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DefenScientifDRDC-RFebruary
Interfor CPaul LabDRDC – Prepared
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© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Department of National Defence), 2018
© Sa Majesté la Reine en droit du Canada (Ministère de la Défense nationale), 2018
CAN UNCLASSIFIED
IMPORTANT INFORMATIVE STATEMENTS
Disclaimer: Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence ("Canada"), makes no representations or warranties, expressed or implied, of any kind whatsoever, and assumes no liability for the accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or usefulness of any information, product, process or material included in this document. Nothing in this document should be interpreted as an endorsement for the specific use of any tool, technique or process examined in it. Any reliance on, or use of, any information, product, process or material included in this document is at the sole risk of the person so using it or relying on it. Canada does not assume any liability in respect of any damages or losses arising out of or in connection with the use of, or reliance on, any information, product, process or material included in this document.
This document was reviewed for Controlled Goods by Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) using the Schedule to the Defence Production Act.
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Both technconnectednetworks. purpose attoaster becbe billionse.g., smartreference networks Internet, hfurther as entities crpossible fudevices su
IoT def
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1 https://en2 https://ww3 In 2013 oforced the m2016 a newstimulate inreliable heahttp://tricor
nologies becad to the public
A first non-ct a conferencecame ‘smart’ s of devices ot TV, vehicleto the public (or just integr
hence IoT stanreported in [6eating their o
future of IoT auch as the med
finition
e environmenan be interconhe Institute ofthe following
of Things envet through the
or virtual reprnd are uniqueltatus, locationwith or withound communicat interfaces antion” [8].
committee [8at IoT will be be identified, nns or data relbe a node of rs up to large: sensor, actua
.wikipedia.orgww.postscapesone was built anmanufacturer t
w competition wnnovation and alth diagnoses rder.xprize.org
ame the technc Internet. In tcomputer thine in October 1by being con
or things with , building andInternet, the rrated in a systnds for intern6, 7] where thwn social net
autonomy is odical tricorde
nt scenario, i.ennected to delf Electrical ang definition of
visions a self-e use of standesentation in ly identifiablen or any otherut human inteation, and actnd is made av
8] expressed tcharacterizednamed and adated to them a network. Io
e and complexator, gateway
/wiki/ARPAN.com/internet-ond satisfied somto stop it: httpswas initiated: Tintegration of anywhere, any
g/news/blog/sta
nical foundatiothe concept o
ng (first IoT) c19892. Using nnected to a c
various degrd city. Althoureality is that tem via intern
networking of hings are smartwork. The latoutside the inter3 should be e
e., an IoT sysliver a complnd Electronicsf IoT:
-configuring, dard communi
the digital woe. The represer business, soervention, thrtuation capab
vailable anywh
the following d as a set of inddressed (smaor even relatioT systems shx systems. Uny, virtual objec
ET. of-things-histome customers bs://www.statnewThe Qualcommprecision diagn
ytime. The winar-trek-beyond-
on of the Intef IoT, interneconnected to Ithe Simple Nomputer netwees of smartn
ugh the expresthese things
nal bus) that mf things in thisrt and also inttter is beyondtended time henvisaged.
stem with a leex service ans Engineers (I
adaptive, comication protocorld, sensing/entation contaocial or privatough the explility. The servhere, anytime
observationsnterworking nart objects). ‘ionships betwhow scaling cnder this perspct. All of them
ory/ (Access dabut the Food anws.com/2016/1
m Tricorder XPnostic technolo
nning teams now-doctors-view
ernet1. Not allet includes TCInternet is a t
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may not be dis SL. Also the
nterconnected d the scope ofhorizon althou
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mplex networcols. The inte/actuation capains informatitely relevant iloitation of unvice is exploie, and for any
s from some onetworks of thThings’ can b
ween objects. Fapabilities, frpective the dim assume ubi
ate: 18 April 20nd Drug Admi12/14/scanadu-
PRIZE is a $10 ogies, helping cw work with a (Access date:
l TCP/IP netwCP/IP and nontoaster for demagement Protne finds that bd and connectis Internet of
e deployed onirectly connece concept couor even can e
f this SL giveugh advanced
exity where aexecution of
mittee on the d
rk that intercoerconnected thpability, a proion including information. Tnique identifiited through thything taking s
of its findingshings that canbe physical obFor a majorityrom small sysifferentiation iquitous conn
017). You had inistration (FD-tricorder-crowmillion global
consumers maa member of the17 April 2017)
works are n-TCP/IP monstration tocol (SNMP)by 2020 there ed to an interThings makin
n a variety of cted to the puuld be pushedevolve into en that such d handheld sm
a large amouna complex
definition of I
onnects ‘thinghings have ogrammability
the thing’s The things ofication, data he use of security into
s: “…it wouldn be made smbjects or theiry of definitionstems based obetween nod
nectivity, whil
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ake their own e FDA. ).
