Earth Science I: Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energydecmanscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Earth Science Notes.pdf... · I: Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy: ... it would heat

Earth Science I: Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy: A. Kinetic Molecular Theory:

Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion (moving things) 1. All matter is made up of very small particles (atoms and molecules) 2. There is empty space between the particles 3. Particles are constantly moving. The particles are colliding with each other

and a container if possible a. Particles of a solid are tightly packed so they only vibrate b. Particles of a liquid are farther apart so they slide past each other c. Particles of a gas are very far apart and move around super

quickly! 4. Energy makes particles move. They more energy, the more they move.

B. Temperature: What is it? We use three different temperature scales. Temperatures is the measure of the average kinetic energy contained within sample of matter. As the temperature increases, so does the energy. There are three different scales to measure temperature with. Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin.

Daintrey’s Doings! ☺

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C. Thermal Energy: Thermal energy is the total energy of the particles of a substance (solid, liquid or gas)

1. The more kinetic energy a substance has the more thermal energy it has.

2. The larger the amount of substance, the more thermal energy it has (Swimming pool, hot tea)

D. Heat: Heat is the amount of thermal energy that transfers from an area of object of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature. E. Heat Transfer:

1. Conduction: The transfer of heat from one substance to another by contact (Touching) 2. Convection: The transfer of heat within a fluid (Gas or liquid) and with movement of fluid from one place to another. A convection current is the movement of a gas or a liquid because of density differences.


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3. Radiation: Energy transfer carried in waves of radiant energy.

Sample Provincial Exam Questions:


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II: Energy transfer in the Atmosphere: The Atmosphere is layers of gas which extend above the planet’s surface.

A. Origins of The Atmosphere: 1. Volcanoes on the run earth explode and release water vapour and carbon

dioxide, sulphur gases and hydrogen gas. 2. Most living things need oxygen to live. When sunlight broke through it

heated up the water and broke it down to oxygen. 3. The next production of oxygen came from single celled organisms that did

photosynthesis. 4. Eventually the ratio of carbon dioxide and oxygen worked itself out and the

atmosphere was born! B. Composition of Air:


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C. The Layers of the atmosphere:

1. Troposphere Ranges from 8 Km to 16 km thick The air is the densest in this layer Weather takes place in this layer The temperature drops 6.5 degrees celcius every time you increase the altitude by 1 km. At the top of the troposphere the temperature is about -55 degrees Celsius

2. Stratosphere Ranges but is about 50 km thick Air is dry and the winds are strong Acts as a barrier that helps contain moisture in the troposphere and blocks out sun radiation Contains the Ozone layer: the layer that absorbs much of the UV radiation from the sun

3. Mesosphere Is about 30 km thick Temperatures as low as -100 degrees celcius Shooting stars are space matieral making its way through the mesosphere.

4. Thermosphere Is 420 km thick Charged particles collide with the magnetic field of the earth and a bright glow of the northern lights can be seen

5. Exosphere Is about 200km thick Last layer which interacts with outer space.

D. Radiation and Conduction within the Atmosphere:

Only a small portion of solar radiation reaches earth, but even so almost all the energy from the earth comes from the sun.

the amount of solar radiation that reaches a certain area is called insolation The angle of incidence is the angle between a ray reaching the surface of the earth and a line that is perpendicular to that surface.

The insolation of the earth heats the earth through conduction and convection currents. Conduction is through the earth’s surface and convection is through the atmosphere.


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The solar radiation that reaches the top of the earth’s atmosphere is very intense. If the earth let all of it in, it would heat up the planet way too much! The earth has a radiation budget which keeps incoming and outgoing energy in balance.

the incoming solar radiation is reflected by clouds and dust in the atmosphere

Albedo describes the amount of radiation reflection by a surface.

Sample Provincial Exam Question:


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E. Weather Weather is the condition of the atmosphere in a specific place and at the specific time.

It is closely related to heat transfer in the atmosphere.

F. Atmospheric Pressure: 1. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the mass of air above

any point on the earth! 2. Measuring It:

A barometer is a machine we use to measure the pressure in the atmosphere.

