ecember 2017 COACHING - coachingacademy.isn.gov.mycoachingacademy.isn.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/NWSLTTER-1st... · ocn ornl 7 NATIONAL COACHING ACADEMY The aim of this study

STRENGTH AND HONOUR

VOLUME 1 / ISSUE 8

ecember 2017

COACHINGJOURNAL

NATIONAL COACHINGACADEMY

#WINNINGMENTALITYMENTORING WINNERSCOACH JOHN BEASLEYCyclist Mohd Azizul Hasni Awang won the gold medal in Keirin at the 2017 Track Cycling World Championships in Hong Kong (12 April 16 – 2017 April 2017)

INSPIRING ACHIEVEMENTCOACH ZURAIDI PUTEHMuhammad Soufi Rusli Silver medal for Mens Event and Nor Hashimah Ismal Bronze Medalist for Womens Event at the World Cup Singles Championship 2017 Warilla in Sydney Australia ( 14 March – 22 March 2017)

#WINNINGMENTALITY

ACADEMY 2017NATIONAL COACHING

CONTINUOUS COACH EDUCATION COURSES 2017 CALENDER Page 14Organised ByNATIONAL COACHING ACADEMY (National Sports Institute of Malaysia)

NOTES:• For more information, please visit the NATIONAL COACHING ACADEMY OF MALAYSIA Website: www.coachingacademy.isn.gov.my • Participants who wish to pursue any courses organized by

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ontents

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TAPERING AS RECOVERY STRATEGY TO ENHANCING TIME TRIAL PERFORMANCE

AMONG JUNIOR CYCLISTS

EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTION OF EFFORT DURING AEROBIC

TYPE EXERCISE

DISCOVERING “HIDDEN” TALENTS FOR ENHANCING TALENT IDENTIFICATION

METHODS FOR SELECTING SYNCHRONOUS MUSIC FOR RUNNERS

CEREBRAL PALSY AND SPORTS PERFORMANCE

15212933

07

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NATIONAL COACHING ACADEMY

MESSAGE FROM ADVISOR

The existence of the National Coaching Academy by the National Sports Institute has reached a mile stone in terms of progression by conducting coaching programs in support of achieving the Ministry’s KPI. This is to have 500 participants for the Sports Specific Courses and 1000 participants for the Sports Science courses.Its emphasis is on “podium success”, athlete “champions”, and athletes becoming successful on an international stage whilst developing coaches with long term strategies that can eventually succeed internationally.

“Insanity is doing the same things you’ve always done and expecting different results.” Under the new

NSI management it has identified a clear structure in implementing and introducing courses like developmental and physical conditioning coaching courses. Once these structures are solidified, I think more coaches will be looking to the NCA to assist in up grading their level of performance across all coaching aspects.

I would like to congratulate the Malaysian Contingent for achieving the target as champion for the KL 2017 SEA Games. We are also honoured, as for ASEAN Para Games we have achieved second place in the overall ranking. These achievements comes from various parties, specially coaches and athletes.

I hope that this edition of the journal assists coaches throughout the year and encourages the coaches to continually increase their knowledge and enhance their approach to coaching. We would like to continually support your learning and look forward to the next issue.

Y.BHG. DR. MOHD KHAIRI B. ZAWIAdvisorCOACHING JOURNALNATIONAL COACHING ACADEMY

THE NATIONAL COACHING ACADEMY (NCA) UNDER NATIONAL SPORTS INSTITUTE (NSI) HAS A NEW STRATEGY TO IMPROVE AND UP SKILL THE COACHES WITH THE TARGET OF SENDING MALAYSIAN COACHES ABROAD TO GAIN INTERNATIONAL COACHING CERTIFICATIONS. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS WAS IN 2016 WHERE THE NCA SENT TWO CYCLING COACHES TO SWITZERLAND AND THEN EARLIER THIS YEAR SENT TWO TABLE TENNIS COACHES TO INDIA AND TWO WUSHU COACHES TO BEIJING TO PURSUE QUALIFICATIONS IN THEIR RESPECTIVE FIELD.

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COACHING JOURNAL is published twice a year by the National Coaching Academy. Contributors are welcome to submit related articles at any time throughout the year. Article should be submitted via email to [email protected], [email protected], and [email protected]. Each article will be reviewed and edited if necessary and authors will be notified of acceptance within 6 to 8 weeks from the date of submission.

AdvisorY.BHG. DR MOHD KHAIRI BIN ZAWI

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COACHINGJOURNAL

EDITORIAL BOARD

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REACH YOUR

POTENTIALCOACHING

MOTIVATES PEOPLE TO MAXIMISE THEIR

POTENTIAL

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The aim of this study was to investigate effects of tapering as recovery strategy to enhancing time trial performance among junior cyclists. Twenty seven male junior cyclist (Age= 16.9±0.8 years, Height=165.6±6.1 cm, Body Mass= 54.1±8.1 Kg) were assigned into either the control group (n=6), Exponential taper (n=7), or Modified Exponential taper (n=6). Both experimental groups were follow 12-weeks a progressive endurance training program and followed by 2-weeks tapering phase. A simulated 20 km time trials performance was performed before and after tapering. The results showed significantly faster time trial performance (p< .01) in both experimental groups. There was also a significantly lower (p< .02) in HRmax in both experimental groups. Furthermore, significantly lower perceived exertion was found in both experimental groups across experimental time. It is concluded both exponential taper and modified exponential taper can induce physiological adaptation with reduce volume of training and maintain in intensity of training.

Tapering technique has been found as an effective recovery strategy from intense training and it has been accepted as an integral part of optimal preparation for competition [1]. Taper is recognized as one of the recovery strategies which can be implemented immediately prior to competition to enhance performance [2,3]. In sport science literature, taper has been found to elicit a number of benefits including enhancing athletes’ physiological status [4,5], enhance psychological states [6,7], enhancing metabolic and biochemical responses [8-10], enhancing physical strength and power [11,12], and also consequently fostering sport performances.

Taper refers to a progressive nonlinear reduction of the training load during the period of training in an attempt to reduce the physiological and psychological stress of daily training [2]. It is well documented that training adaptation occurs during recovery phases after dissipation of fatigue [13]. A central focus of taper is reducing physiological and psychological stress and removing residual fatigue with the aim to optimize performance [13,14]. The basic principle of taper is a manipulation of magnitude of reduction of the training volume, intensity, frequency and duration [2,14,15]. The magnitude of taper effects are largely dependent on its specific types, the interaction between taper and pre-taper physical conditions and the types of sports involved [3].

Taper can be categorized into non-progressive and progressive taper [15]. A Progressive taper refers to a systematic reduction in training load in a gradual fashion, whereas non-progressive taper refers to a standardized reduction with same amount in training

TAPERING AS RECOVERY STRATEGY TO ENHANCING TIME TRIAL PERFORMANCE AMONG JUNIOR CYCLISTS

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

1 Faculty of Sports Science and Coaching, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris2 Exercise & Sports Science Program, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains

ASMADI ISHAK1 HAIRUL ANUAR HASHIM2 OLEKSANDR KRASILSHCHIKOV2

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load [3]. Recent literature suggest that an increase of training load during the final three days prior to competition may be particularly beneficial for athletes to recovery and improve performance [16-18]. In this study, we assessed the effects of a 2 week taper as recovery tool with an increased training load for the final 3 days on the 20-km time-trial performance of junior cyclists.

A pre and post-experimental design including control and experimental groups was used. The study was designed to assess the effects of 2-week exponential and normal tapering techniques on the time-trial performance of junior cyclists.

Twenty-seven male junior cyclists (age between 16-18 years) from two local state-level teams were took part in the study. They had competed in excess of four times in state and national level competition during one calendar year and exhibited a predetermined level of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) of at least > 50 ml. kg-1.min-1. Five participants were excluded due to non-adherence to the study protocol, and three participants did not complete the study due to injury. Finally, 19 subjects completed the study and were included in the final analyses. Subjects were equally matched into either the control group (n=6), Normal Exponential taper (n=7), or Modified Exponential taper (n=6) using their initial VO2max value.

TESTING PROCEDURES.Before and after taper program, all the subjects performed a graded incremental test to exhaustion on the electromagnetic brake cycle ergometer (Lode Excalibur Sport, Groningen, The Netherlands) to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Subjects performed initial load of 50 W and increased the workload by 16 W every minute until exhaustion. Metabolic measurement system (SensorMedics corp. USA) was used to collect and analyze expired gas by open circuit spirometry. Gas exchange variables were monitored in 20-second intervals. The gas analyzers were calibrated with primary standard gases (16.0% O2, 4.0% CO2) before and after test. Heart rate was monitored continuously by Polar heart rate monitor (Polar electro, Finland) and record in 10-s interval.

All the subjects performed a simulated 20-km time trial before and after taper in order to evaluate the performance effects of each taper protocol. All the cyclists used the same bicycle aluminum road bike (Trek corp, USA) mounted on the jetfluid trainer cycling roller (Cycleops, USA). The air pressure of the bicycle tires was checked before and after taper to ensure that maximum pressure was maintained. Cyclo wireless computer (Cateye corp, Japan) was used to record speed, RPM and distance. Digital timer was used for time recording (Seiko, Japan). All the testing sessions were conducted in the same conditions of the room temperature and humidity.

