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Dr. Sailabala Padhi , M.Phil, Ph.D., D.Sc.Director, Centre for Environmental Studies

From the Director’s Desk...

The Environmental Information System (ENVIS) has been providing a basefor information dissemination issues related to State of Environment ofOdisha. Publication of newsletter is one of the major components of theENVIS Programme; other being information dissemination through web-enabled system and query services. The Centre has been responding tovarious queries on environmental issues.We have discussed on various issues in our earlier publication. This issuecovers on "Biodiversity : A General Outlook".

Biodiversity : A General Outlook

Understanding Biodiversity

To many people, 'biodiversity' is almostsynonymous with the word 'nature,' and 'nature'brings to mind steamy forests and the bigcreatures that dwell there. Fair enough. Butbiodiversity is much more than that, for itencompasses not only the diversity of species,but also the diversity within species.

What is Biodiversity:

Biodiversity is the variety of life. It can bestudied on many levels. At the highest level, youcan look at all the different species on the entireEarth. On a much smaller scale, you can study

We should preserve every scrap of biodiversity as priceless while we learn to use it andcome to understand what it means to humanity.

- E. O. Wilson

biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or aneighborhood park. Identifying andunderstanding the relationships between all thelife on Earth are some of the greatest challengesin science.

Most people recognize biodiversity byspecies. A species is a group of living organismsthat can interbreed. Examples of species include,blue whales, white-tailed deer, white pine trees,sunflowers and microscopic bacteria that youcannot even see with your eye. Biodiversityincludes the full range of species that live in anarea.

Biodiversity: Nature & Scope

Biodiversity is the variability of all livingorganisms including animal and plant species ofthe genes of all these organisms, and of theterrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems ofwhich they are part.

Biodiversity makes up the structure of theecosystems and habitats that support essentialliving resources, including wildlife, fisheries and

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forests. It helps provide for basic human needssuch as food, shelter, and medicine. It composesecosystems that maintain oxygen in the air,enrich the soil, purify the water, protect againstflood and storm damage and regulate climate.Biodiversity also has recreational, cultural,spiritual and aesthetic values.

Types of Biodiversity

Genetic Biodiversity is the variation ingenes that exists within a species. A helpful wayto understand genetic diversity is to think aboutdogs. All dogs are part of the same species, buttheir genes can dictate whether they areChihuahua or a Great Dane. There can be a lotof variation in genes - just think about all thecolors, sizes, and shapes that make up thegenetic diversity of dogs.

Colorado by the types of species found in bothecosystems, as well as the temperature andrainfall. These two seemingly similar ecosystemshave a lot of differences that make them bothspecial.

Species diversity is the number of differentspecies in a particular area (species richness)weighted by some measure of abundance suchas number of individuals or biomass. However,it is common for conservation biologists to speakof species diversity even when they are actuallyreferring to species richness.

Ecological Biodiversity is the diversity ofecosystems, natural communities and habitats.In essence, it's the variety of ways that speciesinteract with each other and their environment.The forests of Maine differ from the forests of

The Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is extremely important topeople and the health of ecosystems. A few ofthe reasons are:

Biodiversity allows us to live healthy andhappy lives. It provides us with an array of foodsand materials and it contributes to the economy.Without a diversity of pollinators, plants, andsoils, our supermarkets would have a lot lessproduce.

Most medical discoveries to cure diseasesand lengthen life spans were made because ofresearch into plant and animal biology andgenetics. Every time a species goes extinct orgenetic diversity is lost, we will never know

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whether research would have given us a newvaccine or drug.

Biodiversity is an important part ofecological services that make life livable onEarth. They include everything from cleaningwater and absorbing chemicals, which wetlandsdo, to providing oxygen for us to breathe-one ofthe many things that plants do for people.

Biodiversity allows for ecosystems toadjust to disturbances like extreme fires andfloods. If a reptile species goes extinct, a forestwith 20 other reptiles is likely to adapt betterthan another forest with only one reptile.

Genetic diversity prevents diseases andhelps species adjust to changes in theirenvironment.

Simply for the wonder of it all. There arefew things as beautiful and inspiring as thediversity of life that exists on Earth.

Why is biodiversity important ?

Everything that lives in an ecosystem is partof the web of life, including humans. Eachspecies of vegetation and each creature has aplace on the earth and plays a vital role in thecircle of life. Plant, animal, and insect speciesinteract and depend upon one another for whateach offers, such as food, shelter, oxygen, andsoil enrichment.

