Dreno Horizontal Profundo Manual -787.1

8/9/2019 Dreno Horizontal Profundo Manual -787.1

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March 2013Greg M. PohllRosemary W.H. CarrollDonald M. ReevesRishi ParasharBalasingam MuhunthanSutharsan ThiyagarjahTom BadgerSteve LowellKim A. Willoughby

WA-RD 787.1

Office of Research & Library Services

WSDOT Research Report

Design Guidelines for

Horizontal Drains used for

Slope Stabilization


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1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT ACCESSIONNO.

3. RECIPIENTS CATALOG NO

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE

D D

2013

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE

7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.

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9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO.

D

2215

, 89512 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

CA6381

12. CO-SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED

D

310 A E

, A 985047372

: 360.705.7978

14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

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16. ABSTRACT

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17. KEY WORDS 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

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19. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of this report) 20. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of this page) 21. NO. OF PAGES 22. PRICE

377


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3.3.5 ...................................................... ............................ ................................... 29

3.3.6 .............................. ....................................... ........................... . 29

3.3.7 E (E) ................................ ........................... ............... 31

3.4 D ................................... ................................... ........................... ............................... 33

3.5 G F E C A ....................................... ........................... . 34

3.5.1 C ............................. ....................................... ........................... ........... 34

3.5.2 / ............................... ....................................... ........................... ...... 36

3.5.3 C.............................. ........................................ ........................... ..... 36

3.6 G F E A .................................... ......................... 37

3.6.1 C ............................. ....................................... ........................... ........... 37

3.6.2 C.............................. ........................................ ........................... ..... 38

3.7 C .............................. ..................................... ........................... .......................... 39

4

4.1 .................................. ................................... ........................... ............................... 40

4.2 .............................. ........................................ ........................... ................ 40

4.2.1 D .............................. ............................. ................. 40

4.2.2 ........................... ....................................... ........................... ................. 41

4.2.3 GD .............................. ....................................... ........................... ................ 44

4.2.4 ............................... ........................................ ........................... ..................... 46

4.2.5 C C .............................. .................................. ....................... 47

4.2.6 C ............................... ........................................ ........................... ..... 48

4.2.6.1 G D ........................... ....................................... ........................... ....... 51

4.2.6.2 E C ..................................... ......................... 51

4.2.6.3 ................................ ...................................... ........................... ...................... 53

4.2.6.4 A ................................ ........................................ ........................... ..... 57

4.3 ................................ ................................... ........................... ................................ 63

4.4 D C D F .................................. ........................... ............ 64

4.5 F C .............................. .................................... .............................. 66

4.5.1 ...................................... .................................... ........................... .......................... 69

4.5.2 ...................................... ...................................... ........................... ......................... 71


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4.5.3 D ................................. ........................... ................... 73

4.5.4 C ............................... ........................................ ........................... ..... 75

4.5.5 D ..................................... ...................................... ........................... ......................... 76

4.6 G C ................................. ................................... ............................... 77

4.6.1 ............................. ...................................... ........................... ...................... 78

4.7 C .............................. ..................................... ........................... .......................... 88

5

5.1 .................................. ................................... ........................... ............................... 94

5.2 C A .............................. ....................................... ........................... ..... 94

5.2.1 E C ................................... ............................ ....................... 96

5.2.2 C ................................ .............................. ..................... 96

5.3 C 100 24 E ............................... .................................. ........................... 98

5.3.1 E : C 100, 24 . ............................. 104

5.4 ............................ ........................................ ........................... .............. 105

5.5 C .............................. ..................................... ........................... ........................ 110

6

6.1 .................................. ................................... ........................... ............................. 112

6.2 C ..................................... ........................................ ........................... ............ 113

6.3 DF .................................. ............................. ........................... ..................................... 114

6.3.1 F D .................................................... ........................... .. 115

6.3.2 G D.................................. ....................................... ........................... ................... 117

6.3.3 B C A . ................................ ........................... ........... 120

6.3.3.1 B C ................................ ................................ ...................... 120

6.3.3.2 F .............................. ........................................ ........................... .............. 120

6.3.3.3 D B ............................ ....................................... ..................... 122

6.3.4 C ............................. ........................................ ........................... .............. 123

6.3.5 DF ................................ ....................................... ...................... 124

6.4 C ................................ ....................................... ........................... ............. 124


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6.4.1 A ................................ ....................................... ........................... ......... 127

6.4.2 ........................................ ........................................ ........................... ............ 129

6.5 C .............................. ..................................... ........................... ........................ 129

7

7.1 .................................. ................................... ........................... ............................. 131

7.2 C F D D ............................... ............................ .......................... 131

7.3 A ........................... ....................................... ........................... .................... 136

7.4 A E ........................... ........................................ ........................... ................... 137

7.4.1 C ............................. ....................................... ........................... .... 138

7.4.1.1 E (F ) .............................. .............................. ................... 138

7.4.1.2 10 ............................... ........................................ ........................... ... 142

7.4.1.3 C D D ( ) ........ 147

7.4.2 .......................... ........................................ ........................... .............. 150

7.4.2.1 F ............................. ..................................... ........................... .................... 150

7.4.2.2 D .................................. .. 155

7.4.3 A A ............................... ............................ ..................... 159

7.5 A D D ................................... ........................... ....... 160

7.5.1 ............................ ....................................... ........................... .... 160

7.5.2 F ( D) ............................. .................................... ............................ 160

7.5.2.1 D ........................... ....................................... ........................... ............... 160

7.5.3 D ................................ ...................................... ........................... ................... 161

7.5.3.1 D C .................................... ........................... ........... 161

7.5.3.2 DF ............................... ................................... ........................... ............. 163

7.5.3.3 G A ............................. ... 165

7.5.3.4 D C ............................... ........................................ ........................... ... 166

7.5.3.5 A C ............................ ....................................... ........................... 174

7.5.3.6 A D A ( C A) ............................ .. 194

7.5.4 F ( B) ................................. ................................... ............................. 202

7.5.4.1 D ........................... ....................................... ........................... ............... 202

7.5.4.2 D C .................................... ........................... ........... 202


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7.5.4.3 D C ............................... ........................................ ........................... ... 203

7.5.4.4 G A ................................. ........ 205

7.5.4.5 A D .................................. ................................ ...................... 205

7.6 C .............................. ..................................... ........................... ........................ 217

8.1 .................................. ................................... ........................... ............................. 219

8.2 F .............................. ....................................... ........................... .... 220

8.2.1 ................................. ........................................ ........................... ........ 220

8.2.2 C ............................... ................................... ........................ 224

8.3 D D F ...................................... ....................... 2348.3.1 D F ............................... .................................. ......................... 235

8.3.2 F A....................................... ........................... ......................... 237

8.3.2.1 F .................................... ....................... 237

8.3.2.2 F D ....................................... ................. 238

8.3.2.3 D E .................................. ... 240

8.3.2.4 F .................................... ........................... ..................... 241

8.3.3 ................................. ............................... ........................... ............................... 244

8.4 .................................. ............................... ........................... ................................... 245

9.1 C ....................................... ........................................ ........................... ....... 248

G ......................................................................................................................... 251

............................................................................................................................. 252


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B1 D .............................. ....................................... ........................... ........................ 256

B2 D C .............................. .................................. ..................... 257

B3 ( C) ............................... ........................... ..................... 258

B3.1 G D ............................ ....................................... ........................... ..... 258

B3.2 B E.................................... ................................... ........................ 263

B3.3 ............................... ........................................ ........................... ................... 267

B3.4 .................................. ....................................... ........................... ... 268

B3.5 B C ............................ ....................................... ........................... .......... 269

B3.6 DF ................................. ....................................... ........................... ........... 273

B3.7 E ............................. ...................................... ............................ ............... 276

B3.8 C ............................. ....................................... ........................... .... 280

B4 C ( C, D) ................................. ............................ 289

B4.1 .............................. ........................................ ........................... ........ 289

B4.2 ........................... ...................................... ............................ ............... 291

B4.3 .................................... .................................. ........................... ......................... 293

B4.4 ............................... ....................................... ........................... ......... 294

B4.5 E. ............................ ....................................... ........................... ............... 295

B4.6 C ............................ ....................................... ............................ ......... 297

B5 D ( C) .............................. ................................ ........................... 303

B6 A .............................. ....................................... ........................... ............... 315

B6.1 A ............................ ....................................... ........................... .......... 315

B6.2 C A. 320

101 6.8

C1 D .............................. ....................................... ........................... ........................ 323

C2 D G .......................... ....................................... ........................... ............... 324

C3 .............................. ........................................ ........................... ................... 325

C3.1 C.............................. ........................................ ........................... ... 325


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C3.2 C ............................. ....................................... ........................... ......... 325

C4 D .................................. ...................................... ........................... ........................ 329

C5 G A D A ............................... ............................ ......................... 330

D1 C .................................. ....................................... ............................... 333

D2 G .................................... ....................... 336

D3 C ...377


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A, M. ., . . , 1991. A G M F

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B, A. ., M. . AD, A. A, L. . , 1986. A

, J I D E, 112(1), 5564.

