EARTHWORM RESOURCES IN RUBBER PLANTATIONS OF TRIPURA

EARTHWORM RESOURCES IN RUBBER PLANTATIONS OF TRIPURA

REFERENCES

Altemuller, H.J. and Joschko, M. (1992) Fluorescent staining of earthworm

casts for thin section microscopy. Soil Biol. Biochem., 24: 1577–1582.

Asawalam, D.O. and Hauser, S. (2001) Effects of earthworm casts on crop

production. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad), 78: 76–81.

Atkin, L. and Proctor, J. (1988) Invertebrates in the litter and soil on Volcan

Barva Costa Rica. J. Trop. Ecol., 4: 307–310.

Bachelier, G. (1963) La Vie Animale dans les Sols, Orston, Paris.

Bano, K. and Kale, R.D. (1991) Earthworm fauna of southern Karnataka, India.

In: Advances in Management and Conservation of Soil Fauna (Eds. G.K.

Veeresh, D. Rajagopal and C.A. Viraktamath). Oxford and IBH, New Delhi,

pp. 627–634.

Barois, I. and Lavelle, P. (1986) Changes in respiration rate and some physico-

chemical properties of a tropical soil during transit through Pontoscolex

corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae, Oligochaeta). Soil Biol. Biochem., 18n: 539–

541.

Basker, A., Macgregor, A.N. and Kirkman, J.H. (1993) Exchangeable

potassium and other cations in non-ingested soil and casts of two species of

pasture earthworm. Soil Biol. Biochem., 25: 1673–1677.

114


Basker, A., Kirkman, J.H. and Macgregor, A.N. (1994) Changes in potassium

availability and other soil properties due to soil ingestion by earthworms.

Biology and Fertility of Soils, 17: 154–158.

Beddard, F.E. (1902) On two new earthworms of the family Megascolecidae.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hisl (ser 7), 9: 456–463.

Behera, B., Giri, S., Dash, N.C. and Senapati, B.K. (1999) Earthworms

bioindicators of forest land use pattern. Indian Forester, 124(3): 272–281.

Bhadauria, T. and Ramakrishnan, P.S. (1989) Earthworm population dynamics

and contribution to nutrient cycling during cropping and fallow phases of

shifting agriculture in Northeast India. Journal of Applied Ecology, 26: 505–

521.

Bhadauria, T., Ramakrishnan, P.S. and Srivastava, K.N. (2000) Diversity and

distribution of endemic and exotic earthworms in natural and regenerating

ecosystems in the central Himalayas, India. Soil Biol. Biochem, 32: 2045–

2054.

Bhattacharjee, G. (2002) Earthworm resources and waste management

through vermicomposting in Tripura. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Tripura

University, P.S. Chaudhuri (Guide), pp. 89.

Bhattacharjee, G. and Chaudhuri, P.S. (2002) Cocoon production, morphology,

hatching pattern and fecundity in seven tropical earthworm species – a

laboratory based investigation. Journal of Bio-science, 27(3): 283–294.

Bhattacharya, T., Joy, S. and Joy, V.C. (1981) Community structure of soil

cryptostigmata under different vegetational conditions at Santiniketan.

Journal of Soil Biology and Ecology, 1: 27–42.

115


Bhattacharya, T. and Bhattacharya, J. (1985) Impact sensitiveness of soil

oribatid species to the waste water from a coal distillation plant. Entomon,

10(4): 267–270.

Bhattacharya, T. and Chakraborti, P. (1995) Community structure of soil

Oribatida of a young rubber plantation and an adjacent wasteland in Tripura

(India). In: Advances in Ecology and Environmental Science (Eds. P.C.

Mishra, N. Bahera, B.K. Senapati and B.C. Guru). Ashish publishing House,

N. Delhi. pp. 65–77.

Birang, M.A., Hauser, S., Brussaard, L. and Norgrove, L. (2003) Earthworm

surface casting activity on slash-and-burn cropped land and in undisturbed

Chromolaena odorata and young forest fallow in Southern Cameroon.

Pedobiologia, 47: 811–818.

Bisht, R., Pandey, H., Bisht, S.P.S., Kandpal, B. and Kaushal, B.R. (2006)

Feeding and casting activities of the earthworm (Octolasion tyrtaeum) and

their effects on crop growth under laboratory conditions. Tropical Ecology,

47(2): 291–294.

Bisht, R., Pandey, H., Bharti, D., Bisht, S.P.S. and Kaushal, B.R. (2007)

Reproductive potential of the earthworm Metaphire posthuma (Oligochaeta)

in different food substrates. Tropical Ecology, 48(1): 107–114.

Blanchart, E., Lavelle, P. and Spain, A.V. (1991) Effect of two species of

tropical earthworms (Oligochaeta: Eudrilidae) on the size distribution of

aggregates in an African soil. Revue d’Ecologie et de Biologie du sol, 26:

417–425.

Blanchart, E. and Julka, J.M. (1997) Influence of forest disturbance on

earthworm (Oligochaeta) communities in the Western Ghats (South India).

Soil Biol. Biochem., 29: 303–306.

116


Blanchart, E., Albrecht, A., Alegre, J., Duboisset, A., Villenave, C., Pashanasi,

B., Lavelle, P. and Brussaard, L. (1999) Effects of earthworms on soil

structure and physical properties. In: Earthworm Management in Tropical

Agro-ecosystems (Eds. P. Lavelle, L. Brussaard and P. Hendrix). CAB

International, UK, pp. 149–172.