The test began with 15 minutes warm-up of cycling at 50% of VO2max, subjects performed a simulated 20 km time trial in a fastest possible time. During the 20-km time trial ride, participants were not given any time performance feedback. Each cyclist received verbal encouragements during the test by the same laboratory personnel. Respiratory gas exchange responses (20-s interval) were monitored for 3 min every 5 km interval during the simulated ride. Heart rate was recorded continuously throughout the 20 km time trial using Polar heart rate monitor (Polar electro, Finland). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also taken for every 5 km interval using the Borg 6-20 scale [19].

METHODS

SUBJECTS

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PROGRESSIVE ENDURANCE TRAINING PROGRAMThe training program consisted of a 12-week progressive endurance-training program and a 2-week tapering phase. The training was conducted under the supervision of a state-level cycling coach and was divided into three phases. The first phase consisted of a high-volume–low-intensity protocol at an intensity of 60–70% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) for 60–180 min x 6 d·wk-1 for 3 weeks. The second phase consisted of a moderate-intensity–moderate-volume protocol at an intensity of 75–85% of HRmax for 90–150 min x 6 d.wk-1 for 5 weeks. The third phase consisted of a high-intensity–low-volume protocol, where training intensity was maintained at 85–95% of HRmax for 60–90 min x 5 d.wk-1 for 4 weeks. Throughout the 12 weeks, heart rate was monitored using a polar heart rate monitor (Polar Electro). Each participant was given a training log to record the duration of training, distance covered, and maximal and average heart rate. Prior to and during the taper, training loads were quantified using the RPE method.

TAPERING PROTOCOLSAt the end of the training program, the experimental groups underwent either a modified exponential taper or a normal exponential taper for 2 weeks. The control group continued the normal training routine for 2 weeks. The magnitude of the reduced training volume was determined using the maximum training duration during the 3 weeks preceding the taper [2], which was 90 minutes.

Exponential taper was defined as an exponentially rapid reduction in the rate of the training volume [15,17]. For the normal exponential taper protocol, training duration was progressively reduced from 70% to 40% of the pre-taper value. In this protocol, reduction in training volume was obtained by reducing the training duration without increasing the training load at the final of 3 days.

Figure 1. Normal Exponential taper training program

Meanwhile, the modified exponential taper protocols consisted of progressive reduction of training hours with final 3 days load increase from 40-70% of pre-taper values [18].

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Figure 2. Modified Exponential Taper training program

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS.All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Descriptive statistic and Mixed Factorial ANOVA was used for data analysis. The level of significant value was set at p < 0.05. All values are expressed as mean ± SD.

As shown in Table 1, the results of mixed factorial ANOVA revealed a significant interaction after 2-weeks tapering for 20km TT value was significantly faster time (p<0.01) in the Normal Exponential Taper (NET) from (44.69±2.20 to 40.37±1.51 min-1) and Modified Exponential Taper (MET) from (43.27±2.85 to 40.99±2.09 min-1) but it was not different in the Control group (44.71±2.83 to 45.24±1.31 min-1). Meanwhile, Maximum Heart Rate (HRmax) value was significantly lower (p<0.02) after 2-weeks tapering in both taper groups (NET, 189.0±3.51 to 182.71±6.18 b.min-1) and (MET, 189.42±1.81 to 184.14±4.09 b.min-1) but not significant different in the Control group (186.60±3.28 to 190.20±2.94 b.min-1). There was a significant difference of Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) in both intervention groups (p<0.00) after tapering for NET, (16.14±0.37 to 18.57±0.53) and MET, (15.86±0.97 to 18.28±0.75) but not in the Control group (16.40±0.89 to 15.20±0.83).

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the subjects

RESULTS

Mean SD

Age (years) 16.95 0.8Body Mass (kg) 54.19 8.1Height (cm) 165.6 6.1Body mass index (BMI) 19.77 2.4Percentage body fat (%) 20.03 4.0

SD = Standard deviation

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Table 2. Descriptive Statistics of VO2max, RPE, HRmax and 20kmTT Across the Different Experimental Sessions

RPE = Rating of Perceive Exertion, HRmax = Heart rate maximum, NET = Normal Exponential Taper, MET = Modified Exponential Taper, * significantly different from pre-taper

Our findings support previous studies, which have indicated that applying taper technique has been better result to improved performance compared to the non-taper (e.g. continued training in unchanged manner). It proved that tapering intervention has been facilitated recovery process to eliminate daily training stress and to enhance fitness level. The improvement may be explained in terms of the reduction in training volume while maintaining the training intensity at high level. The reduction in training volume is speculated to allow for sufficient recovery and adaptations to occur. High intensity training, on the other hand, provides enough stimuli to prevent detraining [16]. This finding is consistent with the model of fitness-fatigue theory [17] that during intense phase, the performance curve declines due to the accumulated fatigue of a daily training stress. Thus, recovery phase with the reduced training load was expected to dissipate fatigue and allow the process of adaptations. Consequently, the prediction of fitness level to increase and performance curve predicted incline happens due to responses of gained improvements. Moreover, most of training induced adaptation process takes place during recovery process. Furthermore, adequate recovery has been shown to result in the restoration of physiological and psychological processes, so athlete can compete or train at an appropriate level.

This finding is parallel with other studies that have documented improvement in performance following taper [4,7] among cyclists. In terms of type of taper, finding from previous studies suggested that exponential taper model was superior in enhancing performance in triathletes as compared to step taper [17]. A possible explanation on the superiority of exponential taper compared to step taper could be explained by the definition of taper itself. Mujika and Padilla [2] proposed that taper refers to a progressive nonlinear reduction of the training load during variables period in an attempt to reduce the physiological and psychological stress of daily training and optimize performance. In addition, exponential taper involves a decrease in volume of training at rate proportional to its current value in a nonlinear fashion [19]. Likewise, exponential pattern has been described as reduction of the training load in undulating pattern. Although no different between NET and MET, the margin of improvement is larger for the modified exponential taper. Indeed, the margin of improvement following taper on performance from previous study ranges between 0.4 to 8% in several sports including cycling [2,4,18]. In the present study, the margin improvement in 20-km TT for NET and MET were 5.9% and 9.5%, respectively.

Improvements in time trial performance are attributable to an increase tolerance in some physiological and psychological variable. Most of investigators however indicated that the effects of tapering on performance improvements are associated with changes in variety of physiological parameters such as VO2max, Wmax, HRmax, RPE, lactate, hemoglobin, hematocrit, creatine kinase and cortisol [4,9,10,16]. Heart rate after maximal exercise (HRmax) may be an additional tool to monitoring recovery. Increased in stroke volume

BASELINE PRE-TAPER POST-TAPER

Variables Control NET MET Control NET MET Control NET MET P Value

RPE 15.60±0.89 15.29±0.75 15.57±0.97 16.40±0.89 16.14±0.37 15.86±0.97 15.20±0.83 18.57±0.53* 18.28±0.75* 0.00

HRmax (b.min-1) 171.00±4.35 170.85±5.08 173.14±4.70 186.60±3.28 189.0±3.51 189.42±1.81 190.20±2.94 182.71±6.18* 184.14±4.09* 0.02

20kmTT (min-1) 43.87±2.04 44.15±3.44 43.36±3.93 44.71±2.83 44.69±2.20 43.27±2.85 45.24±1.31 40.37±1.51* 40.99±2.09* 0.01

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

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PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR

COACHES

IMPLIKASI PRAKTIKAL UNTUK

JURULATIH

REFERENCES

has a linear relation with reduced HRmax by increasing the efficiency of heart pumping blood but requires less heart beats. In this regard, if the levels of fitness decrease, the HRmax would be increases, whereas if the fitness increases, the HRmax expected to reduce. Reduction in HRmax with taper training is consistent with catecholamine depletion and is associated in conjunction with plasma nor-epinephrine changes.

The Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) showed a significant increase during all out time trial performance after tapering for both intervention groups. RPE scores is a reflection of many feelings and sensations while performing a physical exercise. In this regard, higher RPE scores during post taper were speculated to result from intense effort during the 20kmTT performance in treatment groups as compare to control group. Similar to this finding, Neary et al. [4] reported RPE scores of 16.8 to 17.3 after 20 km time trial following taper. The reduced training load associated with the taper facilitates a recovery of athlete’s RPE. The relevance of increased RPE after the end of taper phase could be related with feeling of being more energized and sufficiently recovered to work at maximum effort during the time trial.

In conclusion, recovery during taper play important role to achieve optimal performance in competition. Adequate recovery has shown to result in the restoration of physiological and psychological processes, and maximizes fitness and minimizes fatigue so that the athlete can compete or train at an appropriate level. In this study, taper improved the 20-km time trial of junior cyclists and associated with lower HRmax and higher RPE scores after 2-weeks taper program. In summary, the findings of this study suggest that normal and modified exponential taper are equally effective in improving the 20-km time trial of cyclists. Integrating taper into training programs may give athletes an additional competitive advantage.