B, G. D., 1976. I G H,

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Bı, G. ., J. B, J., 1972. C .

A, 36, 819 823.

B, H, 1955. , A E, 36, 400403.


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C, F., K. , A , . L, 1998. E

, C G, 23(4), 255275.

C, H. ., G. . , M. . H, 1968. A

. , 4, 453479.

C, E. C., 1971. D , , 7(5),

12561263.

C, . L., 1974. D , J E , H K, D, 37

49.

C, H. H., C. E. J, 1946. A

, A G , 27, 526

534.

C, D.J., I. G, 1985. G L H D, G C

N. 2/85, E D D, H K, 123.

D, . A., F. . , 1990. C H, J ,

N , 824.

D, . ., 1946. M ,

A, 11, 131136.

D, F. G., 1986. G , J , M, 1089.

F, C.., 2001. A H, 4

E, H, I., N J, 598.

F, C.. 1994. A H. E. H, I., N J. 691 .

F, G., . , 1989. I , , 25(7), 17171726.

F, . A., J. A. C, 1979. G, H, I., N J, 604.

H, A. ., E.. B, M.C. H, M.G. MD, 2000. MDFL2000, .. G

M G M G M C

G F , .. G F 0092, , .

H, ., D. , B. L, 2003. D

A, J I D E, 129(4), 284290.

H, .B. 1940. G , ,

, . . N.7 C

( D). B I,

G, N.

I, . ., 1950. I , J , N .

J, C. E., 1940. , A

G , 2, 574586.


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K, . C., M. , . . C, 1977. D . J

G E, ACE, 103(11), 13111323.

K, D. 1958. , A

G , 39, 892908.

K, E., 1889. , A C E, 20.

L, K.C., K, .C., 1984. H . C G J 21

(2), 241249.

L, B., 1987. A ,

I D , 1, 105121.

L, B., D. , 1988. , J I

D E, 114(3), 266277.

L, J. N., J. C. G, 1967. , J I D E, 4351.

M, .., , K.L., , J., 1994. H K.

, 11/94, G E , C E

D, H K, . 106.

M, M., 1956. , ,

, B N. 1, G D , C I

C, N , A.

M, . A., G. D. , 1975. A H

, , 11(4), 589594.

M, .L., N, .G., , .., , D.E., B, .M., 2008, GFLC

G FL

M (M) M G F M (MDFL

2005): .. G M 6D1, 240 .

M, .., , K.L., , J., 1994. H K.

, 11/94, G E , C E

D, H K, . 106.

M, J. F., . H. F, . J. , 1973. F A

, NAA A 2, 50.

N, .G., , D.E., , .., 2006, D F

(F1)

MDFL2005: .. G M B 6, C A19, 62 .


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N, E., 1981. E , 10

I C M F E, , ,

3, 495500.

, . ., J. D. B, H. H. C, 1973. ,

, 9(4), 10871089.

, M. L., 2009. N H D

, M.. , , 95.

G. J.G, 1994. M , J I D

E, 20(5), 7182.

, . ., 1978. A ,

16

A I E G E , B, I: 153180.

, H., K. J. H, E. C. L, . B. , 2003. E

, E G, 69, 295308.

, ., H. . C, 1987. D . J

I D E, 113(2), 213223.

, G. ., D. , D., 1990, C . J

G E, ACE, 116(11), 16071624.

, D.L., 1980. H : .

783, 16 25.

, ., N. J. L, N. J. 1964. , J G ,

69(8), 15251529.

, ., H. C. H, 1959. I

, J G , 64(11), 19331944.

, G. D. 1975. D ,

, 11(1), 144147.

.. D I, 1978. D M, ,

, D.C., 286.

, . A., . J. C, 1966. G . 1:

A DF , J G , 71(12),

28952902.


23/389

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; .

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(1923)

; σ = σ

, σ

, σ ,

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,

.


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(H F 1977).

MODFLO ,

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, , .

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. 2.1,

FOS = (2.1)

A FO ≤ 1 . .

FO 1.2 1.3 . F ,

1.5 .

.

F

2.2. , , . F α, ,

, . F .

( ); (); ( );

( 1 2); ( 1 2).


25/389

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F 2.2:

(A C, 1997)

C , AC

ABCD. F α,

∑ = ∑ sin ∝ (2.2)

( ) :

= (2.3)

E (2.1) :

= (2.4)

E. (2.4) E. (2.3)

= (2.5)

E. (2.5) E. (2.2)

∑ = ∑ sin ∝ (2.6)


26/389

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= ∑ ∑ ∝ (2.7)

F , MC

:

= + ′ (2.8)H, ; σ . E. (2.9) E. (2.7) :

= ∑()∑ ∝ (2.9)

= (2.10) N .

I AC L,

∑ = (2.11) E. (2.10) (2.11) E.(2.9)

= ∑ ∑ ∝ (2.12)

, N'

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, M,


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E =0.

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:

•

,

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,

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M P (1965 1967)

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• E (δ)

δ=0.

J

( 2.3.2).

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, . L

. 0 1.

F 2.4: P (C, 1997)

:

• ;

•

;

• ;

•

; • .

() MC :


29/389

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= + ( − ) (2.13)H, ' Φ ; ; σ .

F 2.4.

= (2.14) E. (2.13) (2.14) E. (2.1), (FO) :

FOS = () (2.15)

E σ, τ, :

= (1 − ) + cos (2.16)

= (1 − ) + sincos (2.17)

= cos (2.18) γ γ , .

F 2.5. β

, θ .

F 2.5:

sin

A

()


30/389

17

M E. (2.1) AC :

= = ( )( ) (2.19)

( ) = = sin (2.20)

= (2.21)

E (2.20), (2.21) (2.8) E. (2.19) :

= (′ ′ ′ )

(2.22)

:

= (′ ′ )

(2.23)

() :

= ( ) =

sin( − ) (2.24)

(2.24) (2.23) (F) :

= +

(()) (2.25)

, , , . I ,

(F. 2.4) ,

( )

.

I (1991) F. 2.6

.

() ( ) :

ℎ = − cos − sin (2.26)


31/389

18

, θ θ

(F. 2.6).

F2.6:

λ. N

(I . 1997).

E. (2.26) :

ℎ ⁄ = − sin (2.27)

ℎ ⁄ = − cos (2.28)

, =.

A , (( − )) () ,:

( − ) = − ( − ) cos − (ℎ ⁄ )( − ) (2.29)

= − ( − ) sin − (ℎ ⁄ )( − ) (2.30)


32/389

19

, . E (2.27), (2.28) ,(2.29),(2.30) (2.31) E. (2.15) (F) :

=

(2.31)

F , = , , E.

(2.31) (E. 2.15) . I , (I

1991),

=

+ cos (2.32)

I λ

(F 2.6).

I , E.

(2.31) ( ), ( ), ( ) (I 1992;

I . 1997):

= + + (2.33)I ,

= tan tan

= (/)−1( ⁄ )tan sin

C = = .

A E. (2.33)

, , . F 2.7

λ θ. I > 0

λ < 180° θ, , λ

∇ . , ∇ ,

, , . F 2.7

. M,

λ , (2.32) → ∞ λ

→ 0.


33/389

20

/ .

E. (2.33 , ) (2.32) (I 1992):

= (/)( ⁄ ) (2.33)

= − 1 λ + 1 (2.33)

F 2.7 / ( γ /γ 2)

. .

F 2.7 G

( )

()

( )

( )

.

.

(I . 1997).


34/389

21

C, N. . 1997. . . 386387.

H, .A. . A F, 1977. "G ."

14.4: . 477476.

I, . M. 1991. . L, B(.), B,

.

I, .M., 1992. : (P

I L, . 1) D.H. B, ., B, , . 451

457.

I, . M., M. E. , . G. LH, 1997. D , . .

. ., 25, . 85138.

J, N. 1954. A C A. E C

A, , .

L, K. C . C. K, 1984. H . C G

J, . 21, N 2, . 241249.

M, N.., .E. P, 1967. A

. , 9: . 388393.

