DR A.MALIK

Emergency First Aid Emergency First Aid

and CPRand CPR

FIRST AID PROCEDURES COVERED

Bleeding/Shock/Minor injuriesBleeding/Shock/Minor injuries Burn CareBurn Care Neck and Back InjuriesNeck and Back Injuries Heat Exhaustion/Heat StrokeHeat Exhaustion/Heat Stroke Hypothermia/Frost BiteHypothermia/Frost Bite Severe Allergic ReactionsSevere Allergic Reactions Bites and StingsBites and Stings Faints/Faints/

BLEEDINGApply direct pressure to

the wound (at this time a direct pressure bandage may be used)

Elevate (do not further harm)

Pressure Point additional pressure may be applied to a pressure point to help reduce bleeding.

CARE FOR SHOCK Keep the victim laying down

(if possible). Elevate legs 10-12 inches…

unless you suspect a spinal injury or broken bones.

Cover the victim to maintain body temperature.

Provide the victim with plenty of fresh air.

If victim begins to vomit - place them on their left side.

Approach for medical help

FIRST AID FOR SPRAINS AND STRAINS

I-C-E

I - Ice, apply a cold pack. Do not apply ice directly to skin.

C - Compress, use an elastic or conforming wrap - not too tight.

E - Elevate, above heart level to control internal bleeding.

CARE FOR DISLOCATIONS AND FRACTURES

I-A-C-T I - Immobilize area. Use pillows,

jackets, blankets, etc. Stop any movement by supporting injured area.

A - Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS), call 102.

C - Care for shock. See “Care for Shock” slide.

T - Treat any additional secondary injuries.

BURNS

First Degree Burn

Second Degree Burn

Third Degree Burn

First Degree Burn

1. brief exposure to heat

2. skin is intact, but red and the burned area is painful.

3. SunburnFirst Aid : immerse or run the burned area under cold water. don’t use ice Apply moist dressings and bandage loosely

Figure: An area of first degree burn surrounding a second degree burn

Second Degree Burn

1.prolonged exposure to heat or very high temperatures

2. skin may be intact or it may appear to be partially peeling.

3. Any burn with blisters is second degree

4. very painful First Aid : If the skin is intact (not peeling) then run the burned area under cold waterdon’t use ice, Do not try to burst the blisters. •Apply dry dressings and bandage loosely

Third Degree Burn

1. Deepest

2. look white or charred,extend through all skin layers

3. May have severe pain -- or no pain at all -- if the nerve endings are destroyed Figure 3: A third degree burn.

Third Degree Burn:Contd.

4. Third degree burns can go into shock earlier

5. notorious for getting infected

6. Cover the area in a clean, dry dressing

Figure 3: A third degree burn.

1.Non Poisonous Snakes2. Poisonous Snakes

SNAKE BITE-

Non Poisonous Snakes

Do not have fangs with which to inject venom.

SNAKE BITE

Poisonous snakes have fangs to inject venom.

SNAKE BITEPoisonous Snakes

SNAKE BITE-

Venom Tissues Absorbed

network of tubes that drains fluid (lymph) from the body’s tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream

Rarely venom reaches blood stream

into the lymphatic system

SNAKE BITESIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

puncture marks, or parallel scratches on the skin - rarely any pain•anxiety•pale, cool skin with progressive onset of sweating•rapid, weak pulse•rapid, shallow breathing•blurred vision, drooping eyelids•difficulty swallowing and speaking•abdominal pain•nausea and/or vomiting•collapse - progressing to a comatose state

SNAKE BITEFIRST AID & TREATMENT

‘pressure immobilization bandage’

This bandage is applied as firmly as bandaging a sprained ankle, and is designed to slow the movement of venom through the lymphatic system.

Bandaging the wound firmly tends to compress the lymph vessels, which helps to slow or prevent the venom from leaving the bite site.

SNAKE BITEFIRST AID & TREATMENT – CONTD.