Taper before competition provides beneficial recovery effects for maximizing fitness and minimizing fatigue to improve performance. Reduction training volume (40-70%) in duration 2 weeks with maintaining intensity at 85-95% by using exponential tapering techniques were shown better performance in 20km time trial.

Perancangan taper sebelum pertandingan memberikan faedah kepada pemulihan atlet untuk memaksimumkan kecergasan dan mengurangkan kelesuan bagi meningkatkan prestasi. Penurunan isipadu latihan (40-70%) dalam jangka masa 2 minggu dengan mengekalkan intensiti latihan pada 85-95% dengan menggunakan taper teknik eksponential menunjukkan prestasi yang baik dalam 20 km ujian masa.

1. Gibala, M. J., MacDougall, J. D., & Sale, D. G. (1994). The effects of tapering on strength performance in trained athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, 492-497.

2. Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2003). Scientific Bases for Precompetition Tapering Strategies. Medicine and Sciences in Sports and Exercise, 35(7), 1182-1187.

3. Pyne, D. B., Mujika, I., & Reilly, T. (2009). Peaking for optimal performance: Research Limitations and future Directions. Journal of Sport Sciences, 27(3), 195-202.

4. Neary, J. P., Bhambani, Y. N., & McKenzie, D. C. (2003). Effects of different stepwise reduction taper protocols on cycling performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 28, 576-587.

5. Mujika, I., Padilla, S., Pyne, D. B., & Busso, T. (2004). Physiological Change Associated with the Pre-event Taper in Athletes. Sports Medicine, 34(13), 891-927.

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6. Morgan, W. P., Brown, D. R., Raglin, J. S., O’Conner, P. J., & Ellickson, K. A. (1987). Psychological Monitoring Of Overtraining and Staleness. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(3), 107-114.

7. Berger, B. G., Motl, R. W., Butki, B. D., Martin, D. T., Wilkinson, J. G., & Owen, D. R. (1999). Mood and cycling performance in response to three weeks of high-intensity, short-duration overtraining, and a two-week taper. The Sport Psychologist, 13(1), 444-457.

8. Neary, J. P., Martin, T. P., Reid, D. C., & Quinney, H. A. (1992). The Effects of a Reduced Exercise Duration Taper Program On Performance and Muscle Enzymes of Endurance Cyclits. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 65(1), 30-36.

9. Mujika, I., Chatard, J. C., Padilla, S., Guezennec, C. Y., & Geyssant, A. (1996). Hormonal Responses to Training and its Tapering off in Competitive Swimmers Relationship with Performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 74(4), 361-366.

10. Coutts, A. J., Reaburn, P., & Piva, T. J. (2007). Changes in selected biochemical, muscular strength, power and endurance measures during deliberate over-reaching and tapering in rugby league players. International Journal of Sport Medicine, 28, 116-124.

11. Martin, D. T., Scifres, J. C., & Zimmerman, S. D. (1994). Effects of interval training and a taper on cycling performance and isokinetics leg strength. International Journal of Sport Medicine, 15, 485-491.

12. Trappe, S., Costill, D. L., & Thomas, R. (2000). Effect of swim taper on whole muscle and single muscle fiber contractile properties. Medicine and Sciences in Sports and Exercise, 48-56.

13. Smith, D. (2003). A framework for understanding the training process leading to elite performance. Sports Medicine, 33(15), 1103-1126.

14. Mujika, I. (1998). The Influence of Training Characteristics and Tapering on the Adaptation in Highly Trained Individuals: A Review. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, 439-446.

15. Banister, E. W., Carter, J. B., & Zakardas, P. C. (1999). Training theory and taper: validation in triathlon athletes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 79, 182-191.

16. Wilson, J. M., & Wilson, G. J. (2008). A practical approach to the taper. Strength and Conditioning Jurnal, 30(2), 10-17.

17. Mujika, I. (2009). Tapering and Peaking for Optimal Performance. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

18. Thomas, L., Mujika, I., & Busso, T. (2009). Computer simulations assessing the potential performance benefit of a final increase in training during pre-event taper. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1729-1736.

19. Borg, G. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Sciences in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 377-381.

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CONTINUOUS COACH EDUCATION COURSES 2018 CALENDAR Organised by

NATIONAL COACHING ACADEMY (National Sports Institute of Malaysia)

SUBMIT APPLICATION FORM TO THE ORGANISERSADDRESAS STATED IN THE LIST

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I I(16)2018 16-20 JULAI PULAU PINANG GEORGETOWN 50 MSN PULAU PINANG

VIVA III V (04)2018 31 JULAI PAHANG KUANTAN MSN PAHANG

OGOS I I(17)2018 6-10 OGOS PERLIS KANGAR 40 MSN PERLIS

II II(16)2018 6-11 OGOS SABAH KOTA KINABALU 40 MSN SABAH

VIVA III V (05)2018 27 OGOS SARAWAK KUCHING MSN SARAWAK

OKTOBER VIVA III V (06)2018 3 OKT AKK BILIK MESYARAT AKK ISN

VIVA III V (07)2018 11 OKT PERAK IPOH MSN PERAK

VIVA III V (08)2018 15 OKT KEDAH ALOR SETAR MSN KEDAH

VIVA III V (09)2018 24 OKT JOHOR JOHOR BAHRU MSN JOHOR

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EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERCEPTION OF EFFORT DURING AEROBIC TYPE EXERCISE

Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Kampus Seremban1,2

SHARIFAH MAIMUNAH SYED MUD PUAD1

NOR SHUHADA YAAKUB2

This study examined the effects of music on heart rate and perceived exertion during aerobic exercise. Football players (N=30; M age= 21.8 yr., SD= 1.5) were randomly assigned to a music group or a control group. Self-selected motivational music was determined prior to the experimental testing by using Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 (BMRI-2) questionnaire. Bruce test protocol was used to estimate VO2max of the participants. For submaximal exercise, participants were required to run at 70% HRmax on motorized treadmill. The results indicated that music group reported a better heart rate pattern and lower perceived exertion during aerobic exercise compare to control group. The usage of music during aerobic submaximal exercise is beneficial as it reduces perceived exertion and promotes higher level of positive feeling.

Music is often used to improve sport performance by providing ergogenic (e.g., increased work output), psychological (e.g., reduced perceived exertion and enhanced emotional response) and physiological (e.g., changing heart rate response) during physical activity [1-5]. Music also gives advantageous effect during exercise as it has been shown to increase motivation and provides flow state experience [6]. According to Karageorghis et al. [7], the ergogenic effects of music can be explained by two mechanisms, either delaying fatigue or increasing work capacity. Music can improve performance by altering the perception of effort and physiological response [1-5, 8].

Different athletes have different music preferences. Some athletes preferred up-tempo music, while others prefer the slow tempo music. Studies have shown that different types of music induce different effects and are used at different practical setting [ 8-10]. Up-tempo or fast beat music affect performance by sustaining the desired motivation and arousal. On the other hand, slow tempo music has relaxing effects that maintain stability [8]. Synchronous music may reduce the energy cost of exercise by promoting greater movement efficiency especially during cyclic and rhythmic aerobic activity [1, 11]. However, no definitive conclusion is available on the type of music that could enhance sport performance. It has been shown that both up-tempo and slow tempo have improved performance in certain ways when compared to no music condition [1, 2, 4].

Besides the type of music, timing when the music was played gives different effects. Psychophysical response of music has been measured at different timing. Most of the studies investigated the effect of music while performing the task [1, 2, 4, 5, 7]. Findings of these studies can be applied during athletes training. Sports training required the athletes to exercise at increase intensity for long period of time. It has been suggested that music is able to help athletes in coping with training demands and reduce the feeling

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

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of monotomy and boredom during training [3]. Effect of music also can be seen during warm-up and recovery period. Listening to motivational music during warm-up session facilitate the sympathetic activation of body [12, 13]. Optimal activation of heart rate and arousal leads to increased sport performance [13]. The usage of slow tempo music during recovery period is also able to promote faster relaxation response [12].

In psychological context, the effects of music refer to how it influences person mood, emotion, cognition, affect and behavior [5]. Bharani et al. [14] stated that, music can influence emotions and mask unpleasant feelings during exercise. The psychophysical of music relate to subjective perception of physical effort [5]. This variable often measured using rating of perceived exertion (RPE) [4, 11, 15]. Heart rate, oxygen consumption and cortisol are popular indicators for physiological effects of music during exercise [1, 3, 10, 15]. Music that activates body response will elevate the physiological variables while music that able to reduce the perceived effort, reduce the physiological manifestations.

Previous studies have investigated the effect of music in running performance [1, 3, 8], cycling ergometry [2], swimming [4, 7], circuit exercise [5], and sprinting [12]. Findings of these studies have suggested that musical rhythm adjust stride and cyclic rate to the tempo of the music. Therefore, promote better coordination between task and time. This concept can be applied during training for sports that required movement pattern [1]. Synchronization between the tempo and speed of the music regulate athletes’ movement pattern [5]. Application of synchronous music during training provides rhythm and pace that need to be achieved with less instructional demand from the coach. Music acts as auditory cue that contributes to training variation.