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IoT driv
A dominaintegratedmonths. Insuccess ra
4 Command5 Comparishttps://www8 June 2016 https://ww(Access da
y performs dithings’ interf achievable. Tcenario couldcellular phon
orks could be security and mnd weapons serotocol versioThe military
mless C24 comadios provideial agencies, anetworks.
s of IoT d
number of obi.e., replacing
minology
evolution of Iple Internet oommunicationout IoE).
uthors report oOther authors n (HCI) with ns due to econIn fact [5] ext
vers
ant driver is cod in a businessn public securate in addition
d and Control (son of IPv4 andw.ibm.com/sup7).
ww.iottechexpoate: 20 April 20
ifferent functifaces.” In pubThis is a signi
d be one where service acce
private, indumilitary. Tactiecurely by uson 6 (IPv6) [1IoT networks
mmunicationse interoperabiland allied coa
devices
bjects requiring IPv4 by IPv
y expans
oT technologf Everything n without hum
on internet ofdocument toIoT [29]. Som
nomic and secends IIoT tec
ompetivenesss model, a netrity and defenn to saving liv
(C2). d IPv6: pport/knowledg
o.com/2016/01017).
ions. Anotherblic security aificant issue te we deploy iess (can be in
strial or speciical networksing appropria
11–13] and bls operate overs between opelity with all s
alition forces.”
ng a unique idv6 for a larger
ion
gies and appli(IoE) 6 is con
man interventi
f military thinols and proto
me IoT technocrecy of their chnologies to
s in both commt advantage (rnce this may tves and reduci
gecenter/en/ssw
1/m2m/ioe-vs-i
r emerging asand military scthat needs to bin a city with
n a contested u
ific to a doma could be des
ate resilient stlockchain [14r tactical radioerational elemervices, vario” However, fo
dentifier is ber number of u
cations came nsidered a supions is consid
ngs (IoMT) [1types to exploologies offer bbusiness, e.gpublic safety
mercial and inreturn on invetranslate in reing cost, or in
w_i5_54/rzai2/
iot-vs-m2m-wh
spect is the pocenarios the ube addressed a crippled In
urban environ
ain of applicasigned to expltacks includin4, 15]). This isos that establ
ments and highous agencies ofor security I s
eyond most ofunique object
specific specperset of IoT adered a subset
16–19] and inore novel waybetter cyber, ., Industrial Inand defence.
ndustrial domestment, ROI)esponsivenessncrease missio
/rzai2compipv
hats-the-differe
ossibility of uubiquitous cofor such appl
nternet connecnment (CUE)
ations such as loit all kinds ong advantagess nicely summlish and mainther echelon hof the U.S. Gsuggest using
f the protocols5.
cialisation andand Machine-t of IoT (see A
nternet of battys for humanhacking and nternet of Th.
mains. Where ) is often obss and increaseon sustainabi
v4ipv6.htm (Ac
ence-and-does-
sing functiononnectivity calications. A ctivity and ) [9, 10]).
transport, of things suchs such as frommarised in [5]tain mobile an
headquarters. overnment,
g independent
ls currently fu
d generalisati-to-Machine Annex A for
le things (IoBn-computer security
hings (IIoT)
IoT is suitablerved after a
e in mission lity.
ccess date:
-it-matter/
3
ns annot
h as m ] as nd
t low
ully
ion.
more
BT)
ly few
4
Increasingwatches, acosts declsmartphonthan a billsmartphon
Accordingexplosion
1. The co
2. A lot m
3. Intern
4. High a
Enablin
There is awith sensoproducts. customersplatforms9
requiremeorganizatidevices, umanage thoutcomes informatioavoid cogn
In [36] theUDOO, FMulle, andactivationcandidatesbeen used
Under thedefence su(DoD) Joi
7 http://ww(Access da8 http://ww9 An IoT pl10 http://ww
g demand7: Dand smart therine. A similarnes jumped frlion devices inne component
g to BI (Businin the IoT8.
ost of Interne
more money
net connectivi
adoption of re
ng techn
n abundance ors and built-iThese produc
s. Two recent 9 [37, 38] focuents, as well aion may have use of some anhat team and ein line with b
on managemenitive overloa
ey provide exriendlyARM,d T-Mote Skytime of a dev
s for the deved widely in IoT
hood of the ruch as softwaint Tactical R
ww.mckinsey.coate: 10 May 201ww.businessinsi
latform facilitaww.ni.com/whi
emand for thermostats, for r dynamic occrom about 170n 2014. The its. Smart buil
ness Insider) I
et-connected s
is being pour
ty continues t
emotes, espec
ologies
of enabling tein TCP/IP andcts often connreports from using on the m
as a projectionto consider a
nalytics to maensure that vabusiness valueent for shared ad of tactical
xamples of har, Intel Galileoy. Software plvice. These Oelopment of RT scenarios.
radios of somare define radiRadio System
om/industries/s17). ider.com/four-eates communicite-paper/5370
e first generatinstance) wilcurred with th0 million devincrease in ordldings and cit
Intelligence f
sensors is com
red into the Io
to expand.