M, N.., .E. P, 1965. .

, 15(1): . 7993.

, M. E., .M. I, 1991. G :2. E

, , . .

.F.:://..///

/01/


35/389

22

F (1994),

. A

.

.1

A , .

,

. ,

. ,

(F 3.1).

. H

: (1) ,

, (2) ,

, (3)

, (4) (5)

.

C ( F 3.1) .

. ,

, . I

, .

,

.

L, (F 3.2)

. ,

.

.

(). H

, L2/

2 L/

2 (=, L=, =), (..

, ). B (E. 3.1) : ,

, .


36/389

23

F 3.1: A (

) , (A) , (B)

, (C) . .

F 3.2: A .


37/389

24

ℎ = + +

∗

(3.1)

(L/), (L/2), (L),

* (/L

2),

ρ (/L3). K ,

, ,

(3.2).

ℎ = + ∗

(3.2)

.

.

C 6. F

.

..1

. I

. (, , ),

(.. ) . , () ,

= , (3.3)

(L3), , (L

3).

I

, (F 3.3), 47.65% (

1923). I , (F 3.3),

25.95% ( 1923). ,

. I

, (F 3.3).

, . G

(.. ) .

( )

60% ( ) 10% ( ).

= (3.4)

A 4, 6. F 3.4

F (1994). (0.15 0.2 ).


38/389

25

F 3.3: D

()

= 47.65%, ()

= 25.95% ()

.

. (A F C.., A H,3

E 1994, 8283,

E, I., , J).

=0.15 /0.018 = 8.3 (F. 3.4),

= 0.21/.15 = 1.4 (F. 3.4). C,

, .

. C 3%

30%, 1% 30%. C

, .

A , ,

.

,

.


39/389

26

..

( )

( 1923).

F 3.4: G () C =8.3 ()

C=1.4 (A F C.., A H, 3

E 1994, 8586,

E, I., , J).


40/389

27

3.1:

. F

(1994), 91 J

(1967). (A F C.., A H, 3

E 1994, E, I.,

, J).

. F , ,

. , 50%, 48%

2%. I , . 3.1

. (0.5

1.0 ), .

..

I , . . ()

( )

(1/L).

. J (1940, 1960) C (1966)

,

= ( + ), (3.5)

(/L3), (L/2), α (1//L

2), , β (1//L2).

( 0.0001/).

F , () B

. .

= (3.6)

F ,

C 0 5 2

C 3 12 7

3 19 18

F 10 28 21

15 32 26

C 20 35 27

G 20 35 25

F G 21 35 25

G 13 26 23

C G 12 26 22


41/389

28

Material C

Very fine sand, poorly sorted 40-80

Fine sand with appreciable fines 40-80

Medium sand, well sorted 80-120

Coarse sand, poorly sorted 80-120

Coarse sand, well sorted, clean 120-150

= + ℎ (3.7)

() .

3.7 5103 5105

( 3.1) .

..

()

(.. , , ) (..

).

( ) ,

2Cd K i = (3.8)

3.2,

. .

. ,

. I (L2),

, 1 9.87109

2.

H ,

=

µ

ρ gK K w

i x (3.9)

ρ (/L3

), (L/2

), µ (F /L2

).F 20˚C, ρ = 0.998 /

3, µ = 0.010 /.

3.3. G

, .

.

, C 4

.

3.2: (A F C.., A H, 3 E 1994, 99, E, I., ,

J).


42/389

29

Intrinsic Permeability

Material (darcys) (cm/s) (ft/d)

Clay 10-6

to 10-3

10-9

to 10-6

2.8x10-6

to 0.0028

Silt, sandy silts, clayey sands, till 10-3

to 10-1

10-6

to 10-4 0.0028 to 0.28

Silty sands, fine sands 10-2

to 1 10-5

to 10-3 0.028 to 2.8

Well-sorted sands, glacial outwash 1 to 102

10-3

to 10-1 2.8 to 283

well-sorted gravel 10 to 103

10-2

to 1 28.3 to 2834

Hydraulic Conductivity

3.3: (A F C.., A H, 3

E 1994, 98, E, I.,

, J).

..

( ) ,

. (L2/)

,

= (3.10)

. F ,

() 3.10

(B).

..

A (

) .

. H

, , .

(F 3.5)

(F 3.5) .

, , 3.11 3.12, = ,

(L).

= ∑ ,⁄ (3.11)

= ∑ ,

(3.12)

F 3.11 F 3.5, ,

. 3.12 F 3.5,

, .

A ,

. F 3.6 ,


43/389

30

F 3.5: H

()

()

.

()

()

F 3.6 E () ()

(A F C.., A H, 3 E 1994, 122, E, I., , J).


44/389

31

. H . F 3.7

, .

F 3.7 F .

F . F

3.8 .

L . I ,

( )

. I ,

.

F 3.8, 10 .

90 . I,

. F F 3.8, ,

.

, , .

F ,

. A , F 3.8,

, F

3.8. I ,

.

..

()

A , E,

,

. E


45/389

32

F 3.8: C

( ) ()

, ()

( =10K),

() ( =

0.1 ), ()

100

()

100 . L

( =

, = )


46/389

33

E (. , , , ). E

.

.

( = ) ,

= ()(), (3.13)

F 3.9. (L3/),

, (L) (.. ) 1 (L),

. (L/)

(). F ,

, / .

A , = 0.017 / (48 /), 30 2,

20 10 = 0.017(30)(10/20) = 0.255

3/.

F 3.9: H D L.


47/389

34

.

..1

. I D L .

.

= ℎ (3.14)

F 3.10 .

F 3.10: C

()

.

.

( 3.14) ,

∆∆ ∆∆ + ()∆∆∆ (3.15)

A , ()∆∆∆,

∆∆∆ ()∆∆∆.

,


48/389

35

= ∆∆∆ (3.16)

. ( 3.14)

3.16. (∆) / .

= ∆∆

(∆) (3.17)

I , ρ

. F

() = ∆

+ ∆

+

∆ (3.18)

A = (/L2),

=

(3.19)

=

(3.20)

∆ =

∆

(3.21)

E 3.19, 3.20 3.21 3.18 ,

∆∆ (∆) = ∆∆ ∆ + ∆

+

∆

(3.22)

( β ) .

= = 4.410

(3.23)

I , (α )

∆ ,

= ∆(∆)

=

() (3.24)

E 3.22 ,

∆∆ () = ∆∆∆( ) (3.25) 3.14 ,

() +

() +

() = ( )

(3.26)

3.2,


49/389

36

= (ℎ ) (3.27)

3.27 ρ ,

=

(3.28)

A 3.26 ,

+

+

= ( )

(3.29)

()

. 3.5. 3.5 D L

3.29

,

+ + = (3.30)

.. /

I ,

. E 3.30 ,

+ +

=

(3.31)

I , . I ,

,

+

+

=

=

(3.32)

..

= 0,

. 1

. ,

= 0. (3.33)

E 3.33 (),

D L, ,

ℎ = ℎ . (3.34)

F () ( ) ,


50/389

37

= (3.35)

F , F 3.11. G = 100 , = 1 /, = 100 , = 1000 = 1 2/

= 1/100 /, = 100 (1)(1000)/(1)(100) = 90

F 3.11: .

.

..1

F 3.12 1,

3.2. ( A) /ρ = 0.

, A , ,

.

( ) D (E 3.13) ()

. F ,

= ℎ

, (3.35)

= (L). D . F

, ()

( D ). , (

θ) (θ), θ .

θ< 15.


51/389

38

F 3.12: .

D

, ( ). ,

,

ℎ

+

ℎ

+

ℎ

=

(3.36)

F ,

+

+

=

(3.37)

..

3.35 ,

′ = ℎ (3.38)

,

= (ℎ ℎ) (3.39)

( 3.5.2). G 1 = 100 , K = 1

/, B = 100 , = 1000 = 1 2/ 2 =( 1002 (2)(1)(1000)/(1))0.5 = 89.4 . F

, 0.5

.

h1h2

Ph z

g ρ = +

• A


52/389

39

.

F, C.. 1994. A H. E. H, I., J. 691 .

J, A.I. 1967. C . .. G

1662D.

, .E. 1923. G , D

. .. G 489.

, .E. 1923. G H D. .. G

494.


53/389

40

.1 Se caacea ced de e aaee ecea cc ad aaeee a

dec de (ee Cae 6), a e a de e eecca aec bee

e ab aae. F e e e, e dec de cde

1.

e a ad aeed bdae,

2.

e aa acaed dec caacec, ad

3. e eca ad ace caacec a ece dae ecae.

