East African Coastal Historical Towns. Natural Environment and Society

7/23/2019 East African Coastal Historical Towns. Natural Environment and Society

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Gmpyrcbkt >501 I`gmn Dco`rym Gmlsuft`lgy. abcstarah cl Wwahal ny Nmf`bsvardat. @ff cbkts asarvah

A@WX @J^CG@L GM@WX@F KCWXM^CG@F XMRLWL`tur`f Alvcrmloalt `lh Wmgcaty

I`gmn F. Dco`rym

@ Waocl`r U`parUrasaltah tm tka Qrn`l Omrpkmfmby âsa`rgk Brmup, Qlcvarscty mjNcroclbkò, Qlctah Dclbhmo, I`lu`ry >1, >55;

@nstr`gtXkcs p`par prasalts p`rt mj tka jclhclbs mj ` stuhy tk`t gmlgarls tka sp`tc`f jmros `lh oa`lclbs mj A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`fkcstmrcg`f tmwls wctk smoa jcva kcstmrcg`f tmwls `s axòpfas. Ct hasgrcnas `lh hcsgussas tka fmg`f alvcrmloalt tkrmubk wkcgktka kcstmrcg`f tmwls avmfvah. Xka jmgus mj tka p`par cs ml tralhs wctkcl tka fmg`f alvcrmloalt mvar tcoa. Xka purpmsa cs tm

prmvcha hat`cf cljmro`tcml `nmut tka rafav`lt `spagts mj tka fmg f alvcrmloalt tk`t wmufh prmvcha ` n`scs jmr vcsu`fcsclb tkasmgcat`f sp`tc`f bm`fs kalga tka oa`lclbs aonahhah cl tka sp`tc`f jmros mj tka tmwls. Cl tkcs stuhy, fmg`f alvcrmloalts `ragmlgacvah `s gmlstctutclb smgcaty `lh cts cooahc`ta l`tur`f alvcrmloalt. Xka twm `spagts `ra jurtkar nrmdal hmwl cltm hat`cfv`rc`nfas tk`t `ra aopcrcg`ffy axpfmr`tmry `lh rafav`lt tm purpmsa mj tka stuhy. Cl tkcs w`y, smgcaty cs nrmdal cltm pmpuf`tcmlstrugtura, pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcml, v`fuas, smgc`f gf`ss, fcja styfa, agmlmocg gmlhctcmls `lh tagklmfmbcg`f gmlhctcmls. L`tur`falvcrmloalt cs nrmdal hmwl cltm tmpmbr`pky, gfco`ta, vabat`tcml, w`tar rasmurgas, alarby rasmurgas `lh smcfs. Cl tkcs p`par,tka fmg`f alvcrmloalts mj tka jcva kcstmrcg`f tmwls `ra hasgrcnah `lh hcsgussah cl taros mj tka `nmva hat`cf v`rc`nfas mjsmgcaty `lh l`tur`f alvcrmloalt. Xka p`par cs n`sah ml ragmlstrugtcml mj tka v`rc`nfas n`sah ml cljmro`tcml harcvah jrmoatklmbr`pkcg ravcaw, cltarvcaw, hcragt mnsarv`tcml `s waff `s ravcaw mj o`ps `lh hr`wclbs.Xka p`par ycafhs òpfacljmro`tcml `nmut tka ja`turas `lh hylòcgs mj tka fmg`f alvcrmloalt mj A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls. Cl ` f`tar st`bamj tka stuhy, tkcs cljmro`tcml cs gmop`rah wctk tka ja`turas mj tka urn`l sp`tc`f jmros mj tka kcstmrcg`f tmwls tm axpf`cl wkytka ja`turas wara balar`tah cl `l `ttaopt tm ulvacf tka oa`lclbs mj tka jmros. Xka p`par `fsm skahs smoa fcbkt ml smoacopmrt`lt cssuas part`clclb tm tka fmg`f alvcrmloalt mj A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls.

Daywmrhs9A`st @jrcg`, kcstmrcg`f tmwls, fmg`f alvcrmloalt, urn`l sp`tc`f jmro, smgcat f sp`tc`f bm`fs, fcjastyfa, v`fuas,smgc`f gf`ss

CltrmhugtcmlFmg`f alvcrmloalt `s smgcaty `lh cts cooahc`ta l`tur`f alvcrmloalt, cltar`gt wctk urn`lsp`tc`f jmro tkrmubk smgcat`f sp`tc`f bm`fs (Dco`rym, 0333). Xka f`ttar clgfuha, òmlb mtkars,

laahs jmr gmlvalcalga cl taros mj `v`cf`ncfcty mj, a.b. utcfcty sarvcgas `lh j`gcfctcas4 `lhpkyscg`f `ggasscncfcty tm sarvcgas, pampfa, cljmro`tcml, mtkar pf`gas, atg. Xkay `fsm clgfuhalaahs jmr ajjcgcalgy cl taros mj fat s`y usa mj agmlmocg `lh l`tur`f rasmurgas, tagklcg`fhur`ncfcty `lh parjmro`lga mj sp`tc`f strugturas, qu`fcty `lh hafcvary mj utcfcty sarvcgas, atg4 `swaff `s laahs jmr s`jaty jrmo vakcguf`r tr`jjcg, grcoa, pmffutcml, axtarl`f alaocas, atg.Jurtkaromra, tkay clgfuha laahs jmr kuo`l ncmfmbcg`f waff-naclb wkcgk gmlgarl o`clfykuo`l pkyscmfmbcg`f `lh ka`ftk o`ttars `lh alt`cf laahs jmr, a.b. jmmh, tkaro`f gmojmrt, gfa`l`cr, sulfcbkt, w`tar, atg. Mtkar laahs clgfuha tkmsa jmr aqucty, prcv`gy, chaltcty, hcvarscty,cltabr`tcml `lh naùty (Fylgk, 03;04 F`lb, 03;2).

Wmgcat`f sp`tc`f bm`fs `ra `ttrcnutas mj tka hat`cf `spagts mj fmg`f alvcrmloalt mr omrapragcsafy tka spagts mj smgcaty `lh l`tur`f alvcrmloalt. Xka `spagts clgfuha pmpuf tcml

Hr I`gmn Dco`rym cs `l Qrn`l Uf`llclb Gmlsuft`lt n`sah cl Wtmgdkmfo, Wwahal. A-o`cf9 dco`rymgmlsuftEbo`cf.gmo

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strugtura, fcja styfa, v`fuas, smgc`f gf`ss, agmlmocg gmlhctcmls, pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcmls,tagklmfmbcg`f gmlhctcmls, gfco`ta, vabat`tcml, bamfmbcg`f gk`r`gtarcstcgs, tmpmbr`pky, atg (saaOcgkafsml, 032:4 Dco`rym, 0333). Fcja styfa, v`fuas `lh smgc`f gf`ss wmufh jmr clst`lga na`rml laahs jmr chaltcty, hcvarscty `lh prcv`gy. Rkcfa typas `lh favafs mj tagklmfmby, wmufhcljfualga laahs jmr tr`jjcg s`jaty `lh aval ajjcgcalgy. Laahs jmr ajjcgcalgy, wmufh `fsm na

cljfualgah ny gfco`ta, bamfmbcg`f ja`turas, vabat`tcml `lh favaf mj agmlmocg havafmpoalt.Kmstcfa axtarl`f raf`tcmls wmufh cljfualga laahs jmr s`jaty jrmo axtarl`f alaocas (saaOuojmrh, 03:0), atg.

Wmgcat`f sp`tc`f bm`fs `ra tkarajmra hcragtfy raf`tah tm wcskah mr hascrah urn`ljulgtcmls jrmo usars. Qrn`l julgtcmls gmufh na agmlmocg, smgc`f, tagklcg`f, àstkatcg,syonmfcg, pmfctcg`f, ncmfmbcg`f mr alvcrmloalt`f. Xkay `ra urn`l purpmsas mr rmfas (saaDmrmsag Warj`ty, 03;54 F`lb, 03;2, 0338). Cl tkcs gmltaxt, smgcat`f sp`tc`f bm`fs rajfagt tka

purpmsas mr rmfas tk`t urn`l sp`tc`f jmros skmufh jufjcf `s axpagtah ny tkmsa nakclh tkacrbalar`tcml kalga tka oa`lclbs mj urn`l sp`tc`f jmros.

Cl strcgt taros, smgcat`f sp`tc`f bm`fs gmufh na saal `s grctarc` ml wkcgk tka hascbl `lhgmlstrugtcml mj nucft alvcrmloalts `ra n`sah. Ct cs cl tka gmursa mj smgcatcas tkrcvclb tm

tr`lsf`ta tkacr sp`tc`f bm`fs cltm pkyscg`f ra`fcty tkrmubk pf`l/hascbl o`dclb `lhcopfaoalt`tcml tk`t hcjjaralt typas mj urn`l sp`tc`f jmros aoarba. Cl tkcs w`y, rasuft`lt urn`l

sp`tc`f jmros nagmoa sp`tc`fcs`tcml mj tka bm`fs0. Ct cs tkrmubk tkcs sp`tc`fcs`tcml mj smgcat`fsp`tc`f bm`fs tk`t urn`l sp`tc`f jmros b`cl tkacr oa`lclbs>.

Jmr axòpfa sp`tc`fcs`tcml mj laahs jmr s`jaty jrmo vakcguf`r tr`jjcg wmufh o`lcjast cltka l`tura `lh p`ttarls mj gcrguf`tcml gk`llafs, wkcfa sp`tc`fcs`tcml mj ajjcgcalgy laahs wmufho`lcjast cl typas `lh st`lh`rhs mj urn`l sp`tc`f strugturas. Laahs jmr hcvarscty, aqucty, `lhcltabr`tcml wmufh o`lcjast cl br`cls mj nucft up `ra`s. Laahs jmr s`jaty jrmo axtarl`f alaocaso`y cljfualga fmg`tcml gkmcgas `s waff `s typas mj urn`l smfchs. Xypas mj urn`l smfchs `lhaval urn`l vmchs o`y `fsm na cljfualgah ny laahs jmr chaltcty `lh kuo`l tkaro`f gmojmrt.

Halscty wmufh na cljfualgah ny prcv`gy `lh aval aqucty laahs, `lh sm ml.Jrmo tka jmrabmclb, cj tka hat`cf `spagts mj fmg`f alvcrmloalt `lh urn`l sp`tc`f jmromj ` nucft alvcrmloalt `ra `haqu`tafy ulharstmmh, tkal, ct wmufh na pmsscnfa tm ulvacf tkasmgcat`f sp`tc`f bm`fs kalga tka oa`lclbs aonahhah cl tka sp`tc`f jmro mj tk`t nucftalvcrmloalt.

Xkcs p`par prasalts p`rt mj tka jclhclbs mj ` stuhy tk`t gmlgarls tka sp`tc`f jmros `lhoa`lclbs mj A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls wctk smoa jcva kcstmrcg`f tmwls `saxòpfas. Xka p`par hasgrcnas `lh hcsgussas tka fmg`f alvcrmloalt tkrmubk wkcgk tkakcstmrcg`f tmwls avmfvah. Xka jmgus mj tka p`par cs ml tralhs wctkcl tka fmg`f alvcrmloaltmvar tcoa. Xka purpmsa cs tm prmvcha hat`cf cljmro`tcml `nmut tka rafav`lt `spagts mj tka fmg`falvcrmloalt tk`t wmufh prmvcha ` n`scs jmr vcsu`fcsclb `t ` f`tar st`ba mj tka stuhy tka smgcat`f

sp`tc`f bm`fs kalga tka oa`lclbs aonahhah cl tka sp`tc`f jmros mj tka tmwls.Xka jcva kcstmrcg`f tmwls `ra Dcfw` Dcscw`lc, Wmlbm Ol`r`, Y`lzcn`r, Omon`s`, `lhFòu. Rctk mrcbcls h`tclb `s j`r n`gd `s tka 3tkgaltury, tka tmwls `ra òmlb tka a`rfcastdlmwl urn`l sattfaoalts cl A`st @jrcg`. Dcfw` Dcscw`lc, Wmlbm Ol`r`, `lh Y`lzcn`r `rafmg`tah cl X`lz`lc` wkcfa Omon`s` `lh Fòu `ra fmg`tah cl Daly`. Xwm mj tka tmwls, Dcfw`Dcscw`lc `lh Wmlbm Ol`r` `ra ruclah tmwls.

Cl tkcs p`par, tka fmg`f alvcrmloalt mj tka gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls cs hasgrcnah `lhhcsgussah cl taros mj smoa aopcrcg`ffy axpfmr`tmry `lh rafav`lt `spagts mj smgcaty `lh l`tur`falvcrmloalt. Xka spagts clgfuha pmpuf`tcml strugtura, pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcml, v`fuas, smgc`fgf`ss, fcja styfa, agmlmocg gmlhctcmls, tagklmfmbcg`f gmlhctcmls, tmpmbr`pky, gfco`ta,

0Wp`tc`fcs`tcml mj bm`fs cs usah kara tm oa`l tr`lsf`tcml mj bm`fs cltm pkyscg`f jmros>Jmr omra `nmut tka gmlgapt mj oa`lclb, gmlsuft ^`pmpmrt (03;>, 0335), Nmncg (0335) `lh Dco`rym (0333)

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vabat`tcml, w`tar rasmurgas, alarby rasmurgas `lh smcfs. Xka p`par cs n`sah ml ragmlstrugtcmlmj tka v`rc`nfas usclb cljmro`tcml harcvah jrmo atklmbr`pkcg ravcaw, cltarvcaw, hcragtmnsarv`tcml `s waff `s ravcaw mj o`ps `lh hr`wclbs. Ct cs gmljclah o`clfy tm tka parcmhsp`llclb jrmo `nmut tka 00tkgaltury tm tka nabcllclb mj tka >5tkgaltury. Kmwavar, cl smoa

p`rts, ct k`s naal lagass`ry tm axpfmra `s j`r n`gd `s tka jcrst ocffallcuo. Xka p`par nabcls

wctk tka `spagts mj l`tur`f alvcrmloalt.

Xmpmbr`pkcg Gk`r`gtarcstcgsXka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st gmoprcsas omstfy mj f`lh fyclb nafmw >55 o `nmva sa` favaf wctk mlfy` k`lhjuf mj kcffs `lh pf`taùx, a.b. Wkcon` Kcffs (855 o), Uubu Kcffs (755 o) `lh ^mlhmUf`taù. Xka fcttmr`f cs pulgtu`tah wctk savar`f rcvars, tka f`rbast mj wkcgk `ra9 X`l` `lhB`f`l` rcvars cl Daly` `lh U`lb`lc, Ròc, ûvu, ûjcic `lh ûvuo` rcvars cl X`lz`lc`. Xkarcvars `ra lml-l`vcb`nfa `lh hua tm ulrafc`nfa r`clj`ff k`va hr`stcg jfugtu`tcmls mj w`tarfavafs. Xkcs l`tura mj tka rcvars cs saal tm k`va gmlstr`clah axtalscml mj a`rfy gm`st`furn`lcs`tcml tm tka kcltarf`lh (saa H`tmm, 0321). Rctk tka axgaptcml mj H`r as W`f`òUalclsuf` `lh jaw graads ao`l`tclb jrmo wchalclb mj smoa rcvars, tka fcttmr`f cs omra mr fass

str`cbkt. Xka gm`st cs `fsm gk`r`gtarcsah wctk gmr`f raajs p`rtcguf`rfy ml tka luoarmus mjjskmracsf`lhs clgfuhclb tka jcva kcstmrcg`f tmwls. Gmr`f raajs prmvcha alvcrmloalt tk`t cs gmlhugcvajmr o`rcla fcja kalga jcskclb. Xkay `fsm prmvcha ` rcgk smurga jmr nucfhclb o`tarc`fs. Omrahcsgusscml `nmut tka copmrt`lga mj gmr`f raajs tm tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st `lh aspagc`ffy tka jcvakcstmrcg`f tmwls wmufh na hcsgussah cl f`tar p`rts mj tkcs p`par.

Wa`-Favaf Gk`lbas lh Wkmra Wahcoalt`tcml

Xkara k`s naal smoa hcsgusscml wctkcl tka jcafh mj bampkyscg`f sgcalga tk`t subbastsuggassjuf skcjtclb mj tka fcttmr`f tmw`rhs tka sa` kalga hagra`sclb sa`-favafs ml tka A`st@jrcg`l gm`st `t fa`st ml smoa p`rts mvar tcoa. Hagra`sclb sa` favafs gmufh k`va naclb

jmffmwah ny ouskrmmoclb mj tarrastrc`f vabat`tcml ml mlga w`tar-gmvarah na`gkas. Cl`hhctcml tm sa` favaf gk`lbas, skmra sahcoalt`tcml gmufh k`va t`dal pf`ga `fmlb tka A`st@jrcg`l gm`st p`rtcguf`rfy cl `ra`s `rmulh `lh gfmsa tm astu`rcas. Wkmra sahcoalt`tcml gmufhk`va rahugah sa` haptks `lh cljfualgah o`sscva mutbrmwtk mj o`lbrmva traas `lh mtkaro`rcla vabat`tcml fmlb skmras.

