Draft RES Amsterdam

Draft RES The offer from

the Amsterdam sub-region

TaskAmsterdam has a substantial demand

for heating and power. Its current

demand for power is 3.8 TWh (for

homes and utilities such as commercial

buildings, offices, and shops, as well

as schools and hospitals). This means

that Amsterdam accounts for about

half of the Noord-Holland Zuid region’s

total power demand. Amsterdam’s

heating demand amounts to 6.9 TWh.

Amsterdam does not have enough

generation potential to meet its own

demand for heating and power.

SummaryThis document sets out Amsterdam’s aspirations and search areas with regard to the large-scale generation of wind energy and solar energy for 2030. It also contains an initial outline of the demand for heating and for heat sources (including potential heat sources). This is Amsterdam’s contribution to the regional offer to be put forward by the Noord-Holland Zuid (NHZ) energy region in its upcoming Regional Energy Strategy (RES). Accordingly, this ‘partial RES’ is an intermediate product that will ultimately become part of the Draft RES for the entire Noord-Holland Zuid region.

Amsterdam’s contribution: the offerThe city authorities aspire to make

Amsterdam climate neutral. In the

Roadmap for a Climate-neutral

Amsterdam, they show how this will

take shape. The large-scale generation

of renewable energy plays a key

part in this. The offer (Amsterdam’s

contribution to the Draft RES for the

NHZ energy region) gives details of

the potential for the large-scale

generation of renewable energy by

2030.

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

05

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ContentsSummary 5

1. Introduction 9

1.1 Towards a regional

energy strategy (RES) 9

1.2 RES for Amsterdam 10

1.3 Search areas: focus on opportunities,

with a view to vulnerabilities

and limitations 11

2. Further specification per theme 15

2.1 Wind 15

2.2 Solar 20

2.3 Heat 24

2.4 Infrastructure 31

2.5 Living environment and space 34

3. Process: analysis, scenarios and workshops 36

.1 Step 1: The task 37

3.2 Step 2: Scenarios 39

3.3 Step 3: Local enrichment 46

3.4 Step 4: Towards an offer 48

4. Follow-up steps 49

Annex 1. Sources 52

Annex 2. Glossary 53

Summary

Search areas for the sitingof wind turbines 2030

Search areas for the generation of solar energy by 2030

Aspiration with regard to wind energy• 50 MW (127 GWh) of extra wind energy by 2030,

in addition to the 66 MW that is already in place

and the 11 MW that is planned. Accordingly, this

amounts to a total of 127 MW (283 GWh) of wind

energy by 2030.

• Keep seven tentative search areas and

Waterland/IJmeer open as additional search

areas. Waterland/IJmeer is an additional search

area. This can be considered if it transpires that

the other search areas are unable to achieve

the target of 50 MW, or if an additional task is

imposed by the central government.

Aspiration with regard to solar energy• 400 MW (380 GWh) by 2030, which represents

an increase of about 350 MW compared to

2019.

• Focus on solar energy generation on roofs, the

dual use of space, and the temporary use of

undeveloped sites.

• Waterland/IJmeer and other green areas and

bodies of water as additional search areas,

subject to a ‘no, unless’ principle, if it is not

possible to fulfil the aspiration using the former

search areas or if central government imposes

an additional task.

Aspiration with regard to heating• Amsterdam will be gas-free by 2040, and

all new-build properties will be gas-free.

• The Regional Structure for Heating (RSW)

follows on from the Transition Vision for Heat

Amsterdam is offering to generate about 0.7 TWh (663 GWh) of electricity by 2030. This will consist of 127 MW (283 GWh) of wind energy generation, in seven search areas, plus 400 MW (380 GWh) of solar energy generation on large roofs and by means of the dual use of urban spaces. In the event that this is not feasible in the listed search areas or if central government expects the RES for Noord-Holland Zuid to perform an additional task, Amsterdam has indicated ‘additional search areas’ on the map, for wind energy and solar energy.

(TVW), which will be ready before the RSW is

adopted.

• Amsterdam is focusing on new sources of

energy that are renewable, affordable, and

future-proof (geothermal energy, residual

heat from data centres, aquathermal energy).

With regard to wind energy, the aspiration is to

create an additional 50 MW of installed capacity

on Amsterdam’s territory (about 127 GWh) on top

of the 11 MW that is scheduled for the port area

by 2022, plus the existing 66 MW. With regard

to the large-scale installation of wind turbines,

Amsterdam is exploring seven areas that have

the technical/theoretical potential to deliver

wind energy:

1) The port area

2) Noorder IJplas

3) an area to the north of the A10 orbital

motorway

4) Zeeburgereiland/IJburg/Science Park

5) Gaasperplas/Driemond

6) Amstel III and the surrounding area

7) Amsterdam-Zuid

Amsterdam has designated Waterland/IJmeer

as an additional search area.

With regard to the generation of solar energy,

the city is mainly exploring the option of large

roofs and the dual use of space at P&R facilities,

for example, and alongside infrastructure (such as

embankments, noise barriers, or metro stations).

The aim is to have 400 MW of solar energy

capacity (about 380 GWh) installed by 2030.

Waterland/IJmeer and other green areas and

bodies of water are included as additional search

areas for solar energy generation, subject to a

‘no, unless’ principle. Accordingly, these will only

be taken into consideration if there is insufficient

space in the other areas. Amsterdam is also fully

committed to the use of small roofs (150 MW by

2030). However, these are not recorded within

the RES system.

Search areas for the siting of wind turbines 2030

Search areas for the siting of wind turbines 2030

Amsterdam’s offer

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Summary

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Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

In its quest for a gas-free and

renewable heat supply, Amsterdam

is offering to investigate the

potential of new renewable

sources. Where appropriate,

pilot projects will be initiated and

scaled up (geothermal energy,

residual heat from data centres,

aquathermal energy).

ParticipationThis aspiration is based on a

technical analysis of the potential,

a broad-based process involving

stakeholders and residents and,

ultimately, a political decision.

In the course of a number of

workshops, experts, stakeholders,

and residents each had an

opportunity to contribute to

the process. In summary, the

workshop participants stated that

Amsterdam should pursue an

aspirational energy policy. This

would require the municipality to

involve residents, to guarantee

people’s quality of life in the city,

and to protect green areas in and

around the city. With regard to this

aspiration, Amsterdam is aiming for

a local ownership level of at least

50 percent.

Ensuring that the network

has sufficient capacity, and

providing appropriate legal

and policy frameworks

In general, the power grid has

sufficient capacity to handle the

large-scale generation of wind

energy and solar energy. However,

there will be capacity bottlenecks

at certain points and during specific

periods. These challenges can

be resolved by expanding the

network. However, the bottlenecks

in question can also be caused

by other factors, such as the

growth in electric transport (and

public transport). Furthermore,

Amsterdam’s ability to achieve

its aspirations is constrained by

the central government’s legal

frameworks and regulations, and

those of the provincial authorities.

08 09

1.1 Towards an RES

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1.1 Towards a Regional Energy Strategy (RES)The memorandum before you contains the first

draft of the Regional Energy Strategy (RES) for

Amsterdam. In this way, on behalf of its territory,

Amsterdam is contributing to the Climate Agreement

pledge (28 June 2019) to establish RESs.

Under the Climate Agreement, the Netherlands is

subdivided into 30 energy regions. Amsterdam is a

sub-region of the Noord-Holland Zuid (NHZ) energy

region, which also includes the sub-regions of

IJmond-Zuid-Kennemerland, Zaanstreek-Waterland,

Amstelland, Gooi en Vecht, and Haarlemmermeer.

Thus, the present document will not remain a distinct

and separate product, but will eventually form part of

Noord-Holland Zuid’s overall RES.

Introduction1.

The formulation of Regional Energy Strategies (RESs) was prompted by the 2019 national Climate Agreement. When working out the details of Amsterdam’s ‘partial RES’, the guiding principle is the aspiration expressed in the 2018 coalition agreement. In this section we briefly discuss this background and context. We also specify the working method and principles used by Amsterdam in its quest to achieve its aspirations.

In the Regional Energy Strategies, government bodies develop regional choices together with social partners, network operators (for gas, power, and heat), the business community, and, where possible, residents.Their goal here is the generation of renewable electricity (35 TWh) and the heat transition in the built environment (from fossil to renewable sources), together with the requisite storage and energy infrastructure.These choices are translated into areas and projects, and into the implementation and execution of those projects.

(Source: www.klimaatakkoord.nl)

Energy regionNoord-HollandZuid

Six sub-regions of the Noord-Holland Zuid energy region

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

Follow-up stepsWhile Amsterdam is making every

effort to find solutions on its own

territory, it remains dependent

on energy imported from other

regions. For this reason, the City of

Amsterdam has initiated dialogues

with the other municipalities in

Noord-Holland Zuid, and with

the provincial authorities. In this

process, we must learn from one

another, while making every effort

to maintain a coherent approach.

Given its in-house knowledge and

capacity, the City of Amsterdam

feels that it should take an active

part in this endeavour. Amsterdam

can also play a significant part in

urging central government and the

provincial authorities to provide

the requisite instruments and

frameworks. In addition, the issue

of spatial integration/spatial design

will be specified in greater detail

during the follow-up process.

Amsterdam will also embed the

plans in its policy frameworks, in

which the spatial vision in particular

will play a key part.

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1.3 Search areas

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The RES sets out the region’s energy objectives for

the large-scale, renewable generation of wind energy

and solar energy. It also states how the region aims to

achieve these goals.

