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DR. SAMINA QAMER [email protected]
Department of Zoology, Wildlife & Fisheries Government College University, Faisalabad
Pakistan
Apiculture in Pakistan
Federal level: Honeybee Research Institute
1976- establish as "Honeybee Management“ package bees from Australia
16 failed attempts since 1927-1976 for successful introduction of Apis mellifera
Dr.Rafiq , Pioneer of Morden Beekeeping with A.mellifera in Pakistan
Training of Beekeeper at HBRI
Regional Level
Farmers market (PVT), Hydroponically Grown, Rawalpindi. Hashoo Foundation Northern Areas of Pakistan Qarshi Industries Hattar, Industrial Area, District Hari Purr Pakistan. Zari Taraqiati Bank (ZTBL). Bee keepers Association, Tarnab Peshawar. University of Agriculture, Peshawar Department of Agriculture, AJK All Pakistan beekeepers exporters and honey traders association Islamabad DANAS Pharmaceuticals Pakistan Islamabad Pakistan Beekeepers Federation, Islamabad AKRSP Punjab Seed Corporation. National Center for Rural Development (NCRD) SMEDA (Small and Medium enterprises development authority)
Three types of indigenous honeybees Apis cerana, Apis florea, Apis dorsata Apis mellifera introduced in 1976 for commerical Beekeeping 1980s-1990s-Apis florea, Apis dorsata (dommana) suffered
Losses in Cotton and sugarcane growing area due to Pesticides Apis cerana disappear due to Thai Scabrood virus
Apis florea safer in costal and mangrove areas
Currently 1500 nectar sources have been identified 9000 beekeepers including Women • Honey production in the country increased from 250 tones in
1985 to more than 12000 tones in 2010, The yield of honey per colony has increased from 4kg to 21kg,
No of colonies increases 24 to 42 Produced and export “sidder” Zizipus jojoba honey 2000-3250 tones produced in Sarhad
450,000 colonies of A.mellifera More than 1500,000 colonies of Apis cerana in
Sarhad and AJK province 45,0000- 60,0000 colonies of A.dorsata Integrated quality queen introduction with Varroa
screens, formic acid and thymol for effective management of parasitic mites.
Diagnostic Laboratory for mite, pests and disease identification.
Honey quality testing Lab
Log hive of Apis cerana The KPK region is a focal point in the origin and evolution of honeybees.
Distribution of beehives to beekeepers from Mohammad Abad, Sultanabad and Danyore in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
Bees at altittude, Thandandi. District of KPK province and Thandandi hills are 9000 feet, 2750m, above sea level
Beekeeping with modern hives and techniques
Apiculture in Punjab Province
Comparison of Physicochemical Characteristics of Honey Produced by Apis florea And Apis dorsata honey bee species
from Punjab, Pakistan
• Honey is the most important primary product of beekeeping both from a quantitative and an economic point of view. It was also the first bee product used by mankind in ancient times.
• Honey is a complex mixture and presents very great variations in
composition and characteristics due to its geographical and botanical origin.
• Quality of honey is mostly evaluated by its physico-chemical analysis of
its constituents • several important components influence the storage quality, granulation,
texture, flavor, nutritional and medicinal value of the honey
OBJECTIVES
• To find Apis florea and Apis dorsata colonies on different floral sources and collect honey.
• To evaluate the physicochemical properties of Apis florea and Apis dorsata honey from Pakistan.
• To increase the scientific knowledge about Apis florea and Apis dorsata honey collected from Punjab region of Pakistan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sample Collection • A.dorsata samples were collected from Bhakkar district • A.florae samples were collected from Bhakkar, Kallar Kahar and Shorkot districts
of Punjab province of Pakistan Physico-chemical analysis • (Bogdanov et al., 1999) • pH and Electrical Conductivity were determined in a 10g/75ml solution of honey in
deionized water. Free, lactonic and total acidities were titrated in the same solution used for pH measurement (AOAC, 1975).
• Water content refractive index and correlation with Chataway Charts (Chataway, 1935). Proline content of honey according to Cough (1969).
• Winkler’s method for HMF content (Winkler, 1955). • The diastase activity of honey samples according to the procedure of Schade et al.
(1958). • ANOVA (Steel and Torri, 1981) was performed for statistical analysis of data.