Maintaining a wide diversity of species ineach ecosystem is necessary to preserve the webof life that sustains all living things. In his 1992best-seller, "The Diversity of Life," famed HarvardUniversity biologist Edward O. Wilson -- knownas the "father of biodiversity," -said, "It is recklessto suppose that biodiversity can be diminishedindefinitely without threatening humanityitself."

How Biodiversity Impacts Life on Earth:

approximately 30 percent of medicines aredeveloped from plants or animals

soil enrichment through the decompositionof dead animals and plants and wastebreakdown by organisms such as insects andworms

green plant photosynthesis

approximately 80 plant species areaccredited with the source of over 90 percent of the world's food sources.

The Importance of Ecosystems:Ecosystems support a rich diversity ofspecies which interact with theirsurrounding environments to produce anumber of benefits, these include:

air and water purificationprovision of many of man's necessities suchas shelter, food, fuel and building materialsstabilization of the Earth's climatedetoxification of waste productsplant pollinationweather and environmental control throughfloods and firecontrol of erosioncontrol of diseasesource of many medicinesonutrient recycling.

Threats to Biodiversity

Extinction is a natural part of life on Earth. Over the history of the planet most of thespecies that ever existed, evolved and thengradually went extinct. Species go extinctbecause of natural shifts in the environment thattake place over long periods of time, such as iceages.

Five main threats to biodiversity arecommonly recognized in the programmes ofwork of the Convention: invasive alien species,climate change, nutrient loading and pollution,habitat change, and overexploitation. Unless wesuccessfully mitigate the impacts of these directdrivers of change on biodiversity, they will

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contribute to the loss of biodiversitycomponents, negatively affect ecosystemintegrity and hamper aspirations towardssustainable use.

In discussing threats to biodiversity it isimportant to keep in mind that, behind thesedirect drivers of biodiversity loss, there are anumber of indirect drivers that interact incomplex ways to cause human-induced changesin biodiversity. They include demographic,economic, socio-political, cultural, religious,scientific and technological factors, whichinfluence human activities that directly impacton biodiversity.

Today, species are going extinct at anaccelerated and dangerous rate, because of non-natural environmental changes caused byhuman activities. Some of the activities havedirect effects on species and ecosystems, suchas: habitat loss, over exploitation, climatechange, pollution, and Some human activitieshave indirect but wide-reaching effects onbiodiversity.

Orcaella brevirostris Irrawaddy dolphin SishumarPanthera pardus Leopard Kalarapatria

BaghaPanthera tigris tigris Tiger Mahabal BaghaPlatanista gangetica Gangetic dolphin ganga sishumarTetracerus quadricomis Four-horned Chusingha

antelope HarinaTragulus meminna Mouse deer GurandiBirdsAnthraeoceros coronatus Malabaricus KochilakhaimalabaricusArdea goliath Giant Heron dada bagaAthene blewitti Forest spotted Jungle

owlet dagadagiaPechaka

Ciconia ciconia boyciana Eastern white stork DhobakankaDendrocygna bicolor Large whistling teal KhadihansaFalco peregrinus pregrinator Shaheen falcon SahinbajaHaliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Kurubal

sea eagleLeptoptilos dubius Adjutant strock HadagilaPandion haliaetus Osprey KuraraPavo cristatus Indian peafowl MayurPelecanus philippensis Dalmatian pelican Dadara HansaPlatalea leucorodia White spoonbill Swetachamacha

dadhaRhodonessa caryophyllacea Pink headed duck Golapi mundia

HansaRynchops albicollis Indian skimmer PanichiraReptilesBatagur baska Batagur or terrapin Nadi KainchaChelonia mydas Green sea turtle Samudra Kaincha

Crocodylus porosus Estuarine or Boula Kumbhirasaltwater crocodile

Crocodylus palustris Mugger GomunhaKumbhira

Dermochelys coriacea Leatherback Charma prusthasea turtle Samudra Kaincha

Eretmochelys imbricate Hawksbill turtle Baj thantiaGavialis gangeticus Gharial GhadialKachuga tecta Indian tent turtle Kathua KainchaLepidochelys olivacea Olive Ridley Olive Ridley

sea turtle KainchaLissemys punctata Indian flap- Desi Kaincha

shelled turtlePython molurus Indian rock python AjagaraTrionyx gangeticus Indian soft Chhabeda

shelled turtle KainchaVaranus bengalensis Common Indian monitor GodhiVaranus flavescens Yellow monitor Sorisia GodhiVaranus griseus Desert monitor Maru GodhiVaranus salvator Water monitor Pani Godhi