The RES focuses on the tasks of two ‘sector platforms’

– ‘Built environment’ and ‘Electricity’1.

The RES explores the options for generating electricity,

the distribution of sources (heating),

the demand for heating, and the impact on the heating

and power infrastructure.

The Draft RES is scheduled to be submitted to central

government in June 2020. In the upcoming months,

Amsterdam will pursue its cooperative venture with

the Noord-Holland provincial authorities, the regional

municipalities, and its other partners, to meet this

deadline for the RES for Noord-Holland Zuid. In the

RES for NHZ, the situation and task at regional scale are

sharply defined. The relationship between the various

sub-regions – including Amsterdam – is also outlined.

1.2 RES for Amsterdam

Basis: the Een nieuwe lente en een nieuw geluid (A new spring and a new voice) coalition agreementThe city authorities aspire to make Amsterdam climate

neutral. The Een nieuwe lente en een nieuw geluid

(A new spring and a new voice) coalition agreement,

which was concluded in May 2018, adopted this

aspiration and took it a step further. It set the target

of a 55 percent CO2 reduction by 2030, and a 95

percent CO2 reduction by 2050. The RES describes

the potential contribution that solar energy and wind

energy can make to this aspiration, and provides

supporting evidence. With regard to solar energy, the

coalition agreement has set the goal of boosting the

amount of solar power generated in the city to 250

MW by 2022.

The coalition agreement also says it wants to make full

use of the city’s potential, in terms of wind turbines.

With regard to heating, the city authorities aspire to

make Amsterdam gas-free by 2040, and to only erect

gas-free, new-build properties. In 24 neighbourhoods,

the process of making these areas gas-free will have

become irreversible by 2022.

Relationship with the Roadmap for a Climate-neutral Amsterdam and the Transition Vision for Heat (TVW)Aside from the RES, various other major projects in

Amsterdam are addressing the energy transition. In

the first place, the RES process is closely intertwined

with those of the Roadmap for a Climate-neutral

Amsterdam 2050 and the Transition Vision for Heat.

The RES describes the potential contribution that solar

energy and wind energy can make to the Climate-

neutral Amsterdam 2050 aspiration, and provides

supporting evidence. The RES’s aspiration is part of the

Roadmap for a Climate-neutral Amsterdam, which will

be published later in the spring. In addition, as the basis

of the Transition Vision for Heat, the RES addresses the

supply and demand (both current and expected) for

heating – the so-called Regional Structure for Heating

(RSW).

1 The other sector platforms are Climate Board, Industry, Mobility and

Agriculture and Land Use. See also https://vng.nl/sites/default/files/

tafels-klimaatakkoord-met-organisaties-aanp-26-april.pdf.

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Spatial vision: comprehensive assessment of the RES in the context of AmsterdamThe RES is a key building block in the process of

integrating climate and energy aspirations into the

Spatial Vision that is currently being formulated.

The picture that the RES paints of the space required

to achieve the energy aspiration is enshrined in the

Spatial Vision. Indeed, it forms an integral part of this

vision, together with other spatial interests. This is

neatly encapsulated in the maxim ‘Provide guidance

and space’.

There is a growing demand for space for renewable

energy and the associated infrastructure, while at the

same time the city continues to grow and flourish. That

growth is much faster than expected, in terms of the

numbers of residents, jobs, and tourists.

The highly aspirational plans for housing construction

and the space required for the energy transition,

climate adaptation, circular business activities, green

areas, and accessibility are triggering conflicting

claims for space. While this growth certainly offers

opportunities, it also leads to tensions and to adverse

impacts on the city and the region.

This is giving rise to new insights regarding

democratization, the economy, and health, as well as

circular-based thinking and circular-based practices.

As a result, efforts to integrate the energy task cannot

be limited to a purely technical approach. There is also

a need for a clear vision of spatial integration and an

equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens.

1.3 Search areas: focus on opportunities, with a view to vulnerabilities and limitations The city authorities have great aspirations with

regard to energy generation – they are keen to

make Amsterdam climate neutral. Despite the

limited amount of available space and other urban

constraints, they are doing as much as possible in

the area of energy generation.

Search areas for wind energy and solar energyWith regard to wind energy, there are seven search

areas (map). Waterland/IJmeer serves as an additional

search area if the city’s aspirations cannot be fulfilled

within these other search areas, or should central

government impose an additional task.

In terms of solar energy generation, the municipality

is focusing on large roofs, which is also where the

greatest potential lies. In addition, sites are being

sought that offer opportunities for the dual use of

space. These include P&R facilities, for example, and

areas alongside infrastructure (such as embankments,

noise barriers, or metro stations).

Section 2 gives a more detailed description of the

location of these search areas and of the potential that

we see in them.

A tentative search area is a zone with the

potential to generate wind energy and solar

energy, and where the City of Amsterdam

plans to further explore the specific options

available. When a given area is designated

as a tentative search area, this does not

automatically mean that the entire area will

be used for the generation of wind energy and

solar energy.

The spatial visions make up the formal

assessment framework, the EIA committee

provides advice

The legal, formal decision-making process

concerning the exact locations of wind

turbines, for example, does not take place

in the RES. No environmental impact

assessment (EIA) is drawn up for the RES

for NHZ. However, the Draft RES will be

submitted to the EIA Committee for advice.

The results from the RES 1.0 are enshrined

in the spatial policy by means of a formal

assessment process, which features in the

new Spatial Vision.

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

12 13

1.3 Search areas

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Search areas for the generation of solar energy and wind energy 2030

14

2.1 Wind

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Process involving stakeholdersThe search areas for wind energy and solar energy

were drawn up by means of a transparent process

involving a large number of stakeholders. The results

were presented to residents for the purposes of a

support-base survey (see Section 3 for a description

of this process). This process does not detract

from the fact that the decisions and considerations

underpinning the ultimate choice of a given aspiration

and of specific sites for the large-scale generation of

wind energy and solar energy remain an administrative

matter.

Amsterdam’s choice: leave no stone unturnedAmsterdam’s city authorities have decided to exploit

every single technically feasible site in their endeavour

to achieve the large-scale generation of renewable

electricity from the sun and the wind. No areas will be

ruled out in advance. This translates into two types of

search areas: 1) areas with an energy aspiration and

2) ‘additional’ search areas, subject to a ‘no, unless’

principle in relation to solar energy generation, if that

aspiration cannot be realized in the former type of

area.

Seeking the ideal contribution, with a view to residents’ vulnerabilities and wishes This classification into two types of search area

is in keeping with the vulnerability of the areas in

question, with the residents’ wish to seek large-

scale solar solutions on rooftops first, and with the

various limitations involved. However, by designating

additional search areas, Amsterdam is also sending a

signal that it wants to make an optimum contribution

to the energy transition in its own area, and not to

exclude any areas.

2.1 Wind

Current situation, planned projects, and aspiration Current capacity: 66 MW + 11 MW extra in 2021

By the summer of 2019, 38 wind turbines with a

combined capacity of 66 MW (128 GWh) had been

installed in Amsterdam.

All of these wind turbines are situated in the port area

(one is in the port area in the Noord neighbourhood).

By 2021, it is expected that the total installed capacity

in the port area will have increased by about 11 MW

(28 GWh). This is because sixteen small wind turbines

situated along the new Hemweg and Noordzeeweg

have been removed, and will be replaced by 10 large

wind turbines. Thus, by 2021, Amsterdam will have a

total installed capacity of 77 MW (156 GWh).

Further specification

per theme

2.

In this section we first develop the themes of wind energy and solar energy – what is the current situation, what are Amsterdam’s aspirations in this regard, and where can we find the space? Next, we turn to the theme of heat – what is the anticipated trend in heat demand, what heat sources are available? The appropriate infrastructure is needed to facilitate these developments. In addition, spatial integration and any impacts on the living environment must be taken into account. These themes are discussed in subsections 2.4 and 2.5.

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Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

1716

2.1 Wind

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Aspiration for an additional 50 MW

Furthermore, the Roadmap for a Climate-neutral

Amsterdam makes provision for an additional 50 MW

of energy generated by wind turbines. In line with

this aspiration, the City of Amsterdam wants to make

a substantial contribution to the national target, as

specified in the Climate Agreement. An additional

50 MW (127 GWh) of installed capacity corresponds to

the installation of 17 new wind turbines in the 3 MW

category, the most commonly used type of wind

turbine in the Netherlands. This equates to a total

aspirational capacity of 127 MW (283 GWh). That is

sufficient to provide around 150,000 households with

renewable electricity. In accordance with the Climate

Agreement, Amsterdam plans to issue the necessary

permits as soon as possible (and no later than

1 January 2025), after which those involved can

get started with the implementation phase.

PotentialEstimated potential 105 MW = 35 wind turbines

The RES process explored areas with a potential for

generating wind energy. These are areas where –

from the legal and technical viewpoints – there is

scope for wind turbines (which are not covered by

noise and safety requirements, for instance). Housing

construction agreements were subsequently added

as an additional constraint (ranging from plans to

completed projects, in accordance with the Planned

Housing Capacity for 2018).

This gives a potential of 105 MW (288 GWh), which

equates to 35 wind turbines on the territory of

Amsterdam.

This potential takes no account of provincial

restrictions associated with nature conservation

(Dutch National Ecological Network and Natura 2000).

Greatest amount of space in port areas

Most of the available space for wind energy generation

appears to be in the port area. However, the

restrictions take no account of the helicopter route.