In another study, Pates et al. [6] examined the effects of self-preferred background music (asynchronous) on flow and netball shooting performance. Asynchronous music is a background music played to make exercise environment more pleasurable [5]. There is no relation between this type of music tempo and movement pattern [5]. The findings of this study revealed that self-selected background music preferred by the athletes was able to improve netball shooting performance and perception of flow during exercise. Flow represents the intrinsic motivation condition where individual perceived situation as enjoyable. This positive feeling may reduce the perception of effort during physical activity [1, 5, 7].

Despite the beneficial effects of music reported by previous studies, some researchers found that music is not effective for some people under certain circumstances [7, 16]. Music should not become an active distraction that might shift the focus of attention of the athletes. Many researchers highlighted the benefits of synchronous music to performance enhancement [1, 2, 4, 5]. However, there is limited study that investigated the effects of asynchronous self-selected preferred music to sport performance. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to determine the effectiveness of asynchronous self-selected music on physiological and perception of effort during aerobic exercise.

PARTICIPANTSThirty male football players from UiTM Shah Alam with the age range of 21 - 23 years old participated in the study. Participants had involved in football for at least six months. They were healthy and have normal hearing.

METHODS

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INSTRUMENTATIONBrunel Music Rating Inventory-2 (BMRI-2).The BMRI-2 was used to assess the motivational properties of the music track using six items which are rhythm, style, melody, tempo, instruments, and beat of the music track. Participants rate the track using a 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Total scores range from 6-42. The Brunel Music Rating Inventory (BMRI) was originally developed by Karageorghis et al. [9]. This instrument is reported to possess acceptable validity and reliability. [9]

Heart rate monitor and Borg6-20 Rating of Perceived Exertion. Polar Heart Rate monitor was used for heart rate measurement. Borg 6-20 Rating of Perceived Exertion scale was used to determine the rate of perceived exertion. The physical exertion was rated on 15-point Likert scale where 6 is “No exertion”, 7-8 “Extremely light”, 9-10 “Very light”, 11-12 “Light”, 13-14 “ Somewhat light” 15-16 “Hard”, 17-18 “Very hard”, 19 “Extremely hard” and 20 “Maximal Exertion. RPE has test-retest reliability of (r = 0.82; p < 0.001). PROCEDUREPermission as well as ethical approval was obtained from relevant authorities prior to the experiment. The familiarization session was conducted to familiarize the participants with study protocol. During the session, a list of music track and BMRI-2 were distributed. Participants were required to choose songs according to their preference and the BMRI-2 questionnaire was administered at this session.

Bruce protocol was used to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) of the participants. 70% of maximum heart rate was calculated and participants were required to run at the same intensity. Participants were equally divided into control group (no music) and treatment group (listening to music).

Participants were required to warm up for 3 minutes before start the actual test. Heart rate transmitter was also placed on the subject’s chest. For treatment group, they were given an earphone that contains the self-selected song. For control group, no music was provided.

Participants were required to run for 15 minutes at 70% of HRmax. Running speed was determined from Bruce maximal test. Heart rate and RPE were taken during the test. Heart rate and RPE were taken every 3 minutes interval.

DATA ANALYSISThe statistical test that has been used in this study is Mixed-Model Factorial ANOVA. The statistical significance was set at an alpha level p< 0.05.All statistical analysis was done using SPSS.

Table 1 illustrates the demographic characteristics of the participants. Inferential statistics results revealed that that the intervention (music) group reported better heart rate pattern between groups across the interventional sessions (Table 2). Furthermore, the music group also reported lower rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between groups across the interventional sessions (Table 3).

RESULTS

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The findings of the present study indicated better heart rate pattern for the music group during aerobic exercise. Music is able to regulate heart rate at lower level during aerobic physical activity. This shows that the presence of music during exercise may promotes flow state that lead to enjoyable feeling that shift cognitive attention from physical exertion or effort to more pleasurable positive environment. According to Tenenbaum et al. [8], music affects perceived exertion and exertion tolerance through several mechanisms. First, music synchronizes movement pattern with pace of the tempo, and second, it regulates arousal to optimal level. Thus, music enables individual to cope more efficiently with specific exercise demand [8]. The result supports the potential ergogenic properties of music [10] during aerobic exercise that usually demands for ongoing motivation. Music also can be used to distract an individual from focusing too much on the effort of prolonged exercise [11].

Music group also reported lower perception of effort throughout aerobic exercise duration. The result supports the positive influence of music on participants’ feelings of pleasure that masks the unpleasant feeling of physical exertion during exercise. Music also promotes reduction of effort perception and reduces the feeling of monotomy and boredom during aerobic treadmill running [3]. Self-selected music that has been used in this study is proven to promote positives affective response during aerobic exercise. Preferred selection of music enhances exertion tolerance by diverting the attention from exertive and uncomfortable physical sensations to the various features of music [8]. Finding of this study is in line with previous research that demonstrated the effectiveness of music in the context of submaximal aerobic performance [2, 4, 10-11, 14].

The usage of music during aerobic submaximal exercise is beneficial as it reduces perceived exertion and enhances exertion tolerance. It also promotes more enjoyable and positive exercise environment that masks the uncomfortable exertive sensation. Application of synchronous music during training provides rhythm and pace with less instructional demand from the coach.

Table 1: Demographic characteristics

N Minimum Maximum Mean Std Deviation

Age 30 19.00 23.00 21.77 1.48

Weight (kg) 30 60.00 70.10 65.36 2.52

Height(m) 30 164.00 176.20 169.04 3.20

BMI 30 21.00 24.00 23.07 0.83

VO2 max (ml/kg/min) 30 38.45 51.75 45.34 3.94

Table 2: Heart rate

Pre-HR HR1 HR2 HR3 HR4 Post-HR F(df) Sig

C 130.30 140.90 150.67 161.87 173.20 182.73 F(1,28)=10.29 0.01

I 126.80 135.30 143.9 155.67 165.20 174.80

Table 3: Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE)

RPE1 RPE2 RPE3 RPE4 RPE5 F(df) Sig

C 9.13 11.73 14.00 16.47 18.47 F(1,28)=36.09 0.00

I 7.40 9.33 11.80 14.67 16.67

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

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REFERENCES

APLIKASI PRAKTIKAL UNTUK JURULATIH

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR

COACHES

The usage of music as ergogenic aid will provide training variation for coaches and athletes. Synchronous music provides a medium to practice movement pattern with specific pace. The faster the pace or beat, the faster the coordination of movement pattern to be executes. Application of synchronous music during training provides rhythm and pace with less instructional demand from the coach. Besides that, music also reduces perceived exertion during training. Therefore, optimal effort can be maintained for longer training duration. Music also reduces the feeling of monotomy and boredom during training.

Penggunaan muzik sebagai bantuan ergogenik membolehkan variasi latihan dilakukan oleh atlit dan jurulatih. Muzik yang mempunyai sinkronasi menyediakan satu medium bagi latihan pola pergerakan dengan rentak yang spesifik. Rentak yang pantas memerlukan koordinasi masa dan pergerakan yang tertentu. Aplikasi muzik sinkronasi ketika latihan dapat menyediakan irama dan rentak berterusan dan ini mengurangkan keperluan arahan daripada jurulatih. Selain itu, muzik juga mengurangkan persepsi kognitif keletihan ketika latihan. Oleh kerana itu, usaha yang optimal dapat dikekalkan untuk durasi latihan yang panjang. Muzik juga dapat mengelakkan perasaan bosan dan kehilangan motivasi ketika latihan berlangsung.

1. Terry, P. C., Karageorghis, C. I., Saha, A. M., & D’ Auria, S. (2012). Effects of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15 (1): 52-57.

2. Waterhouse, J., Hudson, P., & Edwards, B. (2010). Effects of music tempo upon submaximal cycling performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20, 662-669.

3. Tenenbaum, G., Lidor, R. Lavyan, N., Morrow, K., Tonnel, S., Gershgoren, A., Meis, J., & Johnson, M. (2004). The Effect of music type on running perseverance and coping with effort sensations. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 89-109.

4. Karageorghis, C. I., Hutchinson, J. C., Jones, L., Farmer, H. L., Ayhan, M. S., Wilson, R. C., Rance, J., Hepworth, C. J. & Bailey, S. G. (2013). Psychological, psychophysical and ergogenic effects of music in swimming. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14 (4): 560-568.

5. Karageoghis, C. I., Priest, D. L., Williams, L. S., Hirani, K. M., Lannon, K .M., & Bates, B. J. (2010). Ergogenic and psychological effects of synchronous music during circuit-type exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 551-559

6. Pates, J., Karageorghis, C. I., Fryer, R., & Maynard, I. (2003). Effects of asynchronous music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4, 415-427.