Gfco`taXka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st k`s ` trmpcg`f gm`st`f gfco`ta. Ct k`s ` oa`l taopar`tura mj `nmut >:Gwctk oclco`f hcurl`f r`lba (Gkòc, 03384 Dco`rym, 033:). Kuochcty cs kcbk, r`lbclb jrmo3:% cl tka omrlclb `lh :2% cl tka `jtarlmml cl smoa p`rts (saa Dco`rym, 033:). ^`clj`ffv`rcas `fmlb tka gm`st wctk O`rgk, @prcf `lh O`y naclb tka wattast omltks. Mj tka jcva

kcstmrcg`f tmwls, Y`lzcn`r ragacvas tka kcbkast `llu`f r`clj`ff mj mvar 15 clgkas. Omon`s`ragacvas `llu`f r`clj`ff mj natwaal 75 15 clgkas wctk Fòu, Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh WmlbmOl`r` ragacvclb tka fmwast `llu`f r`clj`ff mj natwaal >5 75 clgkas.

Omlsmml Rclhs

Omlsmml wclhs `ra vary copmrt`lt gfco`tcg ja`tura tm tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st. Xkay k`va `traoalhmus cljfualga ml r`clj`ff p`ttarls `lh stmroy wa`tkar `fmlb tka gm`st. Xka wclhs nfmwjrmo lmrtk-a`st `lh smutk-wast. Xka lmrtk-a`st omlsmml mggurs jrmo Lmvaonar tm Janru`ry,wctk tka smutk-wast omlsmml mggurrclb jrmo O`y tm @ubust. Ml tka mla k`lh, tka lmrtk-a`stwclhs `ra j`crfy g`fo, nfmwclb sta`hcfy cl f`tctuhas gfmsa tm `lh lmrtk mj tka aqu`tmr najmra

nagmoclb ulrafc`nfa `s tkay prmgaah jurtkar smutk (saa Kmrtml, 033:). Ml tka mtkar k`lh, tka

smutk-wast wclhs `ra vary strmlb `lh usu`ffy `ggmop`lcah ny stmros. Nmtk omlsmmls nrclb

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wctk tkao pragcpct`tcml tm tka gm`st `fnact tm hcjjaralt axtalts kalga gùsclb twm r`cly sa`smlstm tka `ra`.

Cl `hhctcmls tm tkacr gfco`tcg ajjagts, omlsmml wclhs `ra dlmwl tm k`va k`hgmlschar`nfa gmooargc`f scblcjcg`lga tm tka gm`st. Xka wclhs wara axpfmctah ny o`rctcoatr`hars tm pusk jmrw`rh tkacr vassafs tm `lh jrmo tka Ochhfa A`st `lh mtkar p`rts mj @sc` (saa

H`tmm, 03214 Gkòc, 03;84 Kmrtml, 03;8, 033:4 atg.). Wmutknmulh trcps wara j`gcfct`tah nytka sta`hy nfmwclb lmrtk-a`st omlsmml. Hua tkacr f`tctuhcl`f pmsctcml, tka lmrtkarl gm`stp`rtcguf`rfy Fòu rgkcpaf`bm cs nafcavah tm k`va prmvchah tka nast pmclts jmr tr`hars jrmo tkaOchhfa A`st `lh afsawkara, tm alh tkacr vmy`ba `lh o`da tr`ls`gtcmls wkcfa w`ctclb jmr tkasmutk-wast omlsmml jmr tka raturl trcp (saa Kmrtml, 033:).

Wmcfs `lh Zabat`tcmlXka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st gmlscsts o`clfy mj s`lhy smcfs wctk gmr`f r`b ml tka fcttmr`fahba/jmraskmra `lh mjjskmra csf`lhs. H`rd rah `lh rah fmòy s`lhs `ra `fsm jmulh cl smoa

p`rts clgfuhclb wastarl p`rt mj Y`lzcn r Csf`lh.Xka gm`st`f smcfs suppmrt tka Y`lzcn`r-Clkòn`la jfmr`f oms`cg, wkcgk hajclas tka

A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f vabat`tcml. Xka gm`st`f vabat`tcml gmufh na g`tabmrcsah cltm tkraa o`cltypas9 o`lbrmva jmrasts, br`ssf`lh lh wmmhah br`ssf`lh, lh wmmhf`lh/nuskf`lh.

O`lbrmva jmrasts mggur ml f`bmmls, rcvar astu`rcas, graads `lh scftah p`rts mj tkafcttmr`f `lh mjjskmra csf`lhs. Xkay prmvcha ` smurga mj tarocta rascst`lt k`rh wmmh, `lhsuppmrt o`rcla fcja jmr, a.b. skaffjcsk, gr`ns, atg. O`lbrmva jmrasts gk`r`gtarcsa tka vcgclctcasmj Dcfw` Dcscw`lc, Wmlbm Ol`r`, `lh Fòu.

Gm`st`f br`ssf`lh `lh wmmhah br`ssf`lh `ra typcg`f gm`st`f vabat`tcml ml nmtk tkao`clf`lh `lh csf`lhs (saa Rkcta, 03;74 Gkòc, 0338). Xkay `ra raol`lts mj `lgcalt jmrasts.Xka f`tar k`va naal omhcjcah br`hu`ffy tkrmubk `brcguftur`f `lh gmooargc`f `gtcvctcas (cnch).Xkay `ra typcg`f cl tka wattast p`rts mj tka gm`st ml tka o`clf`lh `lh `ff csf`lhs. Xkay

gk`r`gtarcsa tka f`rbast p`rt mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st clgfuhclb Fòu, Omon`s` `lhY`lzcn`r. Cl raf`tcml tm tkasa tkraa kcstmrcg`f tmwls, vary fcttfa cs dlmwl `nmut kmw tkavabat`tcml fmmdah fcda mvar tkacr hcjjaralt kcstmrcg`f parcmhs. Kmwavar, `s ct cs dlmwl tk`t`brcguftur`f sattfaoalts axcstah `fmlb tka gm`st `s a`rfy `s tka jcrst ocffallcuo (Gkòc, 033;),ct gmufh na s`ch tk`t omhcjcg`tcml mj `lgcalt jmrasts kalga gk`lbas cl tka vabat`tcml pragahahtka kcstmrcg`f tmwls. Z`rc`tcmls cl tka vabat`tcml mvar tcoa k`va tkarajmra naal omra mr fass cltaros mj cts jmrast gmltalt. @s ct cs fcdafy tk`t `brcguftura `lh mtkar `gtcvctcas `fmlb tka gm`stcltalscjcah br`hu`ffy hua tm pmpuf`tcml clgra`sa `lh mtkar smgcat`f gk`lbas, tka jmrast gmltaltgmufh mlfy k`va hagra`sah mvar tcoa. Gm`st`f br`ssf`lh `lh wmmhah br`ssf`lh `ra ` oms`cg mjguftcv`tah f`lh, j`ffmw, sagmlh`ry tkcgdats `lh smoa traas jrmo mrcbcl`f jmrasts (Rkcta, 03;7).

Rmmhf`lh/nuskf`lh cs jmulh `fmlb tka galtr`f `lh smutkarl p`rts mj tka A`st @jrcg`l

gm`st `lh `ppfcg`nfa mlfy tm Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh Wmlbm Ol`r`.

R`tar `lh Alarby âsmurgasCl `ff tka jcva kcstmrcg`f tmwls fcda mtkar sattfaoalts `fmlb tka gm`st, brmulh w`tar w`s tkao`cl w`tar smurga, wctk s`lh hulas `s tka o`cl gmffagtcml `ra`s mj r`clj`ff. Brmulh w`tar w`saxtr`gtah tkrmubk hcbbclb mj waffs. @s rab`rhs alarby rasmurgas, `rgkàmfmbcg`f jclhclbsclhcg`ta gk`rgm`f `lh wmmh tm k`va naal usah `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st `s a`rfy `s tka jcrstocffallcuo. Gk`rgm`f `lh wmmh saao tm k`va naal tka o`cl alarby smurgas jmr kmusakmfhlaahs, fcoa prmhugtcml tkrmubk nurlclb mj gmr`f r`b, `lh park`ps crml soaftclb. R`x gmufhk`va `fsm naal usah jmr kmusa fcbktlclb. @ftkmubk tkara `ra `nulh`lt l`tur`f b`s rasarvaswctkcl tka vcgclcty mj Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh Wmlbm Ol`r`, tkara cs lm avchalga mj usa mj b`s cl

tka twm kcstmrcg`f tmwls.

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Umpuf`tcml WtrugturaBalar`ffy, tka clk`nct`lts mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls k`va naal rajarrah tm `stka Ww`kcfc (Wd, 03254 Wuttml, 033>4 @ffal, 03374 O`zruc, 03;:4 J`ba, 03314 Kmrtml, 033:4^moarm, 03324 Gkòc, 033;4 atg.). Kmwavar, wk`t gmlstctutas tkcs pmpuf`tcml brmup cl tarosmj atklcg gmopmsctcml cl hcjjaralt kcstmrcg`f apmgks mj tka A`st @jrcg`l kcstmrcg`f tmwls k`s sm

j`r naal ` o`ttar mj sarcmus han`ta sclga tka nabcllclb mj tka twaltcatk galtury. Mut mj tkcshan`ta, twm parspagtcvas `nmut tka chaltcty mj kcstmrcg Ww`kcfc k`va aoarbah. Xm na `nfa tmulharst`lh tka pmpuf`tcml strugtura mj tka jcva kcstmrcg`f tmwls tkarajmra, ` grctcg`f ravcaw mjtka twm parspagtcvas cs copar`tcva.

Ww`kcfc s Urahmocl`ltfy @sc`tcg

Ny tka jcrst parspagtcva, kcstmrcg Ww`kcfc `ra gmlgacvah `s naal assaltc`ffy @sc`tcg. Urmpmlaltsmj tkcs vcaw, a.b. Gmupf`lh (031:), Kmffclbswmrtk (0310), Dcgdo`l (03:7, 0328), Gkcttcgd(03:1, 03;8), atg., saa tka kcstmrcg Ww`kcfc `s gmlscstclb mj pampfa mj @r`ncg `lh Uarsc`lmrcbcl `lh jrmo cltaro`rrc`bas natwaal tka @sc`ls `lh @jrcg`l wmoal.

Gmupf`lh (031:) pmrtr`yah tka wkmfa mj kcstmrcg A`st @jrcg`l gm`st `s ` gmfmly mj

coocbr`lts jrmo tka Ochhfa A`st. Gmupf`lh jurtkar mnsarvah tk`t, clhcbalmus clk`nct`lts mjtka rabcml wara rafab`tah tm tka rmfas mj wcvas `lh sf`vas jmr tka coocbr`lts. A`rfcar,Kmffclbswmrtk (0310) k`h `ffabah `l axcstalga mj ` Uarsc`l mr @r`n-Uarsc`l Aopcra g`ffahYali Aopcra `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st najmra tka 01tkgaltury. @ggmrhclbfy, ka `rbuah tk`tgcvcfcz`tcml tk`t tmmd pf`ga cl tka rabcml hurclb tk`t tcoa w`s clkaralt cl tka @sc`l sattfars.Gmupf`lh `lh Kmffclbswmrtk mnsarv`tcmls wara n`sah purafy ml kcstmrcg`f `lh guftur`fl`rr`tcvas lh ssuoptcmls.

Xka @sc`tcg parspagtcva w`s suppmrtah jurtkar ny Dcrdo`l (03:7, 03:8), `lh Gkcttcgd(03:1, 03;8). Dcrdo`l (03:7) cl gmrraf`tclb pkyscg`f avchalga jrmo kcs `rgkàmfmbcg`faxg`v`tcmls cl Bahc `lh mtkar sctas mj kcstmrcg`f tmwls `fmlb tka Daly`l gm`st wctk guftur`f

`lh kcstmrcg`f l`rr`tcvas gmlgfuhah tk`t tka sctas wara @r`ncg gmfmlc`f sattfaoalts. @ ya`rf`tar, Iòas Dcrdo`l cl kcsOal `lh Omluoalts ml tka A`st @jrcg`l Gm`st, ractar`tah tka@sc`tcg vcaw `s tkus9

Xka kcstmrcg`f omluoalts mj A`st @jrcg` nafmlb, lmt tm tka @jrcg`ls nut tm @r`ns `lh @r`ncsah Uarsc`ls, ocxah clnfmmh wctk tka @jrcg`l nut cl guftura uttarfy `p`rt jrmo tka @jrcg`ls wkm surrmulh tkao. (Dcrdo`l, 03:8)

@ scocf`r kcstmrcg`f cltarprat`tcml w`s subbastah ny Lavcffa Gkcttcgd cl kcs `rgkàmfmbcg`fwmrds cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc (Gkcttcgd, 03:1, 0328) `lh O`lh` cl tka Fòu `rgkcpaf`bm(Gkcttcgd, 03;8).

Cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc, Gkcttcgd copfcah @sc`tcg gmllagtcml mj tka tmwls clk`nct`lts jrmotka lòas mj ` luonar mj Dcfw` rufars albr`vah ml axg`v`tah fmg`ffy ocltah gmcls. Ml tka

n`scs mj hyl stcg kcstmry, ka gf`coah tk`t tka rufars wara jrmo ` Uarsc`l gcty g`ffah Wkcr`z. XmGkcttcgd, Dcfw` Dcscw`lc w`s ` Uarsc`l gmfmlc`f sattfaoalt. Ka `rbuah tk`t tka Uarsc`ls k`h `

parcmh mj sattfaoalt cl smutkarl Wmo fc` najmra tkay f`lhah cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc (Kmrtml,033:). Ct cs copmrt`lt tm lmta kara tk`t jmr smoa uldlmwl ra`smls, Gkcttcgd cl kcs f`tar twmvmfuoas wmrd ml Dcfw` (Gkcttcgd, 0328) `vmchah `ssmgc`tcml mj tka tmwls pmpuf`tcml wctkUarsc`ls. Clsta`h ka `hv`lgah tka tmwls pmpuf`tcml `s `l ò`fbò`tcml mj @r`ns `lh@jrcg`ls ny wkcgk `fnact tka f`ttar gmlstctutah tka bra`tar p`rt mj tka ò`fbò, tkay warakmwavar `nsmrnah cltm tka smgcaty `s wcvas, sf`vas mr mtkarwcsa (cnch9 >81). Cl O`lh`,Gkcttcgd ravcvah kcs mfh cha` mj gmfmlcsars jrmo Wkcr`z cl Uarsc`. Xk`t ka hch ml tka n`scs mjo`clfy axg`v`tah copmrtah pmttary. Ka omhcjcah tka cha` ` fcttfa nct ny `rbuclb tk`t, tka clctc`f

pmclt mj sattfaoalt mj tka Wkcr`z Uarsc`ls w`s lmt smutkarl Wmo`fc` `s a`rfcar gmltalhah nuttka Fòu `rgkcpaf`bm (Gkcttcgd, 03;84 Kmrtml, 033:).

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Gkcttcgds pmsctcml `lh park`ps tk`t mj Kmffclbswmrtk ml tka mrcbcl mj kcstmrcg Ww`kcfcgmufh k`va naal p`rtfy cljfualgah ny tkaDcfw` Gkrmlcgfas. Xka f`ttar cs ` gmltrmvarsc`fgmopcf`tcml cl @r`ncg f`lbu`ba mj wk`t w`s assaltc`ffy `l mr`f-kcstmrcg`f gmopmsctcml `nmutDcfw` jrmo cts jmulh`tcml tm `nmut 0115 wkal tka gmopcf`tcml w`s o`ha7.@ggmrhclb tm tkagmopcf`tcml, tka jmulhars mj Dcfw` mrcbcl`tah jrmo Wkcr`z cl tka f`lh mj Uarsc`. Xkay `rrcvah

cl Dcfw` cl ` skcp fah ny @fc ncl `f-K`s`l mla mj smls mj tka suft`l mj Wkcr`z. Xka stmry bmasml tm subbast tk`t cl `hhctcml tm tka skcp tk`t f`lhah cl Dcfw` tkara wara scx mtkar skcps a`gkfah ny mla mj jcva mtkar smls mj tka suft`l `lh kcosafj. Jcva mj tka skcps f`lhah cl hcjjaralt

pmclts `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st clgfuhclb Omon`s , Uaon`, `lh park`ps Wk`lb`. Xka f`stskcp f`lhah cl tka Gmomrm csf`lhs. Cltarastclbfy, tka gkrmlcgfasb`va tka ra`sml jmr tkacoocbr`tcml mj tka wkmfa suft`l`ta tm A`st @jrcg` `s naclb ` n`h hraò tka suft`l k`h wkcgkka gf`coah tm k`va gmrragtfy cltarpratah `s ` prmpkagy mj hastrugtcml mj kcs gmultry. Jrmo tka

Dcfw` Gkrmlcgfastkarajmra, omst mj tka a`rfy urn`l gcvcfcs`tcmls tk`t spr`lb `fmlb tka A`st@jrcg`l gm`st najmra `nmut tka scxtaaltk galtury wara ` rasuft mj tka coocbr`lts jrmo Wkcr`zcl Uarsc`.

Ww`kcfc s Urahmocl`ltfy @jrcg`lNy halyclb @jrcg`ls `ly scblcjcg`lt fcld wctk kcstmrcg Ww`kcfc pampfa, tka @sc`tcg parspagtcvacopfcas tk`t @jrcg`lspar sak`h fcttfa tm hm cj `ly wctk tka avmfutcml mj kcstmrcg`f tmwls cltkacr mwl rabcml. Xkcs gmltr`hcgts sk`rpfy wctk ragmrhs mj `lgcalt tr`vaffars `lh bambr`pkarswkm vcsctah tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st, guftur`f avchalga, `lh ragalt `rgkàmfmbcg`f jclhclbs.