Wind turbines cannot be installed in the vicinity of

this helicopter route, so the amount of space in the

port area is actually less than the calculated potential.

Customization: possibility of greater potential

A great deal of research/customization is needed to

identify sites for new wind turbines. The areas with a

potential for generating wind energy, as listed in the

RES, are not the only places where new wind turbines

can be sited.

Firstly, because the RES analysis is based on risk

contours derived from the Handbook on the risk

zoning of wind turbines. The rules of thumb (distances

to objects) listed in this handbook are fairly broad.

Risk assessment calculations (which are mandatory)

show that wind turbines can actually be sited closer

to structures such as houses, commercial buildings,

electricity pylons, and roads.

Secondly, because the RES analysis is based on the

3 MW category, the most commonly used type of

wind turbine in the Netherlands. For example, smaller

wind turbines (of 2 MW) could be installed instead,

thus reducing the risk contours for noise and safety.

The smaller the wind turbines, the closer they can be

placed to other structures.

Search areasIdentifying suitable sites is a major challenge

In a highly developed urban environment like

Amsterdam, where space is at a premium, the

integration of wind turbines can pose an enormous

challenge.

As previously stated, from a purely technical point of

view, there is still sufficient space within the municipal

boundaries. The map showing the seven tentative

search areas (map) for wind turbines was drawn up on

the basis of areas with a potential for generating wind

energy, and following discussions with the people of

Amsterdam, in various workshops.

Amsterdam has designated Waterland/IJmeer as an

additional search area. If the aspiration cannot be

realized within the seven search areas, further research

will be carried out in the additional search area.

P. 18-19 Search areas for thesiting of wind turbines 2030

The purple, blue, and yellow patches indicate areas

with potential. If the calculations are based on different

types of wind turbine (2 MW, for example, at other

heights), then these patches can expand or contract,

or new patches can form. Accordingly, additional

research will be conducted. The orange patches are

the sites of planned housing projects.

Customization and further research into realization,

integration, construction, and operation

Finding space for wind turbines involves customization,

as does the process of getting them up and running.

Within the search areas, the City of Amsterdam and the

Port of Amsterdam (in the case of the port area) will

determine whether there are any spatial constraints

that might affect the installation of various types of

wind turbines. The maximum number of MW and the

maximum number of turbines (in technical terms) are

determined per area.

Subsequently, in-depth research is conducted into

spatial integration, construction, and operation. This

is carried out in cooperation with spatial planning

experts, initiators (such as wind cooperatives), and

local residents. Amsterdam is endeavouring to achieve

at least 50 percent local ownership (members of

the public and/or companies). If the land required is

owned by the City of Amsterdam, it is usually allotted

by means of a tender, in accordance with municipal

policy.

Participation and drafting a community participation

agreement

Finally, the ultimate initiator (the party that wishes

to install the wind turbine) must launch a process to

design a form of participation that is both desirable

and feasible. That could involve process participation,

financial participation, financial bonds, participation

by dint of ownership, a community fund, or a

combination of the above.

The City of Amsterdam will keep a watching brief on

the situation, to ensure that these matters are indeed

discussed by the initiators and the local community.

The agreements reached with the local community are

enshrined in a community participation agreement.

Based on this, a project plan is drawn up, specifying the

ideal form of participation for this project.

Scope for actionAchievement of a highly aspirational 50 MW

The bandwidth for the extra wind energy target ranges

from 50 MW to 105 MW. Amsterdam aspires to install

50 MW (127 GWh) of extra energy generation (by

means of wind turbines) by 2030.

• 50 MW (127 GWh) of extra wind energy

by 2030, in addition to the66 MW that

is already in place and the 11 MW that is

planned.

• Seven tentative search areas, keeping

the option of Waterland/IJmeer open as

an additional search area, if it transpires

that the other search areas are unable

to achieve the target of 50 MW, or if an

additional task is imposed by the central

government.

The 50 MW target is a feasible aspiration, but this does

mean that concessions will have to be made with

regard to other programmes (housing construction,

industrial sites, natural environments, etc.). Wind

energy aspirations invariably involve a great degree of

uncertainty, both before and after the award process.

This is due to factors such as technical and spatial

integration, the support base, the business case,

and land positions. Given the enormous number

of limitations, even 50 MW is highly aspirational for

Amsterdam.

Amsterdam’s contribution

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

Search areas for the sitingof wind turbines 2030

18 19

2.1 Wind

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Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

20 21

2.2 Solar

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2.2 Solar

Amsterdam’s aspiration: ‘leave no roof unused’Recent years have seen an exponential growth in

the number of solar panels installed in Amsterdam.

From 2012 to mid-2019, the number of solar panels

in Amsterdam grew by about 50 percent annually.

Amsterdam’s goal is to leave no roof unused.

The aspiration of 250 MW (238 GWh) by 2022, as

expressed in the Roadmap for a Climate-neutral

Amsterdam, corresponds to about one million solar

panels.

It is no easy matter to generate large amounts of

renewable energy in a compact and built-up city like

Amsterdam. Nevertheless, the City of Amsterdam

sees many opportunities for generating solar energy

on the roofs of homes, offices, companies, and other

buildings. Accordingly, this is Amsterdam’s focus when

it comes to generating solar energy. Maximizing the potential of solar energy generation on large roofsSince its roofs have enormous potential and there is

only limited space in the city, Amsterdam is focusing

on the use of roofs for the generation of solar energy.

The RES analysis for Amsterdam shows that, in the

period up to 2030, the generation of solar energy on

large roofs can deliver the lion’s share of the renewable

electricity generated. If just 60 percent of the total

capacity of these large roofs is utilized, then it will be

possible to generate about 400 MW (380 GWh) by

2030 (source: Zonatlas 2018).

The use of small roofs is a key factor in Amsterdam

Aside from these large roofs, small roofs in Amsterdam

can also contribute significantly to the generation

of renewable energy. According to calculations for

the RES, in the run-up to 2030, the generation of

renewable energy on small roofs will exceed the

amount of solar energy generated at alternative sites,

such as agricultural land, etc. This clearly demonstrates

the importance of using small roofs to generate energy

in urban areas.

Amsterdam’s contribution

• 400 MW (380 GWh) by 2030, which

represents an increase of about 350 MW

compared to 2019.

• Focus on solar energy generation on roofs,

the dual use of space, and the temporary

use of undeveloped sites.

• Waterland/IJmeer and other green areas

and bodies of water as additional search

areas, subject to a ‘no, unless’ principle,

if it is not possible to fulfil the aspiration

using the former search areas or if central

government imposes an additional task.

Installed solar energy capacity source: Statistics Netherlands | Graph based on: Liander data (data end of year, except 2019 up to and including September)

2012

0

102030

40

5060

70

2013 2014 2015 2015 2016 20192017 2018 2022

MW

Large-scale consumption

Small-scale consumption

2030

Ob

jective

: 25

0 M

W

Ob

jective

: 55

0 M

W

For the national RES system, calculations are based

on the large-scale generation of electricity. This only

covers roofs with sufficient space to install more than

60 panels. In Amsterdam, small roofs actually have

considerable potential. In the Roadmap for a Climate-

neutral Amsterdam, the City of Amsterdam indicates

how this potential will be utilized.

The total potential of roofs (both large and small) as

sites for solar energy generation is 1,100 MW.

The aspiration is to install half of this capacity – or

550 MW (520 GWh) – by 2030, 400 MW (380 GWh) of

which will be sited on large roofs.

Search areas The map showing the tentative search areas for solar

energy was drawn up on the basis of areas with a

potential for generating wind energy, as shown on

the photograph of Amsterdam (exploratory survey for

the RES), and following discussions with the people

of Amsterdam, in various workshops. Amsterdam

has designated the Waterland/IJmeer area and other

green areas and bodies of water as additional search

areas, subject to a ‘no, unless’ principle. Such areas will

only be considered if the city’s aspirations cannot be

fulfilled within the other search areas, or should central

government impose an additional task.

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

P. 22-23 Search areas for the generation of solar energy by 2030

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2.2 Solar

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Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

Search areas for the generationof solar energy by 2030

24 25

2.3 Heat

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Scope for actionSolar energy generation on roofs

Amsterdam’s motto – ‘leave no roof unused’ – is

always the guiding principle. This means that

Amsterdam is focusing on solar energy generation on

large roofs, with the aspiration of contributing 400 MW

by 2030.

Dual use of space

In addition to roofs, Amsterdam is focusing on other

options for the dual use of space. For instance,

consideration is being given to solar projects at P&R

facilities (in combination with charging points to

support electric mobility) and scenarios are being

developed for the creation of temporary solar fields on

undeveloped sites (such as Strandeiland and IJburg).

Amsterdam is also working with the Directorate

General for Public Works and Water Management on

the use of suitable sites alongside motorways (such

as embankments, noise barriers, or other options).

Amsterdam is initially focusing on the Westrandweg

(the A5 motorway). The infrastructure here will not

be modified for another 15 years, and the panels can

easily be integrated into the surroundings.

Solar meadows

Amsterdam has no intention to generate energy in

scenic areas or on bodies of water. Accordingly, these

areas are subject to a ‘no, unless’ principle. Amsterdam

uses the ‘ladder for the landscape’ system (Amsterdam,

July 2019) when weighing the space claims associated

with the energy transition against those of other

landscape functions. For instance, adopting a dual use

of space approach makes it preferable for initiatives to

be implemented within the city limits or on industrial

sites.