7. Karageoghis, C. I., Hutchinson, J. C., Jones, J., Farmer, H. L., Ayhan, M. S., Wilson, R. C., Rance, J., Hepworth, C. J., & Bailey, S. G. (2013). Psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of music in swimming. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 560-568.

8. Tenenbaum, G. Lidor, R., Lavyan, N., Morrow, K., Tonnel, S., Gershgoren, A., Meis, J., & Johnson, M. (2004). The effect of music type on running perseverance and coping with effort sensation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 5, 89-109.

9. Karageorghis, C., & Terry, P. (1997). The psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise: A review. Journal of Sport Behavior, 20, 54–68.

10. Brownley, K. A., McMurray, R. G., & Hackney, A. C. (1995). Effects of music on physiological and affective responses to graded treadmill exercise in trained and untrained runners. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 19, 193-201.

11. Seath, L., & Thow, M. (1995). The effect of music on the perception of effort and mood during aerobic type exercise. Physiotherapy, 81 (10): 582-596.

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12. Chtourou, H., Jarraya, M., Aloui, A., Hammouda, O., & Souissi, N. (2012). The effect of music during warm-up on anaerobic performances of young sprinters. Science & Sport, 27, e85-e88.

13. Eliakim, M., Meckel, Y., Nemet, D., Eliakim, A. (2007). The effect of music during warm-up on consecutive anaerobic performance in elite adolescent volleyball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28, 321-325.

14. Bharani, A., Sahu, A., & Mathew, V. (2004). Effect of passive distraction on treadmill exercise test performance in healthy males using music. International Journal of Cardiology, 97, 305-306.

15. Hayakawa, Y., Miki, H., Takada, K., & Tanaka, K. (2000). Effects of music on mood during bench stepping performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90, 307-314.

16. Karageorghis, C. I., & Priest, D. L. (2012). Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5, 67-84.

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DISCOVERING “HIDDEN” TALENTS FOR ENHANCING TALENT IDENTIFICATION

¹ Exercise and Sports Science, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia² Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

KATRINA WONG ¹GARRY KUAN ¹TAN HUAY LIN ²

This study explored the physiological, psychological and genetic characteristics of sprinters and non-athletes to identify inborn domain traits of sprinters. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 19 participants, randomly assigned into two groups; sprinters (n=10) and non-athletic students (n=9). Participants completed a series of physiological, psychological and genetic tests in 3 sessions with a one-week rest period between each session. One-way ANOVA was used to statistically analyse the mean differences of physiological and psychological attributes between the two groups whereas Fisher’s Exact test was performed to examine the relationship between genotype and the groups. Statistical significance is accepted at p<0.05. The results showed significant differences in most physiological, psychological and genetic attributes. Further, the results revealed a pattern of relationship between ACTN3 genotype and sports performance [1,2]. ACTN3 partially explain performance advantage along side of other performance related contributors.

Recently, studies on the impact of genetics towards sports performance has been increasing as current findings on the relationship between genetics toward sports seemed to be encouraging [1,2]. However, Malaysia has yet to include genetic testing in the process of talent identification in sports among the young athletes. This study could potentially enhance the process of talent identification at a younger age through a set of genetic analysis, physiological measures, and psychological profiling. In determining and narrowing of optimal characteristics desired for the respective sports, optimal talent identification profiles can be established. These enhanced profiles are anticipated to allow for identification of in-born talents at a much younger age, which will then provide coaches with an earlier advantage to develop potential elite athletes, earlier specialisation of sporting events and better sustainment of a larger pool of outstanding elite athletes.

PARTICIPANTSNineteen sprinters (n=10) and non-athletes (n=9) were recruited for this study. Sprinters were included in the study only if they are current state/national level’s track and field athletes within the age of 15 to 23, with at least two years of competitive state level experience. The non-athletes are healthy and active individuals but without previous participation in sprint events in the past two years.

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

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PROCEDURESPrior to the assessments, participants’ demographic information (e.g., name, date of birth, identification number, years of competitive experience, education level and phone number) were obtained. Participants who agreed to participate in the study completed 3 sessions of assessment with 1-week rest period provided between each session.

In the first session, participants completed two separate questionnaires (Mental Toughness 18 Questionnaire [3] and Recovery Stress Questionnaire 52 – SPORT [4]). Soon after, participants completed an Isokinetic test [5] on a Biodex™ machine. Participants were given a recovery period of 20 minutes after the completion of the Isokinetic test, prior to the commencement of the Wingate Anaerobic Test [5].

In the second session, participants’ body composition profile [6] and flexibility [5] were recorded. Then, participants were required to complete a 16 minutes sub-maximal oxygen uptake running test [7].

In the third session, the participants’ blood samples of 2ml were collected in EDTA-treated tubes and were kept in the refrigerator at 4°Celcius [8,9]. Finally, participants were required to complete a maximal oxygen uptake test [7] where the participants were to run until complete exhaustion.

Figure 1: Flow chart

1 week

1 week

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Table 1: Analysis of Physiological Characteristics

WINGATE ANAEROBIC TEST.The mean power of the sprinters and non-athletes showed a significantly different (p=0.001) mean of 429.0±94.06 and 228±86.82 respectively. The mean peak power was also significantly different (p=0.002) between sprinters and non-athletes with 557±130.3 and 387±47.00 respectively. Meanwhile, no significance difference (p=0.107) was observed from the mean fatigue index between both groups.

ISOKINETIC STRENGTH TEST. Lower limb strength was measured using the isokinetic strength test. There was a significant difference between all the measures except for the 60°/s Flexion Average Power (W) test (p=0.067).

FLEXIBILITY TEST. The mean of the sprinters and non-athletes were 38.8±7.80 and 27.3±6.46 respectively. There was a significant difference in flexibility between the sprinters and non-athletes (p=0.003)

MAXIMAL OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RUNNING TEST (VO2MAX). The sprinters have a higher VO2max mean with 55.9±12.33, and were significantly different (p=0.009) from the non-athletes with the mean of 39.9±11.14.

RESULTS Mean df t p Non-Athlete Sprinters

Wingate Anaerobic Mean Power (W) 228.4 429.0 17 4.811 0.001

Peak Power (W) 378.3 557.0 17 4.054 0.002

Fatigue Index (W/s) 9.4 12.7 17 1.700 0.107

Isokinetic Strength 60°/s Extension Peak Torque (Nm) 117.6 158.6 17 2.887 0.010

60°/s Flexion Peak Torque (Nm) 50.5 81.0 17 3.565 0.002

180°/s Extension Peak Torque (Nm) 78.2 105.8 14.459 3.058 0.008

180°/s Flexion Peak Torque (Nm) 51.5 72.0 0.290 13.055 0.012

60°/s Extension Average Power (Nm) 78.2 96.0 17 1.957 0.067

60°/s Flexion Average Power (Nm) 34.5 57.2 17 3.229 0.005

180°/s ExtensionAverage Power (Nm) 128.6 170.3 12.951 2.526 0.025

180°/s Flexion Average Power (Nm) 65.3 115.1 10.780 3.895 0.005

7- Site Skinfold Body Fat Percentage (%) 20.1 12.7 17 1.886 0.077

Flexibility Flexibility (cm) 27.3 38.8 17 3.450 0.003

VO2max VO2/ml/min/kg 39.9 55.9 17 2.970 0.009

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Table 2: Analysis of Psychological Characteristics

Table 2 showed significant differences (p=0.023) in mental toughness between the sprinters (64.00±6.07) and non-athletes (57.3±5.45). The results for recovery stress state also showed significant differences between both groups in sleep quality (p=0.042), disturbed breaks (p=0.046) and self-regulation (p=0.023).

GENOTYPING OF THE ACTN3Most of the sprinters possess the C/T genotype (50%), and least in the T/T genotype (20%). Meanwhile, non-athletes exhibit dominantly the T/T genotype with 44.44% and only 22.22% occurrence in the C/T genotype. Fisher’s exact test was utilised since the expected numbers of the study are small. No significance difference was observed in the genotype and allelic frequency of the sprinters and non-athletes (Table 3).

