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Earthquake Hazards and Risk Reduction

Impact of earthquakes on human life

Other Effects of Earthquakes

What can people do?- understanding where earthquakes happen- understanding the risks from future earthquakes- being prepared to reduce the risks

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News, articles, etc. on Earthquakes - updated often by Dr. Kuehnhttps://www.diigo.com/outliner/6sb025/Earthquakes?key=v47wexo8fp

Golcuk, Turkey (60 mile east of Istanbul) after the magnitude 7.4 earthquake of August 17, 1999

Chapter 18 Understanding Earth

Kobe, Japan after the magnitude 7.2 earthquake of January 16, 1995

Fig. 18.18 Understanding Earth

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Impact of earthquakes on human lifeDeadliest earthquakes each year 1998-2014

Year Date Magnitude Location

2014 3-Aug 6.2 729 Wenping, China2013 24-Sep 7.7 825 Awaran, Pakistan2012 2-Jun 6.7 113 Philippines2011 11-Mar 9 20,896 northern Japan2010 12-Jan 7 222,570 Haiti2009 30-Sep 7.5 1,117 Southern Sumatera, Indonesia2008 12-May 7.9 87,587 Eastern Sichuan, China2007 15-Aug 8 514 Near the Coast of Central Peru2006 26-May 6.3 5,749 Java, Indonesia2005 8-Oct 7.6 80,361 Pakistan2004 26-Dec 9 283,106 Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra2003 26-Dec 6.6 31,000 Southeastern Iran2002 25-Mar 6.1 1,000 Hindu Kush Region, Afghanistan2001 26-Jan 7.7 20,023 India2000 4-Jun 7.9 103 Southern Sumatera, Indonesia1999 17-Aug 7.6 17,118 Turkey1998 30-May 6.6 4,000 Afghanistan-Tajikistan Border Region

Fatalities

Go to: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/10_largest_world.phphttp://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_deaths.php (not updated since 2014)Show latest earthquakes in Google Earth http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/catalogs/

3Biggest in 2015-2016

Map and list generated at: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/

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7.7 SW of Agrihan, Northern Mariana Islands 2016-07-29 21:18:24 (UTC) 196.0 km7.8 SSE of Muisne, Ecuador 2016-04-16 23:58:36 (UTC) at least 350 killed7.8 Southwest of Sumatra, Indonesia 2016-03-02 12:49:48 UTC 24.0 km7.6 211km S of Tarauaca, Brazil 2015-11-24 22:50:54 UTC 620.6 km7.6 173km WNW of Iberia, Peru 2015-11-24 22:45:38 UTC 606.2 km7.5 45km E of Farkhar, Afghanistan 2015-10-26 09:09:42 UTC 231.0 km8.3 46km W of Illapel, Chile 2015-09-16 about 12 killed7.8 189km WNW of Chichi-shima, Japan 2015-05-30 7.5 130km SSW of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 2015-05-05

7.8 36km E of Khudi, Nepal 2015-04-25 more than 8,500 killed (greatest in Nepal history)

7.5 53km SE of Kokopo, Papua New Guinea 2015-03-29

Impact of earthquakes on human life

California & Iran in 2003Dec. 22: Only 2 killed by a magnitude 6.5 earthquake in California

Dec. 26: More than 30,000 killed by a magnitude 6.6 earthquake in Iran

Haiti & Chile in 2010Jan. 12: >220,000 killed by a magnitude 7.0 in Haiti

Feb. 27: >500 killed by a magnitude 8.8 in Chile

The same thing is seen again and again.

Why?

5 Earthquake Effects

Intrinsic parts of the earthquake itself• Displacement: fault movement• Surface rupture: displacement that reaches the ground surface• Energy release: seismic waves / shaking (also heat from friction on fault)

Secondary effects• Ground subsidence and cracking• Changes in wells, springs, rivers• Landslides• Liquefaction• Tsunamis (in oceans) and seiches (in lakes)

• Effects on human infrastructure− collapse of buildings− damage transportation, communication, electrical, gas, water, sewer,

dams, etc.− fire and flooding− economic disruption

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvJ8j2vkzKoEureka, CA

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJPS4lokxtwKobe, Japan

http://news.discovery.com/earth/south-american-cities-moved-in-chile-quake.html Chile displacement

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Surface displacement during the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The fault moved about 3 meters (10 feet).

