ih ® jromz ¾ Hgcmg! yd gdzxrh ® imsmah ¾ yh jíjxmz

hyyhgzmhaahehgz jx cdmz tx'ma y'd`mz j'xg jromz jogz zoxzh ® |hryoggh ¾ d}dgz mgzíræz |hxz! ì zmzrh

mgjmsmjxha! rhshgjmtxhr ah rhy|hiz jhsdgz ahy fxrmjmizmogy mgzhrghy jdgy ah idjrh j'xgh |roiíjxrh zhaah

txh ihaah jogz ma hyz txhyzmog hg a 'hy|ëih +somr! exzdzmy exzdgjmy! ad jíimymog Aomyhdx i Crdgih jx 4;

goshebrh 2<<9! g¼ :3;<=/==! IHJK 2<<9%[aa-

Ad Ioxr |dg/mhgz hg iogyhtxhgih ì ad iogiaxymog txh a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog hyz d||amidbah ì ad |roiíjxrh amzm`mhxyh ¾

Hg a'hy|ëih! a'dyyoimdzmog rhtxírdgzh! yhaog yhy yzdzxzy! d |oxr bxz +|mëih =-

®Ad |rozhizmog jh a 'hgsmrogghehgz hz ad |ríyhg/dzmog jhy ítxmambrhy cogjdehgzdx{ jh ad |adgëzh jdgy

ah bxz j'dyyxrhr ah bmhg%æzrh jhy yoimízíy kxedmghy!

Ad |rozhizmog jh ad bmojmshrymzí dgmedah hz sí`ízdah >

Ad axzzh iogzrh zoxzhy ahy corehy jh |oaaxzmog hz jh gxmydgihy hg iogymjírdgzy gozdeehgz ahxr me|diz

yxr ad ydgzí kxedmgh >

Ad jíchgyh jhy mgzíræzy jhy iogyoeedzhxry! jhy xyd`hry hz jhy iogzrmbxdbahy! jdgy zoxy ahy

joedmghy hz hg |drzmixamhr jdgy ahy joedmghy jh a'hgsmrogghehgz! jh a'damehgzdzmog! jh a'hghr`mh! jh ad

λ



`hyzmog jhy jíikhzy! jh a 'xrbdgmyeh! jh ad |xbamimzí hz jx idjrh jh smh ad emyh ì ad jmy|oymzmog jhy

iogyoeedzhxry! jhy xyd`hry hz jhy iogzrmbxdbahy jhy eo}hgy j'mgcoredzmog txm ahxr yogz xzmahy Ad

rh|ríyhgzdzmog hg zoxy amhx{ hz dx|rëy jh zoxzhy mgyzdgihy! gozdeehgz hg fxyzmih! jhy mgzíræzy

edzírmhay hz eordx{ jhy iogyoeedzhxry! jhy xyd`hry hz jhy iogzrmbxdbahy >

Ah jíydrehehgz hz ad |roeozmog jh ad |dm{'¾

Jh zhay mgzíræzy yogz |rozí`íy |dr ad Iogshgzmog! ad fxrmy|rxjhgih jh ad Ioxr d}dgz iogydirí ah jromz ì

xg hgsmrogghehgz ydmg ~\ophaa hz Rd}ghr ф/ RO]DXEH XGM! 24 císrmhr 4==<! yírmh D g¼402 > Ao|hy

Oyzrd i/ HY\D@GH! = jíihebrh 4==:! yírmh D g¼9<9%I-

Ma jomz í`dahehgz æzrh yoxam`gí tx h ad rhtxírdgzh hyz xgh dyyoimdzmog d`rííh dx{ zhrehy jh a'drzmiah A

4:4 %4 jx iojh jh a'hgsmrogghehgz crdgàdmy +|mëih 4<-'

Or! dx{ zhrehy jh a'drzmiah AM :2%4 jx eæeh iojh 6

®Zoxzh dyyoimdzmog d}dgz |oxr obfhz ad |rozhizmog jh ad gdzxrh hz jh a'hgsmrogghehgz |hxz hg`d`hr jhy

mgyzdgihy jhsdgz ahy fxrmjmizmogy djemgmyzrdzmshy |oxr zoxz ̀ rmhc yh rd||orzdgz ì ihaah%im

Zoxzh dyyoimdzmog jh |rozhizmog jh a 'hgsmrogghehgz d`rííh dx zmzrh jh a'drzmiah A 4:4%4 dmgym txh ahy

dyyoimdzmogy ehgzmoggíhy ì a'drzmiah A :99%2 fxyzmcmhgz j'xg mgzíræz |oxr d`mr iogzrh zoxzh jíimymog

djemgmyzrdzmsh d}dgz xg rd||orz jmrhiz dshi ahxr obfhz hz ahxry dizmsmzíy yzdzxzdmrhy hz |rojxmydgz jhy

hcchzy joeed`hdbahy |oxr a'hgsmrogghehgz yxr zoxz ox |drzmh jx zhrrmzomrh |oxr ahtxha haahy bígícmimhgz

jh a 'd`ríehgz jëy aory txh ihzzh jíimymog hyz mgzhrshgxh d|rëy ad jdzh jh ahxr d`ríehgz'¾

Hz a'drzmiah A4:2%2 |oxryxmz 6 ®Ahy dyyoimdzmogy d`rííhy ehgzmoggíhy ì a'drzmiah A4:4%2 +ahtxha smyh ahy dyyoimdzmog d`rííhy-

|hxshgz h{hrihr ahy jromzy rhioggxy ì ad |drzmh imsmah hg ih txm iogihrgh ahy cdmzy |orzdgz xg |rífxjmih

jmrhiz ox mgjmrhiz dx{ mgzíræzy ioaahizmcy tx'haahy ogz |oxr obfhz jh jíchgjrh hz iogyzmzxdgz xgh

mgcrdizmog dx{ jmy|oymzmogy aí`myadzmshy rhadzmshy ì ad |rozhizmog jh ad gdzxrh hz jh a 'hgsmrogghehgz! ì

a'deíamordzmog jx idjrh jh smh! ì ad |rozhizmog jh a'hdx! jh a'dmr! jhy yoay! jhy ymzhy hz |d}yd`hy! ì