The standard unit for pressure is called the Pascal. (kPa)


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3. Altitude affects atmospheric Pressure: As your altitude increases the density of the air decreases, the atmospheric pressure also decreases. Which layer of the earth’s atmosphere has the greatest amount of pressure? 4. Temperature affects atmospheric pressure When cold air pushes into a region of warm air, the atmospheric pressure in that location increases. When warm air pushes into an area of cold air pushes into an area of cold air near the ground, the atmospheric pressure in that location decreases. 5. Humidity Humidity describes the amount of water vapour in the air. Specific Humidity is the indication of total water vapour in the air. It’s measured in water vapour in 1kg of air. Dew forms when air becomes saturated when the specific humidity equals the capacity of air to hold water at a specific temperature. For every 11 degrees rise in temperature the capacity to hold water doubles. the weather man always talks about relative humidity which compares the amount of water vapour in the air with the amount the air could hold if it were totally saturated. Sample Provincial Exam Questions:


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G. Convection in the Atmosphere Wind is the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Air mass is parcel of air with similar temperature humidity throughout. 1. High Pressure Systems When an air mass cools over an ocean or a cold region on land a high pressure system forms. As the air cools it looses energy and contracts. This draws in the upper troposphere. High pressure systems often bring clear skies! 2. Low Pressure Systems Air masses that travel over warm land or oceans may develop into low pressure systems. as the air rises it cools, this makes the water vapour turn into droplets which causes rain Low pressure systems are what makes us have rainy weather Sample Provincial Exam Question:

H: Prevailing Winds: Winds that are typical for a certain region are called Prevailing winds. 1. Local Winds:

Geographical features such as mountains, oceans, and lakes greatly effect wind.

Sea breezes are local winds that are caused by different rates at which land and water respond to heating and cooling. Onshore breeze: Comes from the land heating the air above it. (Day) Offshore breeze: Comes form the ocean heating the air above it. (Night)


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2. The Coriolis Effect

Anyone observing the earth sees the air deflecting off of something. This apparent deflection is called the "Coriolis force" and is a result of the earth's rotation.

3. Global wind System:

Trade Winds Between 30 north and 30 south of the equator

Prevailing Westerlies Between 30 and 60 north latitude Same on the south


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Polar Easterlies Between 60 north and the north pole Between 60 south and the south pole

I: Jet Streams Jet streams are bands of fast moving air in the stratosphere. This means it does not have to deal with the friction and global winds in the trophosphere. The movement of the jet streams also affects the movement of air beneath them and therefore the weather. J: Fronts This band of clouds that indicates the boundary between two air masses is called a front.


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K: Extreme Weather

Thunderstorm Occur when water vapour in rising warm air condenses, releasing thermal energy. The energy heats the air and it continues to rise. This makes Cumulonimbus clouds (thunder clouds) which accompany thunder storms

Tornadoes Forms when high altitude horizontal winds meet large thunderstorms. This causes rising air to rotate into a funnel cloud

Hurricane The exchange of thermal energy with the tropics, a massive spinning storm is called a tropical cyclone. Wind speeds can reach up to 300 km/h


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III: The Natural Causes of Climate Change A. Describing Climate: Climate has to do with temperatures, humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, and wind. A Biogeoclimatic Zone is a region with a certain type of play life, soil, geography and climate B. Studying Past Climate: Paleoclimatologists are scientists look at the past to describe the current climate today Factors which effect climate change: 1. The composition of the Earth’s Atmosphere

Natural Greenhouse effect

2. Earth’s Tilt, rotation, and orbit around the sun


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3. The water cycle H20 is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. High temperatures increase evaporation and the capacity of the air to hold the water vapour. So as we are heating the planet, there are more extreme weather patterns. What are the three processes involved in the water cycle? 4. Ocean currents As plates shift the deepness of the ocean is affected greatly. The shallower the ocean is, the easier it is to heat up.

Unusually warm water is Equador and Peru are called El Nino. This results in mild weather along the coast of BC.

La nina brings cooler than normal temperatures to BC!


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5. The carbon cycle

List the major processes involved in the carbon cycle: 6. Catastrophic events

Meteors hitting the earth, large enough earth quakes, volcanic eruptions, ice ages, and other catastrophic events help shape our climate.


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Structural Earth Science: Chapter 12

A. The Layers of the Earth:

Crust The crust is the outer skin of the earth. Its thickness is varied and ranges from 70km thick to 10km thick.