Bohlen, P.J. (2002) Earthworms. Encyclopedia of Soil Science. Marcel Dekker

Inc. USA, pp. 370–373.

Bouche, M.B. (1971) Relations entre les structures spatiales et fonctionelles

des ecosystemes, illustrees par le role pedobiologique des vers de terre. In:

La Vie dans les Sols, Aspects Nouveaux, Etudes Experimentales (Ed. P.

Pesson). Gauthier-Villars, Paris, pp. 187–209.

Bouche, M.B. (1977) Strategies lombriciennes. In: Soil Organisms as

Components of Ecosystems (Eds. U. Lohm and T. Persson). Ecol. Bull.

(Stockholm), 25: 122–132.

Brown, G.G., Edwards, C.A. and Brussaard, L. (2004) How earthworms affect

plant growth: burrowing into the mechanisms. In: Earthworm Ecology (Ed.

C.A. Edwards). St. Lucie Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 13–49.

Butt, K. (1991) The effects of temperature on the intensive production of

Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Paedobiologia, 35: 257–

264.

Butt, K.R., Fredrickson, J. and Morris, R.M. (1995) An earthworm cultivation

and soil inoculation technique for land restoration. Eco. Eng., 4: 1–9.

Butt, K.R. (1997) Reproduction and growth of the earthworm Allolobophora

chlorotica (Savigni, 1826) in controlled environments. Pedobiologia, 41:

369–374.

117


Butt, K.R. (2011) The use of vermiculture for land improvement. In:

Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic wastes and Environmental

Management (Eds. C.A. Edwards, N.Q. Arancon and R. Sherman). CRC

Press, London, pp. 335–348.

Cesarz, S., Fahrenholz, N., Migge-Kleian, S., Platner, C. and Schaefer, M.

(2007) Earthworm communities in relation to tree diversity in a deciduous

forest. European Journal of Soil Biology, 43: 61–67.

Chakraborti, P. and Bhattacharya, T. (1991) Influence of human activities on

soil oribatid community of a rubber plantation and an adjacent wasteland in

Tripura. Soil Biology and Ecology, 11(2): 90–95.

Chakraborty, N.K., Pal, T.K., Dey, S.K. and Varghese, Y.A. (2002) Flora of

rubber and other plantations in Tripura. Indian Journal of Natural Rubber

Research, 15(1): 103–106.

Chaudhuri, P.S., Pal, T.K., Bhattacharjee, G. and Dey, S.K. (2000) Chemical

changes during vermicomposting (Perionyx excavatus) of kitchen waste.

Tropical Ecology, 41: 107–110.

Chaudhuri, P.S., Bhattacharjee, G., Pal, T.K. and Dey, S.K. (2001) Changes in

the level of nutrients during processing of municipal sewage sludge by

earthworms (Polypheretima elongata and Eutyphoeus gammiei).

Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Calcutta, 54: 69–72.

Chaudhuri, P.S. and Bhattacharjee, G. (2002) Capacity of various experimental

diets to support biomass and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus.

Bioresource Technology, 82: 147–150.

Chaudhuri. P.S., Pal, T.K., Bhattacharjee, G. and Dey, S.K. (2003) Rubber leaf

litters (Hevea brasiliensis var RRM 600) as vermiculture substrate for

epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus, Eudrilus eugeniae and Eisenia

fetida. Pedobiologia, 47: 796–800.

118


Chaudhuri, P.S. (2005) Vermiculture and vermicomposting as bio-technology

for conversion of organic wastes into animal protein and organic fertilizer.

Asian Jr. of Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc., 7(3): 359–370.

Chaudhuri, P.S. and Bhattacharjee, G. (2005) Earthworms of Tripura (India).

Ecology Environment and Conservation, 11(2): 295–301.

Chaudhuri, P.S., Nath, S. and Paliwal, R. (2008a) Earthworm population of

rubber plantations (Hevea brasiliensis) in Tripura, India. Tropical Ecology,

49(2): 225–234.

Chaudhuri, P.S., Nath, S., Bhattacharjee, S. and Chakraborti, P. (2008b) Biodiversity of earthworms in the soils under rubber plantations in Tripura.

Natural Rubber Research, 21(1&2): 119–124.

Chaudhuri, P.S., Nath, S., Bhattacharjee, S. and Paliwal, R. (2009a) Biomass,

density and diversity of earthworms under rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)

plantations in Tripura (India), The Bioscan, 4(3): 475–479.

Chaudhuri, P.S., Nath, S., Pal, T.K. and Dey, S.K. (2009b) Earthworm casting

activities under rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations in Tripura (India).

World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(4): 515–521.

Chaudhuri, P.S. and Nath, S. (2011) Community structure of earthworms under

rubber plantations and mixed forests in Tripura, India. J. Environ. Biol., 32: 537–541.

Chaudhuri, P.S. and Bhattacharjee, S. (2011) Reproductive biology of eight

tropical earthworm species of rubber plantations in Tripura, India. Tropical

Ecology, 52(1): 49–60.

Chaudhuri, P.S., Pal, T.K., Nath, S. and Dey, S.K. (2012) Effects of five

earthworm species on some physic-chemical properties of soil. J. Environ.

Biol., 33 (In Press).

119


Chaudhury, M., Sarma, A.C., Pal, T.K., Chakraborty, S.K. and Dey, S.K. (2004)

Available nutrient status of the rubber growing soils in the lower

Brahmaputra valley of Assam. Natural Rubber Research, 17(2): 177–179.