Hurclb kcs vcsct tm Omon`s` `lh Dcfw` cl 0770, Cnl N`ttut`, ` jòmus Omrmgg`ltr`vaffar, hasgrcnah Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `s ` f`rba gcty `fmlb tka gm`st wkmsa clk`nct`lts wara

nf`gd oa`lclb @jrcg`ls (saa Gkcttcgd, 03284 Wuttml, 03359;0). Cnl N`ttut` walt jurtkar,oaltcmlclb tk`t tka clk`nct`lts k`h t`ttmms ml tkacr j`gas, ` j`gc`f ja`tura tk`t cs gmoomlòmlb ` luonar mj N`ltu spa`dclb trcnas clgfuhclb tka O`dmlha wkm raschas cl tka `ra``rmulh X`lz`lc` `lh Omzòncqua nmrhar. Xka `ra` cs wctkcl vary gfmsa prmxcocty mj Dcfw`Dcscw`lc `lh Wmlbm Ol`r`. Wmoa Gkclasa hasgrcptcmls mj clk`nct`lts mj a`rfy sattfaoalts`fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st `fsm clhcg`ta strmlbfy tk`t tka clk`nct`lts wara @jrcg`ls (saa@ffal, 03379>0->:).

Cj @r`ns `lh Uarsc`ls wara tka prahmocl`lt clk`nct`lts `lh nucfhars mj tka A`st@jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls `s naal `hv`lgah ny tka @sc`tcg parspagtcva, tkal mla wmufhaxpagt tm saa gmlschar`nfa avchalga mj tka j`gt cl Ww`kcfc guftura axprassah cl fats s`y v`fuamrcalt`tcmls, fcja styfa, `rgkctagtur`f `lh urn`l jmros, atg. Kmwavar, tkara cs lm scblcjcg`ltsugk avchalga prcmr tm tka 03tkgaltury.

Gmltr`ry tm tka `nmva, smoa ja`turas mj tka Ww`kcfc guftura subbast `l @jrcg`lgmllagtcml mr `t fa`st ` lml-@sc`tcg mrcbcl mj pra-03tkgaltury gm`st`f urn`l gcvcfcs`tcml. Wugk

ja`turas clgfuha smoa p`ss`ba `lh br`vascha rctas, `lh usa mj rab`fc` ctaos fcda rab`fc`-hruos`lh rctu`fcstcg kmrls dlmwl fmg`ffy `sscw`s8. Xkasa guftur`f ja`turas k`va k`h strmlb prasalgacl mtkar p`rts mj A`st @jrcg` up tm ultcf ragaltfy `lh `ra dlmwl tm k`va axcstah cl tka rabcml

prcmr tm Ww`kcfc gcvcfcs`tcml (@ffal, 0337). Jurtkaromra, tkara `ra scblcjcg`lt sp`tc`fhcjjaralgas natwaal A`st @jrcg`l `lh @sc`l kcstmrcg`f tmwls. U`rtcguf`rfy, Ww`kcfc kcstmrcg`ftmwls f`gd julhòalt`f sp`tc`f ja`turas tk`t gk`r`gtarcsa @sc`l `lh p`rtcguf`rfy @r`ncgkcstmrcg`f tmwls. Ja`turas f`gdclb clgfuha galtr`f o`rdats (suq mr n`z``r)4 smoa g`tabmrcas mj

punfcg nucfhclbs fcda punfcg n`tkkmusas (kòoò) `lh g`r`v`lsar`c mr kmstafrcas jmr vcsctclboargk`lts. Cl Ww`kcfc tmwls, vcsctclb oargk`lts wara kmstah prcv`tafy cl p`trcgc`ls kmoas.@fsm, smoa A`st @jrcg`l kcstmrcg`f tmwls pmssass smoa sp`tc`f ja`turas wkcgk `ra lmt jmulh cl

7Jmr Albfcsk tr`lsf`tcml mj p`rt mj tkaDcfw` Gkrmlcgfas, saa Jraao`l-Bralvcffa (03:>).8Ww`kcfc scw` wara g`rvah kmrls o`ha ny fmg`f `rtcs`ls tkrmubk kmffmwclb mut mj afapk`lt cvmry tusds mr g`stclb cl nrmlza(@ffal, 03374 ^moarm, 0332)

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`ly mtkar rabcml cl tka wmrfh. Wugk ja`turas clgfuha omluoalt`f pcff`r tmons, wkcgk `raulcquafy A`st @jrcg`l. Aqu`ffy ulcquafy A`st @jrcg`l cs tka rctu`fcstcg ragt`lbuf`r galtr`falgfmsura tk`t gk`r`gtarcsah a`rfy Ww`kcfc tmwls (cnch9>>24 Kmrtml, 033:9;1).

Aval Csfò, wkcgk k`s mjtal naal pargacvah `s ` guftur`f avchalga mj tka @sc`tcgparspagtcva, gmufh k`va jfmwah jrmo tka Ochhfa A`st tm tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st wctkmut

`ppragc`nfa luonars mj @r`ncg mr Uarsc`l coocbr`lts. Fcda mtkar oìmr rafcbcmls, ct gmufhk`va naal spra`h ny smoa ocsscml`rcas mr `s ct wcff na saal f`tar cl tkcs sagtcml, fmg`f pampfawkm k`h `gqucrah tka j`ctk `jtar vcsctclb tka Ousfco Rmrfh mr mtkarwcsa. @sc`tcg o`rds ml tkaWw`kcfc guftura g`l mlfy na tr`gah tm jrmo `nmut 0;7> - 0315 wkal coocbr`lts jrmo tkaOchhfa A`st `lh p`rtcguf`rfy @hal `lh K`hrò`wt jfmgdah tm tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st `t `lulpragahaltah r`ta (@b` Dk`l Xrust jmr Guftura, 033:9014 @ffal, 03379>85). Jmr clst`lga, ctcs jrmo tkcs parcmh wkal Ww`kcfc wmoal `hmptah tka juff-falbtk vacf mj K`hròc1wmoal,

pravcmusfy uldlmwl cl tka rabcml. K`hròc cljfualgas g`l `fsm na tr`gah jrmo tkcs parcmh clWw`kcfc omsqua hascbl `lh aval pmatry.

Uark`ps tka omst cltarastclb `lh grahcnfa avchalga `b`clst tka @sc`tcg vcaw cs jmulhahcl jclhclbs jrmo ragalt `rgkàmfmbcg f survays `lh axg`v`tcmls. Jmr clst`lga, `l

`rgkàmfmbcg f cltarprat`tcml n`sah ml ragalt rgkàmfmbcg`f axg`v`tcmls ml tka Daly`l lmrtkgm`st subbasts tk`t kcstmrcg Ww`kcfc wara mjj-sprclbs mj ` U`stmr`f-Guskctcg brmup jrmo tka^cjt Z`ffay `lh lmrtkarl p`rt mj Daly` (saa Kmrtml, 03;8, 03;2, 03354 @nulbu, 03;3, 0338).Ml tka n`scs mj axg`v`tah g`ttfa `lh gòaf nmlas, Kmrtml (03;8, 03;2) `rbuah tk`t tkaU`stmr`f-Guskctcg pampfa jmulhah ` luonar mj sattfaoalts cl tka lmrtkarl gm`st mj Daly`

natwaal tka acbktk `lh taltk galtury. Ka alvcs`bah tk`t tka sattfaoalts wara o`rdat galtrastk`t prmvchah mppmrtulcty jmr tka @jrcg`l clk`nct`lts tm gmoa cltm gmlt`gt wctk jmracbltr`hars. Xka gmlt`gt cs nafcavah tm k`va rasuftah cl clgra`sah dlmwfahba `nmut tr`ha tm tkaclk`nct`lts `lh smoa cltar-o`rrc`bas. @ggmrhclb tm Kmrtml, tka a`rfy gm`st`f Guskctcgsattfaoalts wara tka mrcbcl mj Ww`kcfc urn`lcs`tcml. Jrmo tka Daly`l lmrtkarl gm`st, ct spra`hsmutkw`rhs tm tka rast mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st tkrmubk Guskctcg coocbr`lts mr cljfualga.

Xkara cs ra`sml`nfa gmlsalsus tk`t smoa a`rfy gm`st`f sattfaoalts `fmlb tka lmrtkarlgm`st mj Daly` wara mj U`stmr`f-Guskctcg mrcbcl. Kmwavar, tka tkamry tk`t tkay wara tkasasattfaoalts tk`t prmvchah tka nabcllclb mj Ww`kcfc urn`lcs`tcml jmr tka wkmfa A`st @jrcg`lgm`st k`s naal quastcmlah `lh aval rajutah `ff tmbatkar (saa Gkòc, 033;4 K``f`lh, 03384Wgkocht, 03384 atg.). Gkòc (033;) usclb o`tarc`fs jrmo ragalt `rgkàmfmbcg`f survays `lhaxg`v`tcmls cl tka galtr`f gm`st mj X`lz`lc` `ssartah tka axcstalga mj N`ltu sattfaoalts `fmlbtka gm`st `s a`rfy `s tka jcrst jcva galturcas mj tka jcrst ocffallcuo. Ka gmltcluah tk`t tkaN`ltu sattfaoalts avmfvah natwaal tka scxtk `lh taltk galtury wctk gk`lbclb tr`hclbmppmrtulctcas, law tagklmfmbcas, `lh pmpuf`tcml brmwtk bcvclb rcsa tm ` law jmro mj gm`st`furn`lcs`tcml tk`t spra`h tm tka lmrtkarl `lh smutkarl gm`sts mj A`st @jrcg`. @ggmrhclb tm

Gkòc tkarajmra, tka a`rfy urn`lcs`tcml `fmlb tka Daly`l lmrtkarl gm`st w`s cljfualgah nytka N`ltu urn`lcs`tcml cl tka galtr`f gm`st mj X`lz`lc` hurclb tka sagmlh k`fj mj tka jcrstocffallcuo.

Xka jclhclbs jrmo ragalt `rgkàmfmbcg`f axg`v`tcmls clhaah subbast tk`t tkaclk`nct`lts mj a`rfy sattfaoalts `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st hurclb tka jcrst ocffallcuo wara@jrcg`ls. Kmwavar, wk`t k`va rao`clah ulrasmfvah `ra tka gmljfcgtclb gf`cos `nmut wkaratka a`rfy @jrcg`l urn`lcs`tcml `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st st`rtah `lh cts sunsaqualtspra`hclb tm mtkar p`rts mj tka gm`st. Xka o`cl `rbuoalt sm j`r k`s naal ml wkatkar ctmrcbcl`tah cl tka lmrtkarl Daly`l gm`st mr tka galtr`f X`lz`lc`l gm`st ny Guskctcg `lh N`ltuspa`dclb pampfa raspagtcvafy. Oy nafcaj cs tk`t sugk pmclt mj cljfualga cs ulfcdafy tm k`vaaxcstah `t tk`t st`ba mj tka urn`lcs`tcml mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st. Cl mtkar wmrhs, @jrcg`l

1Mrcbcl`tclb jrmo K`hrò`wt

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a`rfcar oaltcmlah Cnl N`ttut` wkm hurclb kcs vcsct tm tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st cl tka a`rfy 0775s,rajarrah tm tka gm`st `s W`w`kcfgmultry (@ffal, 0337907;4 Gkòc, 033;). Xka a`rfy Ww`kcfc

pampfa wara dlmwl `s Wkcr`zc Ww`kcfc ml tka vcrtua mj tkacr `ssmgc`tcml wctk Wkcr`zc Csfò `lhtr`hctcmls.

@fnact Wkcr`zc Csfò mrcbcl`tah cl lmrtkarl gm`st, ct w`s, kmwavar, cl tka smutkarl

gm`st wkara ct survcvah `lh jfmurcskah. Cl tka lmrtkarl gm`st, Wkcr`zc Csfòcg systao w`scltarruptah ny wk`t cs dlmwl `s tka @r`n-Rùlbw`l` systao (saa Kmrtml, 033:4 @ffal,0337). @s rab`rhs tka jcva kcstmrcg`f tmwls, wkcfa tka Wkcr`zc Csfòcg systao nagòahmocl`lt cl Y`lzcn`r, Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh Wmlbm Ol`r`, cl Fòu `lh Omon`s` tka @r`n-Rùlbw`l` systao rapf`gah ct `fomst tmt`ffy. @s ct wcff na skmwl cl f`tar p`rts mj tkcs p`par,tka twm systaos jmroah tka n`gdnmla mj tka pmfctcg`f `lh smgcm-guftur`f mrb`lcs`tcmls mj A`st@jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls.

Atklcg Gmopmsctcml

Xka atklcg gmopmsctcml mj Ww`kcfc pampfa k`s gk`lbah gmlschar`nfy mvar tcoa. Xka a`rfyWw`kcfc pmpuf`tcml gmoprcsah o`clfy mj @jrcg`ls `lh park`ps smoa jaw ocxah pampfa jrmo

skmrt-taro saxu`f raf`tcmls natwaal @jrcg`l wmoal `lh jmracbl tr`hars (saa ^moarm, 033297)2. Xka pmpuf`tcml braw ny l`tur`f clgra`sa `lh `nsmrptcml mj o`clfy lml-Ww`kcfc @jrcg`lcoocbr`lts ultcf tka nabcllclb mj 08tkgaltury, `jtar wkcgk tcoa scblcjcg`lt luonars mj lml-@jrcg`l coocbr`lts st`rtah battclb `nsmrnah. @nsmrnah lml-@jrcg`ls wara o`clfy @r`ns jrmoMo`l. Wmoa Uarsc`ls wara `fsm `nsmrnah nut wara raf`tcvafy jaw cl luonars ultcf `l cljfuxmj tkao cltm Y`lzcn`r cl tka 0;tk`lh 03tkgalturcas (saa @ffal, 0337900;). Wmoa Clhc`lcoocbr`lts wara `fsm `nsmrnah hurclb tka 03tk`lh >5tkgalturcas p`rtcguf`rfy cl Y`lzcn`r `lhOmon`s`. Lavartkafass, haspcta tkcs `nsmrptcml mvar tcoa mj lml-@jrcg`l coocbr`lts, Ww`kcfc

pampfa k`va rao`clah hagchahfy @jrcg`l cl `lgastry `lh guftura.Wm j`r C k`va tra`tah tka @jrcg`l `lgastry mj Ww`kcfc pampfa wctkmut spagcjcg`tcml cltm

trcnas. Urcmr tm tka 0:tkgaltury, sugk spagcjcg`tcml gmufh mlfy na buassah. Xkcs cs nagùsalmtkclb ougk cs dlmwl `nmut @jrcg`l trcnas `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st najmra tkcs tcoa huatm tka j`gt tk`t trcnas cl tka rabcml najmra tkal hch lmt axcst `s scblcjcg`lt smgc`f ulcts. Omrarafc`nfa @jrcg`l trcn`f spagcjcg`tcml mj tka Ww`kcfc pampfa gmufh mlfy na o`ha jrmo tka 0:tkgaltury mlw`rhs jmffmwclb tka avmfutcml mj trcn`f gmlsgcmuslass.

Wpagcjcg`tcmls tk`t k`va naal `ttaoptah jmr tka parcmh prcmr tm tka 0:tkgaltury k`vanaal tkrmubk raf`tclb pmst 0:tkgaltury trcn`f tr`hctcmls `fmlb tka gm`st tm tkmsa mj pra 0:tkgaltury Ww`kcfc `lh pra-Ww`kcfc @jrcg`ls. Ct cs cl tkcs w`y @ffal (0337) jmr axòpfa,`ssmgc`tah tka 0:tk`lh 02tkgaltury D`tw`, Wabaiu, Nìulc, Umdmom, `lh Ocicdalh`;trcnaswctk tka clk`nct`lts mj Bra`t Wkulbw`y` kalga copfyclb tk`t a`rfy Ww`kcfc pmpuf`tcml

p`rtcguf`rfy cl tka lmrtkarl gm`st gmufh k`va gmoprcsah pampfa mr hasgalh`lts jrmo tkasa

trcnas. Rctk nc`s tm D`tw` `lh Wabaiu trcnas, @ffal haomlstr`tah smoa p`r`ffafs natwaal tkatrcnas `lh tka a`rfy Ww`kcfc pmpuf`tcml cl taros mj jmmh typas, sattfaoalt jmros, syonmfcgv`fuas, rab`fc` ctaos, lh f`lbu`ba.

Uraiuhcga lh Fcoctah Kcstmrcg`f Qlharst`lhclb

@t tkcs iulgtura, mla wmufh wmlhar wky tka prmpmlalts mj tka @sc`tcg parspagtcva jaff skmrt mjragmblcsclb tka @jrcg`l rmmts mj tka Ww`kcfc pampfa. Xm tka f`rbast axtalt, tka ra`sml gmufh nagmlscharah ` o`ttar mj oara praiuhcga `lh park`ps fcoctah kcstmrcg`f ulharst`lhclb mj tka A`st@jrcg`l gm`st`f sattfaoalts.

