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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES (ESS) VALUATION IN URBAN REGION: REVIEW AND
CONCEPT MODEL
Liqin Zhang
Department of Geography
University of Ottawa
2013-11-23
symposium -'From Urban to Rural: Multidisciplinary Perspectives of Sustainability in a Spatial World'
CONTENTS
Background
Review of Urban ESS Studies Objectives
Data & Method
Cases
Conclusions
Limitations
Research Questions and Concept Model
ESS and the Value
Natural Services (Westman,
1977, Science)
Ecosystem
Services (Enrlich, 1981)
Seldom research
between 1981 and 1991
Booming research since 1991
Background Molnar J., et al., 2012; Westman, 1977; Enrlich P. and Enrlich A., 1981; Costanza, 1997
Global ESS Valuation-R. Costanza, 1997
MA- Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2001-2005) - UN
Ecosystem and Human - a Manual for Assessment Practitioners (2010) –UNEP&UNDP
WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
MA, 2003, p57
Supporting ServicesSoil formation Nutrient cycling Primary production
Provisioning Services• Food• Fresh water• Fuel wood• Fiber• Biochemicals• Genetic
resources
Regulating Services
• Climate regulation• Disease
regulation• Water regulation• Water purification• Pollination
Cultural Services
• Spiritual and religious
• Recreation and ecotourism
• Aesthetic• Inspirational• Educational• Sense of place• Cultural heritage
Ecosystem services are the benefits
human beings obtain from ecosystems,
directly or indirectly. ( Costanza, 1997)K.M.A. Chan et al, 2012
Background
URBAN ESS VALUATION AND MAPPING: MEANINGFUL, NECESSARY OR NOT?
YES and DEFINITELY YES Urban areas are the fastest changing areas
with the most severe conflicts between
ecosystem services and resources usageDecision making in real world exists anytime
and anywhere
Focusthe time-depth value changes and spatial value
differences between different types of
landscapesBackground
URBAN REGION
Central urban area
rural area
Suburban /urban fringe
Intra-Urban
Urban Region
Direct drives:
inadequate/unequal access to safe water, sanitation,
green space, clean fuel, land for
housingIndirect drives:
Demographic change,
inequality; trade and development
Direct drives:air pollution, groundwater
degradation, river pollution, resource plundering, land use pressures
Indirect drives: industrialization,
motorization; trade and
development
URBAN REGION ESS VALUATIONFOCUS/DATA/METHOD/CASES/CONCLUSIONS/LIMITATIONS
Focus Urban expansion and urban-rural
ecosystem services changes
Basic data Land use/land cover data Digital elevation model Spatially explicit temperature dataset
Method Unit values /Adjusted unit values Value functions
Gret-Regamey A. et al, 2008
Scenarios Human
dimensional scenario (e.g.Urban expansion, Infrastructure development)
Climate scenario (e.g. Temperature change)
URBAN REGION ESS: CASES
Author, Year
City Data Objective
Wu K., et al, 2013
Hangzhou Metropolitan Area, China
Land use/land cover Regional ecosystem services
Lin T., et al, 2012
Xiamen, China
Land use changes metrics; Land use intensive index
Island city ecosystem services
Liu Y. et al, 2012
Taiyuan, China
Land use change data
Valuation of ecosystem services change
Estoque R., et al, 2013
Baguio, Philippines
Land use change data
Ecosystem services change
URBAN REGION ESS: CONCLUSIONS
Urban expansion & infrastructure developments
degrade value of ecosystem services.
Expansion of urban forests and green spaces
enhance ecosystem services.
Both of inner urban and urban fringe are
important for urban ESS, but urban fringe is
more important for urban planning with higher
marginal cost of ESS, due to the invasion of
built-up areas into green. Gret-Regamey A. et al, 2008
INTRA-URBAN ESS VALUATIONFOCUS/DATA/METHOD/CASES/CONCLUSIONS/LIMITATIONS
Focus Inner urban differentiation and the relation to
urban ESS Data
Land use /land cover (landscape)Residents’ interview for scenery valueMarket price and Proxy of market price
Method Unit values /Value functions Hedonic method (cultural services)
INTRA-URBAN ESS: CASES
Author, Year City Data Objective
Strobach M., Haase D., 2013
Leipzig, Germany
Urban trees Carbon storage
Netusil N.R., et al, 2010
Portland, Oregon
Tree canopy Effect on property value
Kong F., et al, 2007
Jinan, China
Landscape metrics Valuation of amenity of urban green space
Ecosystem services value of urban forests and green spaces- the
natural-cum-cultural resources - is the most important contents
for urban ecosystem service studies. (Jim C.Y. and Chen W.Y., 2009)
INTRA-URBAN ESS: CASES
Author, Year City Data Objective
Larondelle N. et al, 2013
European cities
Spatial data along urban-rural gradient
Different impact between core cities and their regions
Depietir Y., et al., 2013
Cologne urban area, Germany
Spatial landscape data and stakeholders’ interview
Assess the social vulnerability to heat waves in Cologne
With respect to the core cities, Comparing with their regions, the core cities with high degree impermeable land do not mean fewer ecosystem services, especially for areas containing a large number of mature trees. (Larondelle N. and Haase D., 2013)
Though vulnerability is higher in central districts, attention needs to be paid to the periphery where the most susceptible groups reside. (Depietri Y., et al., 2013)
URBAN ESS: CASESAuthor, Year City Data Objective
McPhearson T., et al., 2013
New York,USA
Socio-ecological data, urban landscape data
Develop an socio-ecological ESS assessment method
Vejre H., et al., 2010
Copenhagen
Landscape in urban fringe
Assess cultural ESS based on landscape
Urban ESS valuation should consider socio-ecological conditions
and their spatial patterns across the urban landscape. ( McPhearson
T., et al., 2013)
The intangible services may dominate the tangible in
Copenhagen (related urban region). (Vejre H., et al., 2010)
Non-material (intangible) ecosystem services, are linked to
human perception, so the valuation must be linked to physical
landscape and process. (Vejre H., et al., 2010)
URBAN ESS: CASES
Author, Year City Data Objective
Jim C.Y., et al, 2009
Hongkong, China
Landscape data and view variables
Value of scenic views
Sander H., et al, 2012
Dakota, Minnesota, USA
Aesthetic quality variables related with landscapes
Cultural ecosystem services
Plieninger T., et al, 2013
Eastern Germany
Interview data based on local landscape
Cultural ecosystem services and disservices
Different types of ESS should be capitalized based on different perceptions (1) between different populations (2).
Cultural services follow specific patterns in terms of the aesthetic environment, intensity, richness and diversity of their provision (3).
(Ma S., Swinton S.,2011; Sagie H., et al, 2013; Plieninger T., et al., 2013; Sander H., Haight R., 2012)
LIMITATIONS OF URBAN ESS-1
Central urban area
Rural area
ESSGradient
Interaction
Suburban /Urban fringe
Regulating
CulturalProvisioning
Integration
Urban
Landscap
e Change
Urban
ESS
Change
Focus
Lack
LIMITATIONS OF URBAN ESS-2
QUESTION PROPOSED
How do direct and indirect factors drive or interact
with the change of urban ecosystem services?
Focusing on the quantitative model for study areas
How to integrate ESS valuation into urban planning?
Spatial analysis tool and mapping will be applied for study;
Interaction between ESS and urban physical landscape
changes will be considered.
Landscape &Human
Perception
CONCEPT MODEL
Direct drives
Indirect drives
EcosystemServices
Urban Landscape
Human Benefit
s
Demographic change,
inequality…
Security, Basic material for a good life, Health, Good social relations
THANK YOU!
MERCI!