Endangered & Vulnerable Wildlife in OdishaMammals

Scientific English VernacularName Name NameAcinonyx jubatus venaticus Asiatic cheetah ChitabaghaAntilope cervicapra Black buck KrushnasaraBos gaurus Indian bison GayalBubalus bubalis Wild buffalo Arana MainshiCanis lupus pallipes Indian wolf GadhiaCervus (=Rucervus) duvauceli Swamp deer Bara SinghaDugon dugon Dugong Samudra GaiElephas maximus Indian elephant HatiFelis (Otocolobua) manul Pallass’s cat Palas BiradiFelis(=Pardofelis) marmorata Marbled cat Marmara BiradiFelis(=Prionailurus) Leopard cat BiradibengalensrsFelis(=Prionailurus) viverrina Fishing cat Macharanka BiradiFelis caracal schmitzi Caracal KarakalManis crassicaudata Indian pangolin BajrakaptaMellivora capensis indica Honey badger GadabhaluNeophocaena Little Indian Small Sishumarphocaenoides porpoise

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Habitat Loss

Humans rely on technology to modify theirenvironment and replace certain functions thatwere once performed by the natural ecosystem.Other species cannot do this. Elimination of theirecosystem; whether it is a forest, a desert, agrassland, a freshwater estuary, or a marineenvironment, will kill the individuals within mostspecies. Remove the entire habitat within therange of a species and, unless they are one ofthe few species that do well in human-builtenvironments, the species will become extinct.

Effects of Habitat Loss on Biodiversity

Habitat loss is a process of environmentalchange in which a natural habitat is renderedfunctionally unable to support the speciespresent. This process may be natural orunnatural, and may be caused by habitatfragmentation, geological processes,climate change, or human activities such as theintroduction ofinvasive species orecosystem nutrient depletion. In the process ofhabitat destruction, the organisms thatpreviously used the site are displaced ordestroyed, reducing biodiversity.

Human destruction of habitats hasaccelerated greatly in the latter half of thetwentieth century. Natural habitats are oftendestroyed through human activity for thepurpose of harvesting natural resources forindustry production and urbanization. Clearinghabitats for agriculture, for example, is theprincipal cause of habitat destruction. Other

important causes of habitat destruction includemining, logging, and urban sprawl. Habitatdestruction is currently ranked as the primarycause of species extinction worldwide.

Consider the exceptional biodiversity ofSumatra. It is home to one sub-species oforangutan, a species of critically endangeredelephant, and the Sumatran tiger; however halfof Sumatra’s forest is now gone. The neighboringisland of Borneo, home to the other sub-speciesof orangutan, has lost a similar area of forest,and forest loss continues in protected areas. Theorangutan in Borneo is listed as endangered bythe International Union for Conservation ofNature (IUCN), but it is simply the most visibleof thousands of species that will not survive thedisappearance of the forests of Borneo. Theforests are being removed for their timber, andto clear space for plantations of palm oil, an oilused in Europe for many items including foodproducts, cosmetics, and biodiesel.

A five-year estimate of global forest coverloss for the years 2000–2005 was 3.1 percent.In the humid tropics where forest loss isprimarily from timber extraction, 272,000km2 was lost out of a global total of 11,564,000

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km2 (or 2.4 percent). In the tropics, these lossesalso represent the extinction of species becauseof high levels of endemism.

Climate Change Affecting Biodiversity

Climate change is predicted to be thegreatest long-term threat to biodiversity in manyregions and is listed as a key threatening processunder the Threatened Species Conservation Act1995 and the Environment Protection andBiodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth).

Projections of future changes in climate inNSW include increasing temperatures andtemperature extremes, increasingly severedroughts, rising sea levels, possible decreasingrainfall, regional flooding and reduced wateravailability in the Murray-Darling Basin.

Many countries have experienced cycles ofclimate change in the past, but the currentchanges are more serious due to the rate ofchange in atmospheric greenhouse gas levelsand temperatures, and because ecosystems arealready stressed by other human impacts.