Daji, J.A. (1996) A text book of Soil Science, Media Promoter and Publishers

Pvt. Ltd., Bombay.

Das, N.G. (1982) Statistical methods in commerce, accountancy and

economics. M. Das & Co., Calcutta.

Dash, M.C. and Patra, V.C. (1977) Density, biomass and energy budget of a

tropical earthworm population from a grassland site in Orissa, India. Revue

d? Ecologie et Biolgie du sols, 14: 461–471.

Dash, M.C. and Patra, V.C. (1979) Worm cast production and nitrogen

contribution to soil by a tropical earthworm population from a grassland site

in Orissa, India. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol., 16: 79–87.

Dash, M.C. and Dash, S.P. (2008) Conservation and sustainable management

of belowground biodiversity: A review on the functional role of soil fauna in

Indian ecosystems with particular reference to earthworms. International

Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 34(3): 223–243.

Dash, M.C. and Dash, S.P. (2009) Fundamentals of Ecology, Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Company Ltd., N. Delhi.

Dindal, D.L. (1977) Influence of human activities on oribatid mite communities.

In: Suny Cull. Environ. Sci. Forestry (Ed. D.L. Dindal). Syracuse, New York,

pp. 105–120.

Dindal, D.L. and Norton, R.A. (1979) Influence of human activities on

communities structure of soil Prostigmata. In: Recent Advances in

Acarology (Ed. Rodriguez). Academic Press, London, pp. 619–628.

120


Dkhar, D.N. and Dkhar, M.S. (2004) Decomposition of pine needles by the

earthworm Drawida papillifer papillifer in laboratory condition. Asian J. of

Microbiol. Biotech. Env. Sc., 6: 521–524.

Dominguez, J., Briones, M.J.I. and Mato, S. (1997) Effect of the diet on growth

and reproduction of Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae).


Dominguez, J., Edwards, C.A. and Ashby, J. (2001) The biology and population

dynamics of Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg)(Oligochaeta) in cattle waste

solids. Pedobiologia, 45: 341–353.

Dominguez, J. (2004) State of the art and new perspectives on

vermicomposting research. In: Earthworm Ecology (Ed. C.A. Edwards). St.

Lucie Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 401–424.

Edwards, C.A. and Bohlen, P.J. (1996) Biology and Ecology of earthworms,

Chapman and Hall, London.

Edwards, C.A., Dominguez, J. and Neuhauser, E.F. (1998) Growth and

reproduction of Perionyx excavatus. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 27: 155–

161.

Edwards, C.A. (2004) The importance of earthworms as key representatives of

the soil fauna. In: Earthworm Ecology (Ed. C.A. Edwards). St. Lucie Press,

Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 1–11.

Edwards, C.A. ﴾2011﴿ Low technology vermicomposting system. In:

Vermiculture technology: Earthworms, Organic wastes and Environmental

Management (Eds. C.A. Edwards, N.Q. Arancon and R. Sherman). CRC

Press, London, pp. 79–90.

121


Elvira, C., Dominguez, J. and Mato, S. (1996) The growth and reproduction of

Lumbricus rubellus and Dendrobaena rubida in cow manure mixed cultures

with Eisenia andrei. Applied Soil Ecology, 5: 97–103.

Elvira, C., Sampedro, L. and Nogales, R. (1999) Suitability of sludges from

dairy and paper industries for growth and reproduction of Eisenia andrei.


Engelmann, H.D. (1973) Undersuchangen zur Erfassung Pedozoogener

component in definicten okosystem. Forschungsber, Staatl. Mus. Naturkde,

Gorlitz. J. Acta Hydrobiol., 23(4): 349–361.

Evans, A.C. (1948) Some effects of earthworms on soil structure. Ann. Appl.

Biol., 35: 1–13.

Evans, A.C. and Guild, W.J.Mc.L. (1948) Studies on the relationships between

earthworms and soil fertility. IV. On the life cycles of some British

Lumbricidae. Ann. Appl. Biol., 35: 471–484.

Fragoso, C. and Lavelle, P. (1987) The earthworm community of a tropical rain

forest. In: On Earthworms (Eds. A.M. Bonvicini-Pagliani and P. Omodeo).

Mucchi Editore, Modena, Italy, pp. 281–295.

Fragoso, C. and Lavelle, P. (1992) Earthworm communities of tropical rain

forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 24: 1397–1408.

Fragoso, C., Lavelle, P., Blanchart, E., Senapati, B.K., Jimenez, J.J., Martinez,

M.A., Decaens, T. and Tondoh, J. (1999) Earthworm communities of

tropical agro-ecosystems: Origin, structure and influence of management

practices. In: Earthworm Management in Tropical Agroecosystems (Eds. P.

Lavelle, L. Brussaard and P. Hendrix). CAB International, Wallingford, UK,

pp. 27–55.

122


Ganihar, S.R. (2003) Nutrient mineralization and leaf litter preference by the

earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus on iron ore mine wastes. Restoration

Ecology, 11(4): 475–482.

Garcia, J.A. and Fragoso, C. (2002) Growth, reproduction and activity of

earthworms in degraded and amended tropical open minded soils:

laboratory assays. Applied Soil Ecology, 20: 43–56.

Garcia, J.A. and Fragoso, C. (2003) Influence of different food substrates on

growth and reproduction of two tropical earthworm species (Pontoscolex

corethrurus and Amynthas corticis). Pedobiologia, 47: 754–763.

Gates, G.E. (1961) Ecology of some earthworms with special reference to

seasonal activity. Am. Midl. Nat., 66: 61–86.

