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Early Chinese Art. Philosophy permeates fine art…. China has size of Europe Most populated country Many languages & ethnic groups Ruled by dynasties. Neolithic Art in China. Neolithic pottery cultures existed in China Yangshao culture 5000 BCE - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Early Chinese Art
Philosophy permeates fine art…..
China has size of Europe
Most populated country
Many languages & ethnic groups
Ruled by dynasties
Neolithic pottery cultures existed in China
Yangshao culture
5000 BCE
Advanced pottery techniques with kiln, wheel, and glazing
Markings may be early writing
Neolithic Art in China
Liangzhu culture, half human, half animal images over 5000 years old
CONG was used in burials and found in ancient tombs
Sophisticated jade carving techniques
Jade is very hard and difficult to carve
Image of face is often called a TAOTIE.
CONGS were used in Neolithic Chinese tombs….
Bronze Age - Piece Mold Casting & Lost Wax
bronze bells from the Zhou dynasty, 433 BCE
•Three bronze age Dynasties,: Xia, Shang, Zhou
•Zhou dynasty was a feudal society (took over warrior society of Shang)
•Bells sounded 2 tones, scale in a variety of registers
•Philosophers arose during this age - Confucius, Laozi, Mozi
Emperor Shih Huangdi, 210 BCE
• 1st ruler of united China - Hin/Qin dynasty
• Codified written Chinese
• Established uniform currency
• Started famous Great Wall of China
• Began his majestic tomb (SOLDIERS)
• Insisted on govt based on accomplishments rather than family connections
Soldiers (Army of Emp. Shi Huangdi, terra cotta, c 210 BCE, Qin Dynasty)
Flashcard
•Discovered in 1974
•6’ tall soliders
•8000 warriors, 100 chariots, 2 bronze chariots, 30,000 weapons
•Tomb of 1st Emperor of China
•Shi Huangdi
•Daoism shown in individuality of shoulders despite numbers
•Chinese army marching into the next world.
Soldiers (Army of Emp. Shi Huangdi, terra cotta, c 210 BCE, Qin Dynasty)
•Soldiers were originally painted
HAN DYNASTY 206 BCE - 220 CE
END OF MYTHOCENTRIC AGE
Silk road was operational
Painted banner from the Han Dynasty, 160 BCE
Painted on silk, in tomb of Marquess of Dai
3 levels: heaven, earth & underworld
Heaven top of the T: dragons, deity with long serpent’s tail
Earth bottom part of T with deceased woman and attendants
Underworld is below
Reflects mythical beliefs later displaced by daoism confucioniam and buddhism
Chinese sculpture produced large scale sculptures such as the terra cotta army of Shi Huangdi, the Seated Buddha at Shanxi (cave) and this Seated Guanvin Bodhisattva.
Buddhist philosophy was incorporated into neo-confucianism, with respect for nature, harmony, and metaphysical beliefs.
Seated Guanvin Bodhisattva, wood with paint & gold, 95” x 65”, Liao dynasty 10-th-12th century CE
Seated Buddha, Stone carving, 45’ tall, 460 CE. flashcard
Shows Indian/Central Asian Buddhist iconography with large shoulders + slender body, lotus position, long ears, ushnishu, and peaceful smile.
Camel Carrying a Group of Musicians, flashcard
Tang Dynasty, 8th century CE
Earthenware w/ 3 color glaze, 26” high
China had control over Central Asia again during Tang dynasty
Fascination w/Turkic cultures .. Shows Turkish musicans with Han Chinese
Naturalism - new interest and trend in painting & sculpture
Beautiful 3 color glazes, spontaneous
Silk Road was flourishing, brought Chinese goods to West
Neoconfucianism= naturalism
Chinese Pagodas•Pagodas developed from Buddhist stupas; the design was brought from India via the Silk Road
•Built for sacred purpose, each design is repeated vertically on each level, getting progressively smaller.
•Japanese also developed pagodas
Great Wild Goose Pagoda
flashcard
Ci’en Temple, Xi’an
Tang dynasty, 645 CE
Typical Chinese Buddhist pagoda
About 210’ tall (was taller, rebuilt during Ming dynasty after earthquake)
Forbidden City - flashcard, Beijing, China, Ming Dynasty (14th century), Hall of Supreme Harmony. Balance & symmetry, tradition Courtyard style emphasizing empty space with crowded spaces. Reflects Confucianism. Courtyard styles. Only royalty could enter-walled city 9000 buildings.
Forbidden City - Yellow roof tiles reserved for royalty. Red also royal color.
Dragon symbols appear.
Rooftops supported by duogang, used for Imperial buildings.
Today this is a museum and tourist attraction.