Another part of the ladder is the issue of whether the

proposal is the result of co-creation or participation.

The development of a solar meadow for Amsterdam

is subject to the conditions that local residents have

an opportunity to participate, and that the project

is carried out in partnership with others in the area

and with initiators, such as energy cooperatives.

Amsterdam is endeavouring to achieve at least 50

percent local ownership (members of the public and/

or companies).

Create the climate needed to fulfil the aspiration

To fulfil this highly aspirational plan, Amsterdam

wants to create a climate in which any opportunities

for the large-scale (and small-scale) generation of

solar energy can be exploited to the full. A distinction

is made between different target groups, namely

housing corporations, homeowners associations

(mixed), private homeowners and tenants, and

business premises, including companies and social

real estate (such as schools). The approach is aimed at

shouldering the burden for the various target groups,

in terms of their aspirations to install solar panels on

roofs. It is also intended to inform, encourage, and

facilitate them in this regard. To this end, the city

authorities are focusing on both large and small roofs,

as small roofs can also contribute significantly to the

generation of renewable energy. Central government

tools and resources are needed to facilitate the growth

of solar energy generation (see Section 4).

2.3 Heat

Warmte in de RESThe section of the RES that concerns heat is entitled

the Regional Structure for Heating (RSW). Every

energy region draws up an RSW. The RSW specifies a

logical, efficient, and affordable way of linking up the

region’s available heat sources and its potential heating

demand. It also describes the resultant impact on the

heating infrastructure. The RES will mainly address

larger heat sources that are important to a number

of municipalities (supra-municipal heat sources). In

parallel to the RES process, various municipalities

are developing a so-called Transition Vision for Heat

(TVW). The TVW provides insight (at neighbourhood

level) into the most suitable heating infrastructure

(collective or individual). It also addresses the sequence

in which neighbourhoods will be made gas-free.

It is the municipalities that bear responsibility for the

TVWs, not the RES regions. The RES does not specify

which type of heating infrastructure should be used

where. The municipalities include these details in their

TVWs. The TVWs and the associated Implementation

plans are used as input for the RES and, accordingly,

for a Regional Structure for Heating. Conversely, the

RSW gives details of any available supra-municipal heat

sources that can be included in the TVW. Accordingly,

this interaction is an iterative process (figure).

The building blocks of Amsterdam’sRSWAmsterdam’s RSW consists of four

building blocks:

1. Insight into heating demand

2. Insight into heating supply

3. Insight into heating infrastructure

and space

4. Cooperation / consideration / process

In addition, Amsterdam has various projects that

are related to – and provide input for – the further

specification of the RSW. These include the studies

by City Deal, as well as Amsterdam-based thematic

studies into heat and power. These projects are

currently under development. As a result, it is not

yet possible to make any definitive choices or to

draw any conclusions concerning the RSW.

Cohesiveness RES, TVW, and the Gas-free Neighbourhood Implementation Plan

Source: The Overmorgen sustainable consultancy firm (2019)

Aspiration with regard to heating• The City of Amsterdam plans to be gas-free

by 2040. To this end, an irreversible process

will be launched in 24 neighbourhoods by

2022, ensuring that they become gas-free.

All new-build properties in Amsterdam will

be gas-free.

• The Transition Vision for Heat [TVW] will

be ready by 2020, before the Regional

Structure for Heating is adopted. The TVW

provides insight (at neighbourhood level)

into the techniques to be used to make

the city gas-free, and describes the various

stages of this process.

• Amsterdam is also focusing on

investigating, developing, and connection

up any new sources of heat that are

sustainable, affordable, and future-proof.

Amsterdam is an initiator and leader of

regional research into geothermal energy.

It is also exploring the use of residual heat

from data centres, as well as the potential

of aquathermal energy and its various

applications.

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26 27

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Heating demandAmsterdam is working with the City Deal partners

(such as housing corporations, Liander, Vattenfall,

and Waternet) to explore and implement affordable,

sustainable, and transparent alternatives to gas in

Amsterdam. The figure shown below is based on the

City Deal. It is a diagrammatic representation of the

anticipated trend in the city’s heating demand. This

takes full account of the built environment, of utilities,

and of the city’s growth.

The development of the heating demand in the built

environment determines the temperature levels at

which the transition to gas-free neighbourhoods can

take place. The heating requirements of many buildings

in the city mean that they will need a high-temperature

supply (HT) until 2040. In view of the retro-fitting of

insulation that is scheduled for the upcoming decades,

switching to a medium-temperature regime by around

Heat supply (sources) Amsterdam has a range of heat sources (including

potential sources): aquathermal energy, biomass,

and geothermal energy, as well as residual heat from

industrial sites and data centres (see the photograph

of energy and space in the Amsterdam sub-region). In

addition, the Bronnenboek Amsterdam; warmtevraag

en -aanbod in beeld (2019) (Amsterdam Sources

Book; heat supply and demand in focus (2019))

describes the current state of affairs regarding the

various renewable heat sources that the city of

Amsterdam has at its disposal now, and that it will have

in the near future. Accordingly, this list provides a key

basis for the TVW and the RES.

Current lack of sustainable, affordable, and future-

proof heat sources

In the short term, we have sufficient fossil, high

temperature (HT), and medium temperature (MT)

sources available, such as the Combined Cycle Gas

Turbine Plants (CCGT) and the Waste-to-Energy Plant

(WTE). However, these sources are insufficient for the

future. To this end, new sustainable, affordable, and

future-proof heat sources must be developed, such

as sources of geothermal energy or green gas. In

both cases, however, it is still uncertain whether these

sources will be able to deliver sufficient heat for – and

in – Amsterdam.

Five supra-municipal HT heat sources that are relevant

to Amsterdam

In addition, there are five supra-municipal HT heat

sources that are relevant to Amsterdam These are the

CCGT plants (combined cycle gas turbine plants) at

Diemen and Hemweg, the Waste-to-Energy Plant, the

Biomass Power Plant operated by AEB (a company

specialized in extracting energy from waste), and,

perhaps, geothermal energy:

• The Diemen power plant consists of two CCGT

cogeneration plants. Diemen 33 (in operation since

1995) has a power capacity of 266 MW and a thermal

capacity of 180 MW. Diemen 34 (in operation since

2012) has a power capacity of 435 MW and a thermal

capacity of 260 MW.

• The combined cycle gas turbine plant (CCGT) at

Hemweg 9 (in operation since 2013) can produce

both power and heat. It has a power capacity of

435 MW and, from 2020 onwards, it will be able to

supply 260 MW of heat.

• Waste-to-Energy Plant. The Amsterdam Waste and

Energy Company (Afval Energiebedrijf Amsterdam or

AEB) operates six waste incineration lines. The steam

produced by the boilers is converted into heat and

power. They have a maximum capacity of 155 MW.

Heat exchangers with a capacity of 150 MW are

available for thermal decoupling. This capacity will

be expanded to 200 MW in the near future.

• Biomass power plant: In the Westelijk Havengebied

area of Amsterdam, AEB is building a power plant

that will run on biomass. Featuring a capacity

of 30 MW, the plant will open in the summer of

2020. These installations in Amsterdam are being

subsidized for a period of 12 years, by funds from

the Renewable Energy Incentive Schemes (SDE).

• Geothermal energy: For the purposes of the RES,

geothermal energy could potentially serve as a

supra-municipal heat source. Geothermal energy

offers opportunities to meet part of the city’s heating

demand in a sustainable way.

2040 would seem to be a feasible option. New-build

homes, homes built since the year 2000, and homes

that have been renovated to a high specification [label

A+] can be heated using a low-temperature supply

(LT). It is expected that additional low-temperature

networks and low-temperature heat sources will be

required for these homes.

Alternative natural gas sources and techniques must

conform to the heating demand and temperature

regimes of buildings as closely as possible, in terms of

availability, affordability, and sustainability.

The city is growing, yet its demand for heat will fall

slightly in the upcoming decades, due to the measures

taken to insulate structures in the built environment. As

a result, it will be possible to replace high-temperature

heat sources with medium temperature ones.

City of Amsterdam’s Bronnenboek (Sources Book)Anticipated trend in the city’s heating demand

Source: City Deal Amsterdam (October 2019)

2 The Diemen power plant is included because Amsterdam uses it to heat some of its properties. However, the power plant itself is not located within the municipal boundaries of Amsterdam.

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29

2.3 Heat

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Amsterdam has various sources from which heat can

be extracted, at three temperature levels. These are

summarized in the box below.

Heating sources (including potential sources)High-temperature sources

• Biomass (about 120˚C). The term ‘biomass’ refers

to a wide range of natural materials that are used

for various purposes, such as:

• manure and residues from the food industry

can be fermented to produce green gas;

• vegetable oils and fats (including animal fats)

can be burned to produce heat and/or power;

• wood can be either gasified or burned to

produce energy.

In many cases, biomass must first be gasified or

fermented into a biofuel, which is then used for

combustion. Biomass consists of a range organic

materials. More than 60% of the renewable energy

produced in the Netherlands comes from biomass.

Not all biomass is sustainably produced; indeed,

sustainable biomass is in short supply. Biomass is

seen as a transition source that can, to some extent,

replace fossil fuels until completely clean alternatives

can be used on a massive scale.