Fig 18.2 Understanding Earth

The fault line is here

7Fault scarp created during the magnitude 7.8 Pleasant

Valley earthquake in 1915.

This earthquake occurred on a normal fault in the Basin & Range region and was the largest earthquake ever recorded in Nevada. Surface rupture with displacement occurred over 59 km (37 mi) of the fault. The average vertical movement was 2 m (6 ft), and the maximum was 6 m (20 ft)! The ‘quake affected groundwater causing large changes in the flow of springs (& streams) throughout northern Nevada. The ‘quake was felt at least as far away as San Diego, CA, and it was followed by about 100 aftershocks.

UP

DOWN

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1989 magnitude 7 Loma Prieta (a.k.a. world series) earthquake

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USGS DDS-29

The 1994 Northridge earthquake in Californiatriggered many landslides

USGS OFR 95-213

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Damage to an elevated highway from the 1995, Kobe earthquake.

Source:National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, at the University of California, Berkeleyhttp://nisee.berkeley.edu/

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Liquefaction features resulting from the magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989.

USGS DDS-29

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More about liquefaction: http://cee.uiuc.edu/sstl/education/liquefaction/http://www.ce.washington.edu/~liquefaction/html/main.html

Tilting of apartment buildings due to liquefaction1964 magnitude 7.5 Niigata earthquake, Japan

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Cracking and subsidence of soft ground resulting from the 1995, Kobe, Japan earthquake

National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, University of California, Berkeley

NASA

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USGS

More images:http://images.google.com/images?q=1906+San+Francisco+Earthquake&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&btnG=Google+Search

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Fires

Tsunami – Sumatra, 2004AP/Choo Youn-kong

Tsunami - Papua New Guinea, 1998Fig. 18.9b Understanding Earth

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDOuwMj7Xzohttp://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/video/tsunami-indonesia2004.mov(NOAA)

Chile 2010http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/photogalleries/100301-chile-earthquake-tsunami-quake-pictures/#025974_600x450.jpg

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/photogalleries/100309-chile-earthquake-tsunami-aerial-pictures/#chile-tsunami-earthquake-aerials-boat-washed-up_13661_600x450.jpg

* Japan earthquake: Footage of moment tsunami hithttp://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-12725646* Raw Footage – Tsunami hits port town (from building) http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7359871n&tag=cbsnewsVideoArea;cbsnewsVideoArea.0* Tsunami blankets Japan coast (from air)http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7359299nEarthquake Is Biggest in Japan’s Recorded History (graphic shows wave height)http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/03/biggest-japanese-earthquake/NOAA Tsunami animation http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/honshu20110311/20110311Houshu.movGoogle Earth view of Fukushima planthttp://academics.concord.edu/sckuehn/Geo101/Sum11/JapanNuclearPlant.kmzVideo shows tsunami crashing into Fukushima nuclear sitehttp://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/japan.nuclear.reactors/index.html?hpt=T2“Sound” of the Japan earthquakehttp://geophysics.eas.gatech.edu/people/zpeng/Japan_20110311/Japan_03112011_HTAH.movJapan Earthquake: before and after (photos)* http://www.abc.net.au/news/specials/japan-quake-2011/Tsunami causes millions in damage and several deaths in California http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/03/11/BAEU1I9993.DTLTsunami magnet: California town hit 34 times since '34 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42077667/ns/world_news-asia-pacific/ns/world_news-asiapacificProposed GOP budget cuts targeted tsunami warning centers http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20042264-503544.html

Impact of earthquakes on people

Northern Japan – March 11, 2011 – Magnitude 9.0

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Generation of a tsunami by underwater fault movements.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Xebwzb3dDE

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Fig. 18.19 Understanding Earth

NOAA PMEL Tsunami-related videoshttp://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3BDBAAAA7D4EB2DA&feature=plcpMore from 2011 Japan earthquake & tsunami from NOAA http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/honshu20110311/

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Tsunami Travel time in hours across the Pacific Ocean

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Mag ~9.2 1964

Mag ~9.5 1960

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/03/02/tech/main6259564.shtml?tag=cbsnewsMainColumnArea

USGS

Drowned forest on the Pacific Northwest coast

Around 9:00 PM on January 26, 1700, these trees and others at locations hundreds of miles apart were killed as the land suddenly subsided and parts of the coast were flooded by sea water during a magnitude ~9 earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone.