The most vulnerable ecosystems includecoastal ecosystems, alpine areas, rainforests,fragmented terrestrial ecosystems and areasvulnerable to fire or low freshwater availability.

Species that could become endangered orextinct include those living near the upper limitof their temperature range (for example, inalpine regions); those with restricted climaticniches; and those that cannot migrate to newhabitats due to habitat fragmentation or lack ofalternatives.

Climate change is already having an impacton biodiversity, and is projected to become aprogressively more significant threat in thecoming decades. Loss of Arctic sea ice threatensbiodiversity across an entire biome and beyond.The related pressure of ocean acidification,resulting from higher concentrations of carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere, is also already beingobserved.

Ecosystems are already showing negativeimpacts under current levels of climate changewhich is modest compared to future projectedchanges. In addition to warming temperatures,more frequent extreme weather events andchanging patterns of rainfall and drought can beexpected to have significant impacts onbiodiversity.

The link between climate change andbiodiversity has long been established. Althoughthroughout Earth's history the climate hasalways changed with ecosystems and speciescoming and going, rapid climate change affectsecosystems and species ability to adapt and sobiodiversity loss increases.

From a human perspective, the rapidclimate change and accelerating biodiversity lossrisks human security: e.g; a major change in thefood chain upon which we depend, watersources may change, recede or disappear,medicines and other resources we rely on maybe harder to obtain as the plants and forna theyare derived from may reduce or disappear, etc..

Biodiversity Conservation

India, a megadiverse nation, is one of the richestnations in terms of biological diversity. India owesthis to its position in the tropical and subtropicallatitudes. India has a great diversity of naturalecosystems ranging from the cold and high

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Himalayan regions to the sea coasts; from thewet north-eastern green forests to the drynorthwestern arid deserts; with different typesof forests, wetlands, islands and the oceans. Indiaconsists of fertile river plains and high plateausand several major rivers, including the Ganges,Brahmaputra and Indus. The diverse physicalfeatures and climatic situations have formedecological habitats like forests, grasslands,wetlands, coastal and marine ecosystems anddesert ecosystems, which harbour and sustainimmense biodiversity. The country is also one ofthe 12 primary centres of origin of cultivatedplants and domesticated animals.

Reasons for Conservation of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is essential for maintaining theecological functions, including stabilizing of thewater cycle, maintenance and replenishment ofsoil fertility, pollination and cross-fertilization of

vation of essential ecological diversity topreserve the continuity of food chains.

Biodiversity provides the base for thelivelihoods, cultures and economies of severalhundred millions of people, including farmers,fisher folk, forest dwellers and artisans. Itprovides raw material for a diverse medicinaland health care systems. It also provides thegenetic base for the continuous up-gradation ofagriculture, fisheries, and for critical discoveriesin scientific, industrial and other sectors. Therapid erosion of biodiversity in the last fewdecades has impacted on the health of the land,waterbodies and people.

Biodiversity is a wealth to which no valuecan be put. In the final analysis, the very survivalof the human race is dependent on conservationof biodiversity. It is evident that this invaluableheritage is being destroyed at an alarming ratedue to several reasons. Measures are beingtaken up at national and international levels toaddress this issue. The Earth Summit produceda plan of action on a number of issues (Agenda21) including conservation of biodiversity duringthe 21st century. Conservation and sustainableuse of biological resources based on localknowledge systems and practices is ingrained inIndian ethos. The country has a number ofalternative medicines, like Ayurveda, Unani,Siddha and Homeopathic systems which arepredominantly based on plant based rawmaterials in most of their preparations andformulations. Herbal preparations for variouspurposes including pharmaceutical andcosmetic form part of traditional biodiversityuses in India.

The role of Indigenous People inConserving Biodiversity

The indigenous and ethnic people of theworld have learnt to live in most hostileenvironmental condition in this universe. The

crops and otherv e g e t a t i o n ,protection againstsoil erosion andstability of foodproducing andother ecosystems.Conservation ofbiological diversityleads to conser-

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most interesting feature associated with theseindigenous and ethnic has been found that, theylive in localities which are immensely rich inbiodiversity. It is estimated that about 300million indigenous people are living in world, outof which nearly half i.e. 150 million are living inAsia, about 30 million of which are living inCentral and South America and a significantnumber of them are living in Australia, Europe,New Zealand, Africa, and Soviet Union. Theseethnic and indigenous people have played a vitalrole in conservation of environmentalmanagement and development process as theyposse's traditional knowledge which has beenuseful in Eco-restoration. It has been noticedthat these people know how to live withharmony in nature.