Table 3: Analysis of Genotypes and Alleles Frequencies

Mean df t p Non-Athlete Sprinters

Mental Toughness 57.3 64.0 17 2.506 0.023

General Stress 1.1 0.9 17 0.552 0.588

Emotional Stress 1.3 1.1 17 0.541 0.596

Social Stress 0.9 1.8 17 1.447 0.166

Conflicts/Pressure 2.1 1.5 17 1.320 0.204

Fatigue 1.7 1.3 17 0.946 0.357

Lack of Energy 2.2 2.0 17 0.455 0.655

Physical Complaints 1.2 1.2 17 0.065 0.949

Success 2.9 2.9 17 0.024 0.981

Social Recovery 4.6 5.3 17 1.349 0.195

Physical Recovery 3.1 3.8 17 1.266 0.223

General Well-Being 4.4 4.5 13.154 0.092 0.928

Sleep Quality 3.3 4.5 17 2.204 0.042

Disturbed Breaks 1.8 2.9 17 2.147 0.046

Emotional Exhaustion 1.3 0.9 17 1.088 0.292

Injury 1.6 2.2 17 1.076 0.297

Being In Shape 3.4 2.7 17 1.181 0.254

Personal Accomplishment 3.1 4.0 17 1.946 0.852

Self-Efficacy 3.1 3.6 17 1.512 0.149

Self Regulation 3.6 4.4 15.186 2.159 0.047

Genotypes Sprinters Non- p Alleles Sprinters Non- p (%) athletes (%) athletes (%) (%)

C/C 3 (30.00) 3 (33.33) 1.00

C/T 5 (50.00) 2 (22.22) 0.350 C 11 (55.00) 8 (44.44) 0.746

T/T 2 (20.00) 4 (44.44) 0.350 T 9 (45.00) 10 (55.56)

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VISUALISATION OF DIGESTED RFLP PRODUCT ON AGAROSE GELThe visualisation of the electrophoretic patterns of the digested products showed that six (31.6%) participants were identified with homozygous wild type (C/C) with the presence of a single band 489 bp. Meanwhile, seven (36.8%) participants were identified as heterozygous (C/T) when three bands of 489 bp, 392 bp and 97 bp were observed on the Agarose gel. The other six (31.6%) participants were identified as homozygous variant (T/T) based on the presence two bands at 392 bp and 97 bp on the Agarose gel. Figure 2 shows the visualisation of digested products on Agarose gel. Figure 3 shows the sequencing of the chromatogram.

Figure 2: Visualisation of RFLP PCR product. Lane T/T depicts heterozygous alleles (392 bp and 97 bp band), lane C/C for homozygous alleles (489 bp) and C/T for heterozygous alleles (489 bp, 392 bp and 97 bp bands). A band with 97bp could not be observed might be due to lower size of the cutting site (below 100bp).

Figure 3: Sequencing chromatogram for heterozygous (CT), homozygous variant (TT) and homozygous wild type for study participants.

Heterozygous(CT)

Homozygous variant(TT)

Homozygous wild type (CC)

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Optimal physiological and psychological characteristics was found to be higher among the groups of sprinters. Interestingly, aerobic capacity may show an indirect contribution in the overall sprint performance despite it being an anaerobic nature. We may also conclude that “C” alleles are prevalent in sprint and power contribution. However, single gene polymorphism alone cannot be completely accountable for sports performance [10]. It is therefore concluded that there is a high expectancy that sports performance may be enhanced by certain a set of genetic traits through its influence in the inherited physiological and psychological characteristics.

Further studies exploring the set of inborn characteristics contributing to sports performance may lead to a breakthrough in establishing an enhanced talent identification profile. From this study, sprinters’ physiological, psychological, and genetic profile is established. The results may also provide coaches with a better understanding of the nature of individual athlete through the athletes’ inherited traits. The study may also provide the coaches with added knowledge to design customised training programs specifically for the individual athlete to further improve and sustain the sports performance.

Kajian ini meneroka ciri-ciri semulajadi yang menyumbang kepada prestasi sukan boleh membawa kepada kejayaan dalam mewujudkan profil pengenalpastian bakat yang mantap. Kajian ini membangunkan profil fisiologi, psikologi, dan genetik atlit pelari pecut. Kajian ini juga boleh memberi jurulatih pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang sifat seseorang atlet itu melalui ciri-ciri yang diwarisi oleh atlet tersebut. Kajian ini juga mampu memberi maklumat tambahan kepada jurulatih untuk membentuk program latihan yang khusus dan lebih sesuai kepada seseorang atlet itu untuk memperbaiki dan mengekalkan prestasi sukan.

1. Lippi, G., Longo, U. G., & Mafulli, N. (2010). Genetics and sports. British Medical Bulletin, 27-47.

2. Yang, N., MacArthur, D., Gulbin, J., Hahn, A., Beggs, A., Eastal, S., & North, K. (2003). ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Am J Hum Genet, 73:627-631.

3. Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: the concept and its measurement. In I. Cockerill, Solutions in Sports Psychology (pp. 32-45). London: Thomson.

4. Kellman, M., & Kallus, K. W. (2001). Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes User Manual. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

5. Beam, W. C., & Adams, G. M. (2011). Exercise Physiology. New York: McGraw Hill.6. Jackson, A. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1978). Generalized equations for predicting body

density of men. British Journal of Nutrition, 40,497-504.7. McDonough, J. R., & Bruce, R. A. (1969). Maximal exercise testing in assessing

cardiovascular function. Journal of South Carolina Medical Association, 65 (Suppl.), 26-33.

8. Chanock, SJ; Manolio, T; Boehnke, M; Boerwinkle, E; Hunter, DJ, et. al. (2007). Replicating genotype-phenotype associations. Nature, 655-660.

9. Eynon, N., Ruiz, J. R., Femia, P., Pushkarev, V. P., Cieszczyk, P., Maciejewska-Karlowska, A., et al. (2012) The ACTN3 R577X Polymorphism across Three Groups of Elite Male European Athletes. Plos One, 7;1-7.

10. Dionne, F., Turcotte, L., Thibault, M., Boulay, M., Skinner, J., & Bouchard, C. (1991). Mitochondrial DNA sequence polymorphism, VO2max, and response to endurance training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. , 23:177-185.Polymorphism across Three Groups of Elite Male European Athletes. Plos One, 7;1-7.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATION FOR

COACHES


JURULATIH

REFERENCES

CONCLUSION

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CONSOLIDATION WORKSHOP SERIES-2REVIEWING THE SYLLABUSSPORTS SCIENCE, CONTINUOUS COACH EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT COACHING COURSES

18 & 19 March 2017Pearl Point Hotel,Kuchai Lama

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TALK & SHARECOACHING SERIES 1/2017

18 April 2017Auditorium MSN

1. MR.YUICHI SASAKI Sports Therapist Podium ISN

2. MR.TAI BENG HAI Director of Development of MHC Former Malaysia National Hockey

Player and Coach

3. MR.TERRY WALSH Technical Director of MHC

01 02

03

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The use of music rhythm that synchronises with runners’ pace (synchronous music) is a relatively new training tool to be considered by coaches in addition to the variety of training for enhancing running performance. Synchronous music enables the runners to align strides with the music cues such as tempo or beats. This article aims to assist coaches in selecting synchronous music with focus on the element of motivation.

Music plays a significant role in sports and exercise as it has been claimed to be a legal ergogenic (work-enhancing) aid in sports [1]. The effectiveness of music in enhancing the performance of an athlete can be observed when the athlete’s fatigue was delayed or work capacity was increased [2]. Fundamentally, music contained seven elements such as melody, dynamics, rhythm, harmony, tone colour, texture and form. Any one or combinations of these elements could contribute to motivation. Motivational music has been characterised mainly by the rhythm element, in which a fast tempo with more than 120 beats per minute (bpm) and a strong rhythm can trigger bodily action [3]. This physiological response is due to the regulatory effect of music on metabolism and energy balance via the hypothalamic and sympathetic nervous system [4]. Furthermore, the autonomic nervous system that controls heart rate and breathing rate can be affected by emotional or mental activity induced by music. From a psychological perspective, listening to music may lead athletes to some emotion, memory or even imagination which may lead the athletes to prolong or terminate their exercise session. To explain this, there are six proposed underlying mechanisms involved in emotional responses that were provided by Juslin and Västfjäll [5] on the influence of music. These proposed mechanisms were a combination of the context and findings of previous music studies.

The six proposed mechanisms were the episodic memory, evaluative conditioning, visual imagery, emotional contagion, the brain stem reflex and musical expectancy. Episodic memory explains music as a way of producing an emotional response in association with an experience or time. This mechanism can be related to whenever a piece of music obtains a response related to a memory. Evaluative conditioning is the classic conditioning, such as repeated pairing of a musical piece with positive or negative stimuli, which can cause a connection so that the desired response is recalled each time that music is heard. Visual imagery mechanism explains how music connected with an emotionally valence image and creates an emotional response wherever lyrics assist the visual stimulation of an image. In emotional contagion mechanism, the brain is said to imitate the activity associated with a song’s or track’s emotional content. Brain stem reflex refers to a process whereby an emotion is induced by music because one or more fundamental acoustical characteristics of the music

INTRODUCTION

METHODS FOR SELECTING SYNCHRONOUS MUSIC FOR RUNNERS

LUKE NIKOL 1, GARRY KUAN 1, MARILYN ONG 1

1Exercise and Sports Science, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia

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are taken by the brain stem to signal a potentially important and urgent event. Musical expectancy refers to a process by which emotion is induced in a listener because a specific feature of the music violates, delays, or confirms the listener’s expectations about the continuation of the music and if this does not happen, the listener may become, for instance, surprised [5].

