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© Boardworks Ltd 20051 of 38
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1 of 38 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
Sustainable Cities
© Boardworks Ltd 20052 of 38
How can urban traffic problems be
managed?
How can urban waste be managed?
Where should future building take place and
why?
Le
arn
ing
ob
jecti
ves
© Boardworks Ltd 20053 of 38
Future urban growth needs to be managed in a
SUSTAINABLE way:
‘meeting the needs of the present, without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’
(Brundtland Report 1987).
How can urban growth be managed?
It is predicted that global levels of urbanisation will continue
to rise.
© Boardworks Ltd 20054 of 38
Why is urban traffic a problem?
High car
ownership
Less income for
public transport
schemes
Less use of public
transport schemes
Public transport
schemes decline
Greater use
of cars
This vicious circle results in high use of fuel, increased air
pollution, increased health problems, delays in delivery times
for businesses and accidents.
© Boardworks Ltd 20055 of 38
Congestion charging scheme
Improving bus services
Cutting fares on buses and limiting increases on fares on the underground
Proposals for ‘Crossrail’ – a new rail network across the city from S to W and SW to NE
Did you know that over a million people commute into
London every day?
The Mayor of London’s schemes include…
How can urban traffic problems be managed?
© Boardworks Ltd 20056 of 38
Mexico City – congestion and health concerns
Mexico City ranks among the
most polluted cities in the
world.
Studies calculate that the city's
2.6 million private automobiles
are responsible for 50% of
traffic congestion and 80% of
air pollution.
Ozone levels exceed World
Health Organization standards
300 days a year.
© Boardworks Ltd 20057 of 38
Over 15 years ago the government introduced a car tagging system. For one day every week (the day depends on the last digit of the car’s number plate), each car is forbidden from being on the road. For example, cars with a nine or zero as their last digit on the number plate are not allowed on the road on Fridays.
Some people have managed to overcome this by buying more than one car!
Cars fitted with catalytic converters can travel on all days.
Use of unleaded fuel is now also encouraged. Taxis are painted green if they are running on unleaded fuel.
The subway system has been developed. It now has 11 lines and is the cheapest subway system in the world – a ticket is about 2 pesos (10 pence!).
Mexico City – congestion and health concerns
© Boardworks Ltd 20058 of 38
How should traffic be managed?
© Boardworks Ltd 20059 of 38
How can urban traffic problems be managed?
How can urban waste be managed?
Where should future building take place and
why?
Le
arn
ing
ob
jecti
ves
© Boardworks Ltd 200510 of 38
It has been estimated that the largest Greater London
landfill site will be full in less than five years' time.
But this on its own is not enough!
Why do urban areas need to manage waste?
Is there a solution?
New technology for the treatment of waste has begun in
London. In July 2004, work began on a Mechanical
Biological Treatment plant in Havering, East London.
Advanced technology is used to shred, dehydrate and
stabilize waste to increase recycling. Once the
recyclable items have been taken out, the stabilized
waste will be used as Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF).
© Boardworks Ltd 200511 of 38
The mayor’s aim was
that London should
achieve 25% recycling
by 2005. It is currently
recycling 8% of its
waste.
Londoners produce 3.4 million tonnes of rubbish a year,
which is enough to fill Canary Wharf tower every 10 days!
Why do urban areas need to manage waste?
© Boardworks Ltd 200512 of 38
How can Londoners reduce their waste?
The mayor’s waste strategy is aimed at encouraging
Recycling, Reusing and Reducing waste.
Every London borough has a roadside collection scheme
from households.
© Boardworks Ltd 200513 of 38
Do you know what you can recycle?
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How can a business reduce its waste?
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Use of electricity is greatly reduced as a result of using
cold groundwater instead of refrigeration to air-
condition the building.
Water is saved, as water used for cooling is also used
in the toilet system.
The shape and angle of the building is also energy
efficient; the building leans back towards the south,
where floor plates are stepped inwards from top to
bottom, providing natural shading from the most intense
direct sunlight.
There is no car parking except for the disabled. Cycle
racks are provided in the basement.
London’s City Hall is one example of what can be done:
Constructing ‘green’ buildings is also helping!
© Boardworks Ltd 200516 of 38
London’s City Hall
Constructing ‘green’ buildings is also helping!
List four ways
in which City
Hall is
contributing
towards
sustainable
development.
© Boardworks Ltd 200517 of 38
How can urban traffic problems be managed?
How can urban waste be managed?
Where should future building take place
and why?
