E3T Efficiency Emerging Technologies Commercial HVAC

E3TE3T EnergyEfficiencyEmerging Technologies

Commercial HVACEmerging Technologies

1

Emerging Technologies ShowcaseCommercial HVAC Webinar #2April 14, 2015

Welcome. Today’s webinar is being recorded and will be posted at:• www.E3Tnw.org• www.ConduitNW.org

http://www.e3tnw.org/

http://www.conduitnw.org/


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Variable Capacity Heat Pumps(VCHP – VRF, VRV, DHP…)

Jonathan HellerEcotope

Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems (VRF)Variable Split System Heat Pumps

April 14, 2015


Presentation Overview

Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems (VRF) andVariable Split System Heat Pumps

1. Present Range of VCHP Equipment2. Present Features of VCHP that Enable Highly

Efficient System Designs3. Case Studies of Efficient and Inefficient Buildings4. Make Case for Design-based Savings as Opposed

to Widget-based Savings for VCHP Systems


Variable Capacity Heat Pumps (VCHP)

1. Outdoor Compressor Unit2. Refrigerant distribution System3. Indoor Heating/Cooling Dist. System


Outdoor Compressor Units


Refrigerant Distribution System

R-410a


Heat Recovery 2 vs. 3-pipe


Indoor Units


Fan Coil Energy Use

165

120

8 15 15

96 85

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

PSC Fan Coil ECM Fan Coil VRF WallCassette

VRF CeilingCassette

VRF FloorCassette

VRF LowProfileDucted

VRF MediumStatic

Ducted

Wat

ts

Fan Coil Type

(Fan Watts for delivery of 8000 Btuh cooling)


Variable Speed Split System Heat Pumps



Electric Heat and Duct Losses

“Box Only” Efficiency

COP ~ 2.7 vs. 2.2

23% Improvement

“System” Efficiency

COP ~ 1.8 vs. 1.5

20% Improvement


R-410a: No Need for Back-up or Reheat


Move Away from Large Central HVAC Systems


Towards Smaller Zonal Systems


Move Away from All-In-One HVAC Systems


Towards Dedicated Ventilation Systems


Right-Size Mechanical Systems


Smaller Equipment


EUI of Seattle Fire Stations

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

kBtu

/sf-y

r

Seattle Median (97)


Why are New Stations so Inefficient?

• Continuous ducted central fansystems

• Ventilation at 3x ASHRAE 62• No heat recovery, electric heat on

ventilation air


Ecotope Case Studies

0102030405060708090

100

2003 CBECS 2008 CBSA 1980s MPR 2002-2004Baseline

KCHA RFM

EUI:

kBtu

/sf-y

r


Rice Fergus Miller Office: Bremerton, WA

EUI = 21


Now What?


Load Reduction Measures

1. Insulation2. Daylighting3. VRF Heat Pumps4. Heat recovery ventilation5. Operable windows – Passive/Active


Non-Heat Recovery Heat Pump

E3TE3T EnergyEfficiencyEmerging TechnologiesE3TE3T EnergyEfficiencyEmerging Technologies

Fan Energy Load Reduction:Ceiling Fans vs. Ducts to Move Air


End Use Reductions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CBECS Avg. Office RFM

CoolingHeatingPumpsFansDHWLightsExt UsagePlugs, Elev, Misc.


Heating Load ~ 12 tons (1350 sf/ton)

Cooling Load ~ 22 Tons (850 sf/ton)

Smaller Mechanical Systems


Construction Costs breakdown ($/sf)Fire

Protection$1.97

Electrical$17.11

HVAC $9.75

Plumbing$4.83

EverythingElse $71.34


LEED Platinum

EUI = 21


King County Housing Authority: Tukwila, WA

EUI = 26


1980’s Level Envelope

• R-11 Walls

• R-20 Roof

• Uninsulated Slab

• U-0.4 Double Glaze


No Economizers


No Direct Digital Controls


High Efficiency Lights & Plugs


2-Pipe VRF with Heat Recovery

48 Tons3 Outdoor Units36 Ductless Units14 Ducted Units50 Zones Total1.33 Ratio Indoor/Outdoor Units


DOAS via High Efficiency ERV


High Performance, Low Cost

Lights32%

Computers28%Misc.

15%

ERV Fans6%

Heat12%

Cool7%

Energy End Use (EUI 26 kBtu/sf-yr)

HVAC, $14Electric,

$13

Plumbing,$2

Fire, $2

Other, $64

KCHA Construction Budget ($95/sf)


System Comparison (KCHA)


Summary – Variable Speed Splits

• Energy Savings

• Non-Energy Benefits

• Technology Readiness

• Ease of Adoption

• Value


Summary – VRF

• Energy Savings

• Non-Energy Benefits

• Technology Readiness

• Ease of Adoption

• Value


35 26 19 18

58

42

7 4

0102030405060708090

100

2003 CBECSAvg. Office

Seattle Avg.Office

KCHA Rice FergusMiller Office

EUI (

kBtu

/sf-y

r)Lights, Plugs, Misc. HVAC

Energy Savings

** Design-Based vs. Widget-Based Approach


Non-Energy Benefits

• Smaller equipment and distribution systemspossible. Enables lower floor-to-floor heightsand easier retrofit.

• Greater individual zone control possible• Pre-manufactured systems allow for easier

installation, coordination, commissioning• Quiet


Technology Readiness


Ease of Adoption


Value


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Questions?

Jonathan Heller

Principal [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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Criteria

1) How significant and reliable are the energy savings per unit?

2) How great are the non-energy advantages for the end userfor adopting this technology?

3) How ready are the products(s) and providers to scale up forwidespread use in the Pacific Northwest?

4) How easy is it for the end user to change to the proposedtechnology?

5) Considering all costs and all benefits, how good of a buy isthis technology for the owner?

Documents

E3T Efficiency Emerging Technologies Commercial HVAC