2Xr`hars jrmo tka Uarsc`l Bufj, Clhc` `lh mtkar j`r-jfulb pf`gas `ra dlmwl tm k`va k`h gmlt`gt wctk tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st

fmlb najmra tka ra`fcs`tcml mj Ww`kcfc tr`hctcml (saa Kmrtml, 033:, ^moarm, 0332);Ocicdalh` cs ` trcn`f brmup gmlscstclb mj lcla trcnas, lòafy9 Hcbm, Huruo`, ^`n`c, Dòna, ^cna, Icn`l`, Gmlyc, Dùo``lh Bcrcò`.

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Xka praiuhcgc`f n`gdbrmulh mj tka @sc`tcg parspagtcva cs rmmtah cl tka pargaptcml mj@jrcg` ny Rastarl coparc`fcsts, gmfmlc`fcsts `lh aval lam-gmfmlc`fcsts wkm gòa tm tkagmltclalt hurclb tka 03tk`lh >5tkgaltury. Omst mj tka coparc`fcsts `lh gmfmlc`fcsts gòa tm@jrcg` wctk tka gmlvcgtcml tk`t tka gmltclalt w`s j`r nakclh kuo`l prmbrass `lh k`h tkarajmralm urn`l gcvcfcs`tcml p`st. Wcopfa `rbuoalts fcda `nsalga mj waff-`rtcguf`tah smgc`f strugturas

gmlscstclb mj fats s`y lmncfcty, nmurbamcsca, pa`s`ltry `lh prmfat`rc`t wara usah tm r`tcml`fcsatkacr pmsctcml. @ggmrhclbfy, `ly rao`cls mj sugk gcvcfcs`tcmls wkalavar algmultarah warascopfy `ttrcnutah tm smoa lml-@jrcg`l brmups wkcgk wara haaoah tm nasuparcmrtm @jrcg`ls(saa @ffal, 0337). Xkcs j`fscjcg`tcml mj @jrcg`l kcstmry w`s aonr`gah cl tka gmfmlc`f hmgtrclawctk tka purpmsa jmr strcppclb @jrcg`ls tkacr gmljchalga sm `s tm o`da tkao vuflar`nfa tmgmfmlc`f p`trmlcs`tcml lh gmltrmf.

Uragursmrs mj tka @sc`tcg parspagtcva, omst mj wkcgk naclb Rastarlars tkaosafvasactkar sunsgrcnah tm tka `nmva gmfmlc`f pargaptcml mj @jrcg` mr wara cljfualgah ny ct.@ggmrhclbfy, tkacr ajjmrts wara omra mr fass ba`rah tmw`rhs mlfy prmvchclb avchalga clsuppmrt mj tka pargaptcml. Ct cs lmt surprcsclb tkarajmra tk`t tkay ragacvah bra`tast cltaffagtu`fraspagt`ncfcty jrmo gmfmlc`f `hoclcstr`tcmls cl A`st @jrcg`. Wmoa mj tkacr wmrds wara aval

`hmptah ny gmfmlc`f bmvarloalts `s st`lh`rh kcstmry taxtnmmds jmr sgkmmfs (saa cnch). Lactkarcs ct surprcsclb tk`t `rgkàmfmbcg`f axg`v`tcmls `lh cltarprat`tcmls ny smoa mj tka pragursmrs,a.b. Gkcttcgd (03:1, 0328), hafcnar`tafy jmgusah ml copmrtah o`tarc`fs. Jurtkaromra, mtkarlml-@jrcg`ls fcda @r`ns `lh Uarsc`ls saczah tka mppmrtulcty prmvchah ny tka gmfmlc`f `ttctuhatm afav`ta tkacr st`tus `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st tkrmubk j`nrcg`tclb stmrcas `lhax`bbar`tclb tkacr gmltrcnutcml tm tka gm`st`f gcvcfcs`tcml3.

Uraiuhcga tk`t halcas @jrcg`ls tcas tm tkacr mwl kcstmrcg`f urn`l sp`tc`f jmros k`s naalmnsarvah afsawkara, a.b. Affak (0332). Affak quastcmls tka r`tcml`fcty mj `ssmgc`tclb Abyptc`l

pyròchs wctk @r`ns wkcfst tkara cs ra`sml`nfa avchalga tk`t tkacr gmlstrugtcml tmmd pf`gafmlb najmra tka @r`ncg ocbr`tcml cltm Lmrtkarl @jrcg`. Ct cs `fsm mlfy `jtar kcbkfy punfcgcsahavchalga jrmo smoa ragalt `rgkàmfmbcg`f wmrds fcda tkmsa ny âcslar `lh Jrachrcgk Kcldaftk`t Wuh`ls Lunc`l kcstmrcg`f tmwls `fmlb tka Lcfa, a.b. Banaf N`rd`f `lh Oarma, wararagmblcsah `s k`vclb @jrcg`l mrcbcls. Xka `rgkàmfmbcg`f jclhclbs cl Wuh`l `lh p`rtcguf`rfygmltalts mj tmons, p`cltclbs `lh albr`vclbs cl nucfhclb strugturas subbastah jcrofy tk`t tkarufars - pk`r`mks mj tka `lgcalt Wuh`lasa tmwls, fcda X`k`rd`, wara @jrcg`ls. Kctkartm tkasajclhclbs, tka Wuh`lasa tmwls haspcta tkacr bambr`pkcg`f fmg`tcml wara ulquastcml`nfy t`dal tm

na @r`ncg. Aval tka f`rba gmopfax mj stmla nucft rucls mj Bra`t Ycon`nwa cl tka ka`rt mj tka@jrcg`l gmltclalt k`h ultcf ragaltfy naal rab`rhah `s Ukmalcgc`l (@ffal, 0337).

Fcoctah kcstmrcg`f ulharst`lhclb k`s naal `rbuah ny smoa omra omhar`ta grctcgs mjtka @sc`tcg parspagtcva, a.b. Wuttml (0335), `s naclb tka gùsa mj cts skmrtgmoclb. F`gd mj`haqu`ta `lh `pprmprc`ta `rgkàmfmbcg`f h`t` hurclb tka f`rbast p`rt mj tka >5tkgaltury, `nmut

kcstmrcg`f sattfaoalts `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st k`s p`rtcguf`rfy naal gctah. Nut `b`cl,wkcfa tkcs gmufh k`va naal sm, mla k`s tm kmwavar ra`fcsa `s clhcg`tah a`rfcar tka gmltrcnutcmlmj praiuhcga tm tka sctu`tcml. @ggmrhclb tm Wuttml (0335), cl `hhctcml tm fcoctah kcstmrcg`fdlmwfahba, tka @sc`tcg parspagtcva w`s `fsm cljfualgah ny talhalgy mj smoa omharl tcoaWw`kcfc pampfa mj `ssmgc`tclb tkacr jòcfy traas tm co`bcl`ry @r`ncg `lgastmrs. Wuttmlmnsarvas tk`t `s jmffmws9

Xka ocs`pprakalscml tk`t tka Ww`kcfc `lh tkacr guftur`f kcstmry `ra @r`n mr k`fj @r`n cs n`sah ml ` sk`ffmwkcstmrcg`f ulharst`lhclb. Xka gf`cos mj o`ly Ww`kcfc jòcfcas, jmr ra`smls mj prastcba wctkcl Ousfco smgcaty, tm `hcst`lt @r`n mrcbcl k`va algmur`bah `l ax`bbar`tah lmtcml mj @r`n sattfaoalt mj tka gm`st cl a`rfcar galturcas. Xka

3Ct cs copmrt`lt tm lmta kara tk`t @r`ncg `lh Uarsc`l hcstmrtcml mj tka kcstmry mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st k`h st`rtah fmlb najmraRastarl gmfmlcs`tcml mj tka rabcml park`ps jmr rafcbcmus purpmsas. @l axòpfa cs tka a`rfcar oaltcmlahDcfw` Gkrmlcgfasoystcg`f l`rr`tcml `nmut tka jmulhars mj Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh mtkar kcstmrcg`f tmwls `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg` gm`st.

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gmlt`gts `lh v`rcaty mj cljfualgas harcvclb jrmo tkao `ra ulhalc`nfa4 yat tka Ww`kcfc rao`cl `l A`st @jrcg`lpampfa. (Wuttml, 03359:5)

Umfctcg`f Mrb`lcs`tcmlQp tm ultcf tka nabcllclb mj tka 03tkgaltury, oìmr A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls wara

gcty-st`tas05

. Kmw tkasa gcty-st`tas, gmoomlfy dlmwl `s Ww`kcfc gcty-st`tas, wara pmfctcg`ffymrb`lcsah k`s naal ` o`ttar mj brmwclb cltarast p`rtcguf`rfy òmlb `rgkàmfmbcsts `lh`ltkrmpmfmbcsts mvar tka ragalt ya`rs. @ggmrhclbfy, ragmlstrugtcml mj tkcs `spagt cl tka gcty-st`tas k`va naal `ttaoptah ny v`rcmus ùtkmrs, a.b. Duscon` (0333), @ffal (0337), Ochhfatml(033>), Lursa `lh Wpa`r (03;8)4 atg.

Mj tkasa `ttaopts, C jclh tk`t ny @ffal (0337) omst cltarastclb. Rkcfa omst ùtkmrsprasalt omra mr fass st`tcg omhafs mj pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcmls mvar hcjjaralt kcstmrcg`f apmgks,@ffal prasalts ` hylòcg pmfctcg`f `ral` clvmfvclb twm nrm`h jmros mj pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcmlmr wk`t ka g`ffs omhas mj hmocl`lga, lòafy tka Wkcr`zc `lh tka @r`n-Rùlbw`l` omhas mjhmocl`lga. Xka twm jmros mj pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcml `ra clkaralt cl tka Wkcr`zc `lh @r`n-Rùlbw`l` Csfòcg systaos tk`t wara oaltcmlah a`rfcar. Xka twm jmros mj pmfctcg`f

mrb`lcs`tcml wara `fsm raf`tah tm omhas mj prmhugtcml, smgcm-guftur`f mrb`lcs`tcml, `lh mtkar`spagts mj smgcaty. Nmtk jmros mj pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcml raprasaltah galtr`fcsah bmvarloaltswkmsa ùtmlmoy v`rcah mvar tka hcjjaralt kcstmrcg`f apmgks mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st.

Urcmr tm tka 0:tkgaltury, A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls wara juffy ùtmlmomusgcty-st`tas. Hurclb tka 0:tkgaltury `lh tka 02tkgaltury, tkay nagòa hapalhalt gcty-st`tasulhar hmocl`tcml mj Umrtubuasa rufa. Axgaptcml`f w`s Fòu, wkcgk jmr ra`smls tm nahcsgussah f`tar rao`clah f`rbafy clhapalhalt jrmo tka Umrtubuasa. Xm tka mtkar tmwls, juffùtmlmoy w`s lavar tm na rab`clah. Rctk tka hap`rtura mj tka Umrtubuasa cl tka alh mj tka02tkgaltury, tka gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls clgfuhclb Fòu tkcs tcoa nagòa hapalhalt gcty-st`tas ulhar hmocl`tcml mj Mo`l. Xka f`ttar axargcsah ` jmro mj clhcragt rufa tk`t `ffmwah tkatmwls tm rat`cl ra`sml`nfa òmults mj ùtmlmoy. Xka tmwls fmst tkacr ùtmlmoy `s gcty-st`tas

cl 0;85 wkal tkay nagòa oulcgcp`fctcas ulhar tka Y`lzcn`r Aopcra.

Assalga mj tka Wkcr`zc `lh @r`n-Rùlbw`l` Omhas mj Hmocl`lga

Wkcr`zc omha mj hmocl`lga cs clkaralt cl tka Wkcr`zc Csfò hcsgussah a`rfcar. Ct tkarajmra mwlscts mrcbcls tm tka Ousfco ax-p`stmr`fcsts mj Bra`t Wkulbw`y`, tka jmulhars mj a`rfy Ww`kcfcsattfaoalts. Xka Wkcr`zc omha mj hmocl`lga w`s n`sah ml `l @jrcg`l tr`hctcml gk`r`gtarcsah

ny @jrcg`l rctu`fs `lh garaomlcas, lh ` kcbkfy r`ldah p`trcgc`ta clvmfvclb ` gk`cl mjtctfakmfhars. Xkasa ja`turas wcff na hcsgussah jurtkar cl prmgaahclb sagtcmls mj tkcs p`par. XkaWkcr`zc omha mj hmocl`lga prmvchah tka n`scs jmr pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcml jmr tka wkmfa mj tkaA`st @jrcg`l Ww`kcfc gm`st ultcf tka aoarbalga mj tka rcv`f @r`n-Rùlbw`l` omha mjhmocl`lga.

@ggmrhclb tm @ffal (0337), tka @r`n-Rùlbw`l` omha mj hmocl`lga mrcbcl`tah clU`ta, ` tmwl cl tka Fòu `rgkcpaf`bm, cl tka nabcllclb mj tka 01tk galtury. Jrmo tkara ctspra`h `lh ny tka 0:tk galtury ct k`h suppf`ltah tka Wkcr`zc omha mj hmocl`lga cl tka A`st@jrcg`l lmrtkarl gm`st clgfuhclb Fòu `lh Omon`s`. Cl tka smutkarl gm`st, Wkcr`zc jmro mj

pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcml gmltcluah cl Y`lzcn`r ultcf wkal tka tmwl jaff ulhar clhcragt rufa mjMo`l cl 02;1, wkcfa cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh Wmlbm Ol`r` ct gmltcluah ultcf tka `n`lhmloaltmj tka tmwls smoatcoas cl tka nabcllclb mj tka 03tkgaltury.

Ct saaos tk`t @r`n-Rùlbw`l` omha mj hmocl`lga aoarbah mut mj agmlmocg `balh`ny smoa U`ta ax-p`stmr`fcsts aspagc`ffy oargk`lts lh park`ps smoa Wkcr`zc Ousfcos. Ct cs

05Xka gmlgapt mj gcty-st`ta k`s kcstmrcg`f harcv`tcml clgfuhclb tka Braadpmfcs`lh tka Ct`fc`l gcvct`s. Rctkcl tkcs gmltaxt, `gcty-st`ta gmufh na gmlscharah tm gmoprcsa ` tmwl wkcgk o`y clgfuha cts cooahc`ta kcltarf`lh, `lh wkcgk k`s ùtmlmomusgaltr`fcsah bmvarloalt wctk tka vct`f oa`ls mj axargcsclb fab`f mrhar mvar tka pmpuf`tcml. @ gcty st`ta o`y `fsm k`va ` j`crfywaff rtcguf`tah agmlmocg lh smgc`f strugturas

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prmn`nfa tk`t tka pcmlaars mj tka law hmgtrcla wara hcsbrultfah wctk tka Wkcr`zc systao cltaros cts rmfa cl jurtkarclb tkacr agmlmocg `lh p`rtcguf`rfy tr`hclb cltarasts. Xkay tkarajmragmltaopf`tah tka law mrb`lcs`tcml`f mrhar ny wkcgk tkay wmufh aoarba `s fa`hars wctkgmltrmf mvar tka pmfctcg`f o`gkclary kalga agmlmocg `jj`crs.

Cl iustcjyclb tka law mrhar, tka pcmlaars grctcgcsah tka Wkcr`zc systao `s lml-Csfòcg

o`clfy nagùsa mj cts `ssmgc`tah @jrcg`l rctu`fs `lh b`f`xcas mj tctfakmfhars. @ggmrhclbfy, tkaygf`coah tk`t tka law hmgtrcla wmufh `hvmg`ta ` kcbkar st`ta mj Csfòcg purcty tkrmubk`hmptclb ` tr`hctcml mj @r`n mrcbcls (@ffal, 03374 Hmlfay-âch, 03;8). Wmoa mj tka dayja`turas mj tkcs tr`hctcml wara9 ab`fct`rc`lcso ny wkcgk a`gk `lh avary @r`n-Rùlbw`l`

p`trcgc`l w`s `fcda, `hmptcml mj parsml`f lòas `ssmgc`tah wctk tka jòcfy mj UrmpkatOukòo`h, `lh pmssasscml mj o`lusgrcpts mj tka Kmfy Pur`l (saa @ffal 03379>50, >5;).

Ct cs strmlbfy nafcavah tk`t tka pcmlaars mj tka @r`n-Rùlbw`l` systao cl gmlgacvclbtka law mrb`lcs`tcml`f mrhar nmrrmwah ka`vcfy jrmo Cn`hcta Csfò jmr twm oìmr ra`smls.Jcrst, tka systao w`s gmlgacvah hurclb tka sòa parcmh `s tk`t wkal ` brmup mj Cn`hctaOusfcos gmllagtah wctk tka wa`ftky Lank`l hyl`sty mj Mo`l sattfah cl U`ta Xmwl. Wagmlh,cts o`cl ja`turas p`rtcguf`rfy ab`fct`rc`lcso, `ra scocf`r tm tkmsa mj Cn`hcta Csfò. Xk`t

lmtwctkst`lhclb, `s tka rcv`fry natwaal tka law omha mj hmocl`lga `lh cts jmrarullar waraomra mr fass `nmut pmfctcg`f pmwar, `ly usa mj Cn`hcta Csfò ny tka pcmlaars mj tka @r`n-Rùlbw`l` systao gmufh mlfy k`va naal ` prataxt jmr mvartkrmwclb Wkcr`zc rabcoas. Cn`hctaCsfò prmvchah chamfmbcg`f suppmrt jmr tka pcmlaars, wkcgk w`s `ltctkascs tm tka mfh systaotkay smubkt tm mvartkrmw. Cl f`tar ya`rs, kmwavar, Cn`hcta Csfò gmufh k`va b`clah brmulh cl@r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts.