• Geothermal energy (including deep geothermal

energy). Heat from the subsurface. The temperature

of the subsurface rises by 3°C for each 100-metre

increase in depth. Deep geothermal energy, which

is available more than two kilometres below

the surface, provides high temperature heat

(>60°C-80°C). Each individual source lasts about

15-30 years. Geothermal energy is a major, clean,

and future-proof resource.

Further research into the deep subsurface is needed

to better assess the availability of this resource.

• Ultra-deep geothermal energy (UDG). Ultra-deep

geothermal energy supplies heat (>120°C) from a

depth of more than four kilometres. It can also be

used to generate power, by passing the steam it

produces through generators.

Medium-temperature sources

• Data centres. The residual heat from a data centre

has an output temperature of between 25°C and

35°C. As things stand, this heat is simply discharged

to the outside air. Almost all data centres are

technically capable of suppling their residual

heat to a district heating grid (source: Dutch Data

Center Association). A number of data centres

are already supplying heat on a small scale. One

example is a facility at the Science Park in the Oost

Watergraafsmeer neighbourhood.

• Aquathermal energy:Aquathermal energy, which was

originally an LT source, can be used as an MT heat

source when transitional sources such as the Waste-

to-Energy Plant and the combustion of biomass are

phased out.

In the case of low-value sources such as data centres

and aquathermal energy, heat pumps are needed to

raise the heat to a usable temperature level.

Low-temperature sources

• Thermal energy from surface water

(about 20˚C).In summer, a pump is used to draw off

warm surface water, so that the heat it has absorbed

can be stored. In the winter, the warm groundwater is

pumped up again. There are collective systems with a

central heat pump, and individual systems where the

heat pump is located inside the house.

• Thermal energy from waste water (about

20˚C). Heat can be recovered from Amsterdam’s

wastewater. The heat recovered from the waste water

produced by three houses is sufficient to fully heat

one new-build home.

The process of heat recovery is even more efficient

if hot

and cold waste water are kept separate.

• Thermal energy from drinking water (about 20˚C)

Amsterdam’s annual drinking water consumption

amounts to 60 million m3. For half of the year this

can be used as a source of cooling, and heat can be

extracted from it during the remaining six months of

the year.

Based on: Bronnenboek Amsterdam; warmtevraag

en -aanbod in beeld (2019)

28

InfrastructureHeating infrastructure and space

Amsterdam has an extensive district heating grid, and

smaller district cooling grids in the south of the city.

Some district heating grids are connected to district

heating grids in the Amstelland sub-region (Diemen

power plants). Most of the residual-heat sources that

are capable of supplying HT residual heat are located

in the port area (Waste-to-Energy Plant).

A large number of LT residual-heat sources, such

as data centres, are located on the periphery of

Amsterdam.

To meet the city’s future need for renewable heat,

the district heating grid must be expanded and made

future-proof, in terms of temperature regimes. In

the TVW, the most suitable heating infrastructure is

specified at local level. This is a major challenge for

Amsterdam.

At regional level, the heating infrastructure reflects the

distribution of supra-municipal heat sources.

Geothermal energy and space

Once the facility is complete, the above-ground space

requirements for geothermal energy are limited (no

more than 10m x 10m). However, a working space

many times larger than that is required for the initial

drilling operations. For a doublet system capable of

furnishing about 3,000 to 10,000 households with

Source: Vattenfall GIS databaseAmsterdam’s current HT and MT district heating grids (2017)

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2.4 Infrastructure

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2.4 Infrastructure

Relationship between the RES and the power gridIf we are to properly integrate facilities

for the generation (or large-scale

generation) of renewable energy, we

need to have sufficient capacity on the

power grid. This is taken into account

in the spatial planning of future

renewable generation capacity. On

the other hand, Liander also takes the

plans for renewable generation into

account when planning Amsterdam’s

electricity infrastructure.

The power grid’s capacity for large-scale generationLiander has produced maps showing

how much power Amsterdam’s

various substations are able to handle.

These distinguish between 150 KV

substations and 50 KV substations.

These maps show that most

substations in Amsterdam still have

sufficient capacity to accommodate

renewable generation. The port area

(IJpolder substation) is the only site

whose capacity is still limited in this

regard.

Supply and demand of powerRenewable generation is not the

only development that Liander

has to take into account when

planning Amsterdam’s power

grid. The network’s configuration

is also determined by electricity

demand. This will be boosted by

various developments, such as

housing construction, gas-free

neighbourhoods, the electrification

of mobility, and the creation of data

centres. In addition, the power grid

itself will change as innovations are

introduced.

50 kV

150 kV

HS-TS station

EHS-HS station

electriciteitscentrales

MS-MS station

MS-LS station

20/10 kV

0.4 kV

220-380 kV

TS-MS station

koppeling met het buitenland

Users are connected at different voltage levels, with larger users having higher kV levels

heat, the space requirement amounts to an average of

one football field.

Follow-up steps: coordination withinthe regionDistribution and allocation of supra-municipal

heat sources

The explicit aim of the RES is to facilitate cooperation

with others in the region. While work is proceeding

on the partial RES for Amsterdam, and in conformity

with that strategy, Amsterdam and the other sub-

regions will discuss the best way to coordinate the

use of supra-municipal heat sources. In addition, this

discussion should explore the issue of coordination

between heat sources and the distribution system.

It should also address the efficient use of these

facilities, and the ‘where and when’ of regional heat.

In this context, the City of Amsterdam is already

taking the initiative to find ways of giving this a

more tangible form, together with the Amsterdam

Metropolitan Area’s Heating/Cooling programme.

Geothermal energy acceleration programme

Energiebeheer Nederland is conducting

a national study to identify sites where

the subsurface may be suitable for the

extraction of geothermal energy. This study is

scheduled to explore the Amsterdam area in

January. The results, which are expected by

the end of 2020, should clarify the potential

of geothermal energy as a source in the

transition to gas-free neighbourhoods.

In the context of the Geothermal

Acceleration Project, the provincial

authorities of Noord-Holland and Flevoland

are tackling public-private coordination, in

cooperation with the City of Amsterdam

(Amsterdam gas-free programme).

Residual heat from data centres programme

The City of Amsterdam is running several

pilot projects in the city to determine the

extent to which residual heat from data

centres could be used for the purpose of

space heating in buildings. Together with

a regional data centre strategy, the City’s

business location policy for data centres

will specify choices that will determine the

potential scope for the use of residual heat.

This will be submitted for decision-making

in the first quarter of 2020. The anticipated

heating potential is expected to be in line

with the ‘low growth scenario’ (Bronnenboek

Amsterdam; warmtevraag en -aanbod in

beeld (Amsterdam Sources Book; heat supply

and demand in focus)).

Low Temperature Heat – Aquathermal

Energy Programme

In the context of a formal cooperative

venture, the City of Amsterdam and Waternet

have launched the Low Temperature

Heat – Aquathermal Energy Programme.

This programme specifies the potential of

aquathermal energy for the city, the ideal

organizational structure for the heat chain,

and which pilot projects appear to hold the

greatest potential.

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1.1 Op weg naar een regionale energiestrategie

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Strategy: three tracksTo achieve a future-proof power grid in light of these

developments, Liander and the City of Amsterdam are

cooperating closely on three tracks:

1. Spatial planning of the requisite expansion.

2. Investigating and testing innovative applications

designed to reduce the impact on the grid (and the

impact caused by the grid itself).

3. The strategic and integrated planning of aspirations

and tasks.

The RES’s outcomes serve as input for this purpose

Consideration in the context of the RESIn general, the integration of generating capacity is

not a problem in the urban context of Amsterdam.

This is because the peak power demands in virtually

every part of the city will exceed the peak supply that

can be technically delivered. In terms of the capacity

of the grid as a whole, supply and demand can be

offset against each other. At local level, the integration

of solar panels and wind turbines can still create

some challenges. These challenges can be resolved,

however, simply by expanding the grid. That is why

efficient scheduling is essential, especially in the case

of large roofs with numerous solar panels. With regard

to wind power, the procedures involved in integrating a

wind turbine take up more or less the same amount of

time as those involved in expanding the power grid.

Follow-up stepsIn the near future, we will endeavour to achieve greater

conformity with the RES results. What power supply

will be involved? When will this happen, and where?

Next, a constraint analysis is carried out, after which

a strategy is formulated to tackle the bottlenecks

involved.

Thematic study into Amsterdam’s ElectricityThe City of Amsterdam and Liander have jointly

explored the ways in which the plans for – and

developments in – Amsterdam will impact the city’s

power grid. This Thematic Study into Amsterdam’s

Electricity (March 2019) explored the impact of the

city’s growth. It also addressed the aspirations and

developments with regard to the energy transition

and changing mobility. The Thematic Study into

Amsterdam’s Electricity is updated every two years,

based on new insights. The first update, which is

planned for the spring of 2020, will feature aspirational

input from the RES.

The study formulated four scenarios: low, medium,

high, and ‘special’3. The determining factors/themes

involved are the city’s growth, making the housing

stock gas-free, solar, electric mobility and industry,

data centres, and large-scale generation.

Very rapid rise in demand, with a large margin of errorThe pace of development is extremely rapid.

By 2050, the demand for power will be two and a

half times (low scenario) to five times (high scenario)

higher than it was in 2018. Data centres have the

greatest ‘net impact’. Capacity will be determined

by the so-called substations (urban scale). The

Thematic Study into Amsterdam’s Electricity (2018)

shows that, in a ‘medium’ scenario, the capacity of

17 of the 24 substations will be exceeded by 2030. In

addition, space for extra infrastructure is required at

neighbourhood level. The integration of infrastructure

into the subsurface is an issue that requires extensive

consideration.