•reassure•complete rest•apply direct pressure over the bitten area•obtain a history•immobilize the limb with a splint•avoid elevating the limb•DO NOT use an arterial tourniquet•DO NOT remove the bandage and splint once it has been applied

SNAKE BITE

What is venom?Venom is a poison that one animal injects into another. In snakes, venom is modified saliva. A snake injects poison by biting. Venom is at least 90% protein and most of the protein are enzymes.What is anti-venom? Snake bites are effectively treated by anti-venom. Venom is first extracted from the snake. Minute quantities of this venom are then injected into a large animal like a horse, and the quantity increased slowly until the animal develops antibodies to the venom. Its blood is extracted and the antibodies concentrated and freeze dried for storage.

DEHYDRATION HEAT CRAMPS

HEAT EXHAUSTION HEAT STROKE EXPOSURE TO COLD

Environmental Conditions

Dehydration is a condition caused by the casualty’s loss of fluids from perspiration and prolonged exposure to heat and humidity. When the casualty’s fluid loss exceeds his or her input through drinking, dehydration occurs and the blood volume lessens. A prolonged period of dehydration will lead to shock

Dehydration

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS pale, cool, clammy skin rapid breathing profuse and prolonged sweating thirst loss of skin elasticity (‘pinch test’ on back of hand) sunken eyes in children

CARE AND TREATMENT complete rest in the shade remove unnecessary clothing give cool water to drink, ORS ensure casualty has assistance when recovered

Dehydration

Heat Illness

Predisposing Factors Physical activity Extremes of age, poor physical condition, fatigue Excessive clothing Dehydration Cardiovascular disease Skin disorders Obesity Drugs

Phenothiazines, anticholinergics, B and Ca channel blockers, diuretics, amphetamines, LSD, cocaine, MAOIs

Heat Stroke

It is due to failure of ``thermostat`` in the brain#The body rapidly becomes dangerouslyOverheated (>40 degrees) either due toProlonged exposure to very hot surroundings or illness involving veryHigh fever

``Condition occurs suddenly &can cause unconsciousness in minutes``

Heat Stroke

SYMPTOMS Hot, Flushed & Dry skin Headache,Dizziness, Confusion/restlessness Altered LOC And elevated

temperature Body temp >40 deg C

(>105 degrees F) Syncope History is critical

TREATMENTCool placeTub of cold water/cold water bath or wrap in cold wet sheetCool until 38deg C(100.4 deg F)If becomes unconscious start resuscitation & shift to the hospital

Frost Bite

SYMPTOMS Caused by freezing conditions which cut off

circulation, usually in extremities (hands, feet, ears, nose), which may be permanently affected. Frost-bitten areas are cold, pale or marbled-looking, solid to the touch, and painless (until circulation is restored).

TREATMENTGiving warm drinks, and covering withblankets. Warm the injured part with bodyheat only-put a hand under an armpit,for example. Do not rub the skin or applydirect heat to the injured area.

Muscle cramps

SYMPTOMS Caused by over-stretching muscles, or by

abnormal muscle contraction. They may also be associated with loss of fluid due to excessive sweating. Characterized by pain, tenderness, loss of power and stiffening or spasms of the muscles.TREATMENTRest, application of an ice pack, then subsequent gentle stretching. DO NOT massage the affected muscles.

Chest cramps (or ‘stitches’)

SYMPTOMS Usually caused by cramps of the intercostals

muscles between the ribs Brought on by exertion, chest cramps are

identified by sharp, spasmodic pain in the chest, difficulty in standing upright, and gasping respirations.

TREATMENTA ‘Stitch’ will disappear with rest and concentration on deep breathing.

‘Tennis elbow’

SYMPTOMS This injury is due to a strain of the

tendons and muscles associated with the elbow. Severe cases also involve the ligaments. It is usually a chronic condition, and presents when the elbow is over-used or over-stretched. pain over the bone on the outer side of the joint that becomes more severe on movement.

TREATMENTApply Ice pack and support in a sling

SYMPTOMS This injury is due to a strain of the

long flexor muscle of the toes, characterized by pain along the shinbone. This is an injury common to track athletes and footballers.

FIRST AIDrest, application of an ice pack, and elevation of the limb.