@hoclcstr`tcva Wtyfas

Balar`ffy, p`trcgc`l brmups wara tka rufclb gf`ss cl nmtk Wkcr`zc `lh @r`n-Rùlbw`l`sattfaoalts. Cl tka a`rfcar ya`rs mj tkasa sattfaoalts, p`trcgc`ls wara smfafy mj ax-p`stmr`fcstmrcbcls `ftkmubk f`tar ml smoa lml-p`stmr`fcsts wara `nsmrnah. Cl nmtk sattfaoalts, p`trcgc`lssmubkt tm parpatu`ta tkacr hmocl`lga mvar mtkar smgc`f brmups `ftkmubk tkay k`h lm t`lbcnfaoa`ls jmr hmclb sm cl g`sa tkay wara gk`ffalbah. Jmr axòpfa, tkay k`h lm omlmpmfy mj fmg`fagmlmocas mr tagklmfmbcas. Lactkar k`h tkay mrb`lcsah pmfcga mr ocfct`ry jmrgas. Jurtkaromra,cl omst g`sas, tka p`trcgc`ls wara oclmrctcas òmlb `fcal `lh pmtaltc`ffy kmstcfa brmups. Xm na`nfa tm copmsa tkacr gmltrmf tkarajmra, tka p`trcgc`ls k`h tm usa pa`gajuf nut ajjagtcvaoagk`lcsos.

Mla sugk oagk`lcso w`s usa mj o`bcg`f t`gtcgs. Xka f`tar tmbatkar wctk `ff `ssmgc`tahp`r`pkarl`fc`, a.b. rab`fc` ctaos, gfmtks, kmusas, o`lusgrcpts, atg. wara usah ny p trcgc`ls tmraprasalt tkaosafvas `s ulcqua `lh crrapf`ga`nfa (saa @ffal, 0337). Xm alsura gmltclucty,o`bcg`f pmwars wara karahct`ry omlmpmfy mj p`trcgc`ls wkm wara suppmsah tm na tka mlfy

mlas g`p`nfa mj usclb tkao jmr fat s`y balar`f punfcg bmmh mr spagcjcg purpmsas fcdav`lqucskclb kmstcfa ocfct`ry jmrgas, r`cl o`dclb, `lh nrclbclb bmmh k`rvasts `lh balar`f waff-naclb. O`bcg f t`gtcgs wara racljmrgah wctk p`trcgc`ls tr`hclb gmllagtcmls `lh cltaro rrc`baswctk cljfualtc`f fmg`fs.

Xka jmrabmclb prasalts cl ` vary nrm`h salsa, `hoclcstr`tcva oagk`lcsos jmr mvar`ffsattfaoalt gmltrmf `lh cljfualga prmvchah ny tka Wkcr`zc `lh @r`n-Rùlbw`l` omhas mjhmocl`lga. Cl spagcjcg taros, tka twm omhas prasaltah galtr`fcsah bmvarloalts wctk v`ryclbhabraas mj fmg`f clvmfvaoalt `lh bmvarl`lga. Xkcs jmro mj twm-tcar `hoclcstr`tcva systao mrwk`t k`s naal rajarrah tm ny mtkars a.b. @ffal (03379>>7), `s so`ff-sg`fa jahar`f strugtura

parocttah jmr nmtk strmlb lh wa`d galtr`f bmvarloalts. Wtrmlb galtr`f bmvarloalts oa`ltfmw fmg`f clvmfvaoalt cl tka gcty-st`tas hagcscml o`dclb prmgass `s waff `s wa`d fmg`f

bmvarl`lga wkcfa wa`d galtr`f bmvarloalts copfcah tka vcga vars`.

0>


13/33


Xka twm-tcar systao cl tka `nmva salsa bcvas ` pmsscncfcty tk`t mvar cts v`rcmuskcstmrcg`f parcmhs, tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st gmufh k`va axparcalgah v`rcmus smrts mj pmfctcg`frabcoas. Xka f`ttar gmufh k`va r`lbah jrmo hcgt`tmrc`f `lh tyr`llcg`f cl tka g`sa mj smoastrmlb galtr`f bmvarloalts tm haomgr`tcg cl tka g`sa mj omhar`tafy strmlb mr wa`d galtr`fbmvarloalts. Ct cs hmuntjuf, kmwavar, tk`t vary strmlb galtr`f bmvarloalts gmufh k`va axcstah

mr fmg`f pmpuf`tcml gmufh k`va tmt`ffy naal axgfuhah jrmo pmfctcg`f `jj`crs mj gcty-st`tas. Xkcscs rajfagtah jrmo wk`t gmufh na cljarrah jrmo a`rfcar hcsgusscmls mj tkcs p`par tk`t Ww`kcfcsattfaoalts axcstah tkrmubk ` omra mr fass vmfult`ry gmoclb tmbatkar mj ` luonar mj hcvarsa

pmpuf`tcml brmups. Wugk brmupclbs gmufh lavar k`va o`tarc`fcsah wctkmut smoa dclh mjgmrpmr`ta hagcscml o`dclb tk`t b`va a`gk brmup smoa p`rtcgcp`tcml cl o`ttars part`clclb tmtka sattfaoalts.

Galtr`f Bmvarloalt

Xka galtr`f bmvarloalt w`s tka supraoa pmfctcg`f mrb`l cl Ww`kcfc gctyst`tas. Cl nmtk Wkcr`zc`lh @r`n-Rùlbw`l` rabcoas, tkcs nmhy w`s fah smfafy ny tka p`trcgc`ta `lh suppmrtah ny `lafagtah gmulgcf. Xka f`ttar w`s dlmwl `s lyuon` y` alzccl Fòu `lh prmn`nfy mtkar @r`n-

Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts (Kmrtml, 033:98>:4 Ochhfatml, 033>4 Wtr`lhas, 03:0). Xka gmulgcfprmvchah tka n scs jmr fmg`f clvmfvaoalt, wkcgk wcff na hcsgussah sap r`tafy ulhar fmg`fclvmfvaoalt lh bmvarl`lga.

Xka fa`hclb p`trcgc`ta gmlscstah mj tka gcty-st`tas mvar`ff fa`har `lh kcs mjjcgc`fs. ClWkcr`zc rabcoas, tka fa`hclb p`trcgc`ta w`s kcbkfy r`ldah wctk ` karahct`ry mvar`ff fa`har `ttka tmp `lh ` gk`cl mj fmwar tctfas nala`tk. Xctfas usah `ra fcdafy tm k`va v`rcah wctk tcoa `lh

pf`ga. Hurclb tka 0;tk`lh 03tkgalturcas, tctfas clgfuhahiuona00, hcw`lc, owclyc oduu,w`zcrc, òcrc, skaka, `dch`, tìcrc, atg. Xkasa tctfas wara r`ldah sap`r`tafy `lh hcjjaraltfy clhcjjaralt sattfaoalts. Jmr clst`lga, wkcfa owclyc oduuw`s tka kcbkast tctfa cl pra-03tkgalturyY`lzcn`r, afsawkara ct w`s raf`tcvafy ` iulcmr tctfa. Xk`t `ppfcah `fsm tmiuona, wkcgk w`sfmwfy r`ldah cl tka pra-03tkgaltury Y`lzcn`r nut tka kcbkast tctfa afsawkara. Wmoa tctfas o`yk`va naal kafh jmr fcja wkcfa mtkars gmufh k`va naal kafh mlfy jmr ` gart`cl parcmh mj tcoa. @laxòpfas kara cs òcrcwkm cl 03tkgaltury Wkcr`zc sattfaoalts ml tka lmrtk X`lz`lc`lo`clf`lh gm`st w`s tka ka`h mj ymutks0>tkus prasuo`nfy ` ymutk kcosafj (saa @ffal,03379>55).

@ggmrhclb tm @ffal (0337), Wkcr`zc tctfas wara raoular`tah wctk hrass `lh agmlmocgprcvcfabas. Rkaraiuonaw`s tka tmp tctfa, mlfy tka tctfakmfhar w`s parocttah tm wa`r ` turn`lwkal h`lgclb Ww`kcfc rctu`fcstcg h`lgas fcda tka N`bòmymsLbmo` Duu(tka Bra`t H`lga),wkcfa mlfy ` w`zcrcgmufh wa`r ` g`p. @ff mtkar p`trcgc`l tctfakmfhars k`h tm h`lga n`raka`hah.Jurtkaromra, tka tmp tctfakmfhar w`s altctfah spagc`f p`rts mj sfùbktarah mxal `lh gùbktsk`rds mr hubmlbs, `lh k`h rcbkts cl skcpwragds.

Cl sk`rp gmltr`st tm Wkcr`zc galtr`f bmvarloalt fa`harskcp, @r`n-Rùlbw`l`fa`harskcp w`s scopfa `lh fass str`tcjcah. Rctk tka axgaptcml mj tka mvar`ff sattfaoalt fa`har`lh ka`hs mj smoa fcla`bas `lh ol`bas wkm wara usu`ffy salcmr tm mtkar oaonars mj tkaulcts, `ff mtkar @r`n-Rùlbw`l` `huft p`trcgc`ls wara gmlscharah tm na aqu`f. Lactkar waratka jaw axgaptcml`f pmsctcmls `ggmrhah spagc`f nalajcts. Xkcs jmro mj ab`fct`rc`lcso `lh cts

pmsscnfa mrcbcl wara hcsgussah a`rfcar cl tkcs p`par.Xkara saaos tm k`va naal smoa dclh mj afagtmr`f prmgahuras tk`t bmvarlah `ggasscml

tm galtr`f bmvarloalt pmfctcg`f pmwar cl nmtk Wkcr`zc `lh @r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts. ClWkcr`zc sattfaoalts wctk tkacr gk`cls mj tctfas, tka prmgahuras o`y k`va v`rcah wctk typa mj

00Iuonaw`s dlmwl `syuonacl lmrtkarl gm`st hc`fagt, `lh cl smoa pf`gas fcda Fòu ct w`s usah mlfy cl rajaralga tm tka

strugtura tk`t `ggmoomh`tah tka afagtah gmulgcf (saa @ffal, 03379>504 ^moarm, 03329>5). Xka strugtura wkcgk cs lmwaxtclgt, w`s fmg`tah ml tka axtraoa lmrtkarl alh mj tka kcstmrcg`f tmwl.0>Smutks gmlstctutah tka `roah jmrgas mj Ww`kcfc gcty-st`tas.

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14/33


tctfa, pf`ga `lh tcoa. Jmr axòpfa, cl tka a`rfy 03tkgaltury Wkcr`zc sattfaoalts wkaraiuonaw`s tka omst salcmr tctfa, mlfy hasgalh`lts mjiuonasgmufh na afagtah tm tka tmp`hoclcstr`tcva pmst. @ggasscml tm tctfas nala`tk tkaiuona`pp`raltfy raqucrah scocf`r

prmgahura. C prasuoa scocf`r prmgahura `fsm axcstah jmr `ggasscml tm owclyc oduu`lhsunsaqualt fmwar tctfas cl pra-03tkgaltury Y`lzcn`r.

Cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts, `ggasscml tm mvar`ff sattfaoalt fa`harskcp saaos tmk`va naal omra haomgr`tcg tk`l cl Wkcr`zc sattfaoalts nut lmt ulcjmro cl `ff sattfaoalts. ClFòu jmr clst`lga, mvar`ff sattfaoalt fa`harskcp `ftarl`tah cl jmur ya`rs taros òmlb tkaka`hs mj tka tmwls w`rhs (saa Kmrtml, 033:). R`rhs wara copmrt`lt pmfctcg`f mrb`ls `fmlb tkaA`st @jrcg`l gm`st `lh wara gmoomlfy dlmwl `s oct``mr ot``cl sclbuf`r. Rkcfa tka Fòuaxòpfa gmufh k`va `ppfcah cl savar`f @r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts, cl smoa sattfaoalts`ggasscml tm galtr`f bmvarloalt pmwar gmufh k`va naal omra mr fass hyl`stcg clvmfvclbsuft`ls mr ka`hs mj smoa pmwarjuf p`trcgc`l gf`ls mr jòcfcas. Xka O`zruc gf`l wkm rufahOmon`s` jrmo 02>: tm 0;72 k`s naal gctah wctk smoa rasarv`tcmls `s mla mj sugk hyl`stcas(Mbmt, 03;04 @ffal, 0337). Kmwavar, wkatkar ` suft`l mr ` gf`l ka`h, @r`n-Rùlbw`l`hyl`stcg mvar`ff sattfaoalt fa`hars wara hapalhalt upml suppmrt mj afagtah oaonars mj tka

gmulgcf (saa Kmrtml, 033:).

Xka Gmulgcf, Fmg`f Clvmfvaoalt `lh Bmvarl`lga

Xka fa`hclb p`trcgc`ta gmufh na saal `s rasaonfclb omharl tcoas l`tcml`f mr jahar`fbmvarloalts wctk tka kcbkast tctfakmfhar/mvar`ff fa`har `s tka ka`h mj st`ta `lh mtkartctfakmfhars `s tka v`rcmus ka`hs mj oclcstrcas/hap`rtoalts. Xka gmulgcf cl turl gmufh na saal`s naal sylmlyomus tm prasalt h`y kmusa mj p`rfcòalt mr wk`t cs dlmwl `s nulbacl A`st@jrcg`, wctk cts oaonars `s prasalt h`y oaonars mj p`rfcòalt.

@s ` pmfctcg`f mrb`l, tka gmulgcf tkarajmra prmvchah tka praocsas jmr fmg`f p`rtcgcp`tcmlcl tka `jj`crs mj gcty-st`tas `s wkmfa. Xka gmulgcf w`s gmlstctutah mj raprasalt`tcvas jrmo `ffoct```lh w`s fah/gk`crah ny tka gcty-st`tas mvar`ff fa`har.Oct``wara tkarajmra tka n`scgfmg`f pmfctcg`f mrb`ls jmr fmg`f clvmfvaoalt cl o`ttars part`clclb tm tka wkmfa gcty-st`ta.Wmgc`ffy, oct``wara mj tkraa typas9 oct``jmr p`trcgc`ls, oct``jmr gmoomlars, `lh oct``jmrrajubaas. @ff oct``clvmfvah sclbfa mr savar`f fcla`bas mr wk`t cs gmoomlfy rajarrah tm `sgf`ls. Xka oct``wara sp`tc`ffy raprasaltah `lh hcstclgt. Xka sp`tc`f o`lcjast`tcml mj oct``wcff na hcsgussah cl hat`cf cl f`tar p`rts mj tka mlbmclb stuhy.

A`gk ot``k`h ` fa`har mr fa`hars. Mjtal, ` p`trcgc`l ot``k`h mla fa`har wkm w`s`fsm tka raprasalt`tcva mj tka ot``cl tka gmulgcf. Fa`harskcp mj ` lml-p`trcgc`l ot``w`sgmrpmr`ta clvmfvclb savar`f afhars mr w`zaa w` oct``.Mlfy mla afhar gmufh, kmwavar,raprasalt ot``cl tka gmulgcf `t `ly tcoa. Xka fa`harskcp strugtur`f hcjjaralga natwaal

p`trcgc`l `lh lml-p`trcgc`l oct``rajfagtah hcjjaralgas cl tkacr strugtur`f gmltalts `lh tka

copmrt`lga mj gf`ls cl tka fmg`f pmfctcgs mj gcty-st`tas. Qlfcda p`trcgc`l oct``, wkcgk cl omstg`sas clvmfvah ` sclbfa gf`l, gmoomlars `lh rajubaas oct``wara gmlstctutah mj v`rcmusgf`ls.

Xka scblcjcg`lga mj clvmfvaoalt mj ot``fa`hars `lh p`rtcguf`rfy lml-p`trcgc`l ot``fa`hars cl hagcscml o`dclb prmgass mj gcty-st`tas v`rcah wctk tka stralbtks mj galtr`fbmvarloalts. Cl g`sas mj wa`d galtr`f bmvarloalts, clvmfvaoalt mj ot``fa`hars cl hagcscmlo`dclb w`s kcbk. Cl g`sas mj strmlb galtr`f bmvarloalts, clvmfvaoalt mj ot``fa`hars w`sfmw, nut vct`f. Ny tkacr gf`ls, oct``raprasaltah hcjjaralt brmups a`gk wctk tkacr wcskas, cha`s`lh cltarasts. Ct wmufh k`va tkarajmra naal vary hcjjcguft tm `hoclcstar ` gcty-st`ta wctkmutclvmfvclb tkao.

Oct``systao alk`lgah fmg`f clvmfvaoalt cl tka hagcscml o`dclb prmgass `t gcty-st`ta

favaf. Xkrmubk tkacr fa`hars, oct``gmufh p`rtcgcp`ta cl pmfctcg`f `jj`crs part`clclb tm gcty-st`tas

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15/33


`s wkmfas. @s rab`rhs fmg`f bmvarl`lga, c.a. cltarl`f `jj`crs mj oct``, ct w`s gf`ls tk`t pf`yahjulhòalt`f rmfa.