.2

Dea ae ded caacee a ed e dec aaee ecea da

de. Daa cec ece ae dced, a ee daa dee dec

aaee, e aac e ee aaee dae de, ad eae

ee aaee ed daa ae ceced.

.2.1

Waeed deea a a a e eab dc dde ad dee e

ee e dec de da. Te aeed bda eced a a

bda cd, c ea e ae bde ce ad caacea ec

de bda cd.

Seea dce (e.. ://..c.da./ecca/Pbca/Taeed.d) ad

ce a (e.. AcGIS) e ad ead eea ac a ad

deeae a aeed bda. U e eae ded Fe 4.1, e e eab

e aeed bda dee e e, dea ca e d e. T

ac ed a cce Fe 4.1a. Secd, ecea d e

, de, a b de e daae e be e aeed e, ad

eed e aeed eadae. I e cae a e dc ace

daae ae d dc dde, eabe e aeed bda

d be ade b eed e d e e bed e e cce ad a aea

a. I ccace, e ade bda cd ed

bea e ac ae ee ee eca ee.

Sace ae a aee e aeed aea e ba ad eea e

e ba a e e e. Rea dae ca cc ac aeed da, b


54/389

41

e ece a dae ac e aeed bda ed b cd

e ee aeed e aa.

Tac daa e aaabe a a da eea de (DEM) U.S. Geca Se

ac a, eeaed cea ad e e a L Deec ad

Ra (LDAR) e. Gaca e eace (GUI) deeed ecca dae dea a ac daa a e a eea ea a a eea

ac e de da. Aed B de a ebe de ac daa

a dae de a. Scae e ac e deed e ee

eeee, e ae ee cae ace ad e (.e. ebed b ecae) ad d be

dcae e REV dced cae 3.3.7. Te e eeec a ae cae ae

ee e a aa ea cae eed a ae e e e. Tac

e e de 1 ea e e USGS 30 DEM d d be adeae

ccace. Se e ca, ad eee eea d be accae (e

ded a ee) e a ae ee ( e ee) cae e e.

(a) (b)

Fe 4.1: (a) Tac a ad ace eea a 5 ea. Te bac cce

( ede) eee aeed e ad c bac e deeae e aeed. (b) A ace

a eea c cae ad e aeed bda e a a e e.

.2.2

Te e e caacea e dee e daa e aeed bda.

Saa ee e c, ce, ad db//ea e


55/389

42

dec a dee e e. Hdaa c ad ee dae

ecaed, e e aeed, ad dcaed.

Dc ec ca ae a dec ee ad ca be cbed a e

ae bea . I ca, ace cae a e ec , eeee

aa a e aabe dec ee, e a e ec bebdded dc dec . Te dec cbe bdde ec a

e e dec baed eaed ae dac cdc, ,

ae ad ab dae de ecae beed ae ee.

Te deee e aa a e c acce eecca de. Tca

ece ad ed eed cde bed/bed ec a ad e

eecca/ec/dec eeece, a ad ee eed daa, ec e

ecaace ad a, bace ea, ad eca ed.

Te ee eacae ec a ad ee eed daa ae a ce deaed

e caacea ad eea eed be aeed eecc daa cec. Gec e

ecaace ad a aabe de ca ace daae ae,

ec cee, ad ca db ec , ad e ce e e

ea.

Sbace ea ae ca ecea dee e aa de e e ad

de eeded dec daa. M e, ee d cde e b ad/ e ad

ece. A b/e eaed a e c, de ad ce e

ec eceed, a e a a aebea e. I be, bace cd

eceed e ea d be ceaed ea ec cd. Lad ace

eea, cdae e b/e, ad b cc dea ae a eed. I acca,b d eeae e de e ec ee ad be ceeed a

c aa ee. Tca, a ee b eeded dee bace

cd a e e. Tee ca be aced d e cea a e e. Me ce

e ee ad/ aa ee a eae be b.

Sace eca ed ca be eee e ad a ceece ea a adda

bace daa beee de aced b ad c. Accd Fee (1994), e

c ca eca ece dec caacea cde:

•

Dec ce e: T ece a ae aca dc de. Ce

dced e d beee ea eecde. K e ce

e d, ad e ea deece beee e eecde, be ce e

e ea aea, c ca a de. Gae a a e eace a de

ca de a e cd becae e eae be caed ace

acaed e aea. A e ceae de e aea ab cdc

eecc. Teee, d aea ae a e eace caed e a ae e.


56/389

43

• Eecaec cdc: T e ee ece e. A aec ed

eeaed b a a aea ce a ae c. Te aec ed

dce a eecc ce e d a dee e deed e

aea cdc, ed e eaed a a ae ecee c. Cae

ae, ade ad ea ca be eaed ace e ad ae eaed eecca

ee e ea. Tee ae eea eecaec ed, a be eae

ad cdc. Sa e ae aaabe e ad eecaec cdc

e.

• Sec eac: Sec ed ae e ed deee e de bedc, e

bedc, de ae abe ad e ed dec a. Sec eac

c dee ce cdaed ede e bedc. A

aca ec ae ded ae e cdaed aea

ca d bedc. Te ae e ec ae e a dace a

a e bedccdaed aea eace.

• Gdeea ada (GPR): T ece baed e a eee

e eecaec ae e d. Tee e ae eeced bac e ace

e e ece e eace beee aea de deecc ee, ad

aa aa. Le eec ae (d 10 MH) ae eae de,

e e eece (1000 MH) ae ed ae de b de eae

e. Rae GPR a de ae ab 20 eaed acace

ede ad a be 70 caeaed ad ad ae. GPR, cc

bee daa, ca d eaed ad caeaed ede, bedc, a e a

e ae abe cae aed aea. Te de e ae abe eaed aea

( a baa caa e) ea deed GPR.

• Maec e: Maec aae dcae e e c a e eea a, ad

ca be ed ac e e c a eb aec bea. M cdaed

ede ae aec ad ca be deeaed a aec e.

•

Ga aae: Te a c e bace aec e ca ae e

acceea a. U a eeece ae ad eea cec eea, ade,

ea ad da eec, be a bed bedc.

Geca ece ed a e b ae c e ee d, eeac

ec ad ae ca e. Te ae e c a dc e ad a

ec. Hee, eea ee ece ae e ea , eeab ad

cae , ad ae ed (Fee, 1994).

•

SeP Reace: Seea ee ece ae aaabe e e be e

e ece. A e eecde eed d e bee e e ecd

eecde e a ad ace. Te e aac eae eace a e c

beee e eecde. I e d e bee e, e cae eace

ae de cae . Sad, ae, ade ad e ae eace. Ca


57/389

44

ad ae ae e e eace. Face eb e eace, a ceaed

a.

• Re: Re dee a eace. Te e eaed ee, e

e ae e . T ce eecde ae eed d e bee

eace eaed beee adda eecde. Re ace ae a e

e eace ece, b ece a dee eecde

ca (e.. a ad a) de e a a ada

dace e bee. A e ca de daa a eae dace

caed e e eace ece.

• Naa Gaa Rada: T ece eae e aa ada aa

a40, a e a238 ad 232 deca ee. Iceaed aa ac

cc edea c a ca ac ae, ca c ca

ae. Teee, c deece e c ca be ded. F eae, a

ae ade ae c e ada a a cea, ac ade.

• Ne L: A be ca a adace bace, c a PbBe, eed d e

bee. Ne eed e be cde e ce de a, ad

deec eae e e aa ada dced b ee eac e ee

ee e e a ae caed deaed b e de a. Wae e e

ace e da ce de. Teee, aaed c

cae/deae e e a c . A ,

be eae ecc ed ced ae. Abe e ae abe, e

ce ca be eaed b .

•

GaaGaa Rada: T ece a a eae baed a aea

b de (e c dded b e a e). Cba60 eed d e

bee c e aa ada. Gaa ae abbed caeed b a

aea ce cac , ab a b de.

Te eade eeed Wa e a. (2004) e de eae eca ed

ad e ab caace a ae e cd.

.2.3

Ia ae ee ( e ee) daa d be ceced a e e d, ad eee

d be aed eced aebea e ae ee e e. Accae

caacea e aa ad e eee cc ad deee ae a

ee accae caacea dae ee. F adee eee,

ceeed/aded ea eced aebea e be ce aed

e aebea e ad c cca ae ad accae dae

eaee. Dc (1986) de a eae e cc. Aeae,

ba e eee ca be aded ed ace e deed ec

ee. Peee cc d be e deaed e b dce e ce

e ad be abe ae e a e dae daa.