Le
arn
ing
ob
jecti
ves
© Boardworks Ltd 200518 of 38
brownfield
land that has already
been built upon
Greenfield and brownfield development
greenfield
land that hasn’t been
built upon before
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It is estimated that 3.8 million new dwellings will be needed in
England by 2021.
Why do you think so many new houses are needed?
New housing
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Why are more houses needed in the UK?
70% of new homes are
wanted by single people.
The population of the UK will
keep rising until 2036.
560000
580000
600000
620000
640000
660000
680000
700000
720000
2003
babies born
people died
UK
Are there any alternatives to building more houses?
© Boardworks Ltd 200521 of 38
Prescott acts to stop greenbelt building
‘Housing developers are to be told that they can no longer
build upon greenfield sites if alternative brownfield sites
are available…Mr Prescott has also asked the Chancellor
of the Exchequer to impose VAT on all new house building.
At the moment, no VAT is levied on new building,
although the full 17.5% rate is applied to the refurbishment
of old properties…..Local authorities rather than
developers will be able to determine which land is built
upon, and a national land use database will identify suitable
brownfield areas. Councils will also be told to convert
derelict industrial land to housing use.’ March 2000
How is Mr Prescott (the former Secretary of State for
Environment, Transport and the Regions) encouraging
brownfield development?
Greenfield or brownfield development?
© Boardworks Ltd 200522 of 38
Greenfield or brownfield development?
© Boardworks Ltd 200523 of 38
designated
major housing
developments in
Cambridgeshire
Cambourne
2 proposed housing developments
Nearly half a million houses are to be built in Eastern
England by 2021 – many on greenfield sites:
New housing on greenfield sites
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Cambourne is a private development of three villages –
Great Cambourne, Little Cambourne and Upper
Cambourne – nine miles west of Cambridge. It is being
developed by three private companies – Bovis, Bryant
Homes and Alfred McAlpine – and was started in 1994.
Cambourne – greenfield development
The housing in Great
Cambourne is now complete
and the developers are
concentrating on building in
Lower Cambourne.
Eventually the development
will comprise of over 3,000
houses.
© Boardworks Ltd 200525 of 38
Cambourne
Cambourne is built on a greenfield site (land that hasn’t
previously been built upon).
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Cambourne
A428
To Cambridge
A1198
Cambourne
Describe the
location of
Cambourne.
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Cambourne is more than just housing. The development includes
a primary school, a business park, ecumenical church centre,
planned wooded areas, cycle lanes and ecological areas.
Cambourne
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Great Cambourne has been built but the villages of
Little and Upper Cambourne are incomplete.
Why do you think that the shops have yet to move into
the area? (hint – think about threshold population.)
Cambourne
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Great Cambourne
Describe the type of housing found in Great Cambourne.
Cambourne
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Building on greenfield sites
Cambourne
Foxton
There are proposals to build more houses in the village
of Foxton.
Cambourne is a new town development that is already
being built.
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Should more housing be built around Foxton?
Choose one of the following stakeholders and argue your case!
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Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of developing
new homes on greenfield sites compared to using brownfield
sites.
Consider the following issues:
the cost of building new
homes?
the need for new roads?
impact on the drainage
basin cycle and flooding?
impact on congestion?
impact on derelict land in
the inner city? (there is
over 300 square km² of
derelict land in England)
impact on the countryside?
increased urban sprawl?
Developing new homes
© Boardworks Ltd 200533 of 38
In 1997, development work at Greenwich Peninsula (previously
the site of the largest gas works in Europe) was begun by
English Partnerships, a national regeneration agency
supporting sustainable growth.
Building on brownfield sites is possible!
Over £200m has been invested in acquiring, reclaiming
and developing the site. English Partnerships received
an Environmental Award for their work at the 2001
Property Awards.
© Boardworks Ltd 200534 of 38
Millenium Village on Greenwich Peninsula
© Boardworks Ltd 200535 of 38
Managing urban areas sustainably
© Boardworks Ltd 200536 of 38
Managing urban areas sustainably
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Using examples that you have studied, explain how
cities can be made more sustainable.
Summary question
© Boardworks Ltd 200538 of 38
Future urban growth must be sustainable.
Traffic management includes congestion charging, tagging, reducing fares and improving public transport.
Waste management involves the 3Rs – recycle, reuse and reduce. Individuals and businesses can make a difference.
Future developments should take place on brownfield rather than greenfield sites.
There are many advantages and disadvantages to brownfield and greenfield developments.
Millennium Village is a project aiming at true sustainability.
Key ideas