What happened to Samatra and the Indian Ocean coastline in 2004, to Alaska in 1964, to Chile in 1960 and 2010, and to Japan in 2011 has happened here too. And, it will eventually happen again.

Can a 9.0 megaquake & tsunami occur on the US West Coast?

Photo: USGS

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How northwest earthquakes work https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_belQwGNolY&feature=youtu.be

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21So, how do we know the day and time of an

earthquake that hit the west coast 310 years ago?

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Anticipating the next mega-quakehttp://www.cbsnews.com/news/anticipating-the-next-mega-quake/

S.F. Chronicle Tsunami article: http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/06/13/MNGTND7JQJ1.DTL

Scenario for the next Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake.

FEMA best-case scenario: 10,000 casualties. A million people could be displaced. In coastal towns, the roads and bridges may be impassable. Rebuilding might take years, even decades.

x

USGS Fact Sheet 176-95

Earthquakes in the U.S.Larger dots indicate bigger earthquakes.

Compare California to Alaska.

What can people do to be prepared?

1. Understand where earthquakes happen – Where, How often, How big?

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See also EQ lists and maps at: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/large_usa_7.php

Global EQ Density Map http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/world_density.php

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1. Understand where earthquakes happen – Where, How often, How big?

Going beyond historical records to geologic records of older earthquakes

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From USGS Fact Sheet 152-99

2. Make maps showing where the hazards and risks are greatest...

What can people do to be prepared?26

2. Make maps showing where the hazards and risks are greatest...

Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/10_largest_world.php

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http://www.npr.org/2016/08/29/490239181/when-the-biggest-earthquake-ever-recorded-hit-chile-it-rocked-the-world?sc=tw

2. Make maps showing where the hazards and risks are greatest...

What can people do to be prepared?28

Most of the high hazard areas are at or near plate boundaries. The others have been difficult to explain, until recently: Tugging, pushing deep within Earth may explain mysterious earthquakeshttp://news.sciencemag.org/earth/2015/08/tugging-pushing-deep-within-earth-may-explain-mysterious-earthquakes M

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7.3 magnitude in 1886

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Simplified 2014 Hazard Map (PGA, 2% in 50 years) http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/products/conterminous/

The probability of a magnitude 6.0 or greater earthquake in this region sometime during the next 50 years is about 25-40% http://ema.alabama.gov/earthquakebook/Earthquake_7.htm

Assessment of earthquake

hazard and

locations of major faults in

the San Francisco Bay region

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http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2015/3009/pdf/fs2015-3009.pdf

USGS 2014

http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/most-dangerous-fault-america

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Seismic hazard and risk maps: an important guide when preparing for earthquakes

Seismic hazard and risk maps often take into account:

• Locations of faults

• Earthquake frequency/probability

• Potential earthquake magnitudes

• Type of ground – e.g. sediments vs. bedrock

• Peak ground movement possible

• Human populations and infrastructure

Who uses these maps?

What are they used for?

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Intensity and duration of shaking vary with the type of ground

USGS Fact Sheet 176-95

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcFEg4mHAhY (SAF rupture near LA, shaking in basin)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xioHswbahPc (wider view)

USGS Fact Sheet 176-95

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Earthquake requirements in building codes have increased over time as scientists and engineers have obtained new information. Note that recentrequirements in place in many locations specify separate criteria for different ground types.

3. Make buildings safer by building stronger and avoiding the most hazardous areas

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http://projects.seattletimes.com/2016/seismic-neglect/http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/times-watchdog/buildings-that-kill-the-earthquake-danger-lawmakers-have-ignored-for-decades/

USGS Fact Sheet 176-95

Ecuador – April 2016 Credit: Agencia de Noticias ANDES, CC-BY-SA 2.0 https://eos.org/research-spotlights/a-new-view-of-the-plate-dynamics-behind-earthquakes-in-ecuador

35Building collapse – the number one cause of death during earthquakes

Building design is a major factor in determining the degree of earthquake damage.

This building was destroyed during the 1995 magnitude 6.9 earthquake near Kobe, Japan. This earthquake caused 5,480 deaths, and totally destroyed more than 192,000 houses and buildings.