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45

Cdea d be e eec eee. Iee aa

eaee a be ce ae a d ed ad eca ( daae)

ad cae e ad d ea. F ae a eb a ee, c

e e a daae d be cdeed. Oe, e deee eee

ded a e be a ea (F 4.2). He a ee c

Fe 4.2 Ga dec dae ee aa (daa ceced 4 ea

daae) a ae adde ce e ee Oc Pea, Wa a

ecee ab 120 ce eca aa. Peee H6c05 cced a aca

ecdaed a c e dee ae ad; e ae a

ee ee. Peee H5b06 cced ee eaed e;

e caabe eee.

c ae e b ceaed ab c ee aa ead ad e

cee ad e daa.

A eed ec 4.2.2, a ee b ae eed a e e

ca, a eae be b ecea e ce e ad bace

cd. I be, e b d be aced a/ea e e ede e e da

eae e dae cd ee e e. A ee e ae a eed

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.80

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

( / 4 )

(

)

H5b06 H6c05 Peca


59/389

46

deee e ae e eec ace ad a ee dae . I

eca ead deece ae a, e eee e ae eeded, eee aced

cc dee ceeed ea. I e e ceeed, e eee e ae

ae. Need eee d be aed a eeced be a. Sc

eae cc ee e eee /ca ee, c ae ad/ c aca .

.2.

Peca ca a ca b eac ca baed eea ad e aec.

Teee, eceded a e eca daa ceced. Ra de a

ea, e, ae ed ce dae ecae ad ae e e eaa ae

eee (ee Cae 5). Te adad a ae c a 8c e cde a

e ad a ae ea be de. Te ea be cced a c eca

aea 1/10 a e ae cec cde. Teee, ee a c a e e c

e ea be ad ae ea a de e ece. Te bce ae a

aeae e adad ae. Cec bce e e ee e e 0.1 ce

eca, c a eecc a e e ecde eac e a bce . Te bce

d a ea a, b ca a ee d ae ee. La, ea ae

ae aaabe, c e de ae aced baed e e ae e cec

cae. Aaed ae e ad ae aaabe.

I e eca cec be, cdaed beed ae ee daa, e

aec daa d be ed. Aec daa ae ca aced a e da ee ad ea

dadabe. Daa a a e ea e ca be aaabe, b a ee eca ad

a ee ba.

Te a daa ace e NOAA ea cae cee

(://.cdc.aa./a/cae/eacaecee.). Tee ae edeaae

ceae ad aaed b NOAA Naa Cae Daa Cee (NCDC). Tee ae ea

cee Fe 4.3 cee b e/ae. A a eae, e Wee

Rea Cae Cee (WRCC). Led ae a ead aaabe daa

o Ree Aac Weae Sece (RAW) de WRCC Pec

(://.a.d.ed/de.)

o Hc Cae Ia (://.cc.d.ed/CLIMATEDATA.)

RAW daa de c da daa, e c a (e.. COOP a) de aeaed

da ae, ad a beed, eced ed ecd. I ecea,ca eae a daa d e daa eceded daa a. Hee,

aab beee eae a ad e d e ae ce ad ca dce ca

e.


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47

Fe 4.3: Rea cae cee b ae (e baed

://.cdc.aa./a/cae/eacaecee.)

.2.

S e ad eea a, a e a ad e, ae ed edc e a eca a

aed dae ecae. We aace a ae aaabe,c a H (1933, 1939), P (1957, 1969) GeeA (1911), a eae e aac

deeed b e USDA Naa Rece Cea Sece (NRCS), a caed e S

Cea Sece (SCS), eceded. A dec e SCS aac dced

Cae 5 aa dc ded Aed D.

Hdc caacec ae deed e a dee ce be (CN). Te ce

be ae beee 0 ad 100, 100 eee a e ace (e.. ccee).

Naa e ae CN < 100. Eae CN e aca ad ae ded Tabe 4.1,

e ad ad ead aead ae e Tabe 4.2. Te Naa Hd Eee

Hadb (630), Cae 7 (USDA, 2009) dce dc , e Cae 8 cae ade eae e ed (USDA, 2002). Cae 9 e Naa Hd Eee Hadb

(USDA, 2004) de ce be eae e ae e ee Ued Sae, CN

ded b d ce de ad . Te Hadb d e a

.c.da.//a/c/dea/aa/c/?&cd=edb1043063.Hdc

ae aeced b bace eeab ad ae ae. S ae caed e


61/389

48

(A, B, C ad D) accd e a ae bae ad ae ed

e. S ae deed a (NRCS, 1986,).

o G A: ea ad a ae ee e eed.

Geea c dee, e ecee daed ad ae ad ae a

a ae ae (> 0.30 ce e )o G B: Mdeae a ae e eed. Geea c dee,

deae e e daed deae e deae cae ee.

Wae a ae ae e de 0.15 0.30 ce e .

o G C: S ae a ae e eed. S eea ca a

ae a ede dad ee ae, deae deaee

ee. Ta ae ae e de 0.05 0.15 ce e .

o G D: S ae a ea. Ia ae ae e e

eed. S c a ca a e ea, eae ae

abe, caa ca ae a ea e ad ace ad/ a e a e

aea. Ta ae ae 0 0.05 ce e .

TR55 (USDA, 1986) a e a ad acaed e Ued Sae ad

ded Aed D. S a ecc aea ee ae baed b e cdced b

ca SCS ce ae cea dc. Te USDA a e aced ae dc ca

ce CN, a ad ee cede e SCS aac, ec.

://.c.da.//a/c/dea/aa/ae/aae/?&cd=edb1043053.

Ce e (bae , eea e ad de) ae deeed b a ed ecaace, aea

a ad/ ad e a, e dc cd ee e eec ce e ad

cd ea. Hdc cd ca be aeed b de eea, a

ea d ce, a a, deee ace e. Gd dc cd dee a

ea a ecc dc , ce e ad eae.

Mdca e CN, baed aecede e cd e, ae dced Cae 6

aa, a e eaed ecae cea CN. Cae 7 eae

e ac da de baed cea CN a e cebe aaa ae.

.2.

Hdac cdc ( ) ae e 12 deade, deed e aea

caacec e ae aea (ee Fe 4.4). Hdac cdc a aea

ca a e eea deade baed eeee, a, , a e a daeec ccace (e.. cae, ac). I eee eceded e

aea e a ae a e e ba ea dac cdc. Iead, aea e

d be ed a a ea cec eaed ae cec.

M c acce ea dac cdc cde cea ede a

e db, abcae eeaee, edcae e, ad ec de caba.


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Te ae dced Cae 6 Idc Gdae Mde, e a ebe de

caba dac cdc e Aed B.

Tabe 4.1: R ce be (CN) e aca ad


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50

Tabe 4.2: R ce be (CN) ad ad ead aead.

Fe 4.4: Rae dac cdc (/d) a ae aea (ded Fee,

1994).


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51

.2..1

Te , ad e, ed ea dac cdc ae a cea

ae db. A e ed a e ceae, de dac cdc de ae

e e. Hee, a ae ed (.e. e aded) e e adad dea

ace e ceae ad eeab deceae. Te Hae ed e ae e a

e aab e ea,

2

10Cd K

x = (4.1)

Wee c/, e dee ae cece ded e dc

ae ee (Tabe 3.2), ad 10 e eece a e (c) deed b e a e a 10%

e b e. T e ae e ace eae dac cdc

ced e Hae ed, ee Fe3.4. Te eda a e b db ae

ea ea (0.150.2 ) b aace a e e e ed ad c ae a

e e ad. F e ed, e ed ad, 10 = 0.018 , eaed a 80

ad e e = 2.6104

c/ (0.74 /d). I ca, a e ed ( aded) e ad 10 = 0.15 ad eaed a 80 dce = 1.810

2 c/ (1555 /d), a ceae

dac cdc b e ee deade.

.2..2

Hdac cdc ca a be eaed e aba a eeaee. Tee dece ae

ca cdca cabe a d a ae c ede. T e eeaee ae

de ed. Te caead eeaee (Fe 4.5) e cee aea, c

a ad, ae, c. I ca a ee ca ae ee ad ead ae

ae. Hdac cdc ced Dac La c a = 12 ad L = e

e ae 12., = − . (4.2)

Fee (1994) a a dac ade d aae e ee e ed ad a e

cae ead () d ee be e a 0.5 e e ae e L. I e ead ae,

e ece ca bece ae e dce be ad eae Dac a (c

ad cd ca ae).