cially smartph
echnologies sd security fun
nect to a centrO'Reilly prov
methodology n in the futurea team for manake sense out alued informae. The same ssituation awaunit members
rdware and soo, Raspberry Platforms start
OS include ReRTOS-based I
me IoT hardwaios (SDRs) w(JTRS) progr
semiconductor
elements-drivination, data flow6/en/ (Access d
tion of Internl increase as che rise of smaices sold annuders coincideies also contr
findings, there
ming down.
oT.
hones, phable
such as [36] Snctionalities wral managemevide a represefor selecting
e of a sustainanaging the larof that data a
ation is used bshould be conareness in ords.
oftware platfoPI, Gadgeteert with Operatial-Time Oper
IoT applicatio
are platforms which evolvedram. Silicon in
s/our-insights/
ng-iot-2014-10w, device manadate: 11 April
net of Things pcomponent teartphone usagually just fou
ed with a steepribute to the d
e are four key
ets and tablets
Single Board Cwhich are typient portal to pentative overv platforms baable business rge amount o
and assign a ‘by the right pensidered for puder to deliver
orms. Hardwar, BeagleBoneing Systems (rating Systemons. For instan
one finds tecd under the USndustry, e.g.,
/the-internet-of
0 (Access dateagement, and t2017).
products (fitnechnologies ege. Consumerur or five yearp decline in thdemand.
y elements tha
s.
Computers (Sically used to
provide the review of the enased on the us
plan. In suchof data collectchief data offeople, i.e., keublic safety aactionable in
are platforms e, Cubieboard(OS) to run fo
ms (RTOS) thnce, the Cont
chnologies deS Department National Ins
f-things-sizing-
: 11 April 2017the functionalit
ness bands, smvolve and the
rs’ demand fors ago to morehe price of cr
at are driving
SBCs) integrao realize IoT equired data bnabling IoT ser’s intent anh future an ted by IoT ficer’ (CDO) eeping the and defence Ionformation an
include Ardud, Z1,WiSensor the whole at are good tiki RTOS has
veloped for t of Defense truments10, lo
-up-the-opport
7). ty of applicatio
mart eir or e ritical
the
ated
by
nd
to
oT nd
uino, se,
s
ooks
tunity
ons.
beyond tofrequencycommunic(4G) phonGeneratio
Note that system byPython, Cprivate onpreferenceZigbee, Rstandards
Annex B pnecessary of IoT obj
IoT app
Annex C pcapabilitiedeployed
Potentopport
There is nassessmen2013 fromthat summ
In additionused in de
Policie
Although emerging
Conclu
Based on defence an
11 http://iot
day best SDRy integrated cications (MILCnes. Future tecn (5G) smart
the April 201y the surveyedC++ and Noden premise cloue the connecti
RS-232/RS-48included HTT
provides a timmove from I
jects.
plications
provides somes. It appears operational sy
ial implictunities)
no consensus ynts. A good plm Cisco [40]. Amarises the cur
n, Annex F prefence and sec
es and sta
there are no lpolicies and s
usion
information and security (D
t.ieee.org/imag
R solutions whircuit (RFIC) COM), electrchnologies inphones, and
16 IoT Develod participants.e.js (uses the Cud, Microsoftivity protocol5, LPWAN (LTP, MQTT, C
meline of the ePv4 to IPv6 d
s
me examples othat industry,ystems and pr
cations fo
yet, meaning lace to start mAnnex E provrrent situation
rovides informcurity system
andards
leading policystandards.
available so faD&S) capabil
es/files/pdf/iot
hich evolved and digital sionic warfare,
ntegrating anaother systems
oper Survey11
. The most usChrome V8 JaAzure, Goog
ls were TCP/ILoRa, SigFox
CoAP, HTTP/
evolution of ndue to the larg
of emerging ap, transport andrototype syste
or defenc
different orgamaking sense vides an excen.
mation about s.
y and standard
ar about IoT tities in terms
t-developer-sur
from field prignal processi, signals intellalog with digits yet to be def
reports that Lsed programinavaScript enggle Cloud PlatIP, Wi-Fi, Ethx, LTE-M, etc/2…[39].
networks towge number of
pplications (bd medical appems tested so
ce and se
anizations anout of it is the
erpt from a De
the relation b
d currently, A
technologies, of advantage
rvey-2016-repo
rogrammable ing (DSP) devligence (SIGItal circuits wifined.
Linux was theng languages gine). Cloud stform and IBMhernet, Bluetoc.), 6LoWPA
ward the currenf unique ident
both civilian aplications cur far.
curity (th
nd companies e paper from epartment of
between IoT a
Annex D prov
one can projes and threats
ort-final.pdf (A
gate-array (Fvices in suppoINT) and Fouill support IoT
e most used Iwere Java, C
services wereM Bluemix. Iooth/Bluetoot
AN (IPv6), UP
nt state of IoTtifiers required
and military) rrently lead in
hreats an
have significCovington anDefense (DoD
analytics and
vides some in
ect their poteto Canada, i.
