Earthquakes-Do We Need Seismic Design in Bahrain

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    Earthquakes-Do we need seismic design in Bahrain?

    Dr. Faisal M. Falih

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    Tectonic activities

    A foldoccurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planarsurfaces, such as sedimentary strata , are bent or curved as a

    result of permanent deformation.

    A faultis a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock

    which may range in length from less than a meter to manyhundreds of kilometers , across which there has been significant

    displacement along the fractures as a result

    of earth movement. The presence of such faults indicates that, at

    some time in the past, movements took place along them.

    A volcanois an opening, or rupture, in a planet's surface or crust,which allows hot magma, volcanic ash and gases to escape from

    the magma chamber below the surface.

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    Plate tectonics theoryPlate tectonics theory visualizes the earth as consisting

    of a viscous, molten magma core with a number of

    lower-density rock plates floating on it. The exposed

    surfaces of the plates form the continents and the

    bottoms of the oceans. The crust of the earth is

    composed of many tectonic plates, and most of themajor earthquakes occur at the plate boundaries.

    As time goes by, the plates move relative to each other,

    breaking apart in some areas and jamming together in

    others.Geodesy

    , the science of measuring the Earth's shape and

    positions on it, lets us measure plate motions directly

    using GPS, the Global Positioning System.

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    Tectonic Plates of the earth

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    Tectonic Plate Interactions

    Divergent boundariesare areas where plates move

    away from each other, forming either mid-oceanic

    ridges or rift valleys.

    Convergent boundaries are areas where plates move

    toward each other and collide. These are also known

    as compressional or destructive boundaries.

    Transform boundariesoccur when two plates grindpast each other with only limited convergent or

    divergent activity

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-oceanic_ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-oceanic_ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-oceanic_ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-oceanic_ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-oceanic_ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-oceanic_ridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divergent_boundary
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    List of earthquakes in the regionSaudi Arabia

    In January 11 1941, earthquake ofM6.25 took place east ofJizan near

    Abu Arish.In October 17 1965, earthquake ofM5.5 took place east of Abu Arish

    near Saudi Yemeni border.

    Gulf of Aqaba is an area where large damaging earthquakes occur

    quite regularly. The last major event was the 1995Haql earthquake in

    the Gulf of Aqaba (M7.3) which caused significant damage on both sides

    of the Gulf and was felt hundreds of kilometers away.

    Earthquakes of M6 are common along the spreading axis of the Red

    Sea but generally they are not felt onshore and appear to pose little risk

    to infrastructure.

    On 19 May, 2009, 19 earthquakes ofM4.0 or greater took place in the

    volcanic area of Harrat Lunayyir to the north of Yanbu, including a M5.4

    event that caused minor damage to structures in the town of Al Ays (40

    km to the SE). The maximum actual dip-slip offset on the fault in the

    hard rock in the nearby hills was about 90 cm.

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    Yemen In 13 December 1982, earthquake of M6.2 took place in

    Dhamar(depth 7 Km & epicenter 14.7N and 44.2E) resultedin 2,500 deaths and injured 15000 people and destroyed about

    1,500 settlements.

    In November 22, 1991,earthquake took place in the Al-Udain

    and Hazm Al-Udain (Ibb), of M4.5 & epicenter 13.9N,

    44.1E. Preliminary surveys indicate that 7,150 buildings were

    damaged and 1,578 were destroyed. However, the reinforced

    concrete structures in the epicentral area suffered no structural

    damage indicating the high vulnerability of traditional buildings,especially those constructed on slopes without proper

    foundation. Many of small earthquakes of magnitude less than M4.2occurred

    on the period (1995-2012) highly felt by most of peoples.