O`ttars tk`t jaff ulhar gf`l ùtmlmoy saao tm k`va v`rcah òmlb gcty-st`tas.Lavartkafass, mla sugk o`ttar w s `hoclcstr`tcml mj tr`ha. Xkcs tmmd pf`ga cl tka jmro mj `hylòcg systao mj spmlsmrskcp mj jmracbl tr`hars ny p`trcgc`l gf`ls. Xka systao w`s t`cfmrah

tm al`nfa p`trcgc`ls axart gmltrmf mvar jmracbl tr`hars `lh tm omlmpmfcsa tr`ha wctk mutscharskalga altralgkclb tkacr agmlmocg cltarasts. Xka systao w`s `fsm gf`coah tm alsura sagurcty mjjmracbl tr`hars aspagc`ffy jrmo kmstcfa lml-Ww`kcfc pmpuf`tcml brmups.

Cl a`rfy Wkcr`zc sattfaoalts, jmracbl tr`hars k`h tm na `tt`gkah tm p`trcgc`l gf`ls tm na`nfa tm bat tkrmubk cltm ragt`lbuf`r galtr`f algfmsuras tk`t sarvah òmlb mtkar julgtcmls `so`rdat pf`gas `lh wara rastrcgtah mlfy tm oaonars mj p`trcgc`ls gf`ls. Rctk tka @r`n-Rùlbw`l` omha mj hmocl`lga, tka spmlsmrskcp systao w`s omhcjcah ny wkcgk spmlsmrskcpmj tr`ha w`s rahajclah tm clvmfva `ggmoomh`tcml mj jmracbl tr`hars cl stmla kmusas (saaKmrtml, 033:9807). Xk`t copfcas tk`t mlfy mwlars mj stmla kmusas gmufh spmlsmr jmracbltr`hars. Nagùsa p`trcgc`ls k`h smfa rcbkt jmr nucfhclb `lh fcvclb cl stmla kmusas cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts, tka rahajclctcml w`s tkus vary suparjcgc`f `s ct scopfy iust

aopk`scsah tka rmfa mj p`trcgc`l gf`ls cl tka tr`ha spmlsmrskcp. Xka spmlsmrskcp systaofctar`ffy jmrn`ha `ff jmracbl tr`hars jrmo g`rryclb mut tr`hclb `gtcvctcas cl `ly p`rt mj gcty-st`tas wctkmut clvmfvclb tka gf`ls. Uulcskoalt jmr tkmsa wkm gmltr`valah tka systao gmufh navary savara clgfuhclb g`str`tcml (saa Jraao`l-Bralvcffa, 03;0).

Mtkar o`ttars tk`t gmufh k`va naal ulhar gf`ls ùtmlmoy clgfuhah ocfct`rymrb`lcs`tcml, t`x`tcml, iustcga, f`lh mwlarskcp `lh hcstrcnutcml, o`rrc`ba `lh clkarct`lga(Jraao`l-Bralvcffa, 03:>4 @ffal, 03374 O`zruc, 03314 atg.) Xka gf`ls systao w`s mpar`tcva`fomst cl `ff gm`st`f sattfaoalts ultcf tka alh mj tka 0;tkgaltury. Jrmo 0;85 mlw`rhs, tkaùtmlmoy kalga tka pmwars mj Ww`kcfc gcty-st`tas hcoclcskah hr`stcg`ffy `s omst hagcscmls mlgcty-st`tas `t `ff favafs wara o`ha ny tka Wuft`l mj Y`lzcn`r mr ny smoa gmfmlc`f mr pmst-gmfmlc`f `hoclcstr`tcmls. Xkcs lmt wctkst`lhclb kmwavar, gf`ls k`va rao`clah copmrt`lt clsmoa o`ttars fcda o`rrc`ba `lh clkarct`lga up tm tka prasalt tcoa.

Z`fuasZ`fua mrcalt`tcmls wara julhòalt`f smgcat`f `spagt mj A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f gcty-st`tas. Xkayclgfuhah syonmfcg v`fuas cl tka jmro luoarmus nafcajs, rctas `lh gustmos. Xkasa v`fuascljfualgah `lh sk`pah `fomst `ff tka mtkar `spagts mj smgcaty. Omst mj tka nafcajs, rctas `lhgustmos wara spcrctu`f/rafcbcmus, `lh aval tkmsa, wkcgk gmufh na g`tabmrcsah `s saguf`r k`hsmoa rafcbcmus n`gdbrmulh. Xka omst copmrt`lt mj tkasa v`fuas `ppa`r tm k`va naal br`vascharctu`fs4 rctas mj p`ss`ba4 rctas `lh gustmos raf`tah tm `ggasscml tm pmwar4 gmooul`f s`grcjcgc`fgaraomlcas4 `lh gmooul`f jastcvctcas. Hcsgusscml `nmut nafcaj cl o`bcg`f pmwars wkcgk w`s

clhaah `l copmrt`lt syonmfcg v`fua cl tka kcstmrcg`f Ww`kcfc smgcaty w`s o`ha a`rfcar `lhwmufh lmt na rapa`tah cl juff `b`cl.Br`vascha rctu`fs wara ultcf ragaltfy gmooml cl omst Ww`kcfc sattfaoalts (@ffal,

0337). Xkay rajfagtah tka Ww`kcfc smgcatys gmlgarl wctk `lgastmrs. Urmoclalga mjomluoalt`f tmons clgfuhclb pcff`r-tmons `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st gmufh na raf`tah tmtkasa rctu`fs. @ggmrhclb tm @f-Chrcsc, tka tmons wara `lmcltah wctk jcsk mcf `lh wmrskcppah.@fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st, br`vascha rctu`fs `lh omluoalt`f `lh pcff`r tmons k`va naal`ssmgc`tah o`clfy wctk Wkcr`zc Csfò. Xkay o`y tkarajmra k`va naal harcvah jrmo Wkcr`zcCsfòs lml-Csfòcg @jrcg`l pragursmr `ftkmubk `ftarl`tcva prmval`lga cs pmsscnfa `s scocf`rja`turas axgfuhclb pcff`r tmons wkcgk `ra ulcquafy Ww`kcfc, gmufh na tr`gah cl o`ly mtkar

p`rts mj tka Csfòcg wmrfh. @fsm ulcquafy Ww`kcfc cs tka br`vascha rcta mj strawclb nrmdal pmts

mvar br`vas `t jular`fs `lh v`rcmus mgg`scmls tkara`jtar. Rkcfa tka gustmo gmufh k`va naal

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16/33


p`rt mj jular`f garaomlcas, cts pr`gtcga jtar jular`fs `lh prastcba v`fua mj vassafs tk`t waranrmdal o`y oa`l tk`t ct o`y `fsm k`va naal ` w`y mj bcvclb s`grcjcga tm lgastr`f spcrcts.

^ctas mj p`ss`ba o`rdah tka hcjjaralt `ba-sats tk`t gk`r`gtarcsah tka kcstmrcg`f Ww`kcfcsmgcaty, cl tka jmro mj ` sarcas mj prmomtcmls p`rtcguf`rfy òmlb o`fas jrmo `hmfasgalga tmw`rrcmrkmmh, jrmo w`rrcmrkmmh tm `huftkmmh, `lh cl smoa sattfaoalts jrmo `huftkmmh tm

afharkmmh. A`gk prmomtcml g`rrcah wctk ct spagc f rcbkts `lh mnfcb`tcmls. Xka wkmfa systaomj smgc`f prmomtcmls w`s axtalhah tm `ff sagtcmls mj tka smgcaty rab`rhfass mj fcla`ba mrfmg`fcty kalga bcvclb avary o`fa aqu`f gk`lga jmr ` parcmh mj ocfct`ry pmwar `s ` w`rrcmr `lhmj pmfctcg`f pmwar `s `l afhar, altctfaoalt tm o`rry, atg. Ww`kcfc rctas mj p`ss`ba mwah tkacrmrcbcls tm lml-Csfòcg @jrcg`l mrcbcls. Xkay wara csfòcsah wctk tka ra`fcs`tcml `lh avmfutcmlmj tka Ww`kcfc guftura tkrmubk scopfy `hhclb Ousfco pr`yars actkar `t tkacr nabcllclb mr alhmr clstctutclb sap`r`ta nut p`r`ffaf Csfòcg rctu`fs.

@omlb copmrt`lt Ww`kcfc rctas mj p`ss`ba wara tkmsa gmlgarlah wctk o`rrc`ba, c.a.wahhclb rctu`fs. Mla sugk rctu`f k`h gmlschar`nfa guftur`f copmrt`lga cl nmtk Wkcr`zc `lh@r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts. Xk`t w`s tkabra`t o`rrc`ba mr k`rusc duucl Wwkcfc taros.Qlfcda tka mrhcl`ry Ww`kcfc o`rrc`ba wkcgk gmufh k`va o`ha `s o`ly tcoas `s wcskah,

k`rusc duugmufh na o`ha mlfy mlga cl mlas fcjatcoa.Cl Wkcr`zc sattfaoalts, tka ja`turas mj k`rusc duugmufh na cljarrah jrmo Gmomrm, mlga

prm-Wkcr`zc `lh wkara tka rctu`f, dlmwl tkara `s k`rusc y` `h`(jaao`rrc`ba), k`s naalpr`gtcsah up tm tka omharl tcoas. Cl tkcs gmltaxt, k`rusc duuw`s ` rcta mj p`ss`ba lmt mlfy jmrtka nrcha wkm k`h tm na ` vcrbcl, nut jmr tka brmmo `s waff `ftkmubk cl kcs g`sa ka gmufh k`vak`h pravcmusfy gmltr`gtah cl mrhcl`ry o`rrc`ba. Xm tka brmmo, k`rusc duugmufh k`va naalvary gmstfy clhaah. Ka k`h tm spalh gmlschar`nfa suos tm `gqucra smoa prasgrcnah iawaffarytk`t ka k`h tm prasalt tm tka nrchas jòcfy. Xka iawaffary w`s tkal hcspf`yah cl ` saval h`youscg`f punfcg prmgasscml `rmulh tka sattfaoalt. Ct w`s mlfy `jtar tka iawaffary prasalt`tcml`lh prmgasscml tk`t tka o`rrc`ba gmltr`gt gmufh na o`ha. Cl omst Wkcr`zc sattfaoalts, mlalavar nagòa `l `huft ultcf ka mr ska k`h p`ssah tkrmubk k`rusc duu. Xkara wara tkarajmra

pampfa wkm rao`clah gkcfhraltkrmubkmut tkacr fcvas nagùsa tkay gmufh lmt `jjmrh tka gmstsmj tka o`rrc`ba cl g`sa mj oal, mr k`h fmst tkacr vcrbclcty tkrmubk mrhcl`ry o`rrc`ba mrmtkarwcsa cl tka g`sa mj wmoal.K`rusc duugmufh k`va `fsm k`h j`r-ra`gkclb pmfctcg`fcopfcg`tcmls, `s ct saaos tk`t ct o`y k`va naal ` praraqucscta jmr `ggasscml tm salcmr pmfctcg`f

pmsctcmls `t smoa pmclts mj tka kcstmry mj smoa Wkcr`zc sattfaoalts.Cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts, tka ja`turas mj k`rusc duuwara qucta hcjjaralt jrmo

tkmsa hasgrcnah `nmva. Xka nrchas jòcfy w`s raspmlscnfa jmr prasaltclb kar wctk iawaffary`lh tkara wara lm mla-waad fmlb punfcg prmgasscmls clvmfvah. Xka gustmo w`s tk`t tkabrmmo wmufh omva cltm tka nrchas raschalga `jtar o`rrc`ba. Xka raschalga w`s wctkcl kar

p`ralts stmla kmusa `lh mjtal upst`crs. Ct gmufh `fsm na sap`r`ta nut `himclclb tka p`ralt`f

kmoa. @l copmrt`lt p`rt mj tka wahhclb rctu`f w`s `l clhmmr safj hcspf`y ny tka nrcha cl `ffkar jclary `jtar gmlsuoo`tcml, cl jrmlt mj o`tarc`f ctaos tk`t rajfagt tka nrchas jòcfy wa`ftk(saa @ffal, 03379>7>->77). @r`n-Rùlbw`l` k`rusc duuw`s tkarajmra f`rbafy `l clhmmr`gtcvcty. @fsm, `ftkmubk ct rajfagtah smgcm-agmlmocg st`tus, ct k`h lm ougk pmfctcg`fscblcjcg`lga.

^ctas `lh gustmos raf`tah tm `ggasscml tm pmwar wara omra prmlmulgah cl Wkcr`zc tk`l@r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts. Cl tka jmroar sattfaoalts, wkaraiuonaw`s tka mvar`ff fa`har,hasgalh`lts mjiuona`spcrclb jmr tka tmp pmfctcg`f pmsctcml k`h tm suggassjuffy bm tkrmubk `

pra-afagtcml prmgass najmra tkay gmufh na afagtah. Xka prmgass clvmfvah o`dclb scza`nfaprasalts tm ` luonar mj prasgrcnah oaonars mj tka p trcgc`ta, `lh ulharbmclb gart`cl axtr`rctas mr qu`sc-rctas mj p`ss`ba (saa cnch). @ scocf`r prmgass w`s raqucrah jmr `ggasscml tm tctfas

nala`tk tkaiuona. Ct cs pmsscnfa tk`t `ggasscml tm tctfas nala`tk tkaiuona,`s waff `s

0:


17/33


`ggasscml tm owclyc oduu`lh sunsaqualt fmwar tctfas cl pra-03tkgaltury Y`lzcn`r gmufh k`varaqucrah ` scocf`r prmgass.

Gmooul`f s`grcjcgc`f garaomlcas, `fnact j`crfy r`ra, k`h gmlschar`nfa rctu`fcstcgcopmrt`lga p`rtcguf`rfy cl lmrtkarl gm`st. Xkay wara gmoomlfy dlmwl fmg`ffy `szclbum.Yclbum garaomlcas wara pr`gtcsah `t hcjjaralt tcoas mj tka ya`r cl hcjjaralt pf`gas. Cl

Omon`s`, tkay tmmd pf`ga ml tka Ww`kcfc Wmf`r Law Sa`r Wcdu y` Ow`d`, wkcfa cl Fòutka garaomlcas gmufh t`da pf`ga `t `ly tcoa mj ` gmooul`f grcscs. Nrm`hfy, tka garaomlcasclvmfvah w`fdclb `l mx `fmlb tka mrcbcl`f nmulh`rcas mj ` sattfaoalt ulhar tka fa`harskcp mjtka ka`h mj mla mj tka salcmr p`trcgc`l jòcfcas. @jtar tka w`fd, tka mx w`s garaomlc`ffydcffah. Xka oa`t w`s tkal gmooul`ffy a`tal axgapt gart`cl mrb`ls tk`t wara sat `scha`ffabahfy jmr tkaspcrcts(saa @ffal, 03379>70). Xka galtr`f nafcaj ulharfyclbzclbumgaraomlcas w`s tk`t tkay purcjcah sattfaoalts tkrmubk gk`sclb avcf spcrcts `lh rat`clclb bmmhmlas.Yclbumgaraomlcas o`y k`va naal òmlb tka a`rfcast rctu`fs mrb`lcsah ny tka jmulharsmj Ww`kcfc sattfaoalts. Xkay `ra fcdafy tm k`va harcvah jrmo pra-Ww`kcfc `lh p`rtcguf`rfy ax-

p`stmr`fcst rctu`fs. Rctk axgaptcml mj naal csfòcsah aspagc`ffy cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l`sattfaoalts, ct cs hmuntjuf tk`t Ww`kcfczclbumgaraomlcas hcjjar scblcjcg`ltfy jrmo tkacr pra-

Ww`kcfc pragursmrs.Uark`ps tka omst copmrt`lt Ww`kcfc gmooul`f jastcvctcas wara tkmsa jmr gafanr`tclb

tka Ww`kcfc Wmf`r Law Sa`r `lh alh mj tka fmlb j`st mj tka kmfy omltk mj ^ò`hk`l. Xkasajastcvctcas clvmfvah v`rcaty mj `gtcvctcas tk`t o`y k`va v`rcah natwaal sattfaoalts.

Lmtwctkst`lhclb, axtr`v`b`lt ja`sts `lh ouscg`f straat prmgasscmls saao tm k`va naalgmooml cl omst Ww`kcfc gcty-st`tas hurclb sugk mgg`scmls (saa ^moarm, 0332972). Wpagc`fh`lgas fcda tka a`rfcar oaltcmlah N`bòmymsLbmo` Duugmufh `fsm k`va naal copmrt`ltaspagc`ffy cl tka smutkarl gm`st.

Wmgc`f lh @astkatcg Z`fuas

@fnact hmocl`lt, syonmfcg v`fuas wara lmt tka mlfy v`fuas tk`t gk`r`gtarcsah kcstmrcg`fWw`kcfc smgcaty. Xkara wara smoa smgc`f `lh aval àstkatcg v`fuas `s waff. Wmgc`f v`fuas wararaf`tah tm fat s`y tka chamfmbcas tk`t gmufh na cljarrah jrmo tka jmros mj pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcmlstk`t wara hcsgussah a`rfcar. Ab`fct`rc`lcso, wkcgk w`s clkaralt cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l` systao`lh gmffagtcvcso `s hasgrcnah ny tka gmrpmr`ta fa`harskcp p`ttarls mj nmtk Wkcr`zc `lh @r`n-Rùlbw`l` systaos `ra, clhaah, smoa mj sugk smgc`f v`fuas.