Mantle Is 2900km thick, and is made of iron magnesium and silicon, which make it much more dense than the crust. The mantle accounts for 70% of the earth’s mass

Outer Core The outer core lies between the mantle and the inner core It’s 2100 km thick and is composed of molten iron and nickel

Inner Core Solid ball of iron and nickel. This part of the earth has a radius of approximately 1300km. The temperature is extremely high at the core, but because it is under an extreme amount of pressure, it remains a solid

B. How the Crust and the Mantle interact:

the crust and the upper part of the mantle together form a layer called the lithosphere.

the lithosphere is made up of solid but moving masses or rock. these moving masses are called lithospheric plates, each ranging in thickness

from 65km to 100km


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Sample Provincial Exam question

C. Crustal Rock Types: Type Of Rock Formation Examples Igneous Formed from magma

cooling and crystallizing Basalt: dark rock, small crystal Granite: light rock, large crystal

Sedimentary Formed from Sediments (fragments from other rocks) compacting together

Shale: silt size grains Sandstone: sand sized grains Conglomerate: pebble to boulder size fragments

Metamorphic Formed from pre-existing rocks changing under

Marble: Grainy Patchy Crystal


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heat and pressure Slate: Think, tightly packed layers

D. Geological Time Scale:

the age of the earth is roughly 4.6 billion years the geological time scale is a system which divides the earth’s history

into phases. It is like a calendar, except for the earth’s history each division of the geological time scale is characterized by a variety

of things such as. Rock types, fossils, and organisms found in that era A. Divisions of the Time Scale:

Division Definition Era Eras are the largest division and range

from millions of years to billions of years

Periods The subdivision of eras. Characterized by the types of specimens studies within the period.

Epoch Smaller division of the period Age Defined by the organisms that existed

in each period

Era Age Cenozoic Age of Mammals Mesozoic Age of Reptiles Paleozoic 1. Age of the amphibians


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2. Age of Fish 3. Age of marine invertebrates

E. The Earth’s Surface: According the theory of plate tectonics the lithospheric plates move around slowly on the fluid asthenosphere, with plates interacting in a variety of ways when they collide A German scientist named Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift. He died in 1930 and never really proved all of his ideas…though they are the basis of all this structural earth science.

1. The Theory of continental drift this theory suggests that plates have not always been in their current

position is suggests that they have slowly drifted into their current locations on the

earth it also suggests that they will continue to drift this theory suggested that long ago there was a super continent which

separated and drifted apart to form the world’s current formation this evidence is supported by the types of fossils found on each plate

2. The Main Evidence which supports continental drift theory i. The Jigsaw Puzzle Fit

The contents fit together too closely to be coincidental

ii. Matching Geological Structures and Rocks

Similar rock formations are found on different continents which suggest them being closer together at one time

mountain ranges often end at the ocean which could suggest they continued elsewhere


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iii. Fossil Evidence similar fossils were found on different continents

iv. Other Evidence for Continental Drift theory: After glaciers retreat they leave large imprints of their existence in the

forms of valleys and mountain ranges. The placement of these structures suggests that a glacier covered more than one continent, as they were close together. 2. The Theory of Plate Tectonics: i. Proof of Plate Tectonics:

Earthquakes and volcanoes do not randomly occur all over the world. They occur in a pattern:


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This matches with the plate tectonics diagram below:

3. Paleomagnetism a. The earth is like a large bar magnet, with poles b. New ocean floor forms when basaltic magma from the mantle rises, cools

through the crust, and hardens at the ocean ridges. New Magma coming up moves the older rock away from the ridge like a conveyor belt.

c. Basalt is rich in iron and as it cools it becomes magnetic d. The cooled basalt has minerals that are aligned with the magnetic north

pole of the earth


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e. The earth’s magnetic poles flip every half million years. When they are in north south orientation, the polarity is normal, but when they flip south-north orientation the polarity is reversed. During a period of reversal a compass needle would point to the south pole instead of the north

f. Because the cooled basal aligns with the magnetic north at the time of cooling, some portions of the new rock will have reverse polarity

g. The results is alternating bands of normal and reverse polarity in the rocks surround an oceanic ridge

h. The pattern is symmetric on either side of the oceanic ridge This magnetic stripping (above) is proof that plates are constantly moving and spreading their ridges. ( New sea floor), if this happens on land it is called a rift valley

A hot spot is a place where the molten rock rises to the earth’s surface and forms land structures. The Hawaiian islands are formed on a geological hot spot.