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    Date Time Epicenter Magnitude Fatalities Coordinates Name

    une 22,2002 02:58:21 Qazvin 6.5

    [10] 262[2] 35408.4N485558.8E

    2002 Bou'in-Zahraearthquake

    December26, 2003 01:56:52 Bam 6.6[9] At least30,000[9] 29

    014.4

    N58

    2013.2E 2003 Bamearthquake

    May 28,2004 12:38:46

    Mzandarn 6.3

    [8] At least35[8]361612N513430E

    2004Mzandarnearthquake

    February22, 2005 02:25:22 Zarand 6.4

    [6] At least602[7]304427.6N565237.2E

    2005 Zarandearthquake

    November27, 2005 10:22:19 Qeshm 6.0

    [5]

    13[5]

    26472.4N555049.2E

    2005 Qeshmearthquake

    Earthquakes in Iran( 21st century )

    Date Time Epicenter Magnit de Fatalities Coordinates Name

    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akes_in_Iran&params=35_40_8.4_N_48_55_58.8_E_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazvin
  • 7/30/2019 Earthquakes-Do We Need Seismic Design in Bahrain

    11/19

    Date Time Epicenter Magnitude Fatalities Coordinates Name

    June 22,2002 02:58:21 Qazvin 6.5

    [10] 262[2] 35408.4N485558.8E

    2002 Bou'in-Zahraearthquake

    December 26, 200301:56:52 Bam 6.6

    [9] At least30,000[9]29014.4N582013.2E

    2003 Bamearthquake

    May 28,

    200412:38:46 Mzandarn 6.3[8] At least 35[8] 361612N51343

    0E

    2004Mzandarn

    earthquakeFebruary22, 2005 02:25:22 Zarand 6.4

    [6]At least602[7]

    304427.6N565237.2E

    2005 Zarandearthquake

    November 27, 200510:22:19 Qeshm 6.0

    [5] 13[5] 26472.4N555049.2E2005 Qeshmearthquake

    March 31,2006 01:17:01 Borujerd 6.1

    [4] 70[4] 333451.6N484738.4E2006 Borujerdearthquake

    Sep 10,2008 11:00:34 Qeshm 6.1 7

    264434.8N554940.8E

    2008 Bandar

    Abbasearthquake

    Aug 27,2010 23:56:34 Damghan 5.9 19

    264434.8N554940.8E

    2010 Damghanearthquake

    Dec 20,2010 22:12:01 Hosseinabad6.5 11 28.491N 59.117E

    2010Hosseinabadearthquake

    Jun 15,

    2011 01:05:30 Kahnooj 5.3 2 27.976N 57.574

    E

    2011 Kahnooj

    earthquakeAug 11,2012 12:23:18 Tabriz 6.4 and 6.3 306 38.324N 46.759E

    2012 Tabrizearthquakes

    Apr 9,2013 16:22:50 Bushehr 6.3

    30 (earlyestimate) 28.50N 51.59E

    2013 Bushehrearthquake

    Apr 16,2013 10:44:13 Khash, Iran 7.8

    1 (Non-residentialarea, due tolandslide)

    28.06N 62.08E

    2013 SistanandBaluchestan

    earthquake

    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    USGS-Seismic Hazard-Iran-Iraq & Gulf region-16-04-2013

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    Conclusions and Recommendations

    1. All available scientific data shows that Bahrain lies in a

    low-risk zone, so there is little chance of a major

    earthquake to occur.

    2. It is recommended to establish a Program ofAssessment of Earthquake Risk in Bahrain by collecting

    information for historical and instrumental seismicity in

    Bahrain, in the Arabian Gulf and in neighboring

    countries.3. It is recommended to acquire as soon as possible

    portable seismographs to carry out a survey of ground

    vibrations in different locations in Bahrain aiming at

    choosing permanent seismological stations.

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    4- After recommendation 3 as above is accomplished,

    then it is recommended to establish Bahrain

    Seismological Network (BSN) consisting of a number

    of Remote Sensing Permanent Stations with one

    Central Data Acquisition System (CDAS) and a

    communication link through a satellite hub.

    5- The main aims of the recommended BSN as in 4

    above is monitoring and analysis of earthquakes at

    the Arabian Gulf region, studying Hazard and RiskAssessment in Bahrain in PGA terms and to study any

    future seismic requirements for design of buildings in

    Bahrain (if necessary).

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    Thank you