Apis dorsata colonies
kikar Citrus tree
Matha Large size of worker bee
Gurva Eucalyptus
Apis dorsata colonies
Apis florea hive near Bhakkar city
RESULTS
Sr. No. Parameter
Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Codex draft 1999
EU draft 1999
Directive 2001/EC
** Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
1
pH 4.11 ±0.81
3.81 ±0.00
3.85 ±0.13
3.99 ±0.81
3.83 ±0.16
5.90 ±0.20
5.18 ±0.00
5.41 ±0.18
5.46 ±0.04
5.85 ±0.17
2
Moisture content%
17.0 ±1.00
17.0 ±0.81
18.6 ±0.08
16.4 ±0.00
17.4 ±0.16
15.8 ±0.14
19.4 ±0.20
18.2 ±0.00
18.2 ±0.00
19.4 ±0.04
<21%
<21%
<21%
3
EC (mS/cm)
0.685 ±2.08
0.455 ±4.36
0.452 ±6.50
0.450 ±1.15
0.455 ±0.081
0.956 ±0.14
0.962 ±0.16
0.897 ±1.75
0.946 ±1.26
0.936 ±0.87
<0.8* mS/cm
4
Free acidity (meq/kg)
12 ±2.64
19.5 ±0.00
19 ±0.17
18.5 ±1.53
17.5 ±1.26
10 ±1.28
9 ±8.00
7.5 ±0.50
9.5 ±2.31
9 ±6.66
<50 meq/kg <40 meq/kg
37 <50 meq/kg
5
Lactone content
(meq/kg)
9 ±0.87
2 ±0.84
0.5 ±0.81
2.5 ±1.00
3 ±1.53
3.75 ±2.52
2.5 ±1.00
2 ±1.50
3 ±1.80
12.75 ±0.58
6
Total acidity (meq/kg)
21 ±5.32
21.5 ±4.36
19.5 ±2.30
21 ±3.35
20.5 ±1.56
13.75 ±2.56
11.50 ±4.01
9.50 ±2.02
12.50 ±2.64
12.75 ±1.44
7
Proline content (mg/kg)
401.85 ±152.30
506.24 ±104.20
524.16±124.2
508.80±156.5
577.28±50.33
327.68±58.66
515.20±78.39
169.60±45.63
216.96±21.36
294.40 ±23.56
>180* mg/kg
8
HMF content (mg/kg)
145.53 ±10.20
24.19 ±2.58
23.23 ±0.081
22.65 ±0.089
25.34 ±1.23
25.92 ±1.54
24 ±1.63
23.23 ±1.86
26.88 ±2.23
25.34 ±3.36
<60 mg/kg
9 Diastase number
12.50 ±0.81
13.63 ±1.23
15.78 ±1.54
14.28 ±1.36
12.50 ±0.75
13.04 ±0.83
11.53 ±1.23
10 ±1.12
9.09 ±0.93
17.64 ±0.29
>8
Table No.1: Physicochemical analysis of Apis florea honey.
*The suggested values for proline content and electrical conductivity for new honey standards (Bogdanov et al., 1999) ** Council of the European Union. Council Directive 2001/110/EC of Dec. 20, 2001, relating to honey. Off. J.Eur. Commun., 2002. Jan 12,L10/47-L10/52
Sr. No. Parameter
Sample No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Codex draft 1999
EU draft 1999
Directive 2001/EC
** Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean 1
pH 5.04 ±0.81
4.75 ±0.16
4.78 ±0.00
5.28 ±0.36
4.73 ±0.49
5.46 ±0.00
5.27 ±0.83
5.32 ±0.76
3.88 ±0.62
4.78 ±0.16
2
Moisture content%
18.6 ±1.23
20.6 ±0.56
17.8 ±0.81
19.4 ±0.39
19 ±1.16
19.4 ±0.00
16.20 ±0.26
19 ±1.12
18.2 ±0.03
19.8 ±0.81
<21%
<21%
<21%
3
EC (mS/cm)
0.964 ±2.03
1.003 ±3.39
0.998 ±3.36
0.980 ±2.26
0.959 ±1.59
0.930 ±1.86
1.023 ±3.36
0.961 ±0.89
0.474 ±0.83
0.977 ±1.53
<0.8* mS/cm
4
Free acidity (meq/kg)
11 ±2.59
9.5 ±0.33
10 ±1.17
8 ±1.89
10.5 ±1.36
8 ±0.81
9.0 ±1.14
7.5 ±3.37
17.75 ±3.59
8.5 ±0.93
<50 meq/kg
<40 meq/kg
<50 meq/kg
5
Lactone content (meq/kg)
9 ±0.83
7.5 ±0.53
1.5 ±0.33
4 ±0.12
0.5 ±0.56