Access date: 11
FPGA), radio ort of military
urth GeneratioT and Fifth
IoT operatingC, Java Script,e Amazon AWIn their order th Smart, CellPnP… Messag
T including thd for the billi
and future n terms of
d
cant different nd CarskaddeD) publicatio
the track data
formation on
ential impacts .e., advantage
1 April 2017).
5
y on
WS, of lular, ging
he ons
en n
a
on es in
6
terms of mour nation
In summausing IoT trained opelectronic situational
It is not resuch capabalready ad
This IoT ein the devsupport toowner’s p
Future
First of allThere is a developmIoT-Europsharing. Toperationa
The reviewcould be tecosystemchains and
Given the test beds falso be us
Prepared
multiplying Dn and our allie
ary, given the hardware and
perators, it appecosystem de
l awareness w
evolutionary, bilities could
dopting IoT ec
evolution couelopment of f
o coalition senermission [41
work
l, there is a nevariety of po
ent of this SLpean Platform
There are also al demonstrat
w of IoT for Dtranslated to m
m for defense d supply give
low cost of dfor evaluatinged to explore
d by: Paul Lab
ND/CAF capes.
possibility tod software wipears that thereployed for o
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but an accelecontribute to
cosystems.
uld be managefuture systemnsor discovera1].
eed to discussossible partnerL it was notedms Initiative (I
DoD, DISA tions.
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developing mug their values the domain o
bbé (DRDC –
pabilities and
o minimise adith sufficient re is a signific
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erated evolutioo support our
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ability, access
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Public Safety are. It also preafety. For examion of RFID.
ultifunction Ifor improving
of cybersecur
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threats if mal
dverse effects security protecant advantagre and abroadise informatio
on in the reneforce prepare
sively be introStandard for sibility and co
apabilities supibling organiz
major efforts wplatform deveinitiatives tha
paper [5] shoesents a researmple, IoT cou
oT ecosystemg Canadian Dity outside ou
Office).
levolent group
on operationection and appge to integrate
d. It is expecteon.
ewal of our Dedness to oper
oduced for in Unattended S
ontrol based o
pport current azations with s
were from Eurelopment, inteat have alread
ows how the rrch roadmap uld change th
ms, it is recomDefense and Sur operational
ups use such a
al networks fpropriate use e IoT technoled to provide
D&S capabilitirate with othe
service upgraSensors (OSUon sensor cap
and future DNsimilar interesropean initiatieroperability dy delivered p
revolutionizefor enabling
he way we ma
mmended to dSecurity capabl networks [42
advantages ag
from hackers, and care from
logies to the improved
ies. In additioer countries
ades or integrUS) interface pabilities and
ND priorities.st. During theives such as and informat
prototypes an
ed IIoT benefian affordable
anage the logi
develop some bilities. They 2].
gainst
of m
on,
rated in
. e
tion nd
its e IoT istic
as can
Refere
[1] J. Simple," P
[2] Aon Terror
[3] J. Assessme
[4] MMore than
[5] P.López, "App. 1–44,
[6] Levolutiona2014.
[7] Dand resear
[8] R"IEEE Inthttp://iot.iY15.pdf.
[9] KService SuDefence, Dhttps://ww
[10] MFramewor17 April 2
[11] C.-MNetworks,on GenetiJ. C.-W. Lpp. 319–3
[12] L. WConsumerIEEE.
nces
Pagotto and Proceedings o
A. P. Dacus, "I(GWOT)," D
Ferris, "A Nent," Journal o
M. Bernier andn C4ISR, mor
. Fraga-LamaA Review on I
2016.
. Atzori, A. Ieary step of the
D. Miorandi, Srch challenge
. Minerva, A.ernet Initiativieee.org/imag
K. Ivanova, G.upport: ScopiDefence Scien
ww.dst.defenc
M. A. Kolodnyrk Ontologica2017 Availabl
M. Chen, S.-C," in Genetic c and Evoluti
Lin, J.-S. Pan,26.
Wang et al., "Sr Communica
D. O’Donnelof ISCRAM 2
Impact of C4IDTIC Docume
ew Americanof Military an
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as, T. M. FernInternet of Th
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t_of_Things_
nomous Systemn Government
DST-Group-T
w Missions &its," Accesseddf.
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yanmar - Volunational Publis
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Zhang, B. Xiar in a GPS-Decs, vol. 62, no
D, "IntroductiC ATDO-A, F
Labbé, L. Lamal Informationnd Business Cgies (TRACK)
Labbé, "CollabP Workshop oes.
Labbé, L. LamAwareness (Snel Symposium-104, Antalya
Labbé and R. Pational CommACT, Austra
A. Van den BVehicle Tech-AVT-131, 01
Adee, "Wireleers," IEEE Spe
Mariani, B. Wie of the IoT inndustry. Availdefense-indust
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an, B. Zhao, aenied Environo. 10, pp. 6392
on to tactical Fort Monroe, V
mont, Y. Ge, an in Complex Continuity (IC), Santa Clara
borative Blueon the Robust
mont, Y. Ge, aSA) in Complm on Militarya, Turkey, 200
Proulx, "Impamand and Conalia, 2000, p.