a 'xrbdgmyeh! ox d}dgz |oxr obfhz ad axzzh iogzrh ahy |oaaxzmogy hz ahy gxmydgihy! ad ymfrhzí gxiaídmrh hz ad

rdjmo|rozhizmog! ahy |rdzmtxhy ioeehrimdahy hz ahy |xbamimzíy zroe|hxyhy ox jh gdzxrh ì mgjxmrh hg

hrrhxr txdgj ihy |rdzmtxhy hz |xbamimzíy ioe|orzhgz jhy mgjmidzmogy hgsmrogghehgzdahy dmgym tx'dx{

zh{zhy |rmy |oxr ahxr d||amidzmog ¾

Yxr ihzzh bdyh! ad rhtxírdgzh d jífì! |dr ah |dyyí! hg`d`í jhy dizmogy hg fxyzmih yxr ah cogjhehgz jh

ad eíioggdmyydgih jh a'mgzhrjmizmog jh yzoind`h hg Crdgih jhy jíikhzy rdjmodizmcy ízrdg`hry hz d

obzhgx! yxr ih cogjhehgz! jh y joeed`hy hz mgzíræzy

Dmgym! ad Ioxr j'D||ha jh IDHG! jdgy xg drræz jx 42 dsrma 2<<8! d jíimjí +|mëih 44- 6

®Ah yzoind`h jh|xmy txdzrh dgy jh jíikhzy rdjmodizmcy jdgy jhy iogjmzmogy gog fxyzmcmíhy dx rh`drj

jh ad aí`myadzmog d||amidbah! daory tx'ma hyz y|íimcmí ì a'drzmiah 4hr i- jhy jhx{ jíirhzy |ríimzíy jx 4< fdgsmhr 2<<9 txh ad ríih|zmog jh edzmërhy gxiaídmrhy hz yxbyzdgihy rdjmodizmshy g'hyz dxzormyíh tx'hg

sxh jh ahxr zrdmzhehgz! iogyzmzxh xgh dzzhmgzh |orzíh ì ad txdamzí jh a 'hgsmrogghehgz hz! |dr

9



iogyítxhgz! dx{ mgzíræzy jogz a'dyyoimdzmog @RHHG\HDIH CRDGIH dyyxrh ad jíchgyh Ma hg ríyxazh

|oxr ihzzh dyyoimdzmog xg |rífxjmih tx'ma iogsmhgz jh rí|drhr |dr ad iogjdegdzmog jh ad IO@HED!

rhy|ogydbah jh ih joeed`h! ì |d}hr ì ad jhedgjhrhyyh ad yoeeh jh 4< <<< Hxroy ì zmzrh jh

joeed`hy hz mgzíræzy ¾

Ah idrdizërh imsma jx jromz mgsotxí hyz jogi ízdbam

В Yx r ad smoadzmog jh a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog

& Yxr ad jíimymog jh rdjmdzmog jx rúah d|rëy a'dxjmhgih jx 4< fxmaahz 2<<=

Ah 4< fxmaahz 2<<=! xgh dxjmhgih |xbamtxh d hx amhx jhsdgz ad coredzmog jh fx`hehgz jx Iogyhma j'Ízdz

+|mëih 42-'

Aory jh ihzzh dxjmhgih! ah rd||orzhxr |xbami E! @X]OEDR! y'hyz d||x}í yxr ad fxrmy|rxjhgih

ioeexgdxzdmrh! hz gozdeehgz a'drræz \damg @rdgmz! jdgy ahtxha ad Ioxr jh Fxyzmih rhzmhgz tx'ma iogsmhgz

j'mgzhr|rízhr adr`hehgz ad gozmog jh jíikhz dx{ cmgy jh amemzhr ahy mgiogsígmhgzy ox ahy gxmydgihy

mgkírhgzhy ì ahxr gdzxrh +IFIH! 4; dsr 2<<2! dcc I%=/<<! \damg @rdgmz! 93- dcmg jh |ro|oyhr

a'dggxadzmog |drzmhaah jx jíirhz dzzdtxí

Ísotxdgz ah |robaëeh |oyí |dr ad jícmgmzmog aí`dah! d||amtxíh hz ioe|aízíh |dr ah jíirhz! jx jíikhz

gxiaídmrh! ah rd||orzhxr |xbami dsdmz í`dahehgz yoxam`gí ad gíihyymzí j'xgh irmyzdaamydzmog jh a'mgzhgzmog

jh ríxzmamyhr ad edzmërh! ah jromz gh |oxsdgz yh ydzmycdmrh j'xg |rofhz yme|ahehgz ®hgsmyd`í¾ |oxr

h{iaxrh ah txdamcmidzmc jh jíikhz Ah rd||orzhxr |ro|oydmz yxr ih |omgz jh ydmymr ad IFXH j'xgh txhyzmog

|rífxjmimhaah

Ah 2; fxmaahz 2<<=! yomz jhx{ yhedmghy d|rëy ihzzh dxjmhgih! a'dccdmrh d ízí ízrdg`hehgz rdjmíh jx rúah!

ydgy txh ihzzh jíimymog gh yomz eozmsíh gm hg jromz! gm hg cdmz +|mëih 9-' Ad jhedgjh jh

ioeexgmidzmog jh y iogiaxymogy jx rd||orzhxr |xbami hyz rhyzíh ydgy rí|ogyh +|mëih 49-'

\oxrzdgz! DRHSD GI! mgzhg/hgdgzh soaogzdmrh! d |x corexahr jhy obyhrsdzmogy ì a'dxjmhgih hz dsdmz

ioeexgmtxí xg eíeomrh hg mgzhrshgzmog ad shmaah jh a'dxjmhgih +|mëih 2-' A'xgmtxh |mëih |rojxmzh |dr a'mgzhrshgdgzh soaogzdmrh g'dsdmz |dy ízí ioeexgmtxíh ì ad rhtxírdgzh +|mëih 4:-' Ah Emgmyzërh jh

a'Íioao`mh d |rojxmz xgh gozh jh jíambírí +|mëih 48-'