Shin splints

FRACTURES-TYPES Closed - where the bone

has fractured but has no obvious external wound.

Open - where there is a wound leading to the fracture site or the bone is protruding from the skin.

Complicated - which may involve damage to associated vital organs and major blood vessels as a result of the fracture.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURES

*pale, cool, clammy skin*rapid, weak pulse*pain at the site*tenderness*loss of power to limb*Associated wound and blood loss*Deformity

FRACTURES-FIRST AID

The basic aim of management for fractured limbs is to immobilization. Immobilization helps reduce movement and the pain associated with fractures. Immobilize the limb with a natural splint

arm sling

*check for pulse to the end part of the limb

*treat any wounds*pad bony prominences*apply adequate splint*secure above and below

fracture, secure wrist*elevate injury with arm sling

Fractured Forearm:

SLINGS

Slings are used to support an injured arm.

Generally, the sling is made with a triangular bandage.

Any material, e.g.. tie, belt, or piece of thick rope, can be used in an emergency. If no likely material is at hand, an injured arm can be adequately supported by inserting it inside the casualty’s shirt

ARM SLINGSupport the injured forearm approximately parallel to the

ground with the wrist slightly higher than the elbowPlace an opened triangular bandage between the body and

the arm, with its apex towards the elbowExtend the upper point of the bandage over the shoulder on

the uninjured sideBring the lower point up over the arm, across the shoulder on

the injured side to join the upper point and tie firmly with a knot

Ensure the elbow is secured by folding the excess bandage over the elbow and securing with a safety pin

CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION CPR ABC’s

AIRWAY - Open the airway with the tilt-chin method.

Breath - give two breaths.

Check circulation.

If there is no pulse or breathing…..(next slide)

CPR Continued

… Perform chest compressions. 15 compressions and two breaths.

Count = 1&2&3&4&5…&15 Call 102.

RESCUE BREATHING

11 breath every breath every 55 seconds - 12 per seconds - 12 per minute.minute.

Compressions : ventilations = 15:2Compressions : ventilations = 15:2

Why should I do CPR?

CPR provides some circulation of oxygen-rich blood to the victim's heart and brain.

This circulation delays both brain death and the death of the heart muscle.

CPR buys some time until the AED can arrive, and it also makes the heart more likely to respond to defibrillation.

Unconscious but breathing normally

Turn casualty into the recovery position

Check for continued breathing

Sudden Cardiac ArrestSudden cardiac arrest

simply means that the heart unexpectedly and abruptly stops beating.

This is usually caused by an abnormal heart rhythm called V.F.

Rhythms in Cardiac ArrestVentricular Fibrillation.

(Chaotic rhythm)Pulseless Ventrcular

Tachycardia. (Very fast rhythm with

no pulse)Asystole

(No electrical activity)P.E.A. / E.M.D.

(Electrical activity, no pulse

Ventricular Fibrillation

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Ventricular Fibrillation

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is an abnormal heart rhythm often seen in sudden cardiac arrest.

This rhythm is caused by an abnormal and very fast electrical activity in the heart.

VF is chaotic and unorganized; the heart just quivers and cannot effectively pump blood.

Ventricular Fibrillation

VF will be short lived and will deteriorate to asystole (a flat line) if not treated promptly.

For each minute that VF persists, the likelihood of successful resuscitation decreases by approximately 10 percent.

Head injuries can easily mislead the first aid provider by not exhibiting the expected signs and symptoms immediately after the incident.

Head Injuries

casualty has appeared unaffected after the incident only to collapse with life-threatening symptoms some hours later.This may be due to a small bleed in the brain that eventually increases and applies excessive pressure on the brain tissue.

Head Injuries

Head Injuries

Head Injuries-SIGNS/SYMPTOMS

•Head wounds •deformation and/or crepitus of the skull •altered level of consciousness •evidence of CSF leaking from ears or nose •may have unequal pupils •Headache •‘Black Eyes’•nausea and/or vomiting •restlessness and irritability, confusion •blurred or double vision •‘snoring’ respirations if unconscious

THE END

HEALTH CENTRECFCL GADEPAN