Gates, G.E. (1972) Burmese Earthworms. An introduction to the systematics

and biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast

Asia. Transactions of American Philosophical Society, New series, 62(7): 1–

326.

Ghabbour, S.I. and Shakir, S.H. (1982) Population density and biomass of

earthworms in agro-ecosystems of the Mariut coastal desert region,

Pedobiologia, 23:189–198.

Ghosh, M., Chattopadhyay, G.N. and Baral, K. (1999) Transformation of

phosphorus during vermicomposting. Bioresource Technology, 69: 149–

154.

Gilot, C., Lavelle, P., Blanchart, E., Keli, J., Kouassi, P. and Guillaume, G.

(1995) Biological activity of soil under rubber plantations in Cote d’Ivoire.

Acta Zoologica Fennica, 196: 186–189.

123


Gonzalez, G., Zou, X. and Boges, S. (1996) Earthworm abundance and

species composition in abandoned tropical croplands: comparison of tree

plantations and secondary forests. Pedobiologia, 40: 385–391.

Gonzalez, G., Garcia, E., Cruz, V., Boges, S., Zalamea, M. and Rivera, M.M.

(2007) Earthworm communities along an elevation gradient in Northeastern

Puerto Rico. European Journal of Soil Biology, 43: 24–32.

Graff, O. (1953) Investigations in soil zoology with special reference to the

terricole Oligochaeta. Z. pflernahr. Diing, 61: 72–77.

Haimi, J. (1990) Growth and reproduction of the compost-living earthworm

Eisenia Andrei and E. fetida. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Soil, 27(4): 415–421.

Halder, K.R. (1998) Annelida: Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna Series

3: Fauna of West Bengal, Part 10, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp.

17–93.

Halder, K.R. (1999) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna Series 4: Fauna

of Meghalaya, Part 9, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 393–439.

Halder, K.R. (2003) Oligochaeta: Earthworm. In: State Fauna Series 9: Fauna

of Sikkim, Part 5, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, pp. 91–116.

Hauser, S. and Asawalam, D.O. (1998) Effect of fallow system and cropping

frequency upon quantity and composition of earthworm casts. Journal of

Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 161: 23–30.

Hendrix, P.J., Mueller, B.R., Bruce, R.R., Langdale, G.W. and Parmelee, R.W.

(1992) Abundance and distribution of earthworms in relation to landscape

factors on the Georgia Piedmont, U.S.A. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,

24(12): 1357–1361.

Hendrix, P.F. and Bohlen, P.J. (2002) Exotic earthworm invasions in north

America: Ecological and Policy implications. Bioscience, 52(9): 1–11.

124


Hendrix, P.F. (2006) Biological invasion belowground – earthworm as invasive

species. Springer, Netherland.

Huerta, E., Rodriguez-Olan, J., Evia-Castillo, I., Montejo-Meneses, E., Cruz-

Mondragon, M., Garcia-Hernandez, R. and Uribe, S. (2007) Earthworm and

soil properties in Tabasco, Mexico. European Journal of Soil Biology, 43:

S190–S195.

Ismail, S.A. and Murthy, V.A. (1985) Distribution of earthworms in Madras.

Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), 94: 557–566.

Ismail, S.A., Ramakrishna, C. and Anzar, M.M. (1990) Density and diversity in

relation to the distribution of earthworms in Madras. Proceedings of Indian

Academy of Science (Animal Science), 99(1): 73–78.

Ismail, S.A. (1997) Vermicology: The Biology of Earthworms, Orient Longman,

Chennai.

Jackson, M.L. (1973) Soil chemical analysis. Printice Hall Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Jacob, J. (2000) Rubber tree, man and environment. In: Natural rubber: Agro

management and crop Processing (Eds. P.J. George and C.K. Jacob).

Rubber Board, Kottayam, India, pp. 599–610.

James, S.W. and Hendrix, P.F. (2004) Invasion of exotic earthworms into North

America and other regions. In: Earthworm Ecology (Ed. C.A. Edwards).

Second edition, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 75–88.

Jamieson, B.G.M. (1988) On the phylogeny and higher classification of the

Oligochaeta. Cladistics, 4(4): 367–401.

Joshi, N.V. and Kelkar, B.V. (1952) The role of earthworms in soil fertility.

Indian J. Agric. Sci., 22: 189–196.

125


Julka, J.M. and Halder, K.R. (1975) On the occurrence of Perionyx macintoshi

Beddard (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) in Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh

(India). Proc. Zool. Soc. Cal., 28: 15–17.

Julka, J.M. (1976) Studies on the earthworms collected during the Daphabum

expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 69: 229–239.

Julka, J.M. (1977) Contribution to the knowledge of the earthworm fauna

(Oligochaeta: Annelida) of Meghalaya. Newsl. Zool. Surv. India, 3(6): 398–

400.

Julka, J.M. and Halder, K.R. (1977) New records on earthworms (Oligochaeta:

Lumbricidae) from Sikkim. Newsl. Zool. Surv. India, 3: 296–297.

Julka, J.M. (1981) Taxonomic studies on the earthworm collected during the

Subansiri expedition in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 26:

1–37.

Julka, J.M. and Senapati, B.K. (1987) Records of the Zoological Survey of

India: Earthworm (Oligochaeta: Annelida) of Orissa, India. Miscellaneous

publication, Occassional paper No. 92, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.