3.75 ±0.36
4.25 ±0.13
9.50 ±0.84
6.25 ±0.69
9 ±0.81
6
Total acidity (meq/kg)
20 ±4.32
17 ±3.36
11.5 ±2.31
12 ±3.56
11 ±1.15
11.75 ±2.96
13.25 ±3.65
17 ±1.35
24 ±4.59
17.5 ±2.88
7
Proline content (mg/kg)
225.92±56.23
208 ±43.86
188.80±55.23
238.08±45.32
348.16±86.32
203.90±74.23
428.65±112.6
373.58±145.9
497.11±188.5
500.09±233.13
>180* mg/kg
8
HMF content (mg/kg)
23.61 ±5.23
25.15 ±6.32
53.95 ±11.23
32.83 ±8.56
68.16 ±14.65
36.09 ±12.36
52.99 ±18.59
29.95 ±7.23
100.8 ±25.39
70.84 ±18.23
<60 mg/kg
9 Diastase number 21.42 ±0.83
15 ±0.33
12 ±0.36
14.28 ±0.39
20 ±0.48
21.42 ±0.86
20 ±0.81
18.75 ±0.26
17.64 ±0.35
13.04 ±0.63
>8
Table No. 2: Physicochemical analysis of Apis florea honey
*The suggested values for proline content and electrical conductivity for new honey standards (Bogdanov et al., 1999) ** Council of the European Union. Council Directive 2001/110/EC of Dec. 20, 2001, relating to honey. Off. J.Eur. Commun., 2002. Jan 12,L10/47-L10/52
Sr. No. Parameter
Sample No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Codex draft 1999
EU draft 1999
Directive 2001/EC
** Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean 1
pH 3.65 ±0.30
3.89 ±.031
3.80 ±0.19
4.12 ±0.02
5.99 ±0.19
5.84 ±0.04
4.10 ±0.02
4.19 ±0.04
3.73 ±0.07
5.76 ±0.08
2
Moisture content%
20.6 ±0.23
21.4 ±1.83
17.8 ±0.92
21.4 ±0.86
23.8 ±0.29
23.4 ±0.84
18.2 ±0.64
21.8 ±1.29
21.0 ±1.01
22.20 ±0.23
<21%
<21%
<21%
3
EC (mS/cm)
0.296 ±0.23
0.315 ±0.26
0.307 ±0.39
0.312 ±0.89
1.143 ±1.23
1.113 ±1.25
0.308 ±0.36
1.098 ±1.54
0.292 ±0.02
1.085 ±1.34
<0.8* mS/cm
4
Free acidity (meq/kg)
15.5 ±0.56
14 ±0.96
18.5 ±0.86
13.75 ±0.89
3.75 ±1.26
3.50 ±1.48
6.25 ±1.52
10.75 ±2.33
8 ±1.83
5.50 ±1.43
<50 meq/kg
<40 meq/kg
39 <50 meq/kg
5
Lactone content (meq/kg)
7 ±0.87
4 ±0.81
5.5 ±0.76
5.75 ±0.36
0.5 ±0.02
3.75 ±0.34
4.25 ±0.93
2.50 ±.004
0.5 ±0.01
9 ±0.79
6
Total acidity (meq/kg)
22.5 ±3.23
18 ±2.36
24 ±1.34
19.5 ±1.56
4.25 ±0.83
7.25 ±1.52
10.50 ±1.76
11.25 ±2.31
8.50 ±1.46
14.50 ±2.81
7
Proline content (mg/kg)
477.76±123.30
544.70±114.2
532.80±153.3
839.04±203.1
794.88±256.3
342.4 ±114.2
696.32±186.3
736.64±214.5
569.98±238.6
421.12±234.13
>180* mg/kg
8
HMF content (mg/kg)
21.50 ±1.26
23.42 ±1.53
25.53 ±1.43
4.99 ±0.06
6.45 ±0.81
27.07 ±1.29
28.03 ±1.37
7.29 ±0.36
8.83 ±.091
6.72 ±0.67
<60 mg/kg
9 Diastase number 9.67 ±0.56
12 ±0.93
10.71 ±1.12
11.11 ±1.33
11.53 ±1.36
10 ±1.57
8.57 ±0.94
11.11 ±0.83
14.28 ±1.36
14.28 ±1.41
>8
Table No. 3: Physicochemical analysis of Apis dorsata honey
*The suggested values for proline content and electrical conductivity for new honey standards (Bogdanov et al., 1999). ** Council of the European Union. Council Directive 2001/110/EC of Dec. 20, 2001, relating to honey. Off. J.Eur. Commun., 2002. Jan 12,L10/47-L10/52.