National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering, University of California, Berkeley

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EQ shock absorbers on new LA building https://www.wired.com/2016/09/wilshire-grand-taking-risk-seismic-strategy/Italy building collapse: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37522660

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Rebuilding Japan: After the delugeJapan is rebuilding its coastal cities to protect people from the biggest tsunamis.http://www.nature.com/news/rebuilding-japan-after-the-deluge-1.10172

Tsunami Safe Buildingsand warning systems

First U.S. tsunami shelter planned for town

in the Oregon coast

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What if Japan's tsunami happened here? Experts say Oregon coast is not as prepared as it should be (2011)http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-

Spend to upgrade West Coast earthquake-detection system | The Seattle Times http://www.seattletimes.com/opinion/editorials/spend-to-west-coast-upgrade-earthquake-detection-system/

Tsunami Safe Buildingsand warning systems

http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/floating-buildings-fdn-save-people-from-climate-change-and-tsunamis-291630521.html

4. Make emergency plans and preparations

• City, state, and federal agencies

• Prepare yourself:

• emergency supplies (e.g. food, water, a light source, first aid, prescription medications, extra clothes, walking shoes)

• know how to turn off the natural gas line if there’s a leak

• know where to go for safety

• etc.

5. Educate people about earthquakes!!

For example:

Disaster Lessons: What You Don’t Know Can Kill Youhttp://www.geosociety.org/news/pr/05-39.htm

6. Build early warning systems (next slide)

39 Earthquake prediction and warning

long-term prediction (years) - do this routinely

• locations of faults

• earthquake histories and seismic gaps

• probabilities of future earthquakes

• local nature of the earth’s surface material

• hazard maps and risk maps

short-term prediction (minutes to months) - don’t know how, yet

• precursors (poorly understood, predictions unreliable)

• an active area of research

very short-term warnings (seconds) - some places do this alreadyafter the earthquake has begun at the focus, but before most of the

shaking arrives in populated areas

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCNC6ZRTAnYhttp://gizmodo.com/theres-a-way-to-make-big-earthquakes-safer-the-us-wont-1717576674

Recent Earthquake News

Lots more at: https://www.diigo.com/outliner/6sb025/Earthquakes?key=v47wexo8fp

New Yorker articles on the expected “big one” in the Pacific Northwesthttp://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one

http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/how-to-stay-safe-when-the-big-one-comes

There's A Way to Make Big Earthquakes Safer. The US Won't Pay For It.http://gizmodo.com/theres-a-way-to-make-big-earthquakes-safer-the-us-wont-1717576674

Nepal quake death toll highest on record in countryhttp://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/17/us-quake-nepal-idUSKBN0O20LL20150517

Nepal earthquake videoshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btc020siGBo (people on road, can’t walk)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Em3OEa6LmPY (building collapse)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y79V-XMYQwA (swimming pool)

Millions Evacuated After Massive Chile Earthquakehttp://www.wired.com/2015/09/10-dead-millions-evacuated-massive-chile-earthquake/

Chile confronts major quake with fortified buildings, alerts http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/L/LT_CHILE_EARTHQUAKE?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-09-16-19-08-26

Native American oral about Cascadia earthquakes: The Great Quake and the Great Drowninghttp://www.hakaimagazine.com/article-long/great-quake-and-great-drowning

Vital seconds: The journey toward earthquake early warning for all (via cell phone app)http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/vital-seconds-journey-toward-earthquake-early-warning-all

41 Explore Onlinehttp://www.iris.edu/hq/retm Recent Earthquake Teachable Moments

http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/recent/index.htmlReal-time earthquake maps Real-time seismogram displaysMajor historic quakes with lots of photosEarthquake hazards and being prepared Lots more

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/Earthquake lists and maps:

Largest in the U.S., Largest in the world, Most deadly, etc.

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/dyfi/Did you feel an earthquake? Report it or look for details.

http://www.scec.org/Southern California Earthquake Center (Includes “Earthquake Myths” and “Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country”, videos, etc.)

http://www.npr.org/search/index.php?searchinput=earthquake&tabId=all&sort=date NPR stories on recent earthquakeshttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124361777 Charles Darwin witnessed 1895 Chilean quake

http://www.nature.com/news/archive/keyword/earthquakes.htmlVariety of earthquake-related news and information

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Chile: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/photogalleries/100309-chile-earthquake-tsunami-aerial-pictures/#chile-tsunami-earthquake-aerials-landslide-sea_13660_600x450.jpg