Julka, J.M. (1988) The fauna of India and the adjacent countries: Megadrile

Oligochaeta (Earthworms). (Ed. The Director), Zoological Survey of India,

1–400.

Julka, J.M. (1993a) Earthworm Resources of India and their utilization in

Vermiculture. In: Earthworm Resources and Vermiculture, Zoological

Survey of India, Culcutta, pp. 51–56.

Julka, J.M. (1993b) Distribution pattern in Indian earthworms. In: Earthworm

Resources and Vermiculture, Zoological Survey of India, Culcutta, pp. 27–

31.

126


Julka, J.M. and Paliwal, R. (2005) Diversity and biogeography of Indian

Earthworms. In: Proceedings of the UGC sponsored National Level

Workshop on Vermitechnology (Eds. R. Jeyaraaj and I.A. Jayraaj).

Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, pp. 5–20.

Julka, J.M., Paliwal, R. and Kathireswari, P. (2009) Biodiversity of Indian

Earthworms – an overview. In: Proceedings of Indo-US workshop on

Vermitechnology in Human Welfare (2007) (Eds. C.A. Edwards, R. Jeyaraaj

and I.A. Jayraaj). Rohini Achagam, Tamil Nadu. pp. 36–56.

Kale, R.D. and Krishnamoorthy, R.V. (1978) Distribution and abundance of

earthworms in Bangalore. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), 87B(3): 23–

25.

Kale, R.D. (1998) Earthworms: Cinderella of organic farming, Prism Books Pvt.

Ltd., Bangalore.

Kale, R.D. and Karmegam, N. (2010) The role of earthworms in tropics with

emphasis on Indian ecosystems. Volume 2010, Article ID 414356 doi:

10.1155/414356, pp. 1–16.

Kale, R.D. (2011) Origin and spread of vermicomposting in India: Focus on

sustainable agriculture. In: Vermiculture technology: Earthworm, Organic

Wastes and Environmental Management (Eds. C.A. Edwards, N.Q. Arancon

and R. Sherman). CRC Press, London, pp. 453–467.

Kalisz, P.J. (1991) Native and exotic earthworms in deciduous forest soils of

eastern North America. In: Proceedings of symposium on Biological

Pollution: the control and impact of invasive exotic species, Indiana

University – Purdue University, Indianapolis, pp. 93–100.

Kalisz, P.J. and Wood, H.B. (1995) Native and exotic earthworms in wild land

ecosystems. In: Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography in North America

(Ed. P.F. Hendrix). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 117–126.

127


Karmegam, N. and Daniel, T. (2000) Abundance and population density of

three species of earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) in foot hills of

Sirumalai (Eastern Ghats), India. Indian J. Environ. & Ecoplan., 3(3): 461–

466.

Karmegam, N. and Daniel, T. (2001) A first report on the occurrence of a

Megascolecid earthworm, Lampito kumiliensis (Annelida: Oligochaeta) in

Sirumalai hills of Tamil Nadu, South India. Ecol. Env. & Cons. 7(1): 115–

116.

Karmegam, N. and Daniel, T. (2007) Effects of physico-chemical parameters

on earthworm abundance: a quantitative approach. Journal of Applied

Science Research, 3: 1369–1376.

Karmegam, N. and Daniel, T. (2009) Growth, reproductive biology and life cycle

of the vermicomposting earthworm, Perionyx ceylanensis Mich.

(Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Bioresource Technology, 100: 4790–4796.

Karr, J.R. (1971) Structure of avian communities in selected Panama Illinois

habitats. Ecological monographs, 41: 207–233.

Kaushal, B.R., Kalia, S. and Bisht, S.P.S. (1995) Growth and cocoon

production by the earthworm Drawida nepalensis (Oligochaeta:

Moniligastridae) in oak and pine litter. Pedobiologia, 39: 417–422.

Kaushal, B.R., Bora, S. and Kandpal, B. (1999) Growth and cocoon production

by earthworm Metaphire houlleti (Oligochaeta) in different food sources.

Biology and Fertility of Soils, 29: 394–400.

Kavdir, Y. and Ilay, R. (2011) Earthworms and soil structure. In: Biology of

Earthworm (Ed. Ayten Karaca). Springer, Berlin, pp. 39–50.

128


Krishnamoorthy, R.V. and Ramachandra, S. (1988) Population structures of

earthworms in woodlands of Karnataka. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.),

97: 355–362.

Krishnamoorthy, R.V. (1990) Mineralization of phosphorus by faecal

phosphatases of some earthworms of Indian tropics. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci.

(Anim. Sci.), 99: 509–518.

Kuczak, C.N., Fernandes, E.C.M., Lehmann, J., Rondon, M.A. and Luizao, F.J.

(2006) Inorganic and organic phosphorous pools in earthworm casts

(Glossoscolecidae) and a Brazilian rain forest Oxisol. Soil Biology and

Biochemistry, 38: 553–560.

Lapied, E. and Lavelle, P. (2003) The peregrine earthworm Pontoscolex

corethrurus in the east coast of Costa Rica. Pedobiologia, 47: 471–474.

Lavelle, P. (1974) Les vers de terre dela savanne de Lamto, in analyse d’un

Ecosysteme Tropical Humide: La Savanne de lamto (Cote d’ Ivoire). Bull.

De Liaison des chercheurs de Lamto. No. Spec., 5: 133–136.

Lavelle, P., Douhalei, N. and Sow, B. (1974) Influence de I’humidite du sol sur

la consommation et la croissance de Millsonia anomala (Oligochaetes –

Acanthrodilidae) dans la Savanne de Lamto. Ann. Univ. d’Abidjan, 7(1):

305–314.