Sr. No. Parameter
Sample No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Codex draft 1999
EU draft 1999
Directive 2001/EC
** Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
1
pH 3.64 ±0.04
5.90 ±0.06
5.80 ±0.02
5.61 ±0.04
5.70 ±0.02
5.50 ±0.00
5.40 ±0.06
5.34 ±0.0.81
3.57 ±0.00
3.80 ±0.02
2
Moisture content%
21.8 ±0.21
24.6 ±0.34
21.4 ±0.04
20.6 ±0.04
21.8 ±0.00
22.6 ±0.25
23 ±0.34
22.2 ±0.23
23.4 ±0.30
21 ±0.06
<21%
<21%
<21%
3
EC (mS/cm)
0.285 ±0.03
1.098 ±1.53
1.094 ±1.24
1.102 ±1.13
1.036 ±1.43
1.080 ±1.82
1.094 ±1.64
1.086 ±1.53
3.26 ±0.81
3.56 ±0.83
<0.8* mS/cm
4
Free acidity (meq/kg)
7.75 ±0.53
6 ±0.39
5.75 ±0.93
4.75 ±0.81
5.75 ±0.42
6 ±0.75
6.25 ±1.13
6.50 ±0.08
19 ±1.85
16 ±1.37
<50 meq/kg
<40 meq/kg
<50 meq/kg
5
Lactone content (meq/kg)
4.25 ±0.04
2.50 ±0.02
1 ±1.23
4.5 ±1.15
5.5 ±1.75
6.5 ±1.33
5.5 ±1.46
6.5 ±0.81
13 ±1.83
14 ±1.94
40
6
Total acidity (meq/kg)
12.25 ±1.45
8.5 ±0.93
6.75 ±0.94
10.50 ±1.32
11.75 ±1.36
13.0 ±1.76
11.75 ±1.52
13 ±1.46
32 ±2.33
30 ±2.13
7
Proline content (mg/kg)
382.72±53.23
519.68±124.35
602.24±136.39
503.04±233.31
401.85±176.38
614.40±212.31
515.84±241.38
567.04±153.47
562.56±162.34
558.08±132.31
>180* mg/kg
8
HMF content (mg/kg)
146.30±2.86
7.68 ±0.59
2.88 ±0.81
11.52 ±0.92
16.51 ±1.23
2.49 ±0.43
1.92 ±0.31
4.80 ±0.83
2.49 ±0.45
8.06 ±0.76
<60 mg/kg
9 Diastase number 10.71 ±0.53
15 ±0.81
7.14 ±0.23
6.97 ±0.45
8.57 ±0.63
12.5 ±0.68
15 ±0.74
8.57 ±0.43
8.10 ±0.53
14.28 ±0.92
>8
Table No. 4: Physicochemical analysis of Apis dorsata honey
*The suggested values for proline content and electrical conductivity for new honey standards (Bogdanov et al., 1999). ** Council of the European Union. Council Directive 2001/110/EC of Dec. 20, 2001, relating to honey. Off. J.Eur. Commun., 2002. Jan 12,L10/47-L10/52.
Sr. No. Parameter
Apis florea Apis dorsata Codex draft 1999
EU draft 1999
Directive 2001/EC
** Average Range Average Range
1 pH 4.81±0.698 3.81-5.91 4.76±0.939 3.57-5.90
2 Moisture content% 18.77±1.526 15.80-20.20% 21.7±1.666 17.8-24.6 <21% <21% <21%
3 EC (mS/cm) 0.823±0.227
0.450-1.023
0.741±0.400
0.285-1.56
<0.8* mS/cm
4 Free acidity (meq/kg)
11.56±4.246
7.5-19.5
9.16±5.041
3.50-19.0
<50 meq/kg
<40 meq/kg
<50 meq/kg
5 Lactone content (meq/kg)
4.81±3.490
0.5-12.75
5.30±3.569
0.5-14
43
6 Total acidity (meq/kg)
16.37±4.438
9.50-24.5
14.48±7.591
4.02-32.0
7 Proline content (mg/kg)
362.72±137.36
7
169.60-577.7
559.15±130.85
6
342.4-839.04
>180* mg/kg
8 HMF content (mg/kg)
43.01±32.104
10.8-145.53
18.22±31.424
1.92-46.30
<60mg/kg
9 Diastase number 15.77±3.731
9.09-22.0
11.20±2.596
6.97-28.1
>8
Table No. 5: Comparison of physicochemical characteristics of Apis florea and Apis dorsata honey.
“ANOVA’’: Probability values at 5% for different physicochemical parameters for Apis florea and Apis dorsata honey. For moisture content P<0.01, P>0.05 for pH, P>0.05 for EC, P>0.05 for free acidity, P>0.05 for lactone content, P>0.05 for total acidity, P<0.01 for proline content, P<0.05 for HMF and P<0.01 for diastase number. *The suggested values for proline content and electrical conductivity for new honey standards (Bogdanov et al., 1999). ** Council of the European Union. Council Directive 2001/110/EC of Dec. 20, 2001, relating to honey. Off. J.Eur. Commun., 2002. Jan 12,L10/47-L10/52.
Conclusion The present investigations concluded that honey produced by Apis florea and Apis dorsata showed various quality parameters close to the International Honey Standards, except moisture content in Apis dorsata honey which were beyond the recommended limit (21%) and could be used as distinguishing parameter of honey produced by this honey bee species.