Capaciteit 50 kV onderstations

Capaciteit 150 kV onderstations

3 The ‘special’ scenario explores the impact of full electrification of the various themes by 2050, assuming that the city achieves the maximum level of growth.

32

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2.5 Leefomgeving en ruimte

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The energy transition is having a major impact on

the physical living environment. It will be one of the

greatest spatial planning challenges of the upcoming

decades. The renewable energy systems concerned

require more space than the fossil alternatives. In

addition, different systems will have to co-exist, albeit

on a temporary basis. Renewable energy also tends

to have a much greater visible impact. This transition

will change the look of our cities and landscapes. As

a result, the transition will directly impact people’s

living environments, in ways that are both visible and

tangible. In every municipality, the energy task must be

combined with other transitions and major challenges,

such as housing construction and climate adaptation.

Important points concerning space and the living environment The generation of renewable energy takes

up a lot of space

The large-scale generation of renewable energy

requires space. In a compact and growing city like

Amsterdam, such space is in short supply. The city,

conurbation, and metropolitan area make up a palette

of very diverse landscapes. There are industrial sites,

the port, central urban areas, garden cities, dunes, large

open bodies of water, peat meadow areas, wooded

areas, and linear elements such as canals, motorways,

railway lines, infrastructure, etc. The differing spatial

structures and cultural histories of these areas present

opportunities for – and pose obstacles to – the

generation of energy.

Collating the various tasks

Aside from their different core qualities and spatial

characteristics, each of these areas have their own

specific tasks or challenges. In some cases it is the

rapid growth of the city, in others it might be climate

adaptation, soil subsidence in the peat meadow area,

declining biodiversity in rural areas, a port area that is

seeking sustainable avenues for the future, growing

mobility, etc. None of these tasks can be seen as

distinct and separate from the task of generating

energy. Smart combinations are being created (and

opportunities exploited) that also yield spatial quality.

The analyses concerning the generation of electricity,

in particular, are rather technical in nature.

The analyses described above have not yet formed

the basis for any spatial designs. Sketching exercises

show that, from a spatial point of view, there are a

number of large-scale landscape elements that can

create added value in spatial integration, in a regional

context. The figure in the box below identifies various

spatial leads.

Spatial opportunities

• As an industrial line bisecting the

landscape, the Amsterdam Rhine Canal is

well suited as a site for two rows of wind

turbines, one along each bank. There is an

opportunity to tackle this and work out the

details, in cooperation with Diemen and

Weesp.

• Waterland: small-scale peat and polder

landscape, where integration into the

landscape has the highest priority. From a

spatial perspective, a useful option would

be to integrate smaller wind turbines (or

other variants).

• As a major industrial canal adjoining

several key nodes of the energy network,

the North Sea Canal is well suited as a site

for two rows of wind turbines, one along

each bank. Tackle this in cooperation with

Zaanstad, Haarlemmermeer, and IJmond.

Sketch spatial opportunities for wind energy in a regional context

do – or do not – want. In doing so, there must be

scope to think outside the box (or outside the legal

framework), to deliver ideal, integrated solutions of

the highest spatial quality. Consideration should also

be given to a range of currently available, innovative

techniques for generating solar energy, wind energy,

and heat energy. So, aside from existing large wind

turbines, this could involve smaller versions (or other

variants) that could be more effectively integrated.

Small wind turbines are very inefficient, so awareness

and visibility are key aspects here.

Finding solutions together

The City of Amsterdam is convinced that, if we are

to achieve integrated solutions, knowledge must be

shared at every organizational level. It is committed

to advancing plans for the large-scale generation of

energy and for heat sources, as well as for the requisite

heating and power infrastructures.

Visualization and the exploration of new techniques

The process of picturing and sketching potential

visions of the future makes them more tangible,

opening the way for discussions of what people

Visualization of Diemen’s ‘wedge’ (green area)

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2.5 Living environment and space

3736

3.1 Step 1: The task

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specifically for Amsterdam), various experts, civil

servants, stakeholders, and council members provided

supplementary information. The analysis conducted

by Amsterdam and Liander in the Thematic Study

into Amsterdam’s Electricity (March 2019), the

Bronnenboek Amsterdam; warmtevraag en -aanbod

in beeld (Amsterdam Sources Book; heat supply and

demand in focus) (end of 2019), and the ‘photograph’

all complement one another.

Amsterdam is contributing to the Noord-Holland Zuid energy region’s joint process for arriving at a Draft RES. Amsterdam has now completed steps 1 to 4: the task, scenarios, local enrichment, and an administrative offer. In this section, we explain the approach behind these four initial steps and list the results obtained, before outlining the follow-up process.

Process: analysis, scenarios,

and workshops

3.

3.1 Step 1: The task

At the beginning of 2019, the RES process started

by visualizing the task at hand. What is the current

demand for heat and power, and what trend will this

follow in the run-up to 2030? The current supply

(and potential) of electricity generation capacity

and heat sources have also been visualized. This

evidence base – a series of analysis maps – was

captured in a so-called ‘photograph’. In the course

of four workshops (three regional ones and one

21.6 TWh

21.2 TWh

9.5 TWh

2.7 TWh

Energy demand 2030

Energy demand (heat and power) for Amsterdam and the Noord-Holland Zuid energy region, and their theoretical energy potential.

Maximum theoretical generation potential

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3.2 Step 2: Scenarios

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38

The photograph labelled Energie en ruimte deelregio

Amsterdam (Energy and space in the sub-region of

Amsterdam) is one of the results obtained in step

1. The photograph provides insight into the current

and future task. It also reveals the available options

for the generation of renewable energy, as well

as the sub-region’s landscape characteristics and

spatial constraints. Finally, it indicates the levels of

involvement and ideation among stakeholders and civil

servants.

The results are set out in a document containing all the

map images and factual descriptions4.

The photographic document consists of a set of

analysis maps. It addresses the themes of landscape,

heating, and power. The main conclusions for

Amsterdam are:

• In general, there is limited space available in

Amsterdam for the generation of renewable energy.

• However, thanks to a new provincial policy (‘yes,

provided that’), more space can potentially be

created for the generation of wind energy. On the

other hand, calculations of the potential do not

include the helicopter route above Amsterdam,

which will reduce the potential amount of available

space in the port area (if the helicopter route cannot

be moved).

• The potential analysis (maximum) for solar energy

shows that the space available for solar energy

generation on roofs is much greater than the solar

energy potential on agricultural land. The solar

energy potential on roofs is 75 percent of the total.

The remaining 25 percent is the solar potential on

agricultural land, on bodies of water, and on all of

the remaining types of substrates combined.

• Throughout most of the region, the grid has

sufficient capacity to handle renewable energy.

• Amsterdam has an extensive district heating grid,

and smaller district cooling grids in the south of the

region. There are also a range of heat sources that

– in combination with a heat pump – can supply

heat (data centres, port area, etc.). Currently, AEB

and Vattenfal are the main residual-heat sources.

In addition, Amsterdam is currently using supra-

municipal heat sources, in the form of the Diemen

power plants.

Amsterdam anticipated events in the other regions

by starting work on the scenarios during the last

two meetings. Those present identified various

priority areas and aspirations in the region, and then

considered ways of incorporating them into the energy

transition. This resulted in the formulation of an initial

sketch of the scenarios (‘guiding principles’), as a

prelude to the extremes (the ‘vertices’) of the energy

transition in the Amsterdam sub-region. The scenarios

addressed during this phase were: Euros, Super

liveable, healthy and green, and Maximum energy

generation. This formed the input for a more detailed

specification of the scenarios in step 2.

Result of Step 1: ‘Photograph energy and space’

As a region, Amsterdam has a relatively high

level of demand for heating and power for

its built environment (homes and utilities

such as commercial buildings, offices and

shops, as well as schools and hospitals).

Its demand for power is 3.8 TWh, which

accounts for about half of the Noord-Holland

Zuid region’s total power demand. The

expectation is that the electricity demand for

the built environment (homes and utilities)

will decline in the run-up to 2030. However,

the expected electrification of the heating

demand has not been taken into account

as it cannot easily be quantified. Nor does

the RES analysis take the future growth of

electric mobility, industry, and data centres

into account. In the Thematic Study into

Amsterdam’s Electricity, assumptions are

made concerning the speed and impact of

these trends on the demand for power (see

subsection 2.4). The current heating demand

of Amsterdam’s built environment amounts

to 6.9 TWh, which will probably fall to 6.1

TWh by 2030. Amsterdam does not have

sufficient generation potential to meet its

own demand for heating and power. Not

even when every single option for energy

generation is exploited as effectively as

possible.

4 The full document can be found at https://energieregionhz.nl/documenten.

3.2 Step 2: Scenarios

In the summer of 2019, Amsterdam held two

‘workshops for the future’. Those taking part in the

first of these workshops presented five scenarios –

Liveable, Euro economy, Euro cost effectiveness,

Energy, and Maximum CO2 reduction. To facilitate the

workability and clarity of the discussion, these were

reduced to three scenarios, which were then specified

in greater detail. These scenarios are: ‘Maximum

Energy’, ‘Cost Effective’, and ‘Liveable’.

Scenarios are images of potential futures.

They are intended to provide insight into

the associated choices and impacts. The

scenarios are not intended to be substantive

scopes for action that require us to choose

between them. Instead, they are tools for

facilitating the conversation.