Lavelle, P. (1978) Les vers de terre de la savanne de Lamto (Cote d’Ivoire).

Peuplements, populations et functions de I’ecosysteme. Publications du

laboratoire de Zoologie de I’Ecole Normale Superieure, 12: 1–301.

Lavelle, P. (1979) Relations entre types ecologiques et profils demographiques

chezles vers de terre de la savanne de Lamto (Cote d’ Ivoire). Rev. Ecol.

Biol. Sol., 16: 85–101.

129


Lavelle, P., Maury, M.E. and Serrano, V. (1981) Estudio cuantitativo de la

fauna del suelo en la region de Laguna verde Veracruz. Epoca de lluvias.

In: Estudios Ecologicos en el Tropico Mexicano (Ed. P. Reyes Castillo).

Instituto de Ecologia, Mexico, pp. 75–105.

Lavelle, P. (1983) The structure of earthworm communities. In: Earthworm

Ecology from Darwin to Vermiculture (Ed. J.E. Satchell). Chapman and Hall,

London, pp. 449–466.

Lavelle, P., Barois, I., Cruz, I., Fragoso, C., Hernandez, A., Pineda, A. and

Rangel, P. (1987) Adaptive strategies of Pontoscolex corethrurus

(Glossoscolecidae: Oligochaeta), a peregrine geophagous earthworm of the

humid tropics. Biology & Fertility of Soils, 5: 188–194.

Lavelle, P. (1988) Earthworms and the soil system. Biol. Fertil. Soil., 6: 237–

251.

Lavelle, P. and Pashanasi, B.M. (1989) Soil macrofauna and land management

in Peruvian Amazonia. Pedobiologia, 33: 283–291.

Lavelle, P., Barois, I., Blanchart, E., Brown, G., Brussaard, L., Decaens, T.,

Fragoso, C., Jimenez, J.J., Kajondo, K.K., Martinez, M.D.L.A., Moreno, A.,

Pashanasi, B., Senapent, B. and Villenave, A.C. (1998) Earthworms a

resource in tropical agroecosystem. Nature & Resources, 34(1): 26–41.

Lee, K.E. (1985) Earthworms: Their Ecology and Relationships with Soil and

Land Use, Academic Press, Sydney.

Loehr, R.C., Neuham, E.F. and Malecki, M.R. (1985) Factors affecting the

vermistabilization process, temperature, moisture content and polyculture.

Water Research and Technology, 19: 1311–1317.

Lowe, C.N. and Butt, K.R. (2005) Culture techniques for soil dwelling

earthworms: A review. Pedobiologia, 49(5): 401–413.

130


Madge, D.S. (1969) Field and laboratory studies on the activities of two species

of tropical earthworms. Pedobiologia, 9: 188–214.

Marichal, R., Martinez, A.F., Praxedes, C., Ruiz, D., Carvajal, A.F., Oszwald, J.,

Hurtado, M.P., Brown, G.G., Grimaldi, M., Desjardins, T., Sarrazin, M.,

Decaëns, T., Velasquez, E. and Lavelle, P. (2010) Invasion of P.

corethrurus (Glossoscolecidae, Oligochaeta) in landscapes of the

Amazonian deforestation arc. Applied Soil Ecology, doi:

10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.09.001.

Martin, A., Mariotti, A., Balesdent, J., Lavelle, P. and Vuattoux, R. (1990)

Estimate of organic matter turnover rate in a savanna soil by 13C natural

abundance measurements. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22: 517–523.

Menhinick, E.F. (1964) A comparison of some species diversity indices applied

to samples of field insects. Ecology, 45: 859–861.

Meyer, L. (1943) Experimental study of macrobiological effects on humus and

soil formation. Bodenk.u.PfL Ernahr, 29: 119–140.

Michael, P. (1984) Ecological methods for Field and Laboratory Investigations,

Tata Mc Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.

Michaelsen, W. (1903) Die geographische Verbreitung der Oligochaeten,

Berlin.

Michaelsen, W. (1910) Die Oligochaetenfauna der vorderindischceylonischen

Region. Abh. Geb. Naturw. Hamburg., 19(5): 1–108.

Michon, J. (1954) Influence de I’isolement a partir de la maturite sexuelle sur la

biologic des Lumbricidae. C. r. hebd. Seanc. Acad. Sci., Paris, 238: 2457–

2458.

131


Monroy, F., Aira, M., Gago, J.A. and Dominguez, J. (2007) Life cycle of the

earthworm Octodrilus complanatus (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Compter

Rendus Biologies, 330: 389–391.

Mukherjee, B., Nath, R.C. and Dasgupta, M.K. (2000) Plant parasitic nematode

communities in rubber nurseries and plantations in Tripura. Indian J.

Nematol., 30: 170–174.

Nath, S. and Chaudhuri, P.S. (2010) Human-induced biological invasions in

rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations of Tripura (India) – Pontoscolex

corethrurus as a case study. Asian Journal of Experimental Biological

Science, 1(2): 360–369.

Nath, A.J. and Das, A.K. (2011) Decomposition dynamics of three priority

bamboo species of home gardens in Barak Valley, North-east India.

Tropical Ecology, 52(3): 325–330.

Neher, D.A. (1999) Soil community composition and ecosystem processes:

Comparing agricultural ecosystems with natural ecosystems. Agroforestry

Systems, 45: 159.