A aead eeaee ed cee aea ea dac cdce

ad a eae e ae e ae, (Fe 4.6). Te a ae ee (0)

caed e e a a e 0, ad e ae ee (1) a a ae e 1 ae

abaed. I a ecea e de aea e a be ( ), e e e ae

() ad e c eca aea e ae ( ).


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Fe 4.5: Sceac a caead eeaee.(Aded Fee C.W., Aed Hde, 3

d Ed 1994, ae 105, Reed b e Pea Edca, Ic.,

Ue Sadde Re, NJ).

Fe 4.6: Sceac a aead eeaee.(Aded Fee C.W., Aed Hde, 3

d Ed 1994, ae 105, Reed b e Pea Edca, Ic.,

Ue Sadde Re, NJ).


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U Dac a ad e ca c a ae Q = Q ,

− = (4.3)

S dac cdc e dec,

= − (4.4)

ad ea 0= 0 1 , e 0 a =0 ad 1 a 1 dce,

=

(4.5)

.2..3

S e a eae c ad eee eae dac cdc a e ed

cae acc e eeee a a ae cae a eaed e aba. S e

eae dac cdc ca be cdced ac e e, cbed aba

ae db eae e cee e caacea. I add, e ca be

ed a caaed e e dcae caaed ae ad ca be ed a a ec

ae e e a a ea de.

Daa ceced a e cde a a eaee ae ee a e

a dbace. T ed b a ad ea, add, a a ae

ce aae aae cae ead (Fe 4.7). Te ae a c e ae ee e

a a ae ed ce dac cdc e edae c e

e. F aaca cdea, ead dacee aed e eade ee ae eed added e e.

Fe 4.7: Sceac a e c e

daed e e ae a ae ee

e e a dbace.

Dacee de a add ae (+0),

ad ea ae (0), ecded, a

ae ae ee e e a e e e

a ae.


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Seea ed e e daa e (e.. Ce e a., 1967; a de Ka,

1976). T aa c e BeRce ed (Be ad Rce, 1976; Be, 1989)

eea acab. Te BeRce aac ca be eed e bee ceeed e

ad acabe aa eea e. Te ed a a deed

ced e, b ca a be ed ced ae e b e c ae

a abe e ceeed ea e e (Fee, 1994). F e dac cdc

aea (1100 /d), eceded eea e e ee e ( ad a

cea) ce dac cdc ae ae e e deee ad e

ecd e ee e .

Te BeRce e aa e be a e de aaee ed Fe

4.8.

=

(4.6)

Fe 4.8: We aaee deed e BeRce e aa e ea 4.7, 4.8

ad 4.9.


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ee 0 e dad/e a e 0, e dad a e ; e eece ada

dace a c ead daed, ad ca be a e dace aa e e c

dac cdc be eaed. I be eae . Teee ecea

eae ae ad e e e ad e cce eeca cdea. I e

e aa eea c a e a e aaed ce e ae

(), e cacaed a,

= . ⁄ /

/

(4.7)

I e e eea ( ), e e ea e ,

= . ⁄

/

(4.8)

Te cece , ad ae aca deed Fe 4.9 e Tabe 4.4 I a

c ae a = , e ae ea e e ac d e

e e a ce a eeabe a e a (Be, 1997).

Fe 4.9: Dee aaee A, B ad C ed a a c Le ad , ad ed

ea 4.7 4.8 baed eec .(Reed Gd Wae, 27(3), Be, H., Te Be ad Rce S Te A Udae, 304309, 1989, e

J We ad S).


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56

Tabe 4.4: Eca abe BeRce ed e aa(Ced: U.S. Geca Se, Dea e Ie/USGS, ae Had ad Ka, 2002).

T e ea 4.6, ecea e ae e e a eac

e a. Daa a a a e a ae e ad ae dacee.

A e ee, be de a a e. Fe 4.10 a a e

e a a e (AB) a a eee e a ae e (AC). T a

ee e eec ad ee ae e ae ac eca e e. I

ca, e ecd a e (BC) eee ee ae e ec aea ad

d be e e c e de e aa dac cdc.

A ae ced a e a e e a (BC) e . c 1 ad 2

ae e ead dacee a e 1 ad 2 eec.

=

(4.9)

A a e be eec a a ceece e deee. T e e

dac cdc aea, c a ca ad d d, be eaed a e cee

e e. I e aea eed d e deee a e e

e e, e e dce cec ae.

(/)

0.5000 1.738 0.229 0.835

0.6891 1.738 0.229 0.835

0.8911 1.802 0.269 1.09

0.9893 1.87 0.265 1.192

1.2849 2.175 0.339 1.696

1.4578 2.464 0.407 2.023

1.6855 3.057 0.49 2.698

1.8274 3.604 0.585 3.283

1.9870 4.397 0.738 4.183

2.2708 6.022 1.103 6.732

2.4581 7.069 1.51 8.675

2.6754 8.062 2.1275 10.58

2.9806 9.156 2.8485 12.32

3.2772 9.767 3.3175 13.126


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57

Te USGS a deeed ece ead ee ad ace e caca dac

cdc e BeRce aa e (Had ad Ka, 2002). Tee ae

aaabe e bc dad a ://b..//2002/02197/.

Fe 4.10: Head a bee a a c e d a e. Te eee BC

ed e aa Be Rce cacae dac cdc.(Reed Gd Wae, 27(3), Be, H., Te Be ad Rce S Te A Udae, 304309, 1989, e

J We ad S).

.2..

Ae e ae baed dad ee a e baed . I ca

e, e ed e eae e da d de eae dac

ee e a eae e a e edae c e e. P e, ee, ae

ca e a ad ae cdeab e eee ca a e. P e

a ee e :

• A eae a dad a e ed e.

•

Eae a ae.

• Eaa e be ed eae e ed e.

•

Pa dcae ed e aa e e.

• Eae dad a bea e.

•

Ee e e a ead ae bee a e e.

• Ab aa a ca ae.


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58

• Cc a ea bea e

•

Eab dad ad/ ece be eaed.

• Deee e ea() ae ee eaee.

Dc (1986) a ecee eeece a aec e de, d ad e, e

Kea ad de Rdde (1994) de deaed dace ae e. Te USGS a aea aa e, cd WTAQ (Ba ad Mec, 1999) ada

aec a e de ced ad ced cd. TENSOR2D (Seeda, 1992)

e e a e e e de ac cd, e Had ad

Ka (2002) ae ceaed eed eadee aca eea e ed

(://b..//2002/02197/).

P e aa de aac e ea. A dea ee

aace bed e ce aa. Iead, e dc ce e

a ad aca e dee aace eeed. We ea ca be dded

a cae baed ced ced cd, a e a ead ae ae cea. Adda dca ea ae (HJacb, 1955), ae a aad

(HJacb, 1955), ace a dbe (Wae R, 1963), ad ebe ae

(Ce e a, 1967) ae aaabe b dced.

Te eace e ad e aa e e a be bed ea ecca

caabe e Sae DOT eecca ad a aa eea cac e

deca eee.

Te Te (1935) a ed a edc dad a ced ae e ede

a ( ) ad e ae cece (). A e ad e bea e ae

eed. Te Te ed e ea ae ee ee , caac ad

e ac, a ecea de a cce e. Te Te ae e ae

(1) e ee, (2) e, (3) c, ad a (4) e dcae ca, (5) e e

eeae a ced ae e a e e, (6) e e aa,

e ae a ce ad a ad (7) e eec ace a

a. Te Te ea e dad,

ℎ − ℎ =

(4.10)

Wee 0 e a ead (L), ad e eadae ead (L). Teee,σ = 0

dad. a (L2/T) ad e e ea, =

, ee

=

(4.11)


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59

Ad e ada dace e e a a bea cc. Te e ea ca be

aaed b ca e e ea (4.12). Tabaed ae e e ea

ae a ead aaabe e eb Fee (1994).

= −0.577216 − ln −

∙!

∙! −

∙! ⋯ (4.12)

A a ae ad , e ca e ea (4.11), e e () ea

(4.12) ad e eaed dad a e ae () ea (4.10).

Te Te (1906) ea ead ada a ced ae ed eae a.

T aac eae Dac La ada cdae ad e a e

e a a dace e e a 1 (L) ad 2 (L), ed eadae

ae ee 1 ad 2, eec.

=

(4.13)

, , ad eed be ce e ad e. Ge eadae cd,

be e e ae cece (), ee, e eae ( ) e e

accae a bee ae ed.

A aa e Te ea ed e dac cdc a ced ae

e dad bea e caed a a dace a e.