Braembusschehnology Panel1 Dec 2005.
ss sensors thaectrum, vol. 4
illiams, and Bn the military;lable: https://dtry.html.
of 5G researc2014, pp. 17–
mmendations(CIO) Decem
and Y. Zhang,nment Using 2–6403, 2015
digital informVA 2000.
and L. Li, "CrTerrains," in
CGD&BC), Fa, California,
-forces Tracktness and Vul
and D. Arden,lex Terrains,"y Capabilities07, p. 20.
act of Systemntrol Researc36: CCRP.
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B. Loubert, (2; The Internetdupress.deloit
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Quote fromas a naturanew markmodern cconnectio
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12 https://wdate: 20 Ap
Intx A
m Sarah Wheal developme
keting domainconnectivity tons imaginab
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Physical sensor sources. Exa
w data analyzms. Examplesday to evalua
s: Leveragingart fitness devs.
lishes an end- across all conf Digital, Induy constitute a
same source wcation betweeobotics, and o
www.iottechexppril 2017).
ternet of
eeler12, 20 Jannt of the IoT
n, IoE encomptechnology u
ble:
end-nodes coal networks, h
ors, devices, aamples includ
zed and proces include tempate room cool
g connectivityvices and soci
-to-end ecosynnectivity useustrial Internesubset of IoE
we find: “M2en machines wother applicati
po.com/2016/0
f Everyth
nuary 2016: “Amovement anpasses the wi
use-cases. IoE
onnected acrohealth and fitn
actuators and de smart therm
ssed into usefperature logs ling requireme
y among data, ial networks t
stem of connee-cases. Any et of Things,
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E comprises o
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other items gmostats and g
ful informatioconverted int
ents.
things and peto advertise re
ectivity inclufurther classicommunicati
dered as such
cently referrean interventiong device-to-d
-iot-vs-m2m-w
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e concept of Inassociated wit of connectivf four key ele
et to share infamong others
generating datgadgets.
on to enable into an average
eople to add velevant health
uding technoloifications—suon technologalready.”
ed to technolon. Examples i
device commu
whats-the-differ
nternet of Eveth Cisco’s tac
vity from theements inclu
formation ands.
ta or receiving
intelligent dece number of h
value. Examphcare offering
ogies, processuch as Internegies and the In
ogies that enainclude telemunications.”
rence-and-does
erything emerctics to initiate perspective uding all sort
d activities.
g information
cisions and cohigh-temperat
ples include thgs to prospect
ses and conceet of Humans,nternet itself—
able metry, traffic
s-it-matter/ (Ac
15
rged te a of
ts of
n
ontrol ture
he tive
epts ,
—will
ccess
16
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13 https://w14 https://en15 https://en16 https://w17 https://to18 The auth19 https://w
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ial technologiSchilling in R
ommunicate o) connected to(1964: In Un
ynamic by wh.
digital commus included ther 1950, a “mid using a cust
ystem digitize
of Internet16 ision Control Pnents as IP la
all number of ce Research Ey of Rocheste
munications Rallows for 2128
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meline a
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unications wee military radaicrowave earlytom interface d the radar in
is linked to thProtocol (TCPabel (aka, add
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on sharing andprovides more
monitor, prote, degradation
is critical to sof the inhereno malevolent acols is 6LoWPProtocol (IPvallows for theusing a secur
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tromagnetic sn 1833 Carl Fre of 1200 m w1990 by JohnMedia Marshous technolog
ere for defencar system Semy-warning raddeveloped by
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he ARPANETP) and the Intress). Then in
e under IP vert Network, Dleted under ther (CRC) Otttely 340 undem on the surfam the IPv4 wgement and sed managemene means to coct, analyze anand disruptio
show that pubnt potential froactions to injePAN19, “a somv6) and Low-pe smallest devre Internet pro
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Automatic_Grou-of-things-histoccess date: 18 Athe early evolut
wpan-vs-zigbee
from IoT
signals (1832riedrich Gauswithin Göttin
n Romkey), vihall McLuhan gies, including
ce systems (Inmi-Automaticdar system at y Forrester's t
nd successfull
T born in 1969ternet Protocon 1984 the Dorsion 4 (IPv4)RENET17 Ca
he scientific atawa. In 2011ecillion) addreace of the eart
with the intent ecurity, so IPvnt, multicastinombat cyberatnd defend agaons [11–13].
blic safety andom pervasiveect false informewhat contopower Wirelevices with limotocol.”