Nordstrom, S. and Rundgren, S. (1974) Environmental factors and lumbricid

associations in Southern Sweden. Pedobiologia, 14: 1–27.

Norgrove, L. and Hauser, S. (2000) Production and nutrient content of

earthworm casts in a tropical agrisilvicultural system. Soil Biology and

Biochemistry, 32: 1651–1660.

Olson, H.W. (1928) The earthworms of Ohio. Ohio Biol. Surv. Bull., 17: 47–90.

Paliwal, R. and Julka, J.M. (2005) Checklist of earthworm of Western Himalaya,

India. Zoos. Print Journal, 20(9): 1972–1976.

132


Parthasarathi, K. (2007) Life cycle of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) in comparison

with Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg) cultured in different substrates. Journal of

Environmental Biology, 28: 803–812.

Pashanasi, B., Melendez, G., Szott, L. and Lavelle, P. (1992) Effect of

inoculation with the endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus

(Glossoscolecidae) on N availability, soil microbial biomass and the growth

of three tropical fruit tree seedlings in a pot experiment. Soil Biology &

Biochemistry, 24(12): 1655–1659.

Pashanasi, B., Lavelle, P., Alegre, J. and Charpenter, F. (1996) Effect of the

endogeic earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus on soil chemical

characteristics and plant growth in low-input tropical agroecosystem. Soil

Biology and Biochemistry, 28: 801–810.

Perrier, E. (1872) Recherches pour server a’ 1’ histoire des lombriciens

terrestris. Nouv Archs Mus Hist Nat Paris, 8: 5–198.

Pianka, E.R. (1970) On r and k – selection. American Naturalist, 104: 459–466.

Ponomareva, S.I. (1953) The influence of the activity of earthworms on the

creation of a stable structure in a sod-podolized soil. Trudy pochv. Inst.

Dokuchaeva, 41: 304–378.

Reddy, M.V. (1983) Effects of fire on the nutrient content and microflora of

casts of Pheretima alexandri. In: Earthworm Ecology, from Darwin to

Vermiculture (Ed. J.E. Satchell). Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 209–213.

Reddy, M.V., Reddy, V.R., Balashouri, P., Kumar, V.P.K., Cogle, A.L., Yule,

D.F. and Babu, M. (1997) Responses of earthworm abundance and

production of surface casts and their physico-chemical properties to soil

management in relation to those of an undisturbed area on a semi-arid

tropical Alfisol. Soil Biol.Biochem., 29: 617–620.

133


Reinecke, A.J. and Ryke, P.A.J. (1970) Casting activity of a South African

endemic earthworm, Microchaetus modestus. Wer. Bydraes. PUCHO

Reeks B. Natuurwet. No. 16.

Reynolds, J.W. (1994) Earthworms of the world. Global Biodiversity, 4: 11–16.

Reynolds, J.W., Julka, J.M. and Khan, M.N. (1995) Additional earthworm

records from Bangladesh (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae,

Moniligastridae, Ocnerodrilidae and Octochaetidae). Megadrilogica, 6(6):

51–62.

Rose, C.J. and Wood, A.W. (1980) Some environmental factors affecting

earthworm populations and sweet potato production in the Tari Basin,

Papua New Guinea Highlands. Papua New Guinea Agriculture Journal, 31:

1–13.

Roy, S.K. (1957) Studies on the activities of earthworms. Proc. Zool. Soc.,

Bengal, 10: 81–98.

Sabrina, D.T., Hanafi, M.M., Nor Azwady, A.A. and Mahmud, T.M.M. (2009)

Earthworm populations and cast properties in the soils of oil palm

plantations. Malayasian Journal of Soil Science, 13: 29–42.

Sarlo, M. (2006) Individual tree species effects on earthworm biomass in a

tropical plantation in panama. Caribbean Journal of Science, 42(3): 419–

427.

Satchel, J.E. and Martin, K. (1984) Phosphatase activity in earthworm faeces.

Soil Biol. Biochem., 16: 191–194.

Sathianarayanan, A. and Khan, A.K. (2006) Diversity, distribution and

abundance of earthworms in Pondicherry region. Tropical Ecology, 47: 139–

144.

134


Scullion, J., Neale, S. and Philips, L. (2007) Earthworm casting and burrowing

activity in conventional and organic grass-arable rotations. European

Journal of Soil Biology, 43: 216–221.

Senapati, B.K. and Dash, M.C. (1983) Energetics of earthworm populations in

tropical pastures from India. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.), 92: 315–322.

Senapati, B.K., Levelle, P., Giri, S., Pashanasi, B., Alegre, J., Decaens, T.,

Jimenez, J.J., Albrecht, A., Blanchart, E., Mahieux, M., Rousseaux, L.,

Thomas, R., Panigrahi, P.K. and Venkatachalam, M. (1999) In-soil

earthworm technologies for tropical agroecosystems. In: Earthworm

Management in Tropical Agroecosystems (Eds. P. Lavelle, L. Brussaard

and P. Hendrix). CABI Publishing, U.K. pp. 199–238.

Sethuraj, M.R. (1996) Impact of natural rubber plantations on environment. In:

Natural Rubber: An Ecofriendly Material. Rubber Board, Kottayam, pp. 55–

59.

Shakir, S.H. and Dindal, D.L. (1997) Density and biomass of earthworms in

forest and herbaceous microecosystems in central New York, North

America. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29: 275–285.

Shannon, C.E. and Weaner, W. (1963) The mathematical theory of

communication, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, p. 117.