More about typical Chinese architecture…
• Exterior walls of a courtyard style residence
• Frame an atrium for tranquility- Elders live in suite of rooms on warmer north end
• Children leave in the wings
• Courtyard on larger scale in Forbidden City
• Wood structures, rectangular gride
• CONFUCIANISM
CALLIGRAPHY
•Chinese calligraphy considered the highest art form.
•Calligraphers have different styles and spend years perfecting the techniques.
•Children learned to write first by copying ideographs
•Confucius praised pursuit of knowledge & the arts; painting was to reflect moral concerns and calligraphy revealed the character of the writer
•Some calligraphy cannot be read by modern Chinese readers, it is so artistically done
•Literati - Confucian scholars- practiced this art form
•Hand scrolls (Paintings) often have a label in calligraphy in the colophon section.
Portion of a letter by Wang Xizhi
Six Dynasties period,
mid 4th century CE
Feng Ju style -
‘walking” or semi cursive style fluid & graceful strokes, not too informal, but dynamic
Chinese Painting Traditions
• Fans, album leaves, and murals • Handscrolls on silk or cotton with dowels (meant
to be unrolled and enjoyed, not hung on wall).. Read right to left.
• Colophon - write comments or poetry• Hanging scrolls with main scene on front and title
on top back• Same brushes used for painting & calligraphy
Knight Shining White, Tang Dynasty, 750 CE
• Original handscroll was about 12” wide• Now several feet with all enthusiastic descriptions, comments, poetry from readers• “Du Hua” to literally, READ a painting as a form of appreciation• Painters were highly valued; some Emperors becamse noted calligraphers and painters• Studied under appreentice ship system
Knight Shining White, Tang Dynasty, 750 CE
• The discipline required derived from calligraphy.
• Traditionally, every literate person learned to write by copying Chinese ideographs.
• Then gradually exposed to different stylistic interpretations of these characters.
• Copied great calligraphers' manuscripts, which were often preserved on carved stones so that rubbings could be made.
•Aim of traditional painter was to capture not outer appearance but inner lenergy, apsirit. “DRAGON STEED”
•Rejected color or too much background info
•Pure line to define form, no opaque pigmanets “white painting”
Detail of Ladies Preparing Newly Woven Silk, example of a Handscroll, ink & colors, Northern Song Dynasty, early 12th century.. Shows Confucian virtues- copy “honoring” original (lost) from Tang Dynasty
•Landscape paintings highly prized in Chinese art.
•Do not represent a particular forest, mountain, or view, but an artistic construct yielding a philosophical idea
•Some parts of painting are empty & barren, others are crowded.. Yin/Yang of Daoism aka Taoism
•This is an example of the empty space contrasted with calligraphy and densely detailed drawing
Travelers Among Mountains and Streams,
Fan Kaun
Northern Song Dynasty, 11th century CE
•Hanging scroll, ink & colors on silk, 6’9” high
•Subtly graded ink tones
•Northern Song: fascination with precision and details as shown here.
Flashcard image - Northern Song painting
Example of Southern Song landscape handscroll…
Section of 12 Views from a Thatched Hut; 13th century CE, Xia Gui.
11” x 7’7” long
Dwelling in the Qinghian Mountains, 1617,
ink on paper, Ming Dynasty
Artist: Dong Qi Chang
Literati painters rejected traditional apprentice system run by the state…to pursue their own unique styles (contra Confucianism)
Dong Qi Chang famous literati painter, influenced by Daoism
Thick paces contrast with open areas - negative space implies clouds
Flashcard
Guan ware vases from the Song dynasty used crackled glazes to emphasize the simple symmetry of the form.
PORCELAIN - a Chinese specialty.
Fine, white clay fired at high temperature; Chinese perfected sophisticated glazing techniques
Jar, Ming dynasty, China
15th Century, 19”high
Xuande mark and period (1426-1435)
Porcelain painted in underglaze blue
Example of fine porcelain ware created during this period
Technically superior, thin walls, glazingflashcard
Korean Art
Crown from 6th century, gold with jade ornaments
Arts of Korea
• Three Kingdoms period saw incredible metalwork - crown
• High fired ceramics
• Buddhist art; introduced to Korea in 4th century
• Slender body, oval face Buddha
Bodhisattva Seated in Mediation, Bronze, 35” high, Three Kingdoms Period (early 7th century)
Seated Shakyamuni Buddha
Hands in bhumisparsha mudra (earth touching gesture of enlightement)
Granite, 11 feet high
Silla period, c 751
Modeled after cave temples of China
Korean artists also developed beautiful hanging silk scrolls, such as this seated willow-branch piece…
Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara
Late 14th century, 62” high
Maebveong bottle,
13th century Korea
Celadon ware, 13” high
Bamboo and blossoming plum tree
Pale blue/green glaze over gray stoneware
Koreans learned celadon glazing from Chinese
Classical simplicity
Some incised designs
Not a flashcard but know what celadon ware is.