In India, 68 million people belonging to 227ethnic group and comprising of 573 tribalcommunities derived from six racial stocksnamely - Negroid, Proto- Australoid, Mongoloid,Mediterranean, West Breachy and Nordic existsin different part of the country (Pushpgandhan).These ethnic people mostly the indigenoustribals live close in the vicinity of forests and havemanaged and conserved the biodiversity of theirlocalities since long time. These tribals takeshelter from forest and utilize wild edible plantsboth raw and cooked. The flower and fruits aregenerally eaten raw where as tubers, leaves andseeds are cooked. Tribals utilize forest produce,forest timber and fuelwood. These tribals are

living in forest since ages and have developed akind of affinity with forests.

India is a country with large ethnic societyand has immense wealth due to which it is richin biodiversity. There are 45,000 species of wildplant out of which 9,500 species areethnobotanically important species. Of these7,500 species are in medicinal use for indigenoushealth practices. About 3,900 plant species areused by tribals as food (out of which 145 speciescomprise of root and tubers, 521 species of leafyvegetables, 101 species of bulbs and flowers, 647species of fruits), 525 species are used for fiber,400 species are used as fodder, 300 species areused in preparation and extraction of chemicalswhich are used as naturally occurringinsecticides and pesticides, 300 species are usedfor extraction of gum, resins, dyes and perfume.In addition to these a number of plants are usedas timber, building material and about 700species are culturally important from moral,cultural, religious, aesthetic and social point ofview of. Indian sub-contient is one of the twelvemega-centres of biodiversity representing twoof the eighteen hotspots of biological diversityone occurring in Western Ghat and another inNorth- Eastern Himalaya. Floristically 141endemic genera belonging to over 47 familiesof higher plant occur in India In India 11.95% ofthe world's biodiversity has been conserved byethnic people in many ways. Botanical surveyof India has reported 46,214 plant species arefound in India of global flora of these 17,500represents flowering plants. Thirty seven ofthese are endemic and found in North -East ofIndia.

Conserving Biodiversity: A CulturalPratice of the Ethinic

Plants are conserved in natural habitat andis being worshipped by tribals as home of godand goddess. Many plants are conserved in theirnatural habitat by tribals due to magico -

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religious belief that they are habitat of god andgoddess.The tribal culture prevalent in tribalpockets in Central India has been recorded inDindori, Balaghat and Mandala districts ofMadhya Pradesh and Kawardha and Bilaspurdistricts of Chhatisgarh states.The survey studyreveals that plants and flowers have a profoundinfluence on them. Tribals worship trees andflowers as they believe that God and Godessesreside in them. A list of such plants is presentedin the following table:

ecological climates in north -east, central andpeninsular region of India, the indigenouscommunities have their abode, e.g. some ofthese indigenous cultivars of rice such asPattambi, Champara, Valsana are conserved byKurichya, Pariyar, Khasi, Jatin and Garo tribes inNorth East region - Manipur, Meghalya, Assamand 150 wild cultivars of rice which areconserved by Santhal, Munda, Birhor and Gondtribes of Madhya Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Orissa,Jharkhand and Bihar. These cultivars aregenetically superior than existing cultivated ricevarieties in characters like aroma, grain quality,protein content, digestibility and also foundresistance to insects, pests and diseases. Thesevarieties are now multiplied by rice breeders andincorporated in All India Co-ordinated Riceimprovement programme at Central RiceResearch Institute Cuttack and at InternationalRice Research Institute Phillipines, Manila.

Medicinal Plants conserved by Tribals forTreatment

The root, stem and leaves of some plantsare powdered and paste is prepared and appliedby tribals on broken bone portions. The pasteprepared from of stem and leaves of plants likeVanda tessala, Alternanthera sessiles and ofroots of Cassia adnata, Sida cordata,Bauhinapurpurea etc. are tied for healing of wound for10-15 days on broken bones. These plants areconserved by tribal herbal healers in naturalforests for orthopedic treatments.