A'mgyzrxizmog ízí jogi iaoyh! hz a'dccdmrh ízdmz hg ízdz j'æzrh fx`íh

Dxixg íaíehgz goxshdx g'hyz shgx |dr ad yxmzh |hrzxrbhr ah joyymhr

A'dccdmrh d ih|hgjdgz ízí rdjmíh jx rúah! hz ahy jíbdzy ogz ízí rí%oxshrzy! ydgy txh ihzzh jíimymog g'dmz

cdmz a'obfhz j'xgh txhaiogtxh eozmsdzmog hg jromz ox hg cdmz



Ihzzh rh%oxshrzxrh jh a'mgyzrxizmog! dggogiíh |dr ioxrrmhr! gh smyh dxixg zh{zh ah`da ox ríàhehgzdmrh

hz g'mgjmtxh dxixg eozmc yxyih|zmbah j'íiadmrhr ad rhtxírdgzh yxr ihzzh ízrdg`h rh%oxshrzxrh +|mëih 9-'

A'drzmiah R349%8 jx iojh jh fxyzmih djemgmyzrdzmsh |rísomz yme|ahehgz

®Jhsdgz ah Iogyhma j'Hzdz! a'mgyzrxizmog hyz iaoyh yomz d|rëy txh ahy dsoidzy dx Iogyhma j'Hzdz ogz

corexaí ahxry obyhg/dzmogy ordahy! yomz! hg a 'dbyhgih j dsoidz! d|rëy d||ha jh a'dccdmrh ì a'dxjmhgih¾

A'drzmiah R099%4 |oxryxmz 6

®D|rhy ah rd||orz! ahy dsoidzy dx Iogyhma j'Hzdz rh|ríyhgzdgz ahy |drzmhy |hxshgz |ríyhgzhr ahxry

obyhg/dzmogy ordahy Ah rd||orzhxr |xbami |rogogih hgyxmzh yhy iogiaxymogy

Ahy dsoidzy dx Iogyhma j'Hzdz rh|ríyhgzdgz ahy |drzmhy |hxshgz |ríyhgzhr jh brëshy obyhrsdzmogy

ordahy d|rëy ah |rogogií jhy iogiaxymogy jx rd||orzhxr |xbami ¾

\xmy a'drzmiah R099%2 6

®Ad jíimymog hyz jíambíríh kory ad |ríyhgih jhy |drzmhy¾

K cdxz jogi hg jíjxmrh tx'dxixgh jmy|oymzmog jx iojh jh fxyzmih djemgmyzrdzmsh gh |rísomz jh

|oyymbmamzí jh rdjmhr a'dccdmrh jx rúah hz jh rí%oxsgr ahy jíbdzy xgh comy a'mgyzrxizmog iaoyh hz a'dccdmrh

emyh hg jíambírí

Or! ad Ioxr d joggh jx Zrmbxgda me|drzmda mgjí|hgjdgz smyí |dr a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog ad

jícmgmzmog yxmsdgzh Ma jomz y'd`mr j'xg or`dgh fxrmjmizmoggha tx m zrdgikh! yxr ad bdyh jh gorehy jh jromz

hz ì a'myyxh j'xgh |roiíjxrh or`dgmyíh! zoxzh txhyzmog rhahsdgz jh yd ioe|ízhgih +somr! gozdeehgz!

Yzrmsd}! Ymeog hz Ymeog ф Bha`mtxh +jëh-! g¼ ::88=/=;! :8<9;/=; hz :8<;9/=;! 8 yh|zhebrh 2<<2 >

K ф Bha`mtxh! 9< goshebrh 4=;0! 8<! yírmh D g¼ 420! hz Yrdehn ф Dxzrmikh! 22 oizobrh 4=;:!

93! yírmh D g¼ ;:-

Jh eæeh! yhaog ad Iogshgzmog! ah zrmbxgda jíirmz |dr a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog jomz æzrh "ízdbam |dr

ad aom" Ihzzh h{|rhyymog! tx m yhaog ad fxrmy|rxjhgih jh ad Ioxr rhcaëzh ®zh |rmgim|h jh a'Ízdz jh jromz

mgkírhgz d zoxz ah y}yzëeh jh ad iogshgzmog¾ +IHJK! 2; gos 2<<2! Adshgzy i/ Ahzzogmh-! iogihrgh gog

yhxahehgz ad bdyh aí`dah rhadzmsh ì a'h{myzhgih eæeh jx zrmbxgda hz ì yd ioe|ízhgih! edmy dxyym zoxzh

jmy|oymzmog jh jromz mgzhrgh rhadzmsh ì ad ioe|oymzmog jx zrmbxgda jdgy ikdtxh dccdmrh! jogz ah gog%

rhy|hiz he|orzh hg |ggim|h smoadzmog jh a'drzmiah 3! |drd`rd|kh 4 +IHJK! 2; gos 2<<2! Adshgzy i/

Ahzzogmh! |ríi- Ad iogjmzmog "ízdbam |dr ad aom" g'hyz jogi |dy rhe|amh ym! bmhg txh ah zrmbxgda yomz

aí`dahehgz iogyzmzxí! ahy rëàhy jh |roiíjxrh ì d||amtxhr jdgy xg id y j'hy|ëih gh yogz |dy |rísxhy

|dr ad aom +IHJK! 22 fxmg 2<<<! Ioheh i/ Bha`mtxh-

Hg a'hy|ëih! ah idrdizërh or`dgmyí jh ad |roiíjxrh cdmz jogi jícdxz

Ad Ioxr d cdmz j'dxzrh |drz jh ad eozmsdzmog jh y jíimymogy xgh `drdgzmh me|amimzh jíioxadgz jh

a'drzmiah 3! |drd`rd|kh 4hr! jh ad Iogshgzmog hxro|íhggh jhy jromzy jh a 'koeeh +K i/ Bha`mtxh! 94 goshebrh 4=;0! yhgh D g' ' 420%B-



K yhrd yoxam`gh tx h ad Ioxr d fx`h a'drzmiah 3 4 d||amidbah dx{ fx`hehgzy ioeeh dx{ ehyxrhy

j'mgyzrxizmog +Shrd Chrgdgjhv Kxmjobro / HY\D@GH! 3 fdgsmhr 2<4<! g¼0:4;4/<4-

Hg a'hy|ëih! ihzzh eozmsdzmog jh jromz ioeeh jh cdmz! cdmz í`dahehgz jícdxz

Ma } d amhx j'hg iogiaxrh tx'ma } d hx smoadzmog jh a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog

& Yx r ad smoadzmog jh ad |roiíjxrh

Cdmydgz yxmzh d ad rh%oxshrzxrh jhy jíbdzy! xgh hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh d hzh jíimjíh hz d hx amhx |axymhxry

eomy |axy zdrj! ah 22 edry 2<W< +\mëih 8-

Ihzzh hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh hyz |rísxh |dr ahy drzmiahy yxmsdgzy jx Iojh jh Fxyzmih Djemgmyzrdzmsh

Drzmiah R329%4 ▬

®Ad fxrmjmizmog |hxz! yomz yx r ad jhedgjh jhy |drzmhy! yomz j'occmih! |rhyirmrh xgh hgtxæzh yx r ahy cdmzy

jogz ad iogyzdzdzmog axm |drdçz xzmah d a'mgyzrxizmog jh a'dccdmrh ¾

Drzmiah R329%2

®Ad jíimymog txm |rhyirmz a 'hgtxæzh mgjmtxh ahy cdmzy yxr ahytxhay haah jomz |orzhr hz |ríimyh! yxmsdgz ah

idy Ym haah dxrd amhx yomz jhsdgz xgh coredzmog jh fx`hehgz ox j'mgyzrxizmog! yomz jhsdgz xg jh yhy

ehebrhy txm! ah idy íikídgz! yh zrdgy|orzhrd yx r ahy amhx{ Haah hyz gozmcmíh dx{ |drzmhy ¾

Drzmiah R329%9

¾Ahy |drzmhy yogz mgsmzíhy d |ríyhgzhr ahxry zíeomgy dx{ foxr hz amhx cm{íy |dr ad jhimymog |rhyirmsdgz

a 'hgtxæzh

Haahy |hxshgz dyym`ghr ahy zíeomgy! d ahxry crdmy! |dr dizh j'kxmyymhr jh fxyzmih

Ad coredzmog jh fx`hehgz ox j'mgyzrxizmog ox ah ed`myzrdz txm |roiëjh ì a 'hgtxæzh |hxz j'occmih

iogsotxhr ox hgzhgjrh zoxzh |hryoggh jogz a'dxjmzmog ax m |drdçz xzmah d ad edgmchyzdzmog jh ad sírmzí ¾

Drzmiah R329%: 6

®Aorytxh a 'hgtxæzh hyz |rhyirmzh! ad |rhxsh iogzrdmrh |hxz æzrh rd||orzíh |dr zíeomgy ydgy goxshaah

jíimymog

Ikdixg |hxz æzrh hgzhgjx ioeeh zíeomg! ì a'h{ih|zmog jhy |hryogghy txm yogz crd||íhy j'xgh

mgid|dimzí jh zíeom`ghr hg fxyzmih

Ahy |hryogghy txm gh |hxshgz zíeom`ghr |hxshgz ih|hgjdgz æzrh hgzhgjxhy jdgy ahy eæehy

iogjmzmogy! edmy ydgy |rhyzdzmog jh yhrehgz

4T



©ym zhgx jh jí|oyhr txmiogtxh hg hyz aí`dahehgz rhtxmy \hxshgz æzrh jmy|hgyíhy jh jí|oyhr ahy

|hryogg hy txm fxyzmcmhgz j'xg eozmc aí`mzmeh \hxshgz y'} rhcxyhr ahy |drhgzy ox daamíy hg am`gh jmrhizh jh

a'xgh jhy |drzmhy ox yog iogfomgz! eæeh jmsorií'¾

Drzmiah R329%8 6

®Ahy zíeomgy yogz hgzhgjxy yí|dríehgz! ahy |drzmhy |ríyhgzhy ox jþehgz d||haíhyIkdtxh zíeomg!

dsdgz j'æzrh hgzhgjx! jíiadrh yhy goe ! |rígoe y! |rochyymog! â`h hz jhehxrh! dmgym txh! y'ma } d amhx!

yhy amhgy jh |drhgzí ox j'daamdgih dshi ahy |drzmhy! jh yxborjmgdzmog ì ahxr í`drj! jh io aadbordzmog ox

jh ioe exgdxzí j'mgzíræzy dshi haahy Ma cdmz! ì |hmgh jh gxaamzí jh yog zíeom`gd `h! ah yhrehgz jh jmrh

ad sírmzí

Ah y zíeomgy |hxshgz æzrh hgzhgjxy jh goxshdx hz iogcrogzíy ahy xgy dshi ahy dxzrhy'¾

Drzmiah R329 %3 6®Ym a'hgtxæzh d amhx ì a'dxjmhgih! ma hyz jrhyyí |roiëy%shrbda jh a'dxjmzmog jhy zíeomgy Ih |roiëy %

shrbda hy z smyí |d r ah |ríymjhgz jh ad coredzmog jh fx`heh gz hz shryí dx joyymhr

Ym a'hgtxæzh hyz iogcmíh ì a'xg jhy ehebrhy jh ad coredzmog jh fx`hehgz! ihaxm%im jrhyyh |roiëy%

shrbda jh a'dxjmzmog jhy zíeomgy Ih |roiëy%shrbda hyz jí|oyí dx `rhcch hz shryí dx joyymhr¾

Drzmiah R329%0 6

®Jdgy zoxy ahy idy! ah |roiëy%shrbda jh a'dxjmzmog jhy zíeomgy ioe|orzh a'ígogií jhy foxr! amhx hz

khxrh jh a'hgtxæzh > ad ehgzmog jh ad |ríyhgih ox jh a'dbyhgih jhy |drzmhy > ahy goe! |rígoey!|rochyymog hz jhehxrh jhy zíeomgy > ah yhrehgz |ræzí |dr ahy zíeomgy ox ahy idxyhy txm ahy ogz

he|æikíy jh ah |ræzhr > ahxr jí|oymzmog

Ma hyz joggí ahizxrh ì ikdtxh zíeomg jh yd jí|oymzmog hz ah zíeomg ad ym`gh ox ehgzmog hyz cdmzh tx'ma

gh |hxz ox gh shxz |dy ym`ghr

Xgh io|mh jx |roiëy%shrbda hyz gozmcmíh dx { |drzmhy'¾

Or! hg a'hy|ëih! dxixgh jhy |hryoggh |ríyhgzh g'd |ræzí ah yhrehgz jhy zíe omgy +|mëih 3-'