The use of synchronous music involves performing repetitive movements in time with its rhythmical elements such as the beat or tempo [6]. In other words, the rhythmic or temporal aspects of music are used as a metronome that regulates movement patterns. A behaviour of shaking or nodding our head, foot tapping, and air drumming while listening to the music is known as an ‘entrainment’ [7]. The term ‘entrainment’ refers to the process by which independent rhythmical systems interact with each other [8]. Next, ‘Independent rhythmical systems’ can be of many types and have in common is some form of oscillatory activity which they must be able to be sustained whether they are entrained to other rhythmical systems. For interaction to take place, some form of coupling must exist between the rhythmical systems, and it can take many forms. This process of interaction may be resulting in those systems synchronising, in the most common sense of aligning in both phase and period, but in fact, entrainment can lead to a wide variety of behaviours [8]. At least three basic motor control functions are required which are timing, sequencing, and spatial organisation of movement where sequencing and spatial aspects of movement relate to playing individual notes on a musical instrument and accurate timing of movements is related to the organisation of musical rhythm (9).

In running setting, rhythmical elements of the music must be synchronised with the runners’ strides or cadence. Several research on elite triathletes [1], 400-m sprint runners [1] and exercise performers [11] have shown benefit effects of synchronous music on performance. Benefits of synchronous music can be seen when it enhanced the feeling states [11], improved running economy, reduced perceived exertion, delayed fatigue and produces positive mood responses [10].

Body movement ability to synchronise with musical rhythm is a form of mechanism auditory-motor synchronisation in which the individual and the auditory stimuli are “oscillators” which generate their own rhythms [12]. Synchronisation is characterised by an oscillation at a common frequency between two oscillators where the degree of synchronisation is dependent on the strength of the interaction between the two oscillators also known as coupling strength and the initial frequency mismatch between them [12]. The performer can adjust his or her work rate according to the tempo set by the auditory rhythm through detuning the frequency of their oscillation [13].

SYNCHRONOUS MUSIC SELECTIONTo choose the suitable playlist for running, coaches or athletes must first choose songs consist of motivational qualities in enhancing the training and performance. To choose motivational qualities of the music, Brunel Music Rating Inventory version 3 (BMRI-3) can be used. The Brunel Music Rating Inventory (BMRI) is a psychometric instrument to rate motivational qualities of music in sport and exercise environments by assessing different elements of a song including familiarity, tempo, rhythm, lyrics, association of music with sport, chart success, association with a film or video, the artist(s), harmony, melody, simulative qualities of music, danceability, and date of which the song is released [3]. The BMRI was first developed and validated by Karageorghis et al. [2] to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise and sport.

The later version of BMRI was redesigned as the BMRI-2 due to the errors in the response trends when BMRI was conducted as individuals. Individually completed BMRI tends to miscomprehend certain musical element [14]. However, the authors of the BMRI-2 indicated that there were limitations in rating the multitudinous facets of the musical response using solely a psychometric-type approach and this lead to the use of BMRI-3 together with qualitative methods (6). The BMRI-3 can be used as a wide filter to identify music pieces with given exercise or training intensity, extra-musical associations, and lyrical content [6]. Figure 1 shows the BMRI-3 questionnaire which contains 7-point Likert scale ranging from 1 “strongly disagree” to 7 “strongly agree”.

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Figure 1: Brunel Music Rating Inventory – 3

For the synchronisation of music with the running strides, athletes or runners running strides should be determined first. Running cadence is measured by strides per minute (spm). Running cadence, which can also be calculated as pace, is determined by using the watch with Global Positioning System (GPS) functioning such as Suunto Ambit 2s and Polar v800. Other device such as accelerometer can be used as well. The average running cadence is firstly determined based on the running intensity required and then subsequently matched with the music cadence (bpm).

The song for the music can be assessed for its synchronicity to the athlete’s or runner’s cadence using a music software such as Virtual DJ 8 which is the most frequently used software for research. The coach can either use the same tempo of music with athlete’s pace or slightly faster tempo to encourage the athlete to run as fast as the tempo to gain better performance. Music selection is depending on the desired training programme goals.

The process of synchronous music selection which can be used as the guideline for coaches:1. Rate motivational content of music using BMRI-3.2. Record runners’ running cadence (spm).3. Select motivational music tempo (bpm) that synchronise with runner’s running cadence (spm). a. music tempo of 120 bpm is synchronised with running stride of 120 spm. b. if the running stride of 200 spm is too fast where limited music is available for that tempo, use music tempo of

100 bpm as an alternative so that two strides of running is achieved within one beat.4. Use software such as Virtual DJ 8 to assess the synchronicity of the musicand gather all music as a playlist into one

folder.5. Play the music during training. a. Use a head or earphone if the runner is running outdoors. b. Use an amplifier or speaker if the runner is running on the treadmill (indoors)6. You can use the same rhythm of the music with the runners’ running cadence or you can slightly increase the tempo of

the song to improve running cadence.

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The aim of the synchronous music in running is to get the athletes to the desired performance where they can improve their performance with the help of the music as their pace guideline and enhancing the motivation of the athletes during training.

Selection of synchronous music with the elements of motivation provides helpful guidelines for coaches to add music as a training tool to systematically improve of athletes’ running economy and pace which are both significantly important components in successful running performance..

Pemilihan rentak musik yang mempunyai elemen-elemen motivasi serta serasi dengan langkah larian oleh atlet acara larian mampu membantu menyediakan garis panduan untuk jurulatih bagi menambahkan musik sebagai alat latihan supaya peningkatan prestasi secara sistematik boleh berlaku dalam rentak larian dan ekonomi larian yang merupakan dua komponen amat penting dalam prestasi larian.

The article is part of a study, which was supported by the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2014/SS02/USM/03/1).

1. Simpson, S. D., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2006). The effects of synchronous music on 400-m sprint performance. Journal of sports sciences, 24(10), 1095-1102.

2. Karageorghis, C. I., Mouzourides, D. A., Priest, D. L., Sasso, T. A., Morrish, D. J., & Walley, C. L. (2009). Psychophysical and ergogenic effects of synchronous music during treadmill walking. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 31(1), 18-36.

3. Karageorghis, C. I., Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (1999). Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise and sport: The Brunel Music Rating Inventory. Journal of sports sciences, 17(9), 713-724.

4. Yamasaki, A., Booker, A., Kapur, V., Tilt, A., Niess, H., Lillemoe, K. D., Warshaw, A. L. & Conrad, C. (2012). The impact of music on metabolism. Nutrition, 28(11–12), 1075-1080.

5. Juslin, P. N., & Västfjäll, D. (2008). Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying mechanisms. Behavioral and brain sciences, 31(05), 559-575.

6. Karageorghis, C., & Priest, D. L. (2008). Music in Sport and Exercise: An Update on Research and Application. Sport Journal, 11(3).

7. Repp, B. H. (2005). Sensorimotor synchronization: a review of the tapping literature. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 12(6), 969-992.

8. Clayton, M. (2012). What is entrainment? Definition and applications in musical research. Empirical Musicology Review, 7(1-2), 49-56.

9. Zatorre, R. J., Chen, J. L., & Penhune, V. B. (2007). When the brain plays music: auditory–motor interactions in music perception and production. Nature reviews neuroscience, 8(7), 547-558.

10. Terry, P. C., Karageorghis, C. I., Saha, A. M., & D’Auria, S. (2012). Effects of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(1), 52-57.

11. Karageorghis, C. I., Priest, D. L., Williams, L. S., Hirani, R. M., Lannon, K. M., & Bates, B. J. (2010). Ergogenic and psychological effects of synchronous music during circuit-type exercise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), 551-559.

12. Roerdink, M. (2008). Anchoring: moving from theory to therapy. Amsterdam: IFKB.13. Terry, P. C., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2006, September). Psychophysical effects of music in sport and exercise: An update

on theory, research and application. In joint conference of the Australian psychological society and the New Zealand psychological society (pp. 415-419).

14. Karageorghis, C. I., Priest, D. L., Terry, P. C., Chatzisarantis, N. L., & Lane, A. M. (2006). Redesign and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise: The Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2. Journal of sports sciences, 24(8), 899-909.

CONCLUSION


COACHES


COACHES

REFERENCES

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CEREBRAL PALSY AND SPORTS PERFORMANCE

NAGOOR MEERA B ABDULLAHFaculty of Sports Science and Recreation Universiti Teknologi Mara, Shah Alam Campus

Cerebral palsy (CP) describes a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to nonprogressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication, and behavior, by epilepsy, and by secondary musculoskeletal problems [1]. Usually internationally recognise as CP (palsy = synonym of paresis/plegia). There aren’t any forms of palsy. What are correct are changes of movement disorders which are based on infantile cerebral impairment!There are three main types of CP:

a. Ataxia (affected area: cerebellum) - influence coordination and speaking. People with these types of CP have difficulties to control their movement of the body.

b. Spasticity (affected area: motor cortex) - influence memory. Increase tone of the muscles referred to an unusual tightness, stiffness, or pull of muscles.

c. Dyskinesia (affected area: basal ganglia) - voluntary movement exceeds too fast/too slow or jerky motion.

CP has also been classified according to topographical distribution of the affected extremities:

a. Monoplegia - one limb is affected, usually an arm.b. Diplegia - two limbs are affected , usually arms.c. Triplegia - three limbs are affected, usually both legs and one arm.d. Hemiplegia - limbs on one side of the body are affected.e. Quadriplegia - four limbs and the trunk are affected. Neck and facial muscles

may also be involved.