Various partners from the municipality,

professional stakeholders, and society at

large were involved in drawing up these

scenarios.

The starting point for all these scenarios

is the current objective of the City of

Amsterdam Executive’s agreement and of the

Roadmap for a Climate-neutral Amsterdam,

as described in subsection 1.2.

The three scenarios that had been formulated were

presented in the second workshop for the future, but

this time they included the impacts per scenario. The

aim of this session was to ask the participants whether

the scenarios are clear, to identify key areas of tension

between the starting points in the scenarios and

current tasks in Amsterdam, and to specify the roles

of various stakeholders in the scenarios. The resultant

input from the participants has been incorporated into

the final scenarios.

‘Building blocks’ for constructing scenarios

Each scenario is made up of various so-called ‘building

blocks’. A building block corresponds to a given energy

generation technique (e.g. a wind turbine), in a given

place (e.g. agricultural land), under given conditions

(e.g. alongside the motorway). This particular building

block will then be referred to as ‘wind turbine on

agricultural land alongside the motorway’. The

scenarios were constructed using different types of

building blocks.

Result of step 2: Three scenarios: ‘Maximum Energy’,

‘Cost Effective’ and ‘Liveable’

The workshops for the future delivered three scenarios

– ‘Maximum Energy’, ‘Cost Effective’, and ‘Liveable’,

which are summarized in map images. The building

blocks of these scenarios have been described and

their impact calculated using mathematical models.

These include impacts such as generated power,

contribution to CO2 reduction, costs and yields, as

well as the impact on the natural environment and

the landscape. The scenarios are used to facilitate an

optimal choice of building blocks for Amsterdam’s

ultimate contribution. So there is no question of

choosing one scenario in preference to another.

Details of the scenarios, building blocks, and impact

calculations are set out in posters. These can be found at

https://energieregionhz.nl/documenten.

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

Solar energy generation on large roofs

Solar energy generation on agricultural land

Solar energy generation on water

Solar energy generation on facades (on all buildings)

Solar energy generation on parking spaces

Solar energy generation on roofs

Solar energy generation on railway embankments

Solar energy generation in bicycle lanes

Solar energy generation on noise barriers

Total solar energy generation

Potential wind energy generation on all types of soil:

Potential wind energy generation on lakes

Re-powering existing wind energy generation

Total wind energy generation

40 41

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'Maximum Energy' scenario

In the ‘Maximum Energy’ scenario,

the prime considerations are the

generation of renewable energy and

reducing CO2.

Any other social tasks are secondary

to this. All suitable locations have been

targeted for the large-scale generation

of solar energy and wind energy.

All local resources have been tapped.

The surroundings look different, and

both urban and rural areas can rightly

be referred to as ‘energy landscapes’.

In short, the main principles are as

follows:

• Capturing extra CO2 (by means

of extra green areas).

• Freeing-up as much space as

possible for the large-scale

generation of renewable energy.

• It is the role of government bodies

to provide encouragement, while

market players (commercial parties)

provide solutions to customers.

• Heating homes and buildings using

local, gas-free techniques.

Achtergrond

Bebouwd gebied

Bedrijventerrein

Water

Spoorbaan lijn

Bestaande turbine

Solar energy generationon large roofs

Solar energy generationon agricultural land

Solar energy generation on water

Solar energy generationon railway embankments

Total solar energy generation

Potential wind energy generation on all types of soil:

Re-powering existing wind energy generation

Total wind energy generation

4342

Z

'Cost Effective' scenarioAchtergrond

Bebouwd gebied

Bedrijventerrein

Water

Spoorbaan lijn

Bestaande turbine

Whenever a decision has to be made,

the most cost-effective option is

chosen. This concerns the overall

costs for all parties: members of the

public, grid operators, and developers.

Great emphasis is placed on grid-

related costs, so generation and use

are closely related. Preference is given

to areas where infrastructure is already

in place or where spare capacity is still

available.

The main principles are as follows:

• The most efficient possible use

of euros.

• Bringing the generation and use of

renewable energy closer together.

• The current grid takes precedence.

• Specific roles for stakeholders, in

which the government provides

encouragement, market players

provide solutions, and grid

operators actively contribute ideas.

Solar energy generation on large roofs

Solar energy generation on agricultural land

Solar energy generation on water

Solar energy generation on facades (on all buildings)

Solar energy generation in bicycle lanes

Solar energy generation on noise barriers

Total solar energy generation

Potential wind energy generation on all types of soil:

Re-powering existing wind energy generation

Total wind energy generation

4544

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'Liveable' scenarioAchtergrond

Bebouwd gebied

Bedrijventerrein

Water

Spoorbaan lijn

Bestaande turbine

The energy transition has contributed

to a high-quality living environment.

The interventions involved have always

added value to the physical or social

living environment. For instance,

the yields from large roofs are used

to benefit the local community, or

extra green areas are developed in

combination with solar meadows.

Large-scale generation mainly takes

place in the city’s nuisance zones.

In short, the main principles are as

follows:

• The energy transition serves as a

flywheel for augmenting the living

environment.

• Actively seeking ways of combining

energy generation with local tasks.

• Encouraging local ownership (at

least 50 percent).

Most of those who attended these local workshops

expressed a preference for the ‘Liveable’ scenario,

followed by ‘Maximum Energy’. In the workshop held

for the Centrum/Zuid districts, ‘Maximum Energy’ was

the most frequently chosen scenario, followed by

‘Liveable’.

Preference for the ‘Liveable’ and ‘Maximum Energy’ scenarios Generally speaking, the appeal of the ‘Liveable’

scenario was due to its underlying guiding principles

concerning the involvement of members of the public

and residents, and to the preservation of green space

for a liveable (quite literally) city. At the same time,

there was some concern that the ‘Liveable’ scenario

would not deliver sufficient renewable generation

capacity. For this reason, the participants of several

workshops selected additional building blocks,

mainly from the ‘Maximum Energy’ scenario. Aside

from the level of renewable generation capacity

involved, people also found the pace of the ‘Maximum

Energy’ scenario quite appealing. Both residents and

stakeholders stated that the energy transition can no

longer be delayed.

‘Cost Effective’ was the least popular of the three

scenarios. Residents and stakeholders take the view

that, if we rely on market forces to bring about the

energy transition, the process of change will be too

slow and it won’t go far enough. In addition, this

scenario offers too little scope for the involvement of

members of the public.

In summary, during the workshops, the residents and stakeholders stated that Amsterdam should pursue an aspirational energy policy. In this connection it is important for the municipality to involve residents, to guarantee people’s quality of life in Amsterdam, and to protect green areas in and around the city.

Unsurprisingly, the ‘Maximum Energy’ scenario

delivers the highest energy yield and the greatest CO2

reduction. However, it also has adverse impacts on

land use, landscape, and biodiversity. The ‘Liveable’

and ‘Cost Effective’ scenarios cost less money and

take up less space, but they also provide less energy

and achieve smaller reductions in CO2. The impacts

are valued in relation to each other, with the exception

of the impacts on the natural environment and the

landscape. Each and every scenario involves adverse

impacts on the landscape and on biodiversity.

3.3 Step 3: Local enrichment

Four local workshops involving residentsThe three scenarios were presented in local workshops

for the people of Amsterdam. Here, an assessment was

made of the support base for each of the scenarios

and for the various types of renewable generation

featured in them. A total of four local workshops

were held, for the following subareas – Noord, Oost/

Zuidoost, Havengebieden/West/Nieuw-West, and

Centrum/Zuid, plus an additional meeting for Zuidoost.

In the course of these evenings, the following question

was posed: “Where, in what form, and subject to which

conditions is renewable energy generation suitable for

Amsterdam?” The scenarios were jointly discussed in

small groups, and people’s questions were answered.

Next, the favourite and least popular building blocks

were marked with stickers.

Open invitation – “Join the conversation about the large-scale generation of renewable energy”Members of the public and representatives of the

people of Amsterdam were all invited. Invitations

were sent out through the City of Amsterdam’s

channels (outlying districts and the central region of

the city) both online and via social media, through

energy transition trailblazers, and through municipal

contacts. Representatives of the city council, the

district committees, and the Provincial Council were

also invited, together with administrators from the

various districts. The tone of the meetings was positive,

profound, and very much focused on the content.

Each of these meetings were reasonably well attended

(around 30 people).

Photographs from the RES workshops for residents

46 47

3.3 Step 3: Local enrichment

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Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

3.4 Step 4: Towards an offer

Having made its choice, Amsterdam has designated

specific search areas and drawn up an offer. In step

4, the contributions of each of the sub-regions are

combined to create the Draft RES for the Noord-

Holland Zuid energy region. When this information

is collated, it will show which tentative search areas

and potential heating/cooling solutions augment

one another or, perhaps, trigger a lively debate, while

offering the scope to explore options beyond the

city’s (or sub-regional) boundaries. The Draft RES will

be discussed at the administrative level, and the city’s

districts will also have a part to play in this process.

RES process steps for Noord-Holland Zuid

48 49

4. Follow-up steps

Z

ollating the results from different sub-regionsThe follow-up step in the process is to collectively

draw an overall conclusion from these results, to

augment one another across local (or sub-regional)

boundaries, to provide coherence, to learn from one

another, and to ensure that one plus one equals three.

This follow-up step will be completed by the energy

region’s representatives. Together with the responsible

portfolio holders and (for Amsterdam) the city districts,

they will initiate a dialogue with one another. The

goal is to shine a light on potential choices and

considerations, which can then be translated into

wishes and concerns.