@astkatcg`ffy, Ww`kcfc smgcaty `lh p`trcgc`ls cl p`rtcguf`r saao tm k`va k`h `prmlmulgah nafcaj cl o`l-o`ha f`lhsg`pas s mppmsah tm l`tur f f`lhsg`pas. Rctk axgaptcmlmj l`tur`f Clhc`l Mga`l, Ww`kcfc sattfaoalts f`gd scblcjcg`lt l`tur`f algf`vas. @astkatcgja`turas mj tka sattfaoalts wcff na hcsgussah jurtkar cl f`tar p`rts mj tka mlbmclb stuhy.

âb`fc` Ctaos@gtcvctcas `ssmgc`tah wctk Ww`kcfc nafcajs, rctas `lh gustmos wara gk`r`gtarcsah wctk usa mjrmy`f mr st`ta rab`fc` clstruoalts. Xkasa clgfuhah ` scha nfmwl kmrl fmg`ffy dlmwl `sscw`,rab`fc` hruos, tkrmlas dlmwl fmg`ffy `s dctc gk` alzc(gk`cr mj pmwar cl sclbuf`r), `lh ` nrm`h

nf`hah spa r dlmwl fmg`ffy sjuom. Rctk tkacr raputah o`bcg`f pmwars, tka clstruoalts k`hgmlschar`nfa oa`lclb tm syonmfcg julgtcmls `lh garaomlcas wctkmut wkcgk gmufh k`varalharah tka `gtcvctcas clv`fch.

Mj `ff tka rab`fc` clstruoalts, kmwavar, tkay wara prmn`nfyscw``lh rab`fc`-hruos,wkcgk k`h omst syonmfcg scblcjcg`lga. Cl omst Ww`kcfc sattfaoalts, lm fa`har gmufh k`va`ssuoah pmwar ulfass tkascw`mr rab`fc`-hruo k`h naal pf`yah `t `ff kcs mr kar pravcmus rctasmj p`ss`ba `lh wara tm na pf`yah `t `ff sunsaqualt mlas. Cl Fòu `lh mtkar lmrtkarl Ww`kcfc

sattfaoalts, rab`fc`-hruos wara pf`yah gmopatctcvafy `t p`trcgc`l wahhclbs. Cl smoa Ww`kcfcsattfaoalts, rab`fc`-hruos gmufh k`va naal pf`yah `t `ff rctas mj p`ss`ba mj `ff clk`nct`lts

02


18/33


(@ffal, 0337). Wcw``lh rab`fc`-hruos wara `fsm pf`yah `tzclbumgaraomlcas, alh mj tka kmfyomltk mj ^ò`hk`l, `lh jular`fs mj smoa copmrt`lt fa`hars.

Naschas tkacr syonmfcg rmfas, rab`fc` ctaos gmufh k`va k`h mtkar rmfas. Xkascw`jmrclst`lga, gmufh `fsm k`va naal `l copmrt`lt clstruoalt jmr jmrbclb pmfctcg`f/chamfmbcg`f mrocfct`ry `fcbloalts òmlb gcty-st`tas. Jmr axòpfa, mla oagk`lcso usah ny rufars mj a`rfy

@r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts tm spra`h tkacr pmfctcg`f hmgtrcla tm mtkar gcty-st`tas w`ssalhclbscw` tm rufars mj tka st`tas, `ggapt`lga mj wkcgk gmufh k`va oa`lt `fcbloalt mj tkaragcpcalt gcty-st`tas wctk @r`n-Rùlbw`l` systao (saa cnch9>75).

Wmgc`f Gf`ssA`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls wara str`tcjcah smgcatcas wkcgk gmufh na hasgrcnah cltaros mj tkraa g`tabmrcas mj smgc`f gf`ss, lòafy9 uppar gf`ss, ochhfa gf`ss `lh fmwar gf`ss.Kmwavar, lmt `ff tmwls wara gk`r`gtarcsah ny `ff tka tkraa smgc`f gf`ss g`tabmrcas hurclb `fftkacr kcstmrcg`f parcmhs.

Wmgc`f Gf`ss Gmopmsctcml

Xka uppar gf`ss gmlscstah mj p`trcgc`ls `lh gk`r`gtarcsah `ff gm`st`f Ww`kcfc tmwls `lhkcstmrcg`f parcmhs. U`trcgc`ls wara nafcavah tm k`va naal hasgalh`lts mj tka jmulhars mj tkatmwls mr mtkarwcsa. Cl Wkcr`zc rabcoas, p`trcgc`ls gf`coah tkacr hasgalt tm Ousfco ax-

p`stmr`fcsts mj Wkulbw`y`, tka jmulhars mj a`rfy Ww`kcfc sattfaoalts. Xkay alimyah kcbkpmfctcg`f st`lhclb f rbafy ml tka vcrtua mj tkacr hasgalt tm tka jmulhars mj tka tmwls. Cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l` rabcoas, p`trcgc`ls fsm dlmwl s Rùlbw`l gmlscstah mj jraa oal, c.a. pampfawkm wara lmt sf`vas mr sf`va hasgalh`lts. @fnact jmulhclb @r`n-Rùlbw`l` p`trcgc`ls waraax-p`stmr`fcsts `lh prmn`nfy ax-Wkcr`zc Ousfcos, tkay kmwavar `ssartah gf`cos mj mrcbcl cltka @r`n Rmrfh (@ffal, 03374 Hmlfay-âch, 03;8). Cl nmtk Wkcr`zc `lh @r`n-Rùlbw`l`rabcoas, p`trcgc`ls alimyah gmlschar`nfa agmlmocg `lh pmfctcg`f prcvcfabas. Cl @r`n-

Rùlbw`l` rabcoas sugk prcvcfabas clgfuhah9 rcbkt tm f`lhah prmparty mwlarskcp, rcbkt tmnucfh `lh fcva cl stmla kmusas, rcbkt tm mwl prcv`ta waffs, rcbkt tm tr`ha wctk jmracbl tr`hars,`lh rcbkt tm afagt tmwl `lh omsqua mjjcgc`fs (Wclgf`cr `lh Kd`lssml, >5554 Duscon`,033390854 @ffal, 03379>0;).

Cl tka a`rfcar ya`rs mj tka gm`st`f urn`l gcvcfcs`tcml, p`trcgc`ls wara hcstclgt jrmo tkarast mj tka smgcaty cl taros mj guftura. Hasgalh`lts mj jmulhars mj tmwls gmufh k`vasunst`ltc`tah tkacr mrcbcl n`gdbrmulhs tkus a`scfy jmulh tkacr w`y cltm p`trcgc`l r`lds.Kmwavar, wctk p`ss`ba mj tcoa guftur`f b`ps wara prmbrasscvafy rahugah, o`dclbhasgalt/atklcgcty gf`cos ny `spcr`lts jmr p`trcgc`tas vary hcjjcguft tm prmmj. Gmlsaqualtfy, nytka 03tkgaltury, p`trcgc`ls hasgalt gf`cos wara mjtal rkatmrcg`f mr uttarfy lmocl`f (saa @ffal,03374 Hmlfay-âch, 03;8).

Xka ochhfa gf`ss gmoprcsah mj gmoomlars. Ct cs vary fcdafy tk`t `ff A`st @jrcg`lgm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls gmoprcsah jfuch ochhfa gf`ssas tkrmubkmut tkacr kcstmrcas. Cl a`rfcarWkcr`zc rabcoas, gmoomlars clgfuhah sattfars wkm wara lmt ax-p`stmr`fcsts wkm `ggmop`lcahtka jmulhars mj tka gm`st`f tmwls jrmo Wkulbw`y`. Cl f`tar ya`rs, fcdawcsa cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l` rabcoas, gmoomlars clgfuhah `ff Ww`kcfc pampfa axgapt sf`vas, wkm k`h lmhasgalt tm tka jmulhars. @ggmrhclb tm Duscon` (0333) @r`n-Rùlbw`l` gmoomlars `fsmclgfuhah hasgalh`lts mj jraah sf`vas mr wk`t ka g`ffs R`z`fc`. Cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l` rabcoas,`ftkmubk tka ochhfa gf`ss saaos tm k`va prmvchah sdcffah gr`jtsoal lagass`ry jmr nucfhclbstmla tmwls, tkay wara lmt `ffmwah tm fcva cl stmla kmusas mr mwl waffs. Xkay wara raqucrahtm fcva cl ouh `lh tk`tgk kmusas `lh sk`ra punfcg waff (@ffal, 03379>0;). Cl pmst-0:tkgaltury Fòu, ct cs dlmwl tk`t vary pmmr gmoomlars wara lmt aval `ffmwah tm put ml skmas

cl tka straats (cnch).

0;


19/33


Xka tkcrh g`tabmry, fmwar gf`ss gmlscstah o`clfy mj sf`vas. Xka f`tar dlmwl fmg`ffy `sR`tuow`mrOtuow`cl sclbuf`r, `ra dlmwl tm k`va axcstah `s ` smgc`f brmup `fomsttkrmubkmut `ff kcstmrcg`f parcmhs mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st. Kmwavar, jrmo tka f`ta 0;tkgalturymlw`rhs tkacr luonars clgra`sah gmlschar`nfy park`ps hua tm tka aoarbalga `t tk`t tcoa mjsf`va tr`ha `s ` fugr`tcva gmooargc`f `gtcvcty `fmlb tka gm`st `lh tka wmrfh `t f`rba. Cl

Y`lzcn`r hurclb tka 03tkgaltury, sf`vas `lh tkmsa wctk sf`va hasgalt nagòa luoarmus. Xkcsw`s p`rtfy hua tm r`pch axp`lscml mj pf`lt`tcml agmlmoy, wkcgk rasuftah cl clgra`sah hao`lhjmr sf`va f`nmur. @fsm gmltrcnutclb tka clgra`sa cl sf`vas cl Y`lzcn`r w`s `l `ttctuha mj

p`trcgc`ls, @r`n-Rùlbw`l` t tk`t tcoa, ny wkcgk `ff tkmsa wkm wara lmt Rùlbw`l warahaomtah tm sf`va mr ax-sf`va r`lds (saa @ffal, 03379>02). Nagùsa mj ka haomtcml, smgc`fgf`ss cl Y`lzcn`r w`s rahugah tm mlfy twm g`tabmrcas gmlscstclb mj p`trcgc`ls `t tka tmp `lhsf`vas `lh ax-sf`vas `t tka nmttmo.

Wmgc`f Gf`ss Omncfcty

Xkara w`s ` strmlb n`rrcar natwaal p`trcgc`ls `lh mtkar smgc`f gf`ss g`tabmrcas. Xka n`rrcarw`s rcbchfy prasarvah tkrmubk v`rcmus oagk`lcsos tk`t clgfuhah prmkcnctcml mj cltaro`rrc`bas

up tm ultcf ragaltfy. Jmr fmlb, tkcs smgc`f n`rrcar w`s galtr`f tm Ww`kcfc w`ys mj fcja `lh k`hgmlschar`nfa copfcg`tcmls ml tka mtkar `spagts mj smgcaty. Lavartkafass, tka n`rrcar w`s lmt`fw`ys clsuromult`nfa. @ggmrhclb tm @ffal (0337), tkara wara grmssclbs mj tka n`rrcar nyclhcvchu`fs `lh aval fcla`bas cl nmtk hcragtcmls. Xka grmssclbs saao tm k`va naal vary jaw cltka a`rfy ya`rs mj A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls. Omst grmssclbs `t tkcs st`ba mj tkagm`st`f urn`lcs`tcml wara n`sah ml Csfòcg pahcbraa `lh pkyscg`f `ppa`r`lga. Cl tka f`tarya`rs, kmwavar, tka grmssclbs nagòa omra jraqualt `s tka oaomrcas mj tka jmulhars mj tkatmwls nagòa mnsgurh wctk p`ss`ba mj tcoa.

Jurtkaromra, p`ss`ba mj tcoa s`w tka aoarbalga mj wa`ftk `s `l copmrt`lt grctarcmljmr smgc`f afav`tcml. Cl nmtk Wkcr`zc `lh @r`n-Rùlbw`l` rabcoas, copmrt`lga mj wa`ftk `s `smgc`f o`rdar fah cltm o`ly prmomtcmls ny wkcgk lml-hasgalh`lts mj jmulhars mj sattfaoaltswara `nsmrnah cltm p`trcgc`l r`lds. Xkara wara haomtcmls `s waff, ny wkcgk smoa p`trcgc`lswara rafab`tah tm fmwar smgc`f gf`ss r`lds. @ bmmh axòpfa mj tka f`ttar cs tk`t mj smoa

p`trcgc`l law gmoars tm pmst 0:tkgaltury Fòu, wkm hua tm tkacr copmvarcskoalt wararafab`tah tm gmoomlars.

Fcja WtyfaCljmro`tcml rab`rhclb fcja styfapar sacl Ww`kcfc gcty-st`tas prcmr tm 03tkgaltury cs varyfcoctah. Cl tkcs stuhy, `v`cf`nfa cljmro`tcml k`s naal suppfaoaltah ny cljaralgas jrmocljmro`tcml `nmut mtkar `spagts mj smgcaty tk`t `ra gfmsafy raf`tah tm fcja styfa fcda v`fuas,

pmfctcg`f mrb`lcs`tcml lh aval agmlmocg gmlhctcmls. Wmoa mj tka cljaralgas wcff na ravcsctah

`lh ra-axòclah cl f`tar st`bas mj tka mlbmclb stuhy cl tka fcbkt mj tka jclhclbs jrmo `l`fyscsmj Ww`kcfc urn`l sp`tc`f jmros.Rctkcl tka `nmva gmltaxt `lh gmljclclb tm tka sgmpa mj tka stuhy, Ww`kcfc gcty-st`tas

saao tm k`va naal gk`r`gtarcsah ny prmlmulgah prmpclqucty tk`t sprulb mut mj axtalhahjòcfy p`ttarls. Xka f`ttar `ra clkaralt cl `fomst @jrcg`l gufturas `ftkmubk ct gmufh `fsm k`va

naal alk`lgah ny Csfò wkcgk mvartfy `ffmws pmfybòy. Cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l` sattfaoalts,axtalhah jòcfy p`ttarls wara racljmrgah jurtkar wctk tka rctas mj p`ss`ba tk`t wara hcsgussaha`rfcar. Axtalhah jòcfy p`ttarls cl Ww`kcfc gcty-st`tas prmomtah cltalscva gfmsa dclskcpcltar`gtcmls `lh `gtcvctcas `lh fcvclb gfmsa tm a`gk mtkar. Xka gcty-st`tas gmufh `fsm k`va naalgk`r`gtarcsah ny fmg`f jrcalhskcp p`ttarls tk`t `ra fcdafy tm k`va naal sk`pah ny smgc`f gf`ss.

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Agmlmocg GmlhctcmlsXr`hclb w`s tka o`cl agmlmocg `gtcvcty cl A`st @jrcg`l gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls. Ct tmmd pf`ga

natwaal tka tmwls `lh tka Ochhfa lh J`r A`st, `lh mtkar p`rts mj tka wmrfh. Xkara w`s tr`hanatwaal tka tmwls `lh tkacr kcltarf`lh `s waff (Gkòc, 03384 Wclgf`cr, 03314 ^`hcocf`ky,033;).

@t cltarl`tcml`f sg`fa, tr`hclb `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st `lh cl tka jcva kcstmrcg`ftmwls cl p`rtcguf`r w`s gk`r`gtarcsah ny copmrt`tcml mj bmmhs jrmo mvarsa`s, wkcgk waraaxgk`lbah wctk fmg`f bmmhs. Xka f`ttar clgfuhah gmoomhctcas nrmubkt cltm tka gm`st`f tmwlsjrmo tka o`clf`lh tkrmubk gm`st`f-kcltarf`lh tr`ha. Kmwavar, prcmr tm 03tkgaltury, wkcfa`rgkàmfmbcg f jclhclbs k`va gmljcroah smoa kcstmrcg`f gf`cos mj v`st r`lba mj copmrts, lmtougk suggass k`s naal `gkcavah wctk rab`rhs tm axpmrts.07.

@t tka fmg`f sg`fa, tr`hclb tr`ls`gtcmls saao tm k`va naal g`rrcah mut ny n`rtar (saaKmrtml03329 80>). Cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh pmsscnfy Wmlbm Ol`r`, tr`ls`gtcmls gmufh k`va `fsm

naal g`rrcah mut wctk bmfh, wctk fmg`ffy ocltah gmppar gurralgy prmn`nfy usah jmr so`ff g`sktr`ls`gtcmls aspagc ffy cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc (Gkcttcgd, 0328).

Xka `nmva lmtwctkst`lhclb, tr`ha p`ttarls `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st gmufh na nattar

ulharstmmh cl taros j jmur kcstmrcg`f parcmhs, lòafy9 0555 - 0155, 0155 - 0255, 0255 - 0;;5,`lh 0;;5 mlw`rhs.