ory/ (Access daAccess date: 18und_Environmory/ (Access daApril 2017). tion of IPv6. (Access date:
T histor
: An electromss and Wilhel
ngen, Germanisionaries hav
n stated: "....byg cities, will b
n the late 1950c Ground Envt Hanscom Fieteam. An aircly sent it to W
9. The concepol (IP), TCP/Iomain Name ). During thatanada REF ARauthority of Pa, IPv618 was pesses or as Steth, and still ht to correct itsv6 was born wng, authenticattacks and netainst network
d defence IoTe IoT capabilitrmation or denorted acronymess Personal Amited processi
ate: 18 April 28 April 2017).ment (Access da
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18 April 2017
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magnetic teleglm Weber inv
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have enough as various weakwith improveation, securitytwork exploitinfiltrations p
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Index IS
1 BE
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17 M
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fixes that havact on the funan increasingll. They are has including gr
Table B.1:
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17
aving s not
tain
18
Annex
From the ctechnologfollowing of real-tim
The U.S. DOffice (ITof transpoelectronic infrastructbetween aradio rangexpand thsupervisio
Fig
22 https://w23 Authorizin Canada: Governmen
Emx Can
civilian side wies and relatepaper about a
me recommen
Department oTS JPO) is resort to advance
and informatture (V2I) and
all modes of trge of several ke wireless net
on.
gure C.1: Decommuni
www.its.dot.govzed use by Ken
A Knowledgent Conference
merging d future
we currently fed ecosystemsan IoT platforder systems.”
of Transportatsponsible for ce transportatiotion technologd vehicle-to-vransportationkilometers alotworks with m
edicated shortications will a
v/factsheets/ITnneth Leonard, e-Building WorCentre, 111 Su
applicae capabi
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rkshop; Transpussex Drive, O
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vices and gated intersectionsnections to a w
munications (Dtivity between
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port Canada / Dttawa, 8–9 Ma
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ommunicationeways operatis as illustratedwire USDOT
DSRC) at 5.9 n all modes of
s date: 21 Aprie workshop: Tr
Defence Researarch 2017.
lian and
rvices augmenism as discusf an IoT platfo
on Systems, Jepartment on sustainability oT includes vns will allow ing at 5.9 GHd in Figure Cnetwork for a
GHz and othf transportati
il 2017). ransforming Rrch and Develo
d military
nted by IoT sed in the orm in the des
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ation a,
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ure C. 2: Exa
xample is fornmanned aircatant of the fu
d be found in tion of device
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r the dismouncraft system (Uuture.
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nted combatanUAS) and phy
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from IEEE, Atechnologies
from [5] (Perry 2017).
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15 February 20
24.
017.
Annex
There are groups havWide WebEPCglobaTelecomm
There are Informatiovariety of a person [essential adomotics passumed tconnectivia Canadia[49].
In order toconsider thas that def(COMSECmaking it knowledgradio comone tries tprobabilitypower is ie.g., usingLPD [70].
Typical japrotocol aAuthors’ ijamming owith modeClassificathe buildincommon m
25 https://aw26 http://ww27 https://bu28 “interfereusing the mhttp://www29 https://ca
Emx D
no IoT recogve been creatb Consortiumal, Institute ofmunications S
specific obligon Protection f IoT devices (48]. In comba
and would be purposes via that most of thity to their res
an public safet
o tackle the brhe three dimefending againC) as that keedifficult for se of accurate
mmunication iso achieve a loy of exploitatncreased to c
g more coding. With a lowe
ammer capabiand error correintent of the jor anti-jammiern electroniction (CAPECng of secure smethods used
ws.amazon.comww.rogers.comusiness.bell.ca/ence suppressi
minimum meanw.ece.utah.edu/apec.mitre.org
merging
gnized policy ted to provide
m (W3C), Intef Electrical antandards Inst
gations identiand Electron
(e.g., physioloat situation mprotected accplatform provhe IoT of intespective operty broadband
road subject oensions of wirnst unauthorizeping importasomeone to inwaveforms, ms to detect, inow probabilitytion (LPE) anombat jammi
g gain and sprer LPD comes
ilities allow dection capabiamming taxoing strategies c warfare.” ThC)29 which “is software. Eacd to overcome
m/iot-platform/
m/enterprise/pro/shop/enterprison for direct se
n squared error /~ece6961/proj(Access date: 2
policies
and standardse protocols in rnet Engineer
nd Electronicsitute (ETSI).
fied in Canadnic Documentogical status m
monitoring heacordingly. Thviders such aserest in a contrational netwo
communicati
of security or reless commu
zed access to oant communicntercept or intmodulation sc
ntercept, exploy of detection
nd better anti-jing then the Lread the signas usually lowe
devising an evlities of the c
onomy paper [within a larg
he authors refa catalog andh attack patte
e that challeng
/ (Access date:oducts-and-soluse/machine-to-mequence spread(MMSE) perfoect/madhow_M22 April 2017)
s and sta
s so far. Somesupport of th
ring Task Fors Engineers (I
dian and Provts Act (PIPEDmonitors) colalth and stress
his is quite difs AWS25, Rogtext of public orks or future ions network
cybersecurityunication secuor modificatio
cations secureterfere with rachemes, and coit, and jam thn (LPD), low jamming. On
LPD will suffeal28 in order toer LPI and LP
ven better jamommunicatio[58] is “to hel
ger context of fer to the Comd taxonomy oern provides age, and recom
23 April 2017utions/internet-machine-manad-spectrum codformance criterMMSE_94.pdf).
andards
e standard orghe IoT includirce (IETF), EIEEE) and the
vincial legislatDA) that needllect informats level of eachfferent from ugers26 or Bell security and ones such asexpected to o
y [5, 7, 15, 16urity, i.e., infoon of informa
e; and transmiadio communcoding [57]. The communicprobability o
ne of the challfer. So other ao both combaPE.
