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Dr.G.David RathinaveluAssistant Professor
Department of PhysicsDepartment of PhysicsSt. Xavier’s College
Palayamkottai
Why Satellite Mission….
Evolutionary demand !!
Do we have surplus money?
Are we singing the SOLO?
Search for new habitation?
Major Space AgenciesMajor Space Agencies
ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization)
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)Administration)
ESA (European Space Agency) ESA (European Space Agency)
Indian Space Research Indian Space Research Onganisation (ISRO)Onganisation (ISRO) Established in 1969 Established in 1969 Headquartered in Bangalore Under Department of Space, Govt. of India It built India's first satellite, Aryabhata in 1975. First own launching vehicle SLV-3, launched Rohini in
1980.1980. Later developed PSLV, GSLV
ISRO chairmen
Dr.K.Radha Krishnan (2009-till date)Shri G.Madhavan Nair(2003-2009) Shri G.Madhavan Nair(2003-2009)
Dr. K Kasturirangan (1994-2003) Prof. U.R Rao (1984-1994) Prof. U.R Rao (1984-1994) Prof. Satish Dhawan (1972-1984) Prof. M G K Menon (Jan - Sep 1972) Prof. M G K Menon (Jan - Sep 1972) Dr.Vikram Sarabhai (1963-1971)
ISRO Centers
•Research facilities
•Test facilities
•Construction and launch facilitieslaunch facilities
•Spacecraft trackingand control facilitiesand control facilities
•Human resource developmentdevelopment
•Commercial wing
•Remote Sensing Service Centre
Indian Satellite typesIndian Satellite types Experimental/small satellite Earth observation satellite Geostationary /meteorological satellite Geostationary /meteorological satellite Communication satellite Navigation satellite Navigation satellite Space mission
Launching vehiclesLaunching vehicles SLV - 3 ASLV PSLV – (D1-D3, C1-C25) (Four stage) PSLV – (D1-D3, C1-C25) (Four stage) GSLV - (D1-D5, F01-F06) (Three stage) Arianne 1, 3, 4 series, 5 series Arianne 1, 3, 4 series, 5 series
Geocentric orbitGeocentric orbit
Any object orbiting the Eartheg. Moon and artificial satelliteseg. Moon and artificial satellites
As of 2008 NASA estimated approx. 13000 artificial satellite payloads orbiting the Earth
8000 pieces of space debris as tracked by GSFC Over 16,291 objects have decayed into the Earth's
atmosphere.atmosphere.
Special cases: Special cases:Geosynchronous and Geostationary orbits
Geosynchronous orbits and Geosynchronous orbits and Geostationary orbitsGeostationary orbits Follows the direction of the Earth's rotation
Circular orbit, 35,786 kms above the Earth's equator Circular orbit, 35,786 kms above the Earth's equator Orbital period is equal to one side real day
(Earth’s rotational period, approx. 23 h 56 m and 4 s)(Earth’s rotational period, approx. 23 h 56 m and 4 s) Object in geosynchronous orbit returns to same position
in the sky after a period of one sidereal day Object in geostationary orbit appear motionless Communication and weather satellites
Geostationary orbitGeostationary orbit
Polar circular orbitPolar circular orbit Altitude is approximately 1000 km Satellite passes above or nearly above both poles Inclination of 90 degrees to the equator Inclination of 90 degrees to the equator No spot on the Earth's surface can be continuously
sensed-Disadvantagesensed-Disadvantage
Used for earth-mapping, earth observation Used for earth-mapping, earth observation Weather satellites
Polar circular orbitPolar circular orbit
Inclined highly elliptical orbitInclined highly elliptical orbit low-altitude (often under1,000 km and a high-altitude
often over 35,786 km. 'highly elliptical' term refers the shape of the ellipse 'highly elliptical' term refers the shape of the ellipse
Graveyard orbitGraveyard orbit junk orbit or disposal orbit Lies above synchronous orbit To avoid collisions, satellites at the end of their
operational life placed in graveyard orbit For satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous For satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous
orbits, the graveyard orbit is a few hundred kms above the operational orbit.
Operational satellites
Satellite communication
Video clip
INSAT SatellitesINSAT Satellites The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system TV broadcast and domestic telecommunications Operated in geostationary orbit Operated in geostationary orbit Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B INSAT space segment consists of 24 satellites out of INSAT space segment consists of 24 satellites out of
which 10 are in service
(INSAT-3A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4CR, GSAT-8, GSAT-12 and GSAT-10)
Kalpana-1 First dedicated meteorological satellite launched by
PSLV in 2002PSLV in 2002 First satellite launched into the geostationary orbit Originally known as MetSat-1 2003 it was renamed to Kalpana-1, after Kalpana
Chawla, A NASA Astronaut Died during Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Died during Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
Earth Observation SatellitesEarth Observation Satellites Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988 provides imageries in various spatial resolutions and spectral provides imageries in various spatial resolutions and spectral
bands 11 satellites in operation. Largest civilian remote sensing
satellite constellation in the world.satellite constellation in the world. Applications
Agriculture, water resources, urban development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and disaster management
Bhaskara I&II, RS, IRS, IMS, CARTOSAT, RISAT, OCEANSAT, SARAL, RESOURCE SAT, Megha-Tropiques, TES, SROSS.SARAL, RESOURCE SAT, Megha-Tropiques, TES, SROSS.