Xr`hclb Jrmo 0555 - 0155

@s clhcg`tah a`rfcar, axp`lscml mj mvarsa`s tr`ha `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st, w`s p`r`ffafwctk csfòcs`tcml kalga Ww`kcfcs`tcml mj tka gm`st jrmo tka 00tkgaltury. Ct rasuftah clclgra`sah o`tarc`f wa`ftk cl tka jmro mj nucft urn`l `rtaj`gts fcda paro`lalt nucfhclbs `lhstraats, kalga r`pch axp`lscml mj a`rfy so`ff j`roclb `lh jcskclb vcff`bas cltm gcty-st`tas. Xmsmoa mj tka gm`st`f kcstmrcg`f tmwls fcda Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh Wmlbm Ol`r`, tka parcmh jrmo00tktm alh mj tka 01tkgaltury prasaltah tkacr omst `lh mlfy bfmrcmus ya`rs. F`rbast p`rts mj

tkasa tmwls wara nucft hurclb tkcs parcmh. Cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc jmr axòpfa, `ff cts prastcbcmusstmla nucfhclbs fcda tka Kusulc Dunw` U`f`ga `lh tka Bra`t Omsqua h`ta n`gd tm tkcs parcmh.Hurclb tkcs parcmh, cvmry, bmfh, tconar, ònarbrcs `lh rcga wara tka prclgcpfa axpmrts

jrmo tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st. Omst mj tka axpmrts mrcbcl`tah jrmo tka kcltarf`lh. Mj tka jcvakcstmrcg`f tmwls, cvmry w`s `l copmrt`lt axpmrt gmoomhcty mj Dcfw` Dcscw`lc, Omon`s` `lhFòu. Cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc, axpmrtah cvmry `rmulh tka 0>tk`lh 08tkgaltury cs gf`coah tm k`vamrcbcl`tah `s j`r-jfulb pf`gas `s Omzòncqua `lh Ycon`nwa (saa Wuttml, 03359:5). Ct cs

nafcavah tk`t smoa mj tka cvmry jrmo tkasa mrcbcls gmufh k`va jmulh cts w`y tkrmubk Dcfw` tmtmwls ml tka lmrtkarl gm`st wkara omlsmml wclhs `ra omra j`vmur`nfa, jrmo wkara ct w`stkal axpmrtah. Balar`ffy, cvmry w`s axpmrtah tm Mo`l jrmo wkara ct w`s tkal ra-axpmrtah tmClhc` `lh Gkcl` (Wuttml, 03359:>4 Kmrtml, 033:9808-801).

Bmfh cs dlmwl tm k`va naal `l copmrt`lt axpmrt gmoomhcty cl Dcfw` prmn`nfy ny tkaa`rfy 0>tkgaltury (Jraao`l-Bralvcffa, 03:>). Omon`s` cs `fsm nafcavah tm k`va p`rtcgcp`tahcl bmfh tr`ha nut mlfy tm fcoctah axtalts. @r`ncg smurgas jrmo `f-O`suhc mlw`rhs clhcg`tatk`t tka bmfh mrcbcl`tah jrmo Wmj`f` cl Omzòncqua, Ycon`nwa `lh park`ps aval lmrtkarlXr`lsv``f cl Wmutk @jrcg` (Wclgf`cr, 03;24 Wuttml, 03354 Kmrtml, 033:).

@lmtkar copmrt`lt axpmrt w`s tconar. Kcstmrcg`f avchalga subbasts tk`t tconar jrmotka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st w`s axpmrtah tm tka Ochhfa A`st `s a`rfy `s tka 05 tkgaltury jmr

nucfhclb `lh nm`t gmlstrugtcml. Axpmrtah tconar clgfuhah o`lbrmva pmfas `lh k`rh wmmhs.Xka f`ttar clgfuhah Gmonratuo sgkuo`llcc`lh Xarocl`fc` nravcas.Xkasa typas mj k`rhwmmhs wara mlga `v`cf`nfa cl ougk mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st ultcf tkacr omhcjcg`tcml ny o`l

07Axpmrts kara clgfuha bmmhs mrcbcl`tclb cl tka gm`st`f tmwls `s waff `s tkmsa nrmubkt cltm tka tmwls tkrmubk tr`ha mrmtkarwcsa jrmo tka kcltarf`lh. Copmrts copfy bmmhs nrmubkt cltm tka tmwls jrmo afsawkara axgfuhclb tka kcltarf`lh.

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22/33


tkrmubk clst`ffclb fmy`f fmg`f rufars (saa Wkarcjj, 0331). Ct cs hcjjcguft tm ast`nfcsk tka axtalt mjUmrtubuasa hcsruptcva cljfualga ml tr`ha cl Y`lzcn`r, `s tka tmwl k`h lmt yat aoarbah `s `scblcjcg`lt tr`hclb galtra `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st ny tka tcoa mj tkacr `rrcv`f. Kmwavar,`s tka Umrtubuasa parcmh cl Y`lzcn`r w`s `ggmop`lcah ny mlfy ` k`lhjuf mj pkyscg`fhavafmpoalts tk`t clgfuhah gmlstrugtcml mj ` so`ff j`gtmry `lh ` so`ff gk`paf (cnch9;), tr`ha

cl tka tmwl gmufh lmt k`va jfmurcskah.Qlfcda cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh Y`lzcn`r, cl Omon`s` Umrtubuasa `rrcv`f w`s oat wctkjcarga rascst`lga jrmo cts clk`nct`lts (saa Mbmt, 03;0). Ct tmmd tka Umrtubuasa `fomst ` galtury`lh savar`f ncttar `tt`gds mj tka tmwl najmra tkay gmufh t`da gmltrmf mj tka tmwl. Cl tka jcrst`tt`gd cl 0151, tka tmwl w`s fmmtah mj cts bmfh, scfvar, cvmry, j`nrcgs, g`ttfa, atg. (Wtr`lhas,03204 Wcr`vm `lh Uufvar, 03;:). Xka `tt`gd w`s jmffmwah ny twm omra scocf`r `tt`gds cl 01>:`lh 01;3 najmra tka Umrtubuasa jcl`ffy g`pturah tka tmwl `lh gmlstrugtah Jmrt Iasus01cl 0138`s tkacr strmlbkmfh. Xm aljmrga tkacr tr`hclb omlmpmfy tkay ast`nfcskah ` gustmos kmusa cl tkatmwl cl 0:78.

Umrtubuasa `tt`gds ml Omon`s` k`h mlfy skmrt-taro ajjagts ml tr`ha. Copfyclb jrmoHu`rta N`rnms`, Omon`s` gmltcluah tm na prmsparmus aval `jtar tka jcrst `tt`gd. Rrctclb cl

0102 - 0;, N`rnms` hasgrcnah Omon`s` `s naal juff mj jmmh wctk oal wkm wara bra`tn`rtarars `lh ha`ft cl gfmtk, bmfh, cvmry, lh mtkar w`ras (Jraao`l-Bralvcffa, 03:>). @jtar tkag`ptura mj Omon`s` ny tka Umrtubuasa, kmwavar, tr`ha cl tka tmwl mnsarvah ` fmlb tarohagfcla, `lh ny tka nabcllclb mj tka 02tkgaltury, ct k`h naal nrmdal hmwl gmopfatafyrasuftclb cl vary pmmr kuo`l fcvclb gmlhctcmls. Xkcs avaltu`fcty cs cffustr`tah ny Narl`rhclmwkal wrctclb `nmut Omon`s` cl 0:5>9

.clk`nct`lts `ra Ommrs wkm, `ftkmubk jmroarfy rcgk, lmw fcva cl uttar pmvarty. (Jraao`l-Bralvcffa, 03:>9 012).

Xka Umrtubuasa mggupcah Omon`s` ultcf 0:3; wkal tkay wara haja`tah cl ` n`ttfa jmr gmltrmfmj tka tmwl ny Mo`lc @r`ns (Mbmt, 03;04 Wcr`vm `lh Uufvar, 03;:).

@jtar g`pturclb Omon`s`, tka Mo`lc @r`ns pursuah jurtkar tka Umrtubuasa `lh wctkcl` jaw omltks tkay k`h t`dal pmssasscml mj omst mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st. Xka Mo`lc @r`nsclvmfvaoalt cl tka w`r `b`clst tka Umrtubuasa w`s mut mj `l `ffc`lga natwaal tkao `lhWw`kcfc gcty-st`tas, `coah `t kafpclb tka gcty-st`tas rab`cl tkacr clhapalhalga jrmo tkaUmrtubuasa. Kmwavar, `jtar dcgdclb mut tka Umrtubuasa, tka Mo`lc @r`ns gmlvartah tka A`st@jrcg`l gm`st cltm tkacr prmtagtmr`ta. Xka Mo`lc axargcsah `l clhcragt rufa mj tka gcty-st`tastkrmubk `ppmcltaas mj tka Mo`lc suft`l`ta (Wcr`vm `lh Uufvar, 03;:4 ^moarm, 0337).

Fòu tr`ha sctu`tcml hmas lmt saao tm k`va naal scblcjcg`ltfy `jjagtah ny tka `rrcv`fmj tka Umrtubuasa tm tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st. Rkcfa mtkar gm`st`f tmwls axparcalgah staaphagfcla cl tr`ha rasuftclb jrmo tka hcsruptcva cljfualga mj tka Umrtubuasa, cl Fòu tr`hasaaos tm k`va gmltcluah `fomst `s usu`f `lh ny tka ochhfa mj tka 02tkgaltury ct k`s aoarbah

`s tka f`rbast cvmry o`rdat ml tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st. Fòus bambr`pkcg`f fmg`tcml saaos tmk`va naal tka gùsa jmr tkcs sctu`tcml. Naal la`r tka lmrtkarl alh mj tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st,Fòu w`s ml tka parcpkary mj tka Umrtubuasa cljfualga `fmlb tka gm`st. Cts fmg`tcml `fsm

prmvchah ` gfmsar prmxcocty tm tka âh Wa` kalga a sy tr`ha fclds wctk tka Ochhfa A`st.Xka cljfualga mj tka Umrtubuasa ml tka hagfcla mj tr`ha `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st cs

lmt hcsputah. Lavartkafass, ragalt hcsgusscmls cl, a.b. Wclgf`cr `lh Kd`lssml (>555),Duscon` (0333), Ua`rsml (033;), Jr`ld (033;), Wkarcjj (03;2), atg., hm lmt nafcava tk`t tkcsw`s tka smfa j`gtmr jmr tka hagfcla. Mla strmlb `rbuoalt cs tk`t Umrtubuasa l`v`f g`p`gcty `lhmtkar rasmurgas wara vary so`ff gmop`rah tm tka mvar`ff vmfuoa mj tr`ha cl tka Clhc`l Mga`l(saa Wkarcjj, 03;24 Jr`ld, 033;, Wclgf`cr `lh Kd`lssml, >555). Qlhar sugk gcrguost`lgas

01Jmrt Iasus cs mla mj tka omst copmrt`lt kcstmrcg`f `rtaj`gts cl Daly` tmh`y

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tkarajmra, ct cs `rbuah tk`t jmr tka Umrtubuasa tm k`va ajjagtcvafy gmltrmffah tr`ha cl tka rabcml,tkara oust k`va naal j`vmurah ny smoa mtkar j`gtmrs.

Xwm sugk j`gtmrs k`va naal subbastah. Mla w`s tka ragasscml cl Aurmpa hurclb tka02tkgaltury, wkcgk gmufh k`va rahugah tka hao`lh jmr copmrtah bmmhs clgfuhclb tkmsamrcbcl`tclb jrmo A`st @jrcg` vc` Ochhfa A`starl o`rdats. Xwm w`s tka omlat`ry grcscs cl @sc`

hurclb tka sòa parcmh gùsah ny skmrt`ba mj scfvar wkcgk gmufh k`va `jjagtah tka `v`cf`ncfctymj grahct tm tr`hars clvmfvah cl tka A`st @jrcg`l tr`ha (Jr`ld, 033;).Aval a`rfcar, Gkcttcgd (0328) k`h oaltcmlah tka Ycon` `s `lmtkar j`gtmr gmltrcnutclb

tm tka hagfcla mj gm`st`f tmwls. @ggmrhclb tm Gkcttcgd, tka Ycon`, ` o`rùhclb trcnamrcbcl`tclb `fmlb tka Yònazc ^cvar, `ra nafcavah tm k`va mvarr`l Dcfw` Dcscw`lc cl `nmut013> dcffclb `lh a`tclb cts clk`nct`lts. Xka g`llcn`fs `ra nafcavah tm k`va spra`h tkacr tarrmrlmrtkw`rhs ra`gkclb `s j`r `s O`fclhc, lmrtk mj Omon`s`.

Xr`hclb Jrmo 0255 0;;5

Xr`hclb `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st ragmvarah qucgdfy `jtar tka hap`rtura mj tka Umrtubuasa.Hurclb tka 0;tkgaltury omst Ww`kcfc gcty-st`tas wctlassah brmwclb agmlmocas `ggruclb jrmo

coprmvah tr`hclb gmlhctcmls. Rctk tka axgaptcml mj bmfh, omst mj tka prclgcp`f axpmrtgmoomhctcas tk`t gk`r`gtarcsah tka gm`st`f tr`ha cl a`rfcar kcstmrcg`f parcmhs gmltcluah tm nacopmrt`lt hurclb tkcs parcmh. Jurtkaromra, `lh park`ps omst scblcjcg`lt hurclb tkcs parcmhw`s tka aoarbalga mj sf`vas `s fugr`tcva gmooargc`f gmoomhcty. Wf`vary axcstah cl Ww`kcfcgcty-st`tas prcmr tm tka 0;tk galtury `fnact lmt gmooargc`ffy scblcjcg`lt tkal. Ct w`s pmsscnfycltrmhugah ny tka @r`n-Rùlbw`l` omha mj hmocl`lga `s ct cs cl @r`n-Rùlbw`l` rabcoaswkara tka pkr`sa w`tuow`(sf`vas) w`s usah jmr tka jcrst tcoa `s ` smgc`f g`tabmry mj Ww`kcfcsattfaoalts.

Gmooargc`fcs`tcml mj sf`vas cl tka gm`st`f gcty-st`tas w`s cljfualgah ny ` luonar mjj`gtmrs tk`t clgfuhah tka `rrcv`f mj Mo`lc @r`ns, `lh hao`lh jmr sf`vas jrmo @r`nc`, tka@oarcg`s `lh afsawkara (saa Wcr`vm `lh Uufvar, 03;:). Omst sf`vas wara mnt`clah jrmo tkakcltarf`lh, `lh `ggmrhclb tm ^moarm (0337), `s j`r-jfulb pf`gas `s tmh`ys O`f`wc `lhOmzòncqua. Wf`vas wara o`rgkah mvarf`lh fmlb g`r`v`ls tm smoa altrapts0:`fmlb tkagm`st jrmo wkara tkay wara skcppah tm Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lh Y`lzcn`r. Cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `lhY`lzcn`r tka sf`vas wara actkar smfh cl o`rdats tkara mr tr`lskcppah tm mtkar gcty-st`tas fcdaOmon`s` `lh Fòu mr afsawkara cl tka Clhc`l Mga`l wmrfh `lh naymlh.

Cl Dcfw` Dcscw`lc, sf`va tr`ha w`s p`rtcguf`rfy alk`lgah ny tka axtalscml mj Jralgksf`va tr`ha tm tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st. @ggmrhclb tm Gkcttcgd (03289vmf0), cl tka 0225s tkaJralgk nab`l nuyclb sf`vas `t Dcfw` Dcscw`lc jmr axpmrt tm tkacr gmfmlcas cl tka Clhc`l Mga`lrabcml `lh mtkar pf`gas. Hao`lh jmr sf`vas `t Dcfw` Dcscw`lc `ppa`rs tm k`va naal kcbkclvmfvclb o`ly nuyars. @s ` rasuft, cl 022: tka Jralgk k`h tm scbl ` gmltr`gt wctk tka rufar mj

Dcfw` Dcscw`lc jmr suppfy mj ` tkmus`lh sf`vas par ya`r cl prcmrcty mj mtkars.Cl Fòu, `gguouf`tah wa`ftk jrmo tka agmlmocg prmspagts mjjarah ny tka 0;tkgaltury, stcouf`tah sunst`ltc`f pkyscg`f brmwtk tk`t clvmfvah gmlstrugtcml mj stmla kmusas,omsquas, rm`hs, atg. Omst mj tka kcstmrcg`f urn`l sp`tc`f strugturas cl tka tmwl tmh`y warabalar`tah hurclb tkcs parcmh. Xka agmlmocg prmsparcty `fsm fah cltm nattar fcvclb st`lh`rhs jmrtmwls pmpuf`tcml. @ggmrhclb tm Wcr`vm `lh Uufvar (03;:), f`lh-mwlclb oargk`lts wkm fcvahcl stmla kmusas fah ` fcja mj fuxury. Xkay wmra copmrtah gmttml, scfd `lh fa`tkar s`lh`fs `lhhagmr`tah tkacr kmusas wctk Gkclasa pmrgaf`cl. Xkay `ta òmlb mtkar jmmhs copmrtah rcga wctkhmoastcg wmrd naal g`rrcah mut ny sf`vas.

0:Xkasa gmlscstah mj wk`t `ra gmlscharah `s law Ww`kcfc tmwls, c.a. tmwls tk`t aoarbah `fmlb tka A`st @jrcg`l gm`st hurclbtka 0;tk`lh 03tkgalturcas `s ` rasuft mj tkrcvclb sf`va `lh cvmry tr`ha. N`bòmym `lh Dcfw` Dcvclia `ra bmmh axòpfas mjsugk tmwls

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Xm tka mtkar gcty-st`tas, pkyscg`f urn`l brmwtk rasuftclb jrmo tka coprmvah agmlmocggmlhctcmls `fmlb tka gm`st hurclb tka 0; tkgaltury w`s fass scblcjcg`lt. Mla pmsscnfa ra`sml jmrtkcs gmufh na tk`t nag`usa o`ly Ww`kcfc gcty-st`tas, ulfcda F`ou, k`h naal hastrmya

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East African Coastal Historical Towns. Natural Environment and Society