Early history of clinical psychology early views of mental illness

Early History of Clinical Psychology


Early Views of Mental IllnessEarly Views of Mental Illness•Enlightened Approaches of Hippocrates and Galen

•Witchcraft

– Malleus maleficarum (1510)

•Written by two Dominican priests.

•Became a textbook of the inquisition.

•Lead to execution of 200–500 “witches,” 85% of whom were girls and women.

– Salem trials (1692)

•Lead to execution of 5 and imprisonment of 150 “witches.”

•Modern scholars suggest role-playing and/or ergot poisoning as explanations.

•Enlightened Approaches of Hippocrates and Galen

•Witchcraft

– Malleus maleficarum (1510)

•Written by two Dominican priests.

•Became a textbook of the inquisition.

•Lead to execution of 200–500 “witches,” 85% of whom were girls and women.

– Salem trials (1692)

•Lead to execution of 5 and imprisonment of 150 “witches.”

•Modern scholars suggest role-playing and/or ergot poisoning as explanations.

Tests and ConfessionsTests and Confessions


Early Views of Mental Illness

Tests and Confessions

zycnzj.com/ www.zycnzj.com

zycnzj.com/http://www.zycnzj.com/

An Early Enlightened ViewAn Early Enlightened View

Institutions and Cures Institutions and Cures

•St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital in London— Bedlam (1547)

– Inmates were chained, whipped, beaten, and poorly-fed.

– Keepers earned their pay by displaying inmates to public.

•Cures

– ice water

– whirling

– purges, emetics

– bloodletting

•St. Mary of Bethlehem Hospital in London— Bedlam (1547)

– Inmates were chained, whipped, beaten, and poorly-fed.

– Keepers earned their pay by displaying inmates to public.

•Cures

– ice water

– whirling

– purges, emetics

– bloodletting

BedlamBedlam

An Early Enlightened View

Institutions and Cures

Bedlam



ReformersReformers

Phillipe Pinel (1745–1826)Phillipe Pinel (1745–1826)

Professional ChronologyProfessional Chronology

• M.D. from University of Toulouse (1773).

• Moved to Paris where he treated the poor.

• Interest in insanity sparked by the death of a friend who had been exhibiting symptoms of manic-depression (1783).

• Influenced by Daquin, who believed insanity to be a disease that must be understood and treated by the methods of science.

• M.D. from University of Toulouse (1773).

• Moved to Paris where he treated the poor.

• Interest in insanity sparked by the death of a friend who had been exhibiting symptoms of manic-depression (1783).

• Influenced by Daquin, who believed insanity to be a disease that must be understood and treated by the methods of science.

Reformers

Phillipe Pinel (1745–1826)

Professional Chronology



Professional Chronology (cont’d)Professional Chronology (cont’d)

• Appointed Director of the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris (1793), where he instituted a series of dramatic human reforms.

• Continued his reforms as Director of La Salpêtrière, the Parisian asylum for insane women (1795–1826).

• Appointed Director of the Bicêtre Asylum in Paris (1793), where he instituted a series of dramatic human reforms.

• Continued his reforms as Director of La Salpêtrière, the Parisian asylum for insane women (1795–1826).

La SalpêtrièreLa Salpêtrière

Victor—the “Wild Boy of Aveyron” (~1788–1828)


• Noble savage or incurable idiot?

• Pinel’s assistant, Itard, tried to rehabilitate Victor, but he was only partially successful.

• Noble savage or incurable idiot?

• Pinel’s assistant, Itard, tried to rehabilitate Victor, but he was only partially successful.

Professional Chronology (cont’d)

La Salpêtrière




Other ReformersOther Reformers

•Johann Guggenbühl (1816–1863)

– Originated the idea of institutional care for the feebleminded.

– Treatment based on naturalistic therapy.

•William Tuke (1732–1822)

– Patients given freedom, respect and support, good food, recreation, exercise, medical treatment, religious instruction.

– Led to establishment of similar institutions in America.

•Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802–1887)

• Johann Guggenbühl (1816–1863)

– Originated the idea of institutional care for the feebleminded.

– Treatment based on naturalistic therapy.

•William Tuke (1732–1822)

– Patients given freedom, respect and support, good food, recreation, exercise, medical treatment, religious instruction.

– Led to establishment of similar institutions in America.

•Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802–1887)

U. S. InstitutionsU. S. Institutions

20th Century20th Century

• “In 1949, no state mental hospital set the minimum standards of operation set by the APA.”

• NIMH and Community Mental Health Center Act (1963).

• Deinstitutionalization policies of the 1970s

• “In 1949, no state mental hospital set the minimum standards of operation set by the APA.”

• NIMH and Community Mental Health Center Act (1963).

• Deinstitutionalization policies of the 1970s

Important Modern DevelopmentsImportant Modern Developments

• Lightner Witmer (1867–1956)—the founder of clinical psychology in the U.S.

• Radical Physical and Pharmacological Treatment

– psychosurgery

– coma and convulsive treatments

– psychoactive drugs

• Lightner Witmer (1867–1956)—the founder of clinical psychology in the U.S.

• Radical Physical and Pharmacological Treatment

– psychosurgery

– coma and convulsive treatments

– psychoactive drugs

Other Reformers

U. S. Institutions

Important Modern Developments



Treating the InsaneTreating the InsanePhilippe PinelPhilippe Pinel

• “The gloomy and irritable character of maniacs, even when convalescent, is well known.”

• “The fanciful ideas of melancholics are much more easily and effectually diverted by moral remedies, and especially by active employment, than by the best prepared and applied medicaments.”

• “The amusement which he derived from this liberty [walking at all hours in a pleasant garden], exercise and familiar conversation, in which from time to time I engaged him, gradually induced a state of calmness.”

• “The gloomy and irritable character of maniacs, even when convalescent, is well known.”

• “The fanciful ideas of melancholics are much more easily and effectually diverted by moral remedies, and especially by active employment, than by the best prepared and applied medicaments.”

• “The amusement which he derived from this liberty [walking at all hours in a pleasant garden], exercise and familiar conversation, in which from time to time I engaged him, gradually induced a state of calmness.”

Pinel Unchaining the InmatesPinel Unchaining the Inmates

Lightner WitmerLightner Witmer

Treating the Insane

Pinel Unchaining the Inmates

Lightner Witmer



Clinical PsychologyClinical PsychologyLightner WitmerLightner Witmer

• The investigation of the phenomena of mental development in school children...by means of statistical and clinical methods.

• A psychological clinic, supplemented by a training school, for the treatment of school children suffering from retardation or physical defects.

• The training of students for a new profession—that of psychological expert in connection with the school system.

• The investigation of the phenomena of mental development in school children...by means of statistical and clinical methods.

• A psychological clinic, supplemented by a training school, for the treatment of school children suffering from retardation or physical defects.

• The training of students for a new profession—that of psychological expert in connection with the school system.

Witmer’s JournalWitmer’s Journal

Clinical Psychology

Witmer’s Journal



Documents

Early history of clinical psychology early views of mental illness