Submitting the Draft RES to central government and to the workshops’ participants, for consultation purposes In June 2020, The Draft RES for the NHZ energy

region will be submitted to the PBL Netherlands

Environmental Assessment Agency and to the National

RES Programme, for processing by mathematical

models. Copies of the Draft RES will also be submitted

to all of those who participated in previous workshops,

for consultation purposes.

Follow-up steps4.

RES for Amsterdam will become part of the RES for Noord-Holland Zuid

The Regional Energy Strategy of the Amsterdam sub-region is part of the overall energy strategy for the entire Noord-Holland Zuid (NHZ) region.To ensure that the Draft RES for NHZ is a spatially coherent analysis and strategy, the Amsterdam sub-region’s results will be collated with findings from other sub-regions. This will show which of the selected search areas and heating/cooling solutions augment one another or, perhaps, trigger a lively debate.

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

51

1.1 Op weg naar een regionale energiestrategie

Z

• It is still the case that, in some new buildings

with large roofs, little or no renewable energy is

generated on this roof space. Moreover, some of

these roofs are totally unsuited to the installation

of solar panels. If we are to hit our targets, then the

Buildings Decree needs to be amended to address

this issue.

Furthermore, from the grid operators’ viewpoint,

a number of measures are needed to achieve the

Climate Agreement goals. These mainly concern:

• Measures to give grid operators greater scope

to manage the current infrastructure more efficiently.

This could involve speeding up efforts to connect

renewable energy projects to the grid.

• Measures to ensure that more effective use is made

of the grid (supply and demand) by producers and

consumers.

• Greater legal and financial scope for grid operators

to be able to anticipate future developments.

In short, Amsterdam has great aspirations.

We want to generate as much clean energy

as possible on our own territory. Amsterdam

cannot do this alone. The City of Amsterdam

is committed to cooperating with partners

in this endeavour, especially other local

authorities that are responsible for providing

the requisite preconditions. Finally,

Amsterdam is mainly focusing on the local

energy of people in the city, people who are

aware of the need for an energy transition

and who are keen to play an active part in

this.

50

From Draft RES to RES 1.0 Once the Draft RES has been sent to the PBL

Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency

and to the National RES Programme, the process of

drawing up RES 1.0 will commence. A key part of this

process involves specifying potential sites for wind

turbines or solar meadows. We will explore this issue

in local workshops. This is incorporated into RES

1.0, together with the results obtained from the PBL

Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency’s and

the National RES Programme’s mathematical models,

plus the responses to the Draft RES in the course of the

consultation period. From that point onwards, the RES

will be updated every two years. A similar development

process is being drawn up for this purpose as well.

That will provide ample scope for residents to make

their voices heard.

What do we need from centralgovernment? Current central government resources and instruments

are not all sufficiently suitable – or sufficiently clear

– to make an effective contribution to the energy

transition. The issues include:

• Clarity concerning new or replacement schemes

for net metering, the Reduced Tariff Scheme (also

known as a postcoderoosregeling or ‘postcode-

targeted scheme’)5, and the Renewable Energy

Incentive Scheme (SDE).

By influencing the payback period for solar panels,

these government schemes can impact the growth

in the number of solar panels in Amsterdam. The

current schemes are nearing their end dates, and

the resultant lack of clarity is causing roof owners to

postpone any related initiatives.

• It should be possible to submit applications for

Renewable Energy Incentive Scheme subsidies at any

time of year, to avoid delaying projects for the large-

scale generation of energy on roofs.

• Central government has announced that it will give

municipalities the option of making it mandatory

for specific roof owners to install solar panels. We

need clarity about these schemes, to encourage roof

owners to take action. The City of Amsterdam would

very much like to see central government develop an

instrument of this kind. Ultimately, schemes like this

are also needed to spur any laggards into action.

5 Under this scheme, the members of a cooperative are entitled to an energy tax discount on their energy bills, provided that their electricity is generated locally and renewably.

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

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Annex 2. Glossary

Z

Energy region

The Netherlands has been divided

into 30 energy regions for the

purposes of the Regional Energy

Strategy process. Each of these

regions is required to indicate

how much renewable heat and

power can be produced on its own

territory.

Energy transition

Structural shift to a renewable

energy system.

Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy uses the Earth’s

natural inner heat.

GWh

Gigawatt hour: unit of energy that

can be supplied on an annual basis.

Renewable energy

Clean, sustainable, and

inexhaustible energy that does not

harm the environment.

Climate neutral

The phrase ‘climate neutral’ refers

to specific activities that have no

adverse effect on the climate. In

other words, they produce no CO2

emissions.

Thermal energy (cold/hot) storage

The storage of cold or heat for

the purpose of cooling or heating

water (tap water) or buildings, for

example.

MW

Megawatt: unit of electrical power.

National Climate Agreement

The Dutch interpretation (June

2019) of the Paris Climate

Agreement, consisting of

more than 600 agreements

between companies, civil

society organizations, and local

Annex 1. Sources

• City of Amsterdam & Liander

(March 2019). Thematic Study

into Amsterdam’s Electricity.

• City of Amsterdam (July 2019).

Ladder for the landscape.

• Noord-Holland energy region

(October 2019). Photograph

of energy and space in the

Amsterdam sub-region.

• City of Amsterdam (2019).

Amsterdam Sources Book; heat

supply and demand in focus.

• Zonatlas (2018)

• Netbeheer Nederland (the

Association of Energy Network

Operators in the Netherlands;

October 2019), Basic document

on energy infrastructure

• City of Amsterdam (2019), City

Deal

• City of Amsterdam (May 2018),

Een nieuwe lente en een nieuw

geluid (A new spring and a new

voice) – Coalition Agreement

GROENLINKS / D66 / PVDA / SP

(Dutch political parties)

• https://www.amsterdam.nl/

bestuur-organisatie/volg-beleid/

ambities/gezonde-duurzame/

klimaatneutraal/

• https://energieregionhz.nl

• CE Delft, ECN part of TNO, &

SMW (June 2019). Report of a

system study into the energy

infrastructure in the province of

Noord-Holland.

Annex 2.Glossary

Gas-free

Not connected to a gas (fossil fuel)

supply. However, the use of green

gas is permitted.

Aquathermal energy

Sustainable local heating system

based on surface water.

Biomass

Vegetable and animal material

(residual waste) that is used as raw

material for energy generation or

directly, as biofuel.

CO2 neutrality

Reducing the CO2 footprint by

minimizing CO2 emissions. The

ultimate goal is to neutralize

greenhouse gas emissions, partly

by means of compensatory

measures.

Renewable energy/heat sources

Renewable energy is generated

from sources that cannot become

exhausted. A more limited

definition of renewable energy is

occasionally used, namely: energy

from sources that cannot become

exhausted and that do not pollute.

Energy cooperative

An energy cooperative is a

cooperative that focuses on

promoting the use of a given

renewable energy supply.

Energy neutral

A situation in which the energy

consumption of a built structure

(house, building, neighbourhood,

engineering structure, and the like)

is no more than zero (measured

over the course of a year).

governments, to halve greenhouse

gas emissions by 2030, relative to

1990.

Spatial vision

Central government, the provincial

authorities, and the municipalities

will each draw up a spatial vision.

This will take the form of a

strategic, long-term vision for the

entire physical environment.

Regional Energy Strategy (RES)

The National Climate Agreement’s

national agreements will be

formulated into 30 Regional Energy

Strategies. Each region is required

to examine its own demand for

heat and power, and to indicate

how much renewable heat and

power can be produced on its own

territory.

Regional Structure for Heating

(RSW)

The section of the RES that covers

heat is referred to as the RSW. That

abbreviation stands for Regionale

Structuur Warmte (Regional

Structure for Heating). The RSW

identifies the supply and demand

for heat, as well as the associated

infrastructure.

TWh

Terawatt hour: unit of energy that

can be supplied on an annual basis.

1 TWh is 1,000 GWh.

Transition Vision for Heat

The Transition Vision for Heat

stipulates the period within which

districts must become gas-free.

It also identifies the most obvious

alternative heat supply.

Thermal energy (hot/cold) storage

See: Thermal energy (cold/hot)

storage.

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region

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1.1 Op weg naar een regionale energiestrategie

Z

Project management and contactJuliane Kürschner

RES Coordinator for the

Amsterdam sub-region

klimaatneutraal@amsterdam.nl

Publishing detailsResponsible executive councillor:

Marieke van Doorninck,

Executive Councillor for Spatial

Development and Sustainability

Client:

Esther Agricola,

Director of Spatial Planning and

Sustainability

Prepared by the Climate-neutral

Amsterdam Programme Team,

in cooperation with the Spatial

Planning and Sustainability

Department of the City of

Amsterdam, Liander, Waternet, and

Energiecoöperatie Zuiderlicht.

This Draft RES for Amsterdam was

drawn up within the framework of

the Noord-Holland Zuid Regional

Energy Strategy. The team leader

was Marco Berkhout (Programme

Manager).

We would like to acknowledge

the assistance of the consultancy

consortium, consisting of APPM,

CE Delft, Decisio, Generation

Energy, and Tauw. Access to the

consortium’s services was made

available, in part, by the Noord-

Holland provincial authorities.

Texts and editing:

Decisio

Design:

Beautiful Minds

Further details can be found at

www.energieregioNHZ.nl

Amsterdam, January 2020

Draft RES | The offer from the Amsterdam sub-region