mmer strategy on to disturb, tlp researchers
f known stratemmon Attack of cyber-attacka challenge th
mmended meth
7). -of-things (Acc
agement-centrede-division murion.” f (Access date:
s
ganizations [3ing efforts ledlectronic Prode European
tions such as d to be considetion that can bh combatant
using IoT for services27. Indefence use w
s the network operate in the
6, 18, 26, 50-ormation secuation; commuission securitynications withThe basic stracation signalsof interceptionlenges is if theapproaches haat jamming an
by deducing this is protocs place newlyegies in a wayPattern Enumk patterns, cr
hat the attackehods for mitig
cess date: 23 Ae (Access date:ultiple-access (C
25 April 2017
36] and differd by the Worlduct Code (E
the Personal ered when a be used to idecan be considcommercial o
n this section wireless architecture f
e 700 MHz ba
69] we have turity (INFOSEunications secy (TRANSEC
hout prior ategy against . To counter tn (LPI), low e transmitter
ave to be sougnd obtain a low
the type of ol jamming.
y discovered y that is consimeration and eated to assiser must overcgating the att
April 2017). 23 April 2017CDMA) system
7).
21
rent ld
EPC)
entify dered or we
for and
to EC)
curity C)
a these,
ght, wer
istent
st in ome, ack.”
7). ms
22
For exampaccuracy rin order toreceiving
More infoIn additionnetworks propagatio
Next we hsufficient.protect theapproacheand type okeys over to increase
Further coaddressed
ple, performarequire using o counter intespectrum as s
ormation aboun we have to [23, 63, 64, 6on, interferen
have to consid. In such casee informationes will not be of OS selecteda large numb
e security at t
onsiderations in a separate
ance improvemsystem and nrference or jaseen by the w
ut radio commconsider the s
68, 78–85] whces and noise
der the INFOSs encryption,
n. Given the smcompatible w
d as demonstrber of low costhe physical la
of cybersecur document.
ments in termnetwork self-aamming. Thes
wideband front
munication jamsignificant re
hich offer an ae.
SEC and COMrandomizatio
mall size of awith the availarated in [86]. st IoTs via wiayer (PHYLA
rity and cyber
ms of energy eawareness at vse networks mt end of their
mming and nesearch and finadaptive appr
MSET aspecton and utilisata large numbeable hardwareAlso this crea
ireless links [3AW) [35, 87–
rwarfare are b
efficiency, datvarious layer
may share QOSDR from ea
etwork securindings on selroach to coun
ts assuming thation of blockcer of IoTs, it ie capacity (coates a big cha36, 61, 86]. O
–89].
beyond the sc
ta streaming slevels of the
OS informatioach participan
ity could be flf-healing netwnter jamming,
hat TRANSEchain should is possible thaomputing andallenge in manOther studies s
cope of this S
speed and IoT stack [71
on about the nt location.
found in [58, 6works and senadverse
C was not be sufficient
at these d memory sizenaging cryptoshow techniq
L. It needs to
1–77]
64]. nsor
to
e) o
ques
o be
Annex
Case Stu
IoT Uses
The very deployingsituationaConnectecapabilitiedominatecapabilitieremote frback to th
Threats
Imagine thacking ithe enemorganizatdangerouwarfighteto take adinto the w
Recomm
Prioritize ensuring (and combroader a
Regardingand IPv6 stoto underinformatioresearch.”
There are resistance
30 https://w
Scx Epu
udy: Battle
s and Pote
small size ag in low powal awarenessed into commes greatly aue the enemy es, real timerom the batthe warfighte
and Vulne
that the enento or comp
my to providetions; makinusly. At the ser, giving thedvantage ofwarfighter de
mendation
addressing that the info
mmunicate tharray of pote
g the transitiostack. “The Inrtakes this maon-stealing, ac”30
some ThingWto tampering
www.infosecuri
cenario eblicatio
efield Situat
ntial Benef
and low cost wer networkss, giving themunications ugment theiin difficult e
e situational tlefield, allowers, again inc
rabilities
emy takes adpromising thee false informg decisions asame time, tem the advaf the confusioecision maki
the highest ormation is ehese changeential device
n from IPv4 tnternet Protocassive sea chaccording to N
Worx works ing (intentional,
ity-magazine.co
examplen [90]
tional Awa
fits
of sensing as in forward em real powecapabilities r ability to eenvironmentinformation
wing advice creasing the
dvantage of ese devices mation to thand actions,they can alsoantage of theon they having process.
risk vulneraencrypted w
es broadly) toes that could
to IPv6, currecol Version 6 ange, it opens NATO Cooper
n progress for malfunction
om/news/nato-
e excerp
areness
and communsituations toer to see arobuilt into the
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entification: Tplatform activce function faent informatioms (TDSs) th
osition informnear real-timen to radar trac
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%. But these pvalid for a lare next corner,ike a meter. Ina priori.