=

(4.14)

Te CeJacb (1946) aa e e aac aa e ced, ae

cd. Me ce aca ed e Te ea ae aaabe b dced.

Te CeJacb aac be ed e a a e bea e ad ae

a e

=

< 0.05 , (4.15)

e () ed e e e ad de ea (4.12). Te

cd e a ee ae e a ada dace e e ( ), ad edce

e Te ea ,

, = . .

(4.16)

Aa e a e ce. F, e dad e e cce e (e.. 1 e ad

10 e) edce . = 1 ; e, be e . Secd, a 0, aedee dad ad . = 0, ea

. = 1 . I e be e . A


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60

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 10 100 1000

Time (min)

D r a w d o w n ( f t )

t0 = 5.2 min = 3.6x10-3 days

∆h = 5.5 feet

a eae ae Fee (1994), ee Fe (4.11) c dad a bea e

ed e e. Q = 42,000 3/d, ad = 824 .

= . =.,

. = 1,400 / (4.17)

= . = .. = 1.710 (4.18)

N ecea ee e ce e (ea 4.15). I , e daa a eae

e ecea (ad a e ceced).

=

=.

= 6.610 < 0.05 (4.19)

Fe 4.11: A eae e CeJacb ed a ced ae. Dad daa

(e cce) ae ed a a c ac e. e e e a a e

eec e e dad (3.6103

da), e ∆ (L) dad e e cce e.

Had ad Ka (2002) de a eadee aca e CeJacb ed e

bea e (://b..//2002/02197/). Te ee e a eae

a, b ae. Eae ae e a ad ece cea.

Te Te aca ced, ead ae e eae ccaed, b

eea ae aca e eace ae aaabe ad e ace (e.. Ae Te). Te


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61

USGS a WTAQ (Ba ad Mec, 1999) ca a be ed e e e ce

e be cded cea eaed dac aaee ae. F dace, e

bac ae eeed ee.

Te e ea ,

= , , Γ. (4.20)

W abaed ( ,Γ ) ad ( ,Γ ) abaed b Fee (1994). Eae dad e ae

eeaed ae e,

=

. (4.21)

We a ae e a daae e a, c a,

=

(4.22)

ee ecc ed. Te aa c deed a,

Γ =

(4.23)

ee e eca dac cdc e ae, ad e a aaed ce

e ae. I a a dad (σ ) a caed ; e, e

dca e aac ae eceded (Nea, 1974).

Te aca ed ee b Te Te A ad Te B ce be ed a () ad ( )

e 1/ 1/, eec, cae. Te ce ae eeed Fe 4.12. U eae cae, dad ed e a ad e (e) ed e a. Te daa

d ae a a e Te ce. Te Te ce ae ad e e beed daa

e ae ed . Ree Fe 4.13. Oce e ce ae aed,Γ ca be deeed. Ne,

ac ae ce. Te d eed be e ce. Te eae ac c ae

eeeed b ( ) = 1 ad 1/ = 1, a e a ( ) = 1 ad 1/. F ee ac , e

ead dad ad , ae ceed be ce, ad a ea 4.20, 4.21, 4.22 ad

4.23 ae eaaed e , , , ad Κ , e ae ed ce ea /.


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62

Fe 4.12: Te Te A (ea e) ad B (ae e) ce dad daa a ced

ae. Dea ce de eaae cded Γ (aded Fee, 1994, Sce

Nea, 1975).

Fe 4.13: Sceac daa (bac cce) a a Te Ce (bac e) ad c a

ac . (Aded Fee C.W., Aed Hde, 3 d Ed 1994, ae 105, Reed b e PeaEdca, Ic., Ue Sadde Re, NJ).


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63

.3

Laba ad ed e ecc ed, , ae eee ad e c. A ae be

e be cdced e a aeae e d e. Udbed ae ca be ceced

ad cae acaed a a cae ee d cac a. I add,

e ae d be beced ba aa ce. I e ab, e abe

ae ed e e ca, e ee ce ae ed ae ca

e ca ee ecee cac. Wee a e abe ee ce, ee dece

d be abe aa a ca e 0 160 c ae. Fed e e ec

aee aced a eac ca cae ee. M ed ce ae eed

eae .

Aeae, Fe 4.14 de a eceded cea ed eae ecc ed

e dac cdc (U.S. Deae e Ie, 1978). T cea deed 2,000

aba e a de ae ae, ad 10% e be aaabe ae.

Fe 4.14: Ce eea ea beee ecc ed ad dac cdc

(aded e U.S. Deae e Ie, 1978)

Hydraulic Conductivity – Inches per Hour (in/hr)


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64

.

We a da ae aed edce ae ee, da ca, da de (e,

daee), da eea, ae d, cc dea d be ed. Wae ee daa

bea e d be ceced da aa ad ae, a da

dda da ce.

A eae aed da ded Fe 4.15 e SR101 MP321. Kede da

eea cca e ae ac da ae ee e e. D

d e e bace cd eceed cea e dec de.

Fe 4.15: Ha da acee de e SR101 MP321 ac c e

a 1 ea. Rad deed a e Hd Caa. Da e, ca ad eea ad

eaed ae eac da ba, ce, ded (Le, 2001).

Va e de dee da aa (e.., U.S. Deae e Ie, 1978;

Fee, 2001) eec ade ad ae e, eee aea, ab cdea

ad ae dced ee. Hee, dead da ecec e a e

edc ae ee ee da acee. I dae de, da ecec deed

a da cdcace ( , 2 / ) ad dced Cae 6. Da cdcace eee a ead


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65

e beee e ae ad e da, cd cee ad e da (Fe 4.16),

e eee aea, ad e a e da. Te a deede e

deee a e da ae bced b ceca ecae, a e bc.

Eac ee cee ca be aed a da dcae ad added ee. Hee,

acce e dc a. Head ac e eee ad da ca be

aaed b a e dac cdc e eee aea eee e da a a

e ad ae e a cae ead e e,

= /′ (4.24)

Wee e ace aea (L2) e da, B e ce e da aea (L) ad e

dac cdc e da ad eee aea (L/T). Daee e da ad ce

e eee aea d e da ae eeded e caca. Te dac

cdc e da, daed b e eeab e eee aea.

Eee aea d e da de a eeabe a ae e e bae

aea e da. Bae aea ee e ec be daed. Te U.S. Bea Recaa (BOR) (1993) de de cdea eee aea eec bae

aea Tabe 4.5, b ed ead cd aca e c de

baed. Hee, ede eee ae db ca ad a c caca

ea 4.1. I add, caead eeaee eee aea ca e dace

e ae . A a eea dee, dac cdc e ee aea a ee

e bae aea adeae e ae e ae e da e (BOR, 1993).

U ea 4.24 cacae a eae ad e deeae ead , ce a

acede cee ad e da, c ce ee eee ead ade

e c e da. I acce, e a cae a ee ce ac ead eae ae da e ead e da ad ead e d ae. B e

cae ead accae , e e aded ac da (ea

6.4), eae ea 4.24 ed a a e de da cdcace

F ee d be e a da e, aa cec de e ee .

Le daa cec a aee ecec ee ae a ee, ad acea

ecec dec e e (.e. c).

Tabe 4.5: Rea beee bae aea ad eee aea ead cd

(BOR, 1993)

40%

() 0 40 70 90 95 100 0 40 70 90 100

0.020.05 9.52 2 0.81 0.33 0.3 0.074 38.1 10 8.7 2.5 0.059

0.050.10 9.52 3 1.07 0.38 0.3 0.074 38.1 12 10.4 3 0.059

0.100.25 9.52 4 1.3 0.4 0.3 0.074 38.1 15 13.1 3.8 0.059

0.251.0 9.52 5 1.45 0.42 0.3 0.074 38.1 20 17.3 5 0.059

()

% %


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66

Fe 4.16: C ec ce I,, a ead cee a da

(ded McDad ad Haba, 1988)

.

T ec, e ece e daceee ca ea, a aeed e

Sec 2: Faced Rc Caacea : Reee e a. (2011).

Bedc ca a e a ad eeab, ad e ace ee a

a cd d . Tee e ae aa dc ad ea

ee ad dac ee. F caacea aced c ae be ce

ace ca ad e abe c a eee a ae e ea

ace e, .e., a ace caacea e deae a ed e de ed acceb e ace eee. Faced c ae ae ca caaceed

d ed caa a eae ace abe a be ce cd bee,

c c, ad c, e cee, ec ae ad dac e. T ace daa ca

e be ed eeae eeeae, eecc ace e e dea

babc dec ace ca, ea, ac, e, aee, dac

cdc/a ad ae e de (Fe 4.17). T eeca eae

ace e ecea de daae e de cce e deae.