Local Name Vernacular Name of God Name residing in plants

Aam Amba Lord VidhyadharaArjun Arjun Lord Brahma

Bijapura Nibu Lord Brahaspati

Bilva Bela Lord Shiva

Nimba Limba Serpent KingBasil Tulasi Goddess Lakshmi

Baka Agasti Lord Narayan

Karavira Kerabi Lord Ganesh

Nilapadma Kanin Godess AmbikaSweta padma Mandar Lord Shiva

Crop Plants Conserved by Tribals asSource of Food.

The ethnic and indigenous people haveconserved several plants and endangeredcultivars of agricultural crops such as rice, maize,millets, grains, legumes, fruits and vegetableswhich have originated under diverse agro-

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sacred groves of tribals conservesbiodiversity.

India in the present scenario is rich inbiodiversity.The indigenous people have helpedin conservation of bio-diversity. However, effortsfor conservation have to be made in both verticalas well as hortizontal direction due to rapidindustrial revolution. Conservation of diversity,sustainable manaement, propogation of suchvalued flora and their in-situ as well as ex-situconservation are the need of this century.Therefore various disciplines like Genetics,Pollen biology, Tree Breeding, Ecology, Botany,Physiology, Eco - restoration, Taxonomy, Ethno -botany, Taxonomy, Phyto chemistry, Biometrics,Bio-stat should work at one platform andlinkages have to be established. In sacred forestsas well as in localities dominated by ethnicpeople needs to be surved for identification ofplants associated with various ethno-botanicaluses followed by phytochemical studies.Awarenes campaigns and training programmesare to be organized in tribal localities for eco-restoration and conserving floras.

Saving biodiversity - Saving life

Following are some conservation actionsthat we can take up:

• Plant trees. Grow native species of plants(trees, shrubs and climber) where possible,this would attract local wildlife such as birds,butterflies and insects.

• Grow local vegetables in your school gardenthat are not usually available in the markets.This would allow help conserve them forgenerations to come.

• Initiate, organize and participate inresponsible citizen action against existing orproposed activities that harm or are likelyto harm local biodiversity.

• Make a list of different kinds of trees in yourcampus or locality. For each one find out the

names, uses, flowering season, animals andbirds that depends on it. Present thisinformation in an interesting way, and put itup by the tree. Many people will stop by toread this information and know more aboutthe tree.

• Curb our greed for products made out ofanimal parts like skin, fur, ivory, bones, nails,etc., to discourage wildlife traders andpoachers, and spare the lives of theremaining animals.

• Adopt vegetarianism which would requirefewer animals to be fattened for slaughteringand more plants to be grown for food.

• Avoid using insecticides, pesticides andinorganic fertilizers and try to use naturalplant- based substitutes wherever possible.Paper and cloth should replace non-biodegradable plastic and polyester whichdamage the ecosystem.

• Make children aware of their surroundingsand the need for biodiversity.

• Promote bio-farming which is less intensiveand environmental-friendly.

• Make use of sustainable technologies likesmokeless chulhas, ground water rechargingunit, wind energy, solar power, etc.

• Set up ‘Community Sanctuaries’ for freeranging animals, migratory birds andendemic species. Establish voluntary ‘VillageReserves’ for plants and animals.

• Assist National level Bodies in recording andpreserving rare and endemic species

Whether we consciously realize it or not,the biodiversity with which we are most familiar,and the biodiversity with which we have mostintimate historical, cultural and biologicalconnections, is that associated with food plants.We're losing biodiversity globally at an alarmingrate, and we need a cornucopia of differentplants and animals, for the planet's health andour own.

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ENVIS EDITORIAL TEAM

Dr. Sailabala Padhi, M.Phil, Ph.D., D.Sc., DirectorPravat Mohan Dash, Programme OfficerPrashanta Ku. Nayak, Information Officer

Disclaimer : The views expressed by the writers do not necessarily reflect the views of the Centre forEnvironmental Studies or The Editor.

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Centre for Environmental Studies,Forest & Environment Department, Government of OdishaN-1/247, IRC Village, Nayapalli, Bhubaneswar-751015Tel. No.- 0674 - 2551853; Fax- 0674 - 2553182e-mail: ori@envis.nic.in & cesorissa@rediffmail.comURL - www.orienvis.nic.in & www.cesorissa.org

Some Photographs of the Celebration of World Environment Day on 5th June 2014 at Rabindra Mandap, Bhubaneswar