Sharpley, A.N. and Syers, J.K. (1976) Potential role of earthworm casts for the

phosphorous enrichment of run-off waters. Soil Biol. Biochem., 8: 341–346.

Shen, H.P. and Yeo, D.C.J. (2005) Terrestrial earthworms (Oligochaeta) from

Singapore. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 53(1): 13–33.

Simpson, E.H. (1949) Measurement of diversity. Nature (London), 163: 688.

Singh, S.M. and Dev, B. (1989) Studies on size of castings of Eutyphoeus

waltoni (Mich.) and worm’s weight. Biological Memoirs, 15(3): 197–198.

135


Singh, S.M. and Dev, B. (1995) Inter-seasonal variation in egestion-pattern of

earthworm, Metaphire posthuma (Vaill.). J. Adv. Zool., 16(1): 21–25.

Singh, S.M. and Dev, B. (1996) Egestion-pattern of two species of earthworms

in two soils during rainy season. Ad. Bios., 15(11): 35–40.

Singh, S.M. (2002) SEM studies on the anal morphology of two species of

earthworms. The 7th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology,

Cardiff, p. 215.

Sinha, B., Bhadauria, T., Ramakrishnan, P.S., Saxena, K.G. and Maikhuri, R.K.

(2003) Impact of landscape modification on earthworm diversity and

abundance in the Hariyali sacred landscape, Garhwal Himalaya.


Sorenson, T. (1948) A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in

plant society based on similarity of species content. K. Dan. Vidensk. Selsk.

Biol. Skr., 5: 1–34.

Spain, A.V., Lavelle, P. and Mariotti, A. (1992) Stimulation of plant growth by

tropical earthworms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 24: 1629–1633.

Spiers, G.A., Gagnon, D., Nason, G.E. et al. (1986) Effects and importance of

indigenous earthworms on decomposition and nutrient cycling in coastal

forest ecosystem. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 983–989.

Staaf, H. (1987) Foliage litter turnover and earthworm populations in three

beech forests of contrasting soil and vegetation types. Oecologia, 72: 58–

64.

Stephenson, J. (1921) Oligochaeta from Manipur, the Laccadive Islands,

Mysore and other parts of India. Rec. Indian Mus., 22: 745–768.

Stephenson, J. (1924) Oligochaeta of the Siju cave, Garo Hills, Assam, Rec.

Indian Mus., 26: 127–135.

136


Stephenson, J. (1930) The Oligochaeta, Oxford University Press.

Stern, H.J. (1967) Rubber: Natural and Synthetic. Maclaren and Sons Ltd.

London.

Suther, S. (2007) Vermicomposting of potential of Perionyx sansibaricus

(Perrier) in different waste materials. Bioresource Technology, 98: 1231–

1237.

Suthar, S. (2009) Growth and fecundity of earthworms: Perionyx excavatus and

Perionyx sansibaricus in cattle waste solids. Environmentalist, 29: 78–84.

Swaby, R.J. (1949) The influence of earthworms on soil aggregation. J. Soil

Sci., 1(2): 195–197.

Tapia-Coral, S.C., Luizao, F.J., Barros, E., Pashanasi, B. and Castillo, D.D.

(2006) Effect of Pontoscolex corethrurus Muller, 1857 (Oligochaeta:

Glossoscolecidae) inoculation on litter weight loss and soil nitrogen in

mesocosms in the Peruvian Amazon. Caribbean Journal of Science, 42(3):

410–418.

Templeton, R. (1844) Description of Megascolex caeruleus. Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 12: 89–91.

Tian, G., Brussaard, L. and Kang, B.T. (1993) Biological effects of plant

residues with contrasting chemical compositions under humid tropical

conditions: effects on soil fauna. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 25(6): 731–

737.

Tian, G., Olimah, J.A., Adeoye, G.O. and Kang, B.T. (2000) Regeneration of

earthworm population in a degraded soil by natural and planted fallows

under humid tropical conditions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 64: 222–228.

Upadhyay, R.M. and Sharma, N.L. (2001) Manual of Soil, Plant, Water and

Fertilizer Analysis, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.

137


Vinotha, S.P., Parthasarathi, K. and Ranganathan, L.S. (2000) Enhanced

phosphatase activity in earthworm casts is more of microbial origin. Current

Science, 79: 1158–1159.

Waksman, S.A. and Martin, J.P. (1939) The conservation of the soil. Science,

NY, 90: 304–305.

Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. (1934) Determination of organic carbon in Soil. Soil

Science, 37: 29–38.

Zhang, B.G., Rouland, C., Lattand, C. and Lavelle, P. (1993) Activity and origin

of digestive enzymes in the gut of the tropical earthworm Pontoscolex

corethrurus. European Journal of Soil Biology, 29(1): 7–11.

Zhang, M., Fu, X.H., Feng, W.T. and Zou, X. (2007) Soil organic carbon in pure

rubber and tea-rubber plantations in South-western China. Tropical

Ecology, 48(2): 201–207.

Zou, X. and Gonzalez, G. (1997) Changes in earthworm density and

community structure during secondary succession in abandoned tropical

pastures. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 29: 627–629.

Zou, X. and Gonzalez, G. (2001) Earthworm in tropical tree plantations: effects

of management and relations with soil carbon and nutrient use efficiency. In:

Management of tropical plantation forests and their soil litter system (Ed.

M.V. Reddy). Oxford University Press, New Delhi, pp. 283–295.

138

Documents

EARTHWORM RESOURCES IN RUBBER PLANTATIONS OF TRIPURA