Saca aa e ace abe ceced ed daa eee ceed

ec.


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67

Fe 4.17: Ia e cedece beee ad eedea ace

e. Te eedea e () eeaed accd ace e

ca aab ab ea ace ea, a ea e db ee

= 2, ad a eae ae de. Te dea e a e b e cedb ec a ace e e a ce caed e cee e ee

dea e. Te dea e e b e e de

e dac bacbe b ea a deaded ace ee ad ceced ce.

Oce e dac bacbe deed, ca e be ced e e. (Reed e Reee, D.M. e a., Radace Wae, 2012, ITec Pb.)


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Face e c ae e ace e caaceed b a ace

ea (e.., Ba, 1995; B, 1999; Be e a., 2001; Pa e a., 2004, Reee e a.,

2010). Te eece a ea eec e ace eec e c c ace

aa, ee e ace ca ae a e, aa e ed (Jaee e a.,

2007; T ad Me, 2007). Ue ace ae e , c a eacae a,

a a dae eece ae a ea eec ace e

e cec a c a.

Te ea ace ae eea deed b ee e ad d d ad d dec

ce. Aa ace ea be ec e e eaed ace

ae a eee ad c e de de ace e (Fe 4.18).

U deca ace e, ea ea ad e aab ace e eac

ace e ca be deeed.

Fe 4.18: Seee e ace ae c a e (e) ad

deed ace e a bab (). (Reed e Reee, D.M. e a.,Radace Wae, 2012, ITec Pb.)

Te db ace ea a deed a Fe db (Fe, 1953):

κ

κ κ

κ ⋅

−

⋅ ⋅=

−

c( )

(4.25)


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69

ee e deece, (deee), a ea ea ec eca dbed

π π − ≤ ≤

2 2 accd a ca de cece, κ . Te Fe db a eca cae

e V Me db, ad a a a db eca daa (Mada ad J,

2000). Te ee c dda ace ce ad e ea ea decbed b κ

ee e ae κ decbe e deee ce. I eeece a ae κ ae

c e ae κ ≤ ≤10 50 aa ace e. Scac a Fe

ad deae e dcee ace e e Cae 8 Faced Meda F baed

e ed ed b Wd (1994).

Te Ba db de a aeae e Fe db cae c ace

e ad d ae aeca ceed ad ea ace ea (Ba, 1964):

( ) ( ) ( )κ κ κ

π

+ + =

⋅

2 2 2

1 1 2 2 3 3e

( )4 (1 / 2;3 / 2; )

(4.26)

ee κ 1, κ 2, ad κ 3 ae de cece a a e cd: κ κ κ ≤ ≤ =1 2 3 0 ; 1, 2, ad

3 ae e c ec a , e eeec a, ad (1/2,3/2;) a e

eec c e a ae. Te bab db c decbed b (4.26) ca

cc a a eb a eae ae dea e a d. A c e

Ba db, ee, a aeaca be e (4.26) e cac

eea aec deae.

..1

Face ac ee e ea dace beee ace. T dace a de a e

cae aced a bc. Face ac a daa e ee a cec (Tea,

1965):

α ′= ( ) (4.27)

ce e aae ac ' eaed a a aec e ace ac . Vae α

dee e ae e aec eae e ea ace ea a edeeed

eeece dec (Fe 4.19). Aae ac ea e ac, e aec

eedca e ea ace ea eeece dec. I α = 90, e Tea cec

ac = (α ) edce 1.

Oce e ac beee ace ceced, ae ace eec ad aeae ace

ac ca be ced. Face eec [ ee e, L1] deed a e a be

ace a e dace a aec. Aeae ace ac [ e, L] e

ee ace eec, ad dee e e e aced a bc.

Sac aa ace e c a eea dbed, ad aabe.

T ca be eed b e ee eca cae db c ace ac,


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a a a a c (R, 1985). I ac eea, e bab deca e a

e eca ace ac db eb a a e a e (Fe 4.20).

A P ce, deed b deede ad deca dbed deae, de

ea eea eea ac (R, 1985).

Fe 4.19: Ia e Teacec acc e ba beee aae

ac ' ad e ac baed e

ea e ae aec ea

ea ace ea. Ae

://.ccece.c/dad/d/Web

He/d/Tea_We.. (Reed e Reee, D.M. e a., Radace Wae, 2012, ITec

Pb.)

Fe 4.20: Sa 100 ec ace ac eeaed accd a P

ce a a 500 aec. Eea ed ae ea a e (e) ad ee

deca (). Ne a aec a a 0.5 1

ace eec, c

ced a aeae ac 5 .


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71

Oe be db ace ac cde (Re e a., 1992) ad aca

ce (Ba, 1995; Dace e a., 2003), b c ae cdeed eee ed ebe.

U ac a cc ec ae, c ec ace e eca dec

ad e a ace ea ca ac (Re e a., 1992). Eac

cae aca ce ae e ad a be eaed e e ecaca ace

eac d aa, c e c ace e ad ac (Sea ad Pad,

1983; O, 1993; Acea ad Scce, 1997; Dace e a., 2003). Ne aca ce

ca be eeaed a a cae cacade ce (Madeb, 1974; Scee ad Le, 1987).

..2

Face e dee e ace e a ace. Tee a ce ece eae a

ace e abe a e e c, , ae ea:

−> =( ) (4.28)

a e a ee, , a ae beee 1 ad 3 aa ace e

(Be e a., 2001; B ad Da, 1997, 1999; Rea, 1999). a ca baed ad .

T a db ace e ae bee eed e eae, e ae a e

e a e ae ace a a d. La db ea

ae daa e ea a, e ae ae ae ceed (e.., Fe 4.21).

Fe 4.21: Ceed daa Fe 4.20 eded ae a c ee ee e

e ace caed b e e e a d (100 ). Ne a e ce

e 23 ace e eae a 100 cae e ea ed beed Fe 4.20 bece a eea (e). A bab dcae a e ceed daa a a

db ().

Deea e db ace e a a ace ac ad e e

aa a ee eca cae db c. Face e a ae ea


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eb ea ed a e a e db (Fe 4.22). I eae, e

a e db ee e eae 510% e ae. Te e e ea ed

e daa ea .

Fe 4.22: Sa 500 ec ace e eeaed accd a aaabe,

eaaed db = 1.5. Be e (bac) dec ed ea deca

ae ace e. Dea e ed e e ae 58 ae ae abed

eca ca. Pea db eb ea ed . Rad

deae eeaed e a STABLE e b J.P. Na, ae aaabe a

://.acadec2.aeca.ed/a.

Tca ca ee cc ace e daa, de ca ed b e e cae

e a d. F eae Reee e a. (2010), e e ace eaed a e

d a aae e d ad a aae d e a d e. Iead

c beee a ada ea a db, a e caed Pae (e

a) de (Aba e a., 2006):

( )γ ν

γ

ν

− −−> =

−

( )

1

(4.29)

a ed ce e ea ed e daa, ee( ) ( ) ( )

K

1 2, , ,

ae ace e

deced de, ad (1) ad () eee e ae ad ae ace e, γ ad υ ae e

ad e ace e c ae, ad decbe e a e db. Tcaed e

a de e (4.29) ca a be e a e e cae e eea

cac e a e ea cae. Lac edece daa a ( e


86/389

73

ece bd a e c e) a 5 de ac c, Reee e a. (2010)

aed a e 1 e cac eea a e.

..3

Tee ae a a ee ace caacea e dce e daa ace

e. T ae a ace e a cca aaee a c cec ace a e (e.., de De, 2001; Reee e a. 2008b; Kca e a., 2010). T

ca cc e daa ace e ed e a c ad c,

ace daa ece ceced bee. I ee a, daceee ca

ea a ea ace de baed dacee (Sc, 1997; O, 2003;

Sc e a., 2006, 2008; Kca e a., 2010; Sc e a, ee). Daceeca ea

ae baed e ecac c ace aa, ad e a e ace

dacee de, .e., eade ace (e.., a) eb dee daceeca

ea a ede ace (e.., ).

Daceeca ea a ca be decbed b (Sc, 1997, Sc e a., 2006, 2008):

( )( )

ν σ σ

−= −

2

a2 1

cae C C* (4.30)

ee e a ea dacee caed a e a d, e a a

ace e, σ e ea d e, σ e ed e e c a e a , ad υ ae

Y' d ad P' a e c a, eece, e a ec e

e , ad * a aabe

Documents

Dreno Horizontal Profundo Manual -787.1