CEREBRAL PALSY

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IMPORTANT THINGS ABOUT PERSON WITH CPThere are certain important things that we should know about persons with CP when we engage them into physical activity and sports.a. All CP disorders results from a lesion in the upper motor neuron within the brain, which regulates neuromuscular

function. The specific site of the lesion that determines the nature of the disorders.b. Because the central nervous system is affected before the child has matured physically, development in related areas

such as motor, speech, growth, and cognitive function during childhood may be impaired.c. CP disorders are noncontagious and nonprogressive. The extent of the affected lesion never worsens, and as the central

nervous system matures, the impairment will stabilise.d. There is no cure for CP, as the affected person has the condition for life.

SPORT CLASSIFICATION CLASSES FOR ATHLETES WITH CPSport participation for athletes with Cerebral palsy is according to CP-ISRA (cerebral Palsy-International Sports and recreation Association). Let’s look at a quick guide for classification.

Sport classification classes

Class 1

• power wheelchair user unable to functionally propel a wheelchair poor functional strength and range of movement in all extremities and trunk

Class 2

• poor functional strength in all extremities but able to propel a wheelchair • severe athetoid • rhythmical cycle is evident in swimming

Class 3

• wheelchair user in most instances• quadriplegic (tetraplegic) severe hemiplegic • able to propel a wheelchair independently • able to walk short distances with assistive devices or assistance • fair trunk control • limiting spasticity in shoulders, arms and fingers

Class 4

• wheelchair is usually the athlete’s choice for sport • moderate to severe involvement in both legs • upper limbs show normal functional strength and there is minimal limitation in range of movement • symmetrical arms with leg drag

Class 5

• ambulant athlete often able to run • diplegic, moderate involvement • symmetrical shoulder girdle function and unimpaired trunk rotation

Class 6

• ambulant athlete without assistive devices • athetosis in the most prevalent factor • all four limbs show functional involvement • class 6 athletes have more control problems

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Class 7

• ambulant athlete without assistive devices • the class for the hemiplegic athlete – arm and leg on the same side • good functional control on the dominant side • noticeable asymmetry of stroke function

Class 8

• ambulant athlete with minimal involvement • must have obvious impairment • minimal diplegic, minimal hemiplegic, minimal athetoid / ataxic athlete, monoplegic

EXERCISE IMPLICATIONS FOR PERSONS WITH CPBelow are some of the exercise implications towards person with CP and how we can deal with them during practice and coaching.

a. We must assess each person’s movement capabilities to individualised instruction carefully and appropriately. Even though neural functions are impaired, the muscle cells are normal and therefore they can adapt to training.

b. Take precautions to avoid causing abnormal movements/ routines that cause the person to experience excessive and early fatigue which will cause movement patterns to deteriorate and limit the duration of participation.

c. Use more work-rest interval to allow more resting time to delaying fatigue.

d. Avoid exercise in cold environment since muscle tone may increase with spasticity under these conditions. e. We should minimise actions such as sudden excitement, loss of balance and fast movements that can activate

abnormal movement patterns.f. Organise a prolonged warm up to 15minutes that relaxes and warms the muscles before vigorous exercise. Include

static stretches up to 50secs from large, slow, and rhythmical moves during the warm up session.g. Stretching regularly should be a routine part of fitness programs for person with spastic CP. Stretching can prevent

decreases in functional range of motion and the development of contractures (stiff joint). Holding static stretches, may be difficult for person with athetosis/ataxia. Always remember that full range of motion is impossible for them. But you can encourage them to perform functional range of motion during exercise.

h. Maintaining strength and endurance are very important for them. An effective resistance training program may improve function because spastic muscle, are not necessarily strong, in fact extensor muscles that opposite spastic flexors are weak.

i. It is recommended that monitor immediate and post exercise response to resistance training to ensure that the program is not causing a decline in function.

j. Strength on each side of the body may be different to a large extent and someone with CP may have difficulty coordinating bilateral movements, exercising each side of the body separately will give good results. If bilateral movements are not a problem, symmetrical actions can be successful.

k. Consider the persons impaired balance and coordination, limited joint range of motion, and tend to get fatigue very quickly when designing aerobic exercise program.

l. Persons with CP should also avoid continuous flexion of spastic muscles due to the potential for increasing spasticity following the workout.

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SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR CONDUCTING PHYSICAL FITNESS TESTS WITH ATHLETES WITH CPThere are certain precautions need to be addressed here when conducting fitness test for athletes with CP.

a. Prior selecting fitness test procedures, the severity of the athlete’s disability must be considered [2].

b. Involuntary movements, lack of muscle tone and tension are likely to affect energy consumptions and test result [3].

c. Mechanical efficiency is likely to be seen and will usually vary in accordance with the severity of motor dysfunction from one individual to another.

d. Comparison of performance scores between persons with CP and their able-bodied peers for test items which involve any form of motor function should be deal accordingly [4].

e. For persons with severe dysfunction individualised test procedures may need to be developed for those fitness test items which involve motor function [5].

f. For persons with moderate or severe dysfunction, test results on items which involve motor function should be used for formative evaluation (example individual comparison) in order to see changes.

There are principles and precautions that need to be highlighted when dealing with athletes with CP. Sport participation and intensive training has also been shown, similarly, to benefit individuals with neuromuscular impairment of cerebral origin. Sport for athletes with disabilities has moved away from a medical rehabilitation model and towards a competitive sports model. The relationship between sport and rehabilitation, however, continues to have relevance. Sport and physical activity can help in addressing some of the health and wellness needs of children and adults with disabilities. Sports can, and often do, provide appropriate physical interventions which reduce the incidence of medical complications and the onset of secondary disability, promote social integration, and enhance the quality of life of people with disabilities.

Coaches are advised to identify and recognise the types of CP and also their medical considerations. Understand this information would benefit the coaches so that the athletes don’t get tired easily and injured during training and competition. Adequate fluid replacement is recommended since they tend to get fatigue easily and don’t also forget longer resting time during training for them.

Jurulatih adalah dinasihatkan agar mengenalpasti dan memahami jenis CP dan juga langkah-langkah keselamatan untuk mereka. Memahami maklumat-maklumat ini memberikan kelebihan dan faedah kepada jurulatih agar atlet mereka tidak cepat mengalami keletihan dan kecederaan semasa latihan dan pertandingan. Disyorkan minum air secara berkala oleh kerena mereka mengalami kelesuan cepat dan jangan lupa memberikan masa rehat yang lama semasa latihan.

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES


COACHES


JURULATIH

1. Jorgic, B, Dimitrijevic, L., Lambeck ,J., Aleksandrovic, M.,Okicic, T. and Madic, D.Effetcs of Aquatic Programs in Children Aand Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy: Systematic Review. Sport Science 5 (2012) 2: 49-56.

2. Lockwood, R., Adler, P. & Lawrence, S.(1987). In Lockwood, R. (Ed). Physical Education and Disability. Parkside, South Australia: Australian Council of health, Physical Education and Recreation.

3. Shepard, R.J. (1990). Fitness in Special Population. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.4. Winnick, J.P. & Short, F.X. (1985). Physical Fitness testing of the Disabled: Project

UNIQUE. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.5. Woodman, L., Cameron, D. & Schembri, G. (Eds.). (1990). Beginning Coaching: level 1

Coach’s manual, Canberra. ACT. Australian Coaching Council.

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IN OUR WEBSITE COACHING ACADEMY BULLETIN

https://kualalumpur2017.com.my

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COACHING JOURNAL IS PUBLISHED TWICE A YEAR BY THE NATIONAL COACHING ACADEMY, NATIONAL SPORTS INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA. WE WOULD LIKE TO INVITE YOU TO CONTRIBUTE YOUR ARTICLE FOR PUBLICATION IN COACHING JOURNAL. WE INVITE SUBMISSIONS FROM SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS, ACADEMICIANS, SPORTS ADMINITRATORS AS WELL AS COACHES ON TOPICS RANGING FROM ACADEMIC TO FIELD APPLIED AREAS OF INTEREST. IT CAN BE AN ORIGINAL RESEARCH, TECHNICAL COMMENTARY, KNOWLEDGE BASE UPDATE OR EVEN ASSOCIATION REPORT; AS LONG AS IT IS RELATED TO COACHING MATTERS – IT WILL BE CONSIDERED.

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All articles submitted must be in English. It should be straight forward and easy to understand. The methods and statistic section need not to be too detailed. It is alright to use previous published work with the relevant permissions acquired. More importantly, instead of a general conclusion please add a section “Practical Application for Coaches”. In this section, explain how coaches can utilize the content of your article in their everyday work. We also recommend that you highlight the important lines/ paragraphs in your article. As with any printed work, please cite the relevant sources should the article include any external content/ picture/ table/ figures.

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ecember 2017 COACHING - coachingacademy.isn.gov.mycoachingacademy.isn.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/NWSLTTER-1st... · ocn ornl 7 NATIONAL COACHING ACADEMY The aim of this study