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hat support sumation and stae track reportscks, other typo generate rea
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rs, the resultint useless. Whewarded to tactfor real-time ce studies [96percentages dorge variety of , there is a neen a building o
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s the energy reThis also poimputing capariod without rnment such a
r foe (IFF). on distribution
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excerpt from aonal accuracyed on the anal
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urveillance noatus directly frs that are exchpes of sensorsal-time track r
ical time serieperiences, wheng data sufferen the analytitical operatorsdecisions and] were in excon’t translate scenarios. Foed for data upor a tunnel thi
tems the trendto improve thhe tactical levs to estimate tequired for prints to the factabilities and bre-supplying.as from solar p
n system (JTIDrack numbers,
ock. s). ess date: 24 Ap
analytic
eloped and tesystems are rea reference doy, dead reckonlyses of vario
orted on TADonality….Surv: track and tra
ces, which incormally use acrom TADIL Changed with J, for examplereports to be
es when tryinen analytics (r from some tiics and pre-prs (or autonomd actions. Theess of 50% wwell from on
or CUE when pdates with smis becomes ev
d is to move dhe (timeliness vel. Trade-offsthe amount ofrocessing the t that if we w
buffer memory This could bpanels, some
S) unit (JU) asterminal outpu
pril 2017).
cs and t
ested so far buelated to trackocument on thning and time
ous military ex
DIL J as an enveillance: Meack amplifyinclude points, ctive sensors, C or TADIL JJTIDS33 on the, signal intellshared on the
ng to follow th(man operatedime lateness, rocessing are
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when the averane scenario to tracked oppomall delays likven more chal
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fs need to be mf energy requraw data and
want secure coy space, and c
be curbed whefuel and ener
ssignments—JUut, user type, in
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nvironment, idessages that sng informatiostrobes, and fsuch as radar
J participantshe surveillancligence, infrare surveillance
he movementd or autonomosometimes wdone close to
rs), it is expecnt of the succage delay was
o another one osing entities ke one secondllenging if the
ng of raw sennal accuracy fomade when seuired to transmd sending a cleommunicationconsequentlyen the IoT courgy efficient n
U address, partnitial entry iden
ta
have been useder to understa
tactical data ck data on mis–95].
dentification, upport the n, track fixes. Tacticar or IFF32, or . These TDSse NPG”34. red, and
e NPG.35
t of entities inous) are far
with delays thao the sensors acted to obtainess rate of s reduced by but this trendare lurking d and precisioe area was no
nsor data to thfor moving tarensors are mit a lot of rawean track datans in additiony more energyuld scavenge network proto
ticipant type anntification,
25
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26
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36 Piezoelecpower budgenergy to a100 years, 37 Central I38 Frank KoFebruary 1community39 Link 16 iTactical Dapicture in n40 NATO Im
2, 62, 97]. Otvesters do not
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echanical motie to create suffthe half-life of
about that long
community,” Dons-marketplac
ation is part ofrces may exch
cribed in [98]
ers, stages ands, and overallrations. They e that battlespmber of things). “Defense agency (DISA)ud and softwae of tactical Io
ombine such dat exchange trerwarfare whages as illustra
ons into electrificient output f Ni‑63 is just
g: [98].
Defense One, ce-intelligence-
f the family of ange their tacti
36.
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41 Authoris
e F.1: Examplugh the civilia
y involve somwarfighters unomplexity andseful sense ofapted IoBT syg to exploit thon suitable to
ng cyberattacan applicationon flare could
sation to use th
le from [24] wan Internet of
me overwhelmnder extreme cd the informatf this massiveystem should he raw data fr
first respond
cks one can acn to detect if id be used to c
is illustration w
where combatf Things (gray
ming cognitivecognitive andtion it will pro, complex, anprovide conc
rom the multitders or combat
ccess a surveit has been tem
check if the ba
was provided b
tants (red andy nodes), to wh
e load if the syd physical streoduce. The Iond perplexingcise actionabletude of sourcetants.
illance street mpered or if tackground lig
by the author (K
d blue nodes)hich they will
ystems are noess will be stroBT will haveg ocean of infoe informationes and sensor
camera on ththe video feedght changes.
Kott-Labbé, 13
) perform cybl be inevitably
ot well designrongly challene to assist humormation”. Th
n by using anars available to
e civilian Inted is real or sub
3 April 2017).
erattacks pary connected41
ned. In fact nged by the mans in hat means thaalytics and otho produce
ernet of Thingbstituted, also
27
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at her
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Internetworking of things (IoT) and implications for Canadian Armed Forces
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Labbé, P.
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February 2018
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Scientific Letter
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Internet of Things (IoT), sensors, actuators, communications, near field communications; ARPANET; TCP/IP; IPV4 versus IPV6; Internet of Battle Things (IoBT); Military (IoMT); Industrial IoT (IIoT); Intelligent Thing (IoIT)
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