Ma y'hgyxmz txh ad fxrmjmizmog j'mgyzrxizmog g'd |dy rhy|hizí ad |roiíjxrh |rísxh! |rmsdgz dmgym ad

rhtxírdgzh jh y `drdgzmhy | roiíjxrdahy hyyhgzmhaahy iogihrgdgz ad aí`damzí jh a'hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh

Ma } d jogi amhx jh iogyzdzhr ad smoadzmog jh a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog

& Yxr ad |drzmdamzí jhy jíb dzy hz ad rx|zxrh jh a'í`damzí jhy dre hy aory jh a'hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh

Ahy |ro|oy h{dizy jhy Iogyhmaahry |ríyhgzy dmgym txh ihx{ jx Rd||orzhxr \xbami g'ogz |dy ízí

rhzrdgyirmy jdgy ah |roiëy%shrbda

49 '



Ihim hyz ízoggdgz jdgy ad ehyxrh oý ahy Iogyhmaahry hz ah Rd||orzhxr \xbami og z iadmrhehgz mgjmtxí

ahxr |drzm |rmy hg cdshxr jhy zkëyhy jh a'mgzhrshgdgz soaogzdmrh

Ym ah rd||orzhxr d mgymyzí ì |axymhxry rh|rmyhy yxr ahy adixghy jx jíirhz hz ahy debm`xïzíy jh yd

ríjdizmog! ma d í`dahehgz mgjmtxí txh ahy h{|amidzmogy zhikgmtxhy jh a'mgzhrshgdgz soaogzdmrh! tx'ma g'd fdedmy ikhrikí ì sírmcmhr! yxccmydmhgz ì |hrehzzrh xgh mgzhr|rízdzmog iogcoreh jx jíirhz

Ihzzh |rmyh jh |drzmh dx yzdjh jh a'mgyzrxizmog jx joyymhr hyz jh gdzxrh d iríhr xg joxzh yírmhx{ txdgz

ì a'me|drzmdamzí jhy ehebrhy jh ad coredzmog j'mgyzrxizmog! tx m |drzmim|hgz í`dahehgz ì ad coredzmog jh

fx`hehgz

Ma yhrd j'dmaahxry yoxam`gí txh ad rhtxírdgzh ioeeh a'mgzhrshgdgzh soaogzdmrh og z coxrgmy jhy

joixehgzy íirmzy ì ad coredzmog jh a'mgyzrxizmog dx ioxry jh a'hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh

Ad zrdgyemyymog jh ihy íaíehgzy d ízí cdmzh jh ad eæeh edgmërh |dr ihy jhx{ |drzmhy 6 Haahy og z

zoxzhy ahy jhx{! dx ioxry jh ad yídgih jh a'hgtxæzh jh ad bdrrh! zrdgyemy ì ikdixg jh y |drzmim|dgzy!

|drzmhy! mgzhrshgdgzh soaogzdmrh Rd||orzhxr \xbami hz Iogyhmaahry! xg joixehgz |kozoio|mí

Ma y'd`myydmz! jdgy ah id y jh ad rhtxírdgzh! j'xgh hyzmedzmog jx soaxeh hz jh ad rí|drzmzmog jh y jíikhzy

rdjmodizmcy

Or! yhxa ah joixehgz zrdgyemy |dr a'mgzhrshgdgz soaogzdmrh d ízí fomgz dx |roiëy%shrbda jh a'hgtxæzh zrdgyemy ì ad coredzmog jh fx`hehgz

Ihim hyz j'dxzdgz |axy ikotxdgz tx'ì ad ríih|zmog jx |rofhz jh |roiëy%shrbda jh a'hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh!

ad rhtxírdgzh dsdmz ì goxshdx zrdgyemy yog joixehgz ì ad coredzmog j'mgyzrxizmog +|mëih 40-'

Ad rhtxírdgzh g'd ih|hgjdgz |dy rhàx jh rí|ogyh hz yhxa ah joixehgz coxrgm |dr a'mgzhrshgdgz

soaogzdmrh d ízí fomgz dx |roiëy%shrbda jícmgmzmc

Ad |drzmdamzí jh ad coredzmog j'mgyzrxizmog yh amz jogi hg cmam`rdgh jdgy ah |roiëy%shrbda |xmytxh yhxay ahy joixehgzy coxrgmy |dr a'mgzhrshgdgz soaogzdmrh og z ízí fomgzy dx |roiëy%shrbda! hz gog ahy

joixehgzy coxrgmy! ì jhx{ rh|rmyhy! |dr ad rhtxírdgzh

Or! r1'í`damzí jhy drehy¾ hyz! dx{ }hx{ jh ad Ioxr! ah |rmgim|h cogjdehgzda jx |roiëy ítxmzdbah! tx m

idrdizírmyh a'hgyhebah jx jromz ì ad fxyzmih +IHJK! 40 fdgs 4=0<! Jhaioxrz! yírmh D g¼ 4 4 ! 2;-

A'í`damzí jh y drehy y'hgzhgj dx yhgy jh "fxyzh ítxmambrh hgzrh ahy |drzmhy" hz "me|amtxh a'obam`dzmog

j'occrmr ì ikdtxh |drzmh xgh |oyymbmamzí rdmyoggdbah jh |ríyhgzhr yd idxyh +- jdgy jh y iogjmzmogy tx m

gh ad |adihgz |dy jdgy xgh ymzxdzmog jh ghz jíydsdgzd`h |dr rd||orz ì yog djshrydmrh" +IHJK!