Navigation SatelliteNavigation Satellite Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) provides accurate position information IRNSS provides two types of services IRNSS provides two types of services Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS) Restricted Service (RS) position accuracy of better than 20 m
IRNSS-1A, GAGAN (GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation )
Missions of ISRO In 21st CenturyMissions of ISRO In 21st Century
Totally 42 satellites launched by ISRO since 2001. (31 satellites in 20th century since 1975)
Chandrayaan – 1 (2008) Chandrayaan – 1 (2008)(Mission to Moon)
Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) (2013)(Mission to Mars)(Mission to Mars)
Chandrayaan - 1Chandrayaan - 1 Lunar satellite mission
Why moon is special? Why moon is special?Our only natural satellite.Nearest celestial neighbour.Nearest celestial neighbour.Lot of myths.Presence of Helium-3 (fuel for next gen-reactors).Presence of Helium-3 (fuel for next gen-reactors).Debate over the presence of water ice in poles.
Only celestial body in which humans have set foot
Chandrayaan - 1Chandrayaan - 1
Launched on 22nd October 2008
Launched from Sathish Dhawan Space Center (SHAR), Sriharikotta, Andhra Pradesh
Rocket: Polar Satellite Launching Vehicle (PSLV-C11)
Operational period October 2008 to August 2009.
Scientist TeamScientist Team• G. Madhavan Nair – Chairman, ISRO• G. Madhavan Nair – Chairman, ISRO• Dr. T. K. Alex – Director, ISAC (ISRO Satellite Centre)• Dr. Mylswamy Annadurai – Project Director• S. K. Shivkumar – Director – Telemetry, Tracking and • S. K. Shivkumar – Director – Telemetry, Tracking and
Command Network• Mr. M.Pitchaimani – Operations Director• Mr. Leo Jackson John – Spacecraft Operations • Mr. Leo Jackson John – Spacecraft Operations
Manager• Dr. K. Radhakrishnan (scientist) – Director, VSSC• George Koshy – Mission Director, PSLV-C11• George Koshy – Mission Director, PSLV-C11• Srinivasa Hegde – Mission Director• Prof. J N Goswami – Director of Physical Research
Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator Laboratory and Principal Scientific Investigator
Mission profile
India’s first lunar mission5 altitude-raising orbital manoeuvrs over Earth (13 days) 5 altitude-raising orbital manoeuvrs over Earth (13 days)
4 altitude-lowering orbital manoeuvrs over moon (5 days) Reached lunar orbit on 12th November 2008 Reached lunar orbit on 12th November 2008 Moon Impact Probe hit the surface on 14th November
Objectives Objectives
To design, develop, launch and orbit a spacecraft around the Moon using an Indian-made launch-vehiclethe Moon using an Indian-made launch-vehicle
Expand scientific knowledge about the moon Provide challenging opportunities for young scientists Preparation of 3-D atlas of the lunar surface Chemical and mineralogical mapping of the lunar surface Understanding the Moon's origin and evolution Search for surface or sub-surface water-ice
Mission resultsMission results The mineral content on the lunar surface was mapped
with the Moon Minerology Mapper Mapping of the Apollo Moon Missions landing sites Mapping of the Apollo Moon Missions landing sites Six of the sites have been mapped including Apollo 11 Discovered a large cave below the lunar surface (2km) Discovered a large cave below the lunar surface (2km) Completed 3000 orbits acquired 70000 images The probe had operated for 312 days The probe had operated for 312 days Detected water on the Moon Completed 95% of its primary objectives
Lunar water discoveryLunar water discovery
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) Informal name: Mangalyaan
Meaning: In Sanskrit “ Mars Craft”Launched on 5th November 2013 Launched on 5th November 2013
Launched from “Sathish Dhawan Space Center (SHAR), Sriharikotta, Andhra PradeshSriharikotta, Andhra Pradesh
Rocket: Polar Satellite Launching Vehicle (PSLV-C25)
Why Mars?
Launch ProfileLaunch Profile India’s first interplanetary mission India’s first interplanetary mission Countdown started on 28th October 2013 30 days in Earth orbit 30 days in Earth orbit 7 altitude-raising orbital manoeuvrs b4 30th Nov. 2013 Cruise phase: 300 days Cruise phase: 300 days Possibly orbiting Mars on 24th September 2014 If successful, ISRO, India
– Fourth space agency to reach Mars Other successors: Soviet, NASA and ESA
Objectives of MOM
Demonstrate Indian Rocket launch systemShowcase spacecraft building & operation capabilities Showcase spacecraft building & operation capabilities
Develop technologies required Explore Mars surface features, Morphology, Minorology, Explore Mars surface features, Morphology, Minorology,
Martian Atmosphere…etc.
Scientist teamScientist team
Future MissionsFuture Missions
Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter and land rover 1n 2016-17 using GSLV-MkII Orbiter and land rover 1n 2016-17 using GSLV-MkII
Manned Mission to Mars Manned Mission to Mars Venus Exploration in 2015 Solar Exploration Solar Exploration Aditya-1 in 2015-16