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4. Plate Movement: plates ‘float’ on the molten asthenosphere and are in constant motion Convection Currents are patterns of magma flow in the mantle, and the

main force driving plate tectonics. As the molten material is heated, it rises to the lithosphere and flows horizontally before cooling and descending to be reheated again

when plates interact with each other, they can create a subduction zone, or a zone where a denser plate is forced underneath a less dense plate. The valley that results is called a trench


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subduction can pull some of the rest of the plate along with it when it goes

underneath a less dense plate. This is called a slab pull

5. Plate Interactions: a. Divergent Plate Boundaries:

spreading centers are also referred to as divergent plate boundaries. The plates move away from each other, forming oceanic ridges where magma comes up and cools. If the process occurs on land, the ridges are called rifts

b. Convergent Plate Boundaries: convergent plate boundaries would be the opposite of the divergent ones,

they move together c. Transforms Plate Boundaries

when plates pass by each other in opposite directions it is called a transform plate boundary

they do not form mountains or volcanoes, but large shallow earthquakes the san andreas fault is an example of this as the pacific plate slides past

the north American plate Symbols on the Map: Convergence

Divergence

Transform

Convergent Plate Boundaries: I: Oceanic Continental collision

the oceanic plate subducts under that continental plate and hot magma is pushed up at the boundary which forms cone shaped volcanoes. II: Oceanic Oceanic Collision


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Subduction also occurs during this collision, one oceanic plate is forced below into the mantle. Volcanoes are again formed, but they are called an island arc. The islands of Japan are examples of island arcs III: Continental Continental Collision

Subduction also occurs during this collision, one plate is forced below the other. These types of collisions produce earthquakes but not volcanoes



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6. The Movement of Tectonic plate: Environmental Impact Any kind of plate movement causes impacts on the environment. It can form volcanoes, produce earthquakes or form mountain ranges. A. Types of Volcanoes: I: Composite Volcanoes:

form at plate boundaries where there is subduction of one plate under the other

they are the normal cone shaped volcanoes which you think when you think Volcano

I The Impact of Volcanoes on the Environment

Term Definition Ash Sand sized material that ejected from an erupting

volcano Lava Flow Molten rock flow that reaches the earth’s surfaces Landslide A large amount of debris which is cast down mountain

when the volcano erupts Volcanic Neck The funnel which magma travels up towards the


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opening of the volcano II: Shield Volcanoes:

Form at hot spots, a weak part of the lithospheric plate where molten material can bust through.

The Hawaiian Islands are formed from shield volcanoes as are the

Galapagos Islands Shield Volcanoes are much larger than composite volcanoes.

III: Rift Eruptions

These occur at spreading ridges of the ocean, or land. The mantle can break through these cracks or fissures, forming a fountain

like eruption 8. Earthquakes: Seismology: Seismology is the study of earthquakes and their effects the lithospheric plates slide on top of the molten asthenosphere, sometimes bumping into each other.

a large amount of friction is built up because something that is 2000km wide is trying to push past something that is another 2000 km wide.

When these plates rub against each other they can release large amounts of energy in the form of earth quakes

Earth quakes release their energy in the form of waves. They have both body (fast moving ground waves) and surface (slower moving waves).


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1. Primary waves (P waves)

travel about 6km/s and can move through any material solids, and liquids p waves cause the ground to alternately compress and stretch in the direction

they travel 2. Secondary waves (s waves)

travel at about 3.5km/s and cause the ground to squeeze and stretch at the right angles to the direction of the waves motion

cause more damage than p waves 3. Love waves (l waves)

travel along the surface in a rolling action, like ripples on a pond after a stone has been dropped in.

The focus is the very center where the earthquake originates from, the earth directly above it is called the epicenter

in BC we live in an earthquake zone called the ring of fire. Geologists say that this part of the world should have an earthquake every 150 to 300 year. The last major one was in 1700. This makes us due for a large one at anytime. This is why it is always important to be prepared for an earthquake


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The Impacts of an Earthquake I: ground shaking shaking causes the collapse of buildings, structures and roads during an earthquake when the vibration of the waves causes ground water to rise to the surface of the ground turning solid ground into liquid material it is called liquefaction this is what causes sink holes during earthquakes and aftershocks II: Tsunamis

large sea wave produced from a underwater earthquake you might remember the tsunami which totaled Indonesia in 2005.


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Sample Provincial Exam Question: Pull your maps out!


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Earth Science I: Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energydecmanscience.wikispaces.com/file/view/Earth Science Notes.pdf... · I: Temperature, Heat, and Thermal Energy: ... it would heat