20 oiz 4==9! Joebo Bhkhhr BS! yírmh D g¼ 20:! 99-

ΝΜ Μ



Hg a'hy|ëih! ad zrdgyemyymog ì ad coredzmog jh fx`hehgz! hg dggh{h dx \S jh a'hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh! jhy

yhxay joixehgzy coxrgmy |dr a'mgzhrshgdgzh soaogzdmrh! |orzh edgmchyzhehgz dzzhmgzh ì ih |rmgim|h

Ma yhrd yoxam`gí txh

% "Ah |rmgim|h jh a'í`damzí jhy drehy iogyzmzxh xg hahehgz jh ad gozmog |axy adr`h jh |roiëy htxmzdbah!

txm hgàobh dxyym ah jromz cogjdehgzda dx idrdizërh iogzrdjmizomrh jh ad |roiíjxrh |ígdah" +IHJK! 2; doþz 4==4! Brdgjyzhzzhr! yhgh D g¼ 244! 33-

% Ah |rmgim|h jx iogzrdjmizomrh iogihrgh jogi go g yhxahehgz ahy |drzmhy hgzrh haahy! edmy dxyym ahy

|drzmhy hz ah emgmyzërh |xbami! hz eæeh ahy |drzmhy hz xgh fxrmjmizmog mgjí|hgjdgzh +IHJK! 4; císr

4==0! Gmjhroyz%Kxbhr i/ Yxmyyh 6 @DIHJK g' ' 2=-! ahy |drzmhy hz xg zmhry ì ad |roiíjxrh +IHJK!

44 oiz 2<<8! Y|dg` ф/ Yxmyyh-

% Ah |ggim|h jx iogzrdjmizomrh ioxsrh zoxzhy ahy |kdyhy jh ad |roiíjxrh! } ioe|gy ihaah jh

a'h{|hrzmyh zhikgmtxh! jëy aory txh ihaah%im d xgh mgcaxhgih |rí|ogjírdgzh yxr ad jíimymog jx fx`h

+IHJK! 4; edry 4==0! Edgzosdghaam i/ Crdgih 6 RZJ ims 4==0! |! 4<<3! oby F%\ Edr`xígdxj %

IHJK! 2 oi z 2<<4! @B ф/ Crdgih-! ih tx m hyz ad idy hg a'hy|ëih

A'í`damzí jhy drehy d jogi í`dahehgz soidzmog d y'd||amtxhr hgzrh a'mgzhrshgdgzh soaogzdmrh! tx m

yoxzhgdmz ad zkëyh jx Emgmyzërh jh a'Íioao`mh! hz ad rhtxírdgzh

K } d amhx j'hg jíjxmrh tx'ma } d hx smoadzmog jh a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog

& Yxr ad smoadzmog jx |rmgim|h jh ad |xbamimzí jhy jíbdzy

Yhaog a'drzmiah A3 jx Iojh jh Fxyzmih Djemgmyzrdzmsh 6

®Ahy jíbdzy ogz amhx hg dxjmhgih |xbamtxh'¾

Yhaog ad Ioxr Hxro|íhggh jh y Jromzy jh a 'Koeeh! ah |rmgim|h jh |xbamimzí jh y dxjmhgihy hyz ì ad comy

xg jromz jh y |drzmhy ì a'mgyzdgih! dxtxha may |hxshgz j'dmaahxry rhgogihr! hz xg jromz |oxr ah |xbami ì

y'mgcorehr

Ad Ioxr txdamcmh dmgym ah |rmgim|h jh |xbamimzí jh "cogjdehgzda" +IHJK! 24 chsr 4==<! Kdndgyyog hz Yzxrhyyog i/ Yxëjh! yígí D g¼ 404%D % IHJK! 2: fxmg 4==9! Yikxahr%V`rd``hg i/ Yxmyyh! yhgh D ΰ

¼ 239- Haah yoxam`gh hg hcchz txh ad |xbamimzí jh ad |roiíjxrh fxgjmizmogghaah "|rozë`h ahy fxyzmimdbahy

iogzrh xgh fxyzmih yhirhzh" hz iogyzmzxh "a'xg jhy eo}hgy jh |ríyhrshr ad iogcmdgih" jdgy ad fxyzmih

+IHJK! ; jíi 4=;9! \rhzzo ф/ Mzdamh @DIHJK g¼ 94-

Ma yhrd ì goxshdx yoxam`gí tx h ad Ioxr d fx`í a'drzmiah 3 4 d||amidbah dx{ fx`hehgzy ioeeh dx{

ehyxrhy j'mgyzrxizmog +Shrd Chrgdgjhv Kxmjobro / HY\D@GH! 3 fdgsmhr 2<4<! g¼0:4;4/<4-

Or! ahy jíbdzy tx m yh yogz jíroxaíy ah 22 edry 2<4< aory jh a'hgtxæzh d ad bdrrh og z hxz amhx ì kxmy iaoy

48



Xg foxrgdamyzh tx m yoxkdmzdmz dyymyzí dx{ jíbdzy y'hyz hg hcchz sx rhcxyí a'diiëy ì ad ydaah jhy jíbdzy

Jh cdmz! a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog d ízí smoaí

& Yxr ad smoadzmog jx |rmgim|h jx iogzrdjmizomrh

Ad Ioxr d zmrí xg ihrzdmg goebrh j'íaíehgz `drdgzmyydgz ah rhy|hiz jx jromz ì xg |roiëy ítxmzdbah

|drem ahytxhay ah |rmgim|h jh a'í`damzí jhy drehy hz ihaxm jx rhy|hiz jx iogzrdjmizomrh

Ad Ioxr d dccmreí ì |axymhxry rh|rmyhy txh a'í`damzí jh y drehy ízdmz a'xg jhy irmzërhy hyyhgzmhay jx

|roiëy ítxmzdbah

Ma y'd`mz! dx{ }hx{ jh ad Ioxr! jh a'obam`dzmog j'occrmr ®ì ikdtxh |drzmh xgh |oyymbmamzí rdmyoggdbah jh

|ríyhgzhr yd idxyh jdgy jhy iogjmzmogy txm gh ad |adihgz |dy jdgy xgh ymzxdzmog jh ghz jíydsdgzd`h

|dr rd||orz ì yog djshrydmrh¾ +IHJK! 20 oizobrh 4==9! Joebo Bhkhhr BS i/\d}y%Bdy! yírmh D ΰ

"20:-

Ihzzh `drdgzmh jomz æzrh dyyxríh aory jh a'mgyzrxizmog hz jh a'dxjmhgih! dmgym tx h jdgy a'h{hrimih jh y

somhy jh rhioxry

Haah yoxy%zhgj ah rhy|hiz jx iogzrdjmizomrh! ahtxha y'hg jmyzmg`xh hg ih tx'ma me|oyh ah jromz jh |rhgjrh ioggdmyydgih jh zoxzh |mëih ox obyhrsdzmog |ríyhgzíh dx fx`h dsdgz jh ad jmyixzhr +h{he|ah! IHJK!

