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What causes earthquakes?What causes earthquakes?
How do earthquake forces enter How do earthquake forces enter buildings?buildings?
How does the building respond?How does the building respond?
What building elements resist What building elements resist forces?forces?
EpicenterEpicenterEpicenterEpicenter
FaultFaultFaultFault
Point of fracture or Point of fracture or slippage, termed slippage, termed Focus or Hypocenter Focus or Hypocenter
Point of fracture or Point of fracture or slippage, termed slippage, termed Focus or Hypocenter Focus or Hypocenter
Distance to Fault SourceDistance to Fault Source
Surface GeologySurface Geology
WaterWater
SandSand
RockRock
FaultFault
Inertia ForcesInertia ForcesInertia ForcesInertia Forces
ACCELERATIONACCELERATIONACCELERATIONACCELERATION
DECELERATIONDECELERATIONDECELERATIONDECELERATION
HD1HD1HD1HD1 HD2HD2HD2HD2ElevationElevationElevationElevation
HD3HD3HD3HD3 HD4HD4HD4HD4
Height / Weight Height / Weight RelationshipRelationship
Height / Weight Height / Weight RelationshipRelationship
0 1 011½
0 1 2 0 1 2 3
Building at RestBuilding at RestBuilding at RestBuilding at Rest Ground Accelerates to LeftGround Accelerates to LeftGround Accelerates to LeftGround Accelerates to Left
Ground Accelerates to RightGround Accelerates to RightGround Accelerates to RightGround Accelerates to Right Ground & Building at RestGround & Building at RestGround & Building at RestGround & Building at Rest
Period of VibrationPeriod of VibrationPeriod of VibrationPeriod of Vibration
Chimney Chimney Vibration Vibration FailureFailure
Chimney Chimney Vibration Vibration FailureFailure
Two Story Vibration Two Story Vibration FailureFailure
Two Story Vibration Two Story Vibration FailureFailure
Shear WallShear Wall
Cripple WallCripple Wall
FoundationFoundationFloorDiaphragm
FloorDiaphragm
Roof DiaphragmRoof Diaphragm
House Elements Resist House Elements Resist Horizontal ForcesHorizontal Forces
House Elements Resist House Elements Resist Horizontal ForcesHorizontal Forces
f1
f2
f3
fsum = f1 + f2 + f3fsum = f1 + f2 + f3
Cripple WallsCripple WallsCripple WallsCripple Walls
Crawl SpaceCrawl SpaceCripple WallCripple Wall
First FloorFirst Floor
Damage Resulting Damage Resulting from Base Shearfrom Base Shear
Damage Resulting Damage Resulting from Base Shearfrom Base Shear
Buildings Resist Buildings Resist Horizontal Earthquake Horizontal Earthquake
ForcesForces
Buildings Resist Buildings Resist Horizontal Earthquake Horizontal Earthquake
ForcesForces
Horizontal parts:Horizontal parts:Roof & floor structures Roof & floor structures diaphragmsdiaphragms
Vertical parts:Vertical parts:Span horizontal elements shear Span horizontal elements shear wallswalls