Dp07v Tvnamjul05 PDF 7251

8/8/2019 Dp07v Tvnamjul05 PDF 7251

1/21

HNG RO K THUT TRONG THNG MI CA M

I VI THU SN NHP KHU TVIT NAM

TS. Trn Vn Nami hc Kinh t Quc dn

TM TT

Hng ro k thut trong thng mi hin tn ti i vi mi ngnh sn xut, nhng

c th cho rng chng c tc ng rt quan trng n qu trnh trao i nhng sn

phm nng sn ch bin trn th trng quc t. Gn y, mt s lng ng k cc

doanh nghip Vit Nam c hng xut khu b ch li ti cc cng ca Hoa k, do

chng khng t cc yu cu v an ton v sinh, an ton thc phm cng cc quy

nh k thut cht ch ca M, gy tn tht cho nh xut khu. Bi vit ny, ngoi

mc tiu nhn dng cc loi ro cn k thut vi cc sn phm thu sn do Mangp dng, c gng tm hiu nhng biu hin, tc ng ca hng ro k thut trong

thng mi ca Hoa ki vi cc doanh nghip xut khu thu sn Vit Nam v

nhng i tng khc c lin quan. Cc xut t bi vit cng gp phn h trcc

doanh nghip trong vic gi vng th phn v tip tc m rng xut khu vo th

trng quan trng ny.

Thng 6 - 2005


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Li mu

Hoa Kc xem nh th trng quan trng nht ca Vit Nam trong tng lai,

mra trin vng cho cc nh xut khu Vit Nam trong vng 10 nm ti nh chin lc xut

khu ca Chnh ph Vit Nam trong giai on 2001 2010 cp. T trng xut khu

sang M d kin tng 15 20% vo nm 2010 so vi 5 6% nm 2001. Vic k kt Hip

nh thng mi song phng Vit Nam Hoa K mra cnh ca cho hng ho ca Vit

Nam nh thu sn, dt may, giy dp, c ph thm nh p vo th trng Hoa K. Tuy

nhin, hin vn cn c nhiu ro cn i vi vic tng cng m rng xut khu ca Vit

Nam vo th trng ny.

Cc ro cn thng mi ngy nay thc s l mt vn ton cu. Mi quan h gia

chnh sch ca mt nc nhp khu v quyn li ca cc nh sn xut trong nc c th cha

ng nhng yu t phc tp v mu thun. Cc nc pht trin trong c Hoa K thng

t ra cc tiu chun k thut trong thng mi c lin quan ti thc trng kinh t chnh tr

ca h. Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng cc ro cn thng mi truyn thng trong thng

mi quc t b db bi cc hip nh thng mi song phng v cc thoc quc t.

Hoa K hin nay ang i mt vi s cnh tranh ca lung hng ho t cc nc ang pht

trin, trong c Vit Nam vi gi thp, lao ng r v k thut trung bnh so vi hng ho

ca Hoa K. Kt qu l Hoa K phn ng li tnh trng ny bng cch t ra nhiu yu cu

cht ch gy kh khn cho cc nh xut khu, c bit l t cc nc ang pht trin khi h

mun xut khu sn phm sang Hoa K.

Cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi c s dng trong hu ht cc ngnh cng

nghip, c bit l i vi cc sn phm nng nghip ch bin. Cc quy nh v mi trng

i vi cc sn phm nng nghip trnn phc tp hn, mc d c nhng sng kin

lm gim bt cc quy nh kht khe ang c nhiu nc xem xt. Hin nay mt s lng

ng k cc sn phm thu sn ca Vit Nam b tr li ngay t khi c nhp ti cc cng

ca M bi v chng khng ph hp vi cc quy nh ca M v yu t mi trng, an ton

thc phm v.v gy ra nhiu thit hi cho cc nh sn xut v xut khu ca Vit Nam.

Ly v tranh chp v c catfish gia Vit Nam v M v v tranh chp v csardine gia Chu u v P-ru lm th d cho thy cn c mt khong cch kh xa Vit

Nam c hng quy ch thng mi ca M mt cch thc s. Cc trng hp trc

cho thy M s dng cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi (TBTs) lm gim lng xut

khu cc sn phm nng nghip t Vit Nam. Bi vit cng cp v vic M p dng cc


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ro cn k thut trong thng mi i vi cc sn phm thu sn ca Vit Nam nh l mt

cng c nhm hn ch hng ha nhp khu vo th trng ny.

Ngoi ra khi tho lun v cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi ca M, bi vit cng

gii thch l do ca vic nghin cu cc ro cn thng mi trong th trng nng sn v l

gii v sao cc ro cn k thut li c tp trung p dng ngy cng nhiu. N cng gpphn nh gi cc tc ng ca ro cn k thut trong thng mi i vi thu sn xut khu

ca Vit Nam vo th trng M. Gii php ca vn ny s h tr cc cng ng cc

doanh nghip Vit Nam trong qu trnh mrng giao thng vi cc i tc M.

2. Cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi ca M

2.1 Tng quan v cc ro cn phi thu quan (NTBs) v cc ro cn k thut

(TBTs)trong thng mi ca M.2.1.1 Cc ro cn phi thu quan l g (NTBs)?

Theo mt nghin cu gn y ca OECD, nhiu nc pht trin p dng cc ro

cn phi thu quan thay th cho cc quy nh ct gim thu quan ca WTO. Cc ro cn phi

thu quan ngy nay rt a dng, bao gm1:

Cc bin php k thut Cc loi thu v ph trong nc Cc quy nh v th tc hI quan Cc hn ch trong vic tip cn th trng lin quan n cnh tranh

Cc hn ch vnh lng nhp khu Cc th tc v quy trnh hnh chnh (ni chung) Cc thc tin v mua sm ca Chnh ph Trcp v cc h trca Chnh ph Cc hn ch vu t hoc cc yu cu Quy nh hoc chi ph v vn chuyn Cc hn ch v cung cp dch v (ni chung) Cc hn ch v s dch chuyn ca cc thng nhn hoc ngi lao ng Cc cng c bo h thng mi (chng bn ph gi, thui khng, quyn t

v) Cc quy nh ca th trng trong nc

Ngy nay, c rt nhiu v kh phc v cho mc tiu bo h thng mi. V d, cc

hng ro phi thu quan ca M dp tt chi i vi cc sn phm nh chi tr em, bt

la v thuc ng y ca Trung Quc thm nhp th trng Hoa k. in hnh nh tiu bang

California ca M quy nh r trn 110 loi thuc ng y ca Trung Quc c cha hm

1OECD Business Survey, thng 3 2003.


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lng kim loi nng vt qu mc cho php theo tiu chun v nc ung California v

yu cu tt c cc v thuc ng y ny phi dn nhn c dc2. Cc hng ro phi thu

quan khc c th thy l o lut chng khng b sinh hc nm 2002 c quy nh p dng

cc quy nh nghim ngt i vi cc cng ty xut khu thc phm sang M, theo h phi

ng k vi cquan thc phm v dc phm Hoa K (FDA). Tt c cc cng ty nc ngoisn xut, ch bin, ng gi cc thc phm phc v cho ngi hoc vt nui M phi ng

k vi cquan ny trc ngy 12/12/2004. Cc doanh nghip no khng tun th quy nh

ny th hng ho ca h s khng c php nhp vo cc cng ca M v cc nh xut khu

ny s phi chu cc ch ti nht nh.

Do c nhng hn ch nht nh v trin khai nghin cu thc tin, bi vit ny ch xc

nh cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi l g v c M s dng nh th no i vi

thu sn nhp khu, c bit l t Vit Nam.

2.1.2 Cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi (TBTs)

Tip theo vic ct gim thu quan trn quy m ton cu, trng tm ca WTO v cc

hip c quc t khc chuyn thnh vic loi tr cc ro cn phi thu quan trong thng

mi. Trong s cc ro cn phi thu, cc hng ro k thut trong thng mi hin cha c

xc nh mt cch r rng. Cc hng ro k thut cp ti cc tiu chun ca hng ho m

mi quc gia quy nh mt cch khc nhau3. Nhng tiu chun ny cng c th tc ng n

vic hn ch thng mi. Cc tiu chun ny c th bao gm cc thng s, c im cho mi

loi hng ho c th do cc cquan chnh quyn hoc cc t chc t nhn t ra. Mc dtun th theo cc thng s k thut ny c th khng phi l bt buc nhng nhng ai khng

tun th th th trng ty chay. Cc tiu chun k thut c thi hi cc sn phm phi t

c nhng yu cu nht nh trc khi c a ra th trng. Cc thng s k thut c th

ng vai tr nh cc ro cn thng mi, c bit khi n c quy nh khc nhau gia cc

nc. ph hp vi cc tiu chun ny va kh khn va tn km nn xt v mt kinh t

khng th va thc hin va duy tr c sc cnh tranh trn th trng nc ngoi4.

Hng ro k thut trong thng mi c thc chia lm 3 nhm5 sau:

2Xem thm Information,Financial Times, 25/11/ 2003.3 Kristina Kloiber, Removing technical barriers to trade: the next step toward free trade, Tulane Journal ofInternational and Comparative Law, 2001.4 Xem ch gii s 35 John Skorburg,Technical Barriers to Trade, American Farm Bureau Federation, Nov. 1, 1998. Xem thmtihttp://www.fb.org/issues/analysis/tradebar.html.


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1. Cc quy nh vdch t v sinh an ton (Sanitary and phytosanitary): cc quy nh

ny c cc nc a ra bo v sc kho cho ngi, vt nui v cy trng.

2. Cc bin php i vi ngi tiu dng: cc bin php quy nh v cht