4; edry 4==0! g¼ 24:=0/=9! Edgzosdghaam i/ Crdgih! ì |ro|oy j'xgh dccdmrh hg rhy|ogydbmamzí

djemgmyzrdzmsh-

Yhaog ad fxrmy|rxjhgih jh ad Ioxr! ah |rmgim|h jx iogzrdjmizomrh me|amtxh zoxz j'dborj ah jromz ì

a'mgcoredzmog jhy |drzmhy! i'hyz%ì%jmrh ah jromz j'diiëy dx joyymhr +IHJK! 2: císr! 4==8! EiEmikdha i/

Ro}dxeh%Xgm! yírmh D g¼ 9<0%B % Z\MIH! 4= fxmg 4==3! dcc Z%49:/=:! GEK YzdkasWhrnh 6 Rhh IFIH

4==3 Ma ! | 890- hz ah jromz ì ad ioeexgmidzmog jh a'hgyhebah jh y |mëihy jx joyymhr +Z\MIH! 4< edm

2<<4! dcc Z%4;3/=0! Ndxcrmg` hz daam! d||amidzmog jx |rmgim|h ì ad |roiíjxrh djemgmyzrdzmsh jhsdgz ad Ioeemyymog- 44 me|amtxh hgyxmzh ah jromz |oxr ahy |drzmhy jh jmyixzhr ahy |mëihy jx joyymhr

Hg a'hy|ëih! ah rhcxy jh ioeexgmtxhr ahy iogiaxymogy txh ah rd||orzhxr |xbami dsdmz jíshao||í aory

jh a'dxjmhgih jx 4< fxmaahz 2<<= |orzh mgjmyixzdbahehgz dzzhmgzh dx { jromzy jh ad rhtxírdgzh ì somr yd

idxyh hgzhgjxh ítxzzdbahehgz! hz ih j'dxzdgz |axy txh ah rd||orzhxr dsdmz jíshao||í xgh zkëyh

cdsordbah ì ad rhtxírdgzh! dsdgz jh ikdg`hr yog cxyma j'í|dxah yxmzh ì 6

% Xgh jíimymog jh rdjmdzmog jx rúah hz jh rí%oxshrzxrh jh y jíbdzy tx m g'hyz |dy |rísxh gm or`dgmyíh

|dr ah Iojh jh Fxyzmih Djemgmyzrdzmsh

% Xgh hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh |drzmdah

Wæ



Hgcmg! ad rhtxírdgzh g'd |dy hx diiëy 6

% G M dx{ jhx{ gozhy jx rd||orzhxr +gozh hg sxh jh a'dxjmhgih jx 4< fxmaahz 2<<= hz gozh hg sxh jh

a'dxjmhgih jx 24 edm 2<4<-

% G M dx{ |rofhzy jh jíimymog rhadzmcy ì ihy jhx{ dxjmhgihy

Hz ih daory txh ah rd||orzhxr |xbami jmy|oyh jh ihy íaíehgzy dsdgz a'dxjmhgih

Ihim hyz j'dxzdgz |axy dzzhgzdzomrh dx{ jromzy jh ad rhtxírdgzh txh ad gozh hz ah |rofhz jh fx`hehgz hg

sxh jh a'dxjmhgih jx 4< fxmaahz 2<<= hyz yxyih|zmbah j'dsomr yoxzhgx xgh |oymzmog rdjmidahehgz

jmccírhgzh jh ihaah yoxzhgx |dr ahy joixehgzy iogihrgdgz a'dxjmhgih yxmsdgzh

Jdgy yog drræz Rhmgkdrjz hz Yamedgh%Ndmj i Crdgih +drræz jx 94 edry 4==;! Rhixhma jhy drræzy hz

jíimymogy 4==;%44-! ad Ioxr dsdmz fx`í! y'd`myydgz jh ad ioeexgmidzmog jx rd||orz hz jx |rofhz jh

fx`hehgz ì a'Dsoidz @ígírda |rëy ad Ioxr jh Idyydzmog 6

®Hg rhsdgikh! i'hyz a'mgzí`rdamzí jxjmz rd||orz dmgym txh ah |rofhz j'drræz txm cxrhgz ioeexgmtxíy ì

a 'dsoidz `ígírda Or ihaxm%im g'hyz |dy ehebrh jh ad coredzmog jh fx`hehgz Ma d |oxr emyymog jh shmaahr

ì ih txh ad ao m yomz iorrhizhehgz d||amtxíh aorytx'haah hyz iadmrh! hz iorrhizhehgz mgzhr|rízíh aorytx'haah

hyz debm`xh Ma ® iogyhmaah ¾ zhy fx`hy txdgz ì ad yoaxzmog ì djo|zhr jdgy ikdtxh hy|ëih hz! dshi

a'dxzormzí txh ax m iogcërhgz yhy cogizmogy! |hxz mgcaxhgihr ahxr jíimymog jdgy xg yhgy yomz cdsordbah! yomz

iogzrdmrh ì ad zkëyh jhy jhedgjhxry +u

Hzdgz joggí a ' me|orzdgih jx rd||orz jx iogyhmaahr rd||orzhxr! |rmgim|dahehgz jx yhiogj soahz jh

ihaxm%iz! ah rúah jh a 'dsoidz ̀ ígírda hz ahy iogyítxhgihy jh a'myyxh jh ad |roiíjxrh |oxr ΝQ/ΙW Rhmgkdrjz

hz E Yamedgh%Ndmj! ah jíyítxmambrh dmgym iríí! cdxzh j'xgh ioeexgmidzmog mjhgzmtxh jx rd||orz dx{

iogyhmay jhy rhtxírdgzy! gh y'diiorjh |dy dshi ahy h{m`hgihy jx |roiëy ítxmzdbah ¾

Ihzzh fxgy|rxjhgih dsdmz ízí rí%dccmreí jdgy a'dccdmrh Yamedgh%Ndmj / CRDGIH +20 goshebrh 2<<9! ΰ

¼:;=:9/==-

Ma } d amhx jh zrdgy|oyhr ihzzh fxrmy|rxjhgih dx idy j'hy|ëih hz j'hg iogiaxrh ì ad smoadzmog jh a'drzmiah 3 4 jh ad Iogshgzmog

4?%



M S H{|oyí rh adz m c dx{ |rhyirm|z mogy jh a 'drzmiah 98 4 jh ad Iogshgz mogW

Yzdzhehgz rhadzmsh zo drzmiah 98 4 oc zkh Iogshgzmog

+Somr 4= +j - jh ad gozmih Jogghr |oxr ikdtxh ̀ rmhc! hz dx bhyomg yx r xgh chxmaah yí|dríh! ahy rhgyhm`ghehgzy jhedgjíy yoxy ahy |omgzy 43 ì 4; im%d|rëy-

+Yhh 4= +j - oc zkh Gozhy' Mc ghihyydr}! `msh zkh jhzdmay ehgzmoghj bhaop xgjhr |omgzy 43 zo 4; og d yh|drdzh ykhhz cor hdik yh|drdzh ioe|admgz-

43 Jíimymog mgzhrgh jícmgmz msh +jdzh hz gdzxrh jh ad jíimymog! or`dgh % fxjmi md mrh ox dxzrh % a 'd}dgz rhgjxh- Cmgda jhimymog +jdzh! ioxrz or dxzkormz} dg j gdzxrh oc jhimymog-

W Фзшыш$ Ρ' úbFb

40 Dxzrhy jíimymogy +ígxeíríhy jdgy a'orjrh ikrogoao`mtxh hg mgjmtxdgz! |oxr ikdtxh jíimymog! yd jdzh! yd gdzxrh hz a 'or`dgh % fxjmimdmrh ox dxzrh % a 'd}dgz rhgjxh- Ozkhr jhimymogy +amyz mg ikrogoao`mida orjhr! `msmg` jdzh! ioxrz or dxzkormz} dgj gdzxrh oc jhimymog cor hdik oc zkhe-

4; Jmy|oy+ m -hv%sox8 j'xg rhioxry tx h soxy g'dshv |dy h { h r i í ' Ym oxm ! ahtxha hz |oxr txha eoz m c g'd%z%ma |dy ízí h { h r i í ' My zkhrh or pdy zkhrh dg} ozkhr d||hda or ozkhr rhehj} dsdmadbah zo }ox pkmik }ox kdsh goz xyhj'W Mc yo ! h{|admg pk } }ox kdsh go z xyhj mz

X7zu

W Ym gíihyydmrh! iogz mgxhr yx r xg h chxma ah yí|dríh Iogzmgxh og d yh|drdzh ykhhz mc ghihyydr}

\ A H D Y H J H Z D I K Z K M Y C O R E B H C O R H R H Z X R G M G @ M Z

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SM

S H{ |oy í j h a 'obfhz j h ad r h t x æ z h Yzdzhehgz oc zkh obfhiz oc zkh d||amidzmog

+Somr 4= +h - jh ad goz mih- +Yhh 4=+h- oc zkh Gozhy-

4=

% 7 : þ x z ý q d i m d m W ßmWxxAmi{Pmi6 Eoo ОбщW

S M D x z r h y M g y z d g i h y m g z h r g d z m o g d a h y z r d m z d g z o x d } d g z z r d m z í a ' d c c d m r h Yzdzhehgz iogihrgmg` ozkhr mgzhrgdzmogda |roihhjmg`y

+Somr 4= +c - jh ad goz mih- +Yhh 4=+c- oc zkh Gozhy-

2< Dshv%soxy yoxemy ì xg h dxz rh mgyzdgih mgzhrgdz mogdah j'hgtxæzh ox jh rëàhehgz ahy ̀ rmhcy ígogiíy jdgy ad

|ríyhgzh r htxæ z h ' Ym oxm ! coxrgm r jh y mgjmidzmogy jízdma aíhy ì ih yxfhz Kdsh }ox yxbemzzhj zkh dbosh ioe|admgzy zo dg} ozkhr |roihjxrh oc mgzhrgdzmogda mgshyzm`dzmog or yhzzahehgz'' Mc yo ! `msh cxaa jhzdmay

S H X M A A H V J H Z D I K H R I H C O R E X A D M R H D S D G Z J H A ' H G S O ] H R

W 9



SMM \mëihy dggh{íhy

4- Rhtxæzh mgzrojxizmsh j'mgyzdgih

2- Eíeomrh hg mgzhrshgzmog soaogzdmrh jh ad yoimízí DRHSD

9- Jíimymog jh rdjmdzmog jx rúah

:- Eíeomrhy íikdg`íy d|rëy ad rdjmdzmog jx rúah

8- Jíimymog j'orjogghr xgh hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh

3- \roiëy%Shrbda jh a'hgtxæzh ì ad bdrrh

0- Jhrgmhr eíeomrh |ríyhgzí dx Iogyhma j'Ízdz |dr ad rhtxírdgzh

;- Jíimymog jx Iogyhma j'Ízdz jx 9< fxmg 2<4<

=- Yzdzxzy jh ad rhtxírdgzh

4<- D`ríehgz jh ad rhtxírdgzh 44 - Drræz jh ad Ioxr j'D||ha jh IDHG jx 42 dsrma 2<<8

42- Idahgjrmhr jh ad |roiíjxrh

49- Ioxrrmhr jh ad rhtxírdgzh! jdzíh jx 28 císrmhr 2<4<

4:- Jhedgjh jh ioeexgmidzmog jh |mëihy jx = fxmaahz 2<4<

48- Gozh hg jíambírí jx Emgmyzrh jh a'Íioao m̀h

43- Eíeomrhy íikdg`íy dsdgz a'dxjmhgih jx 4< fxmaahz 2<<=

40- Ioxrrmha jh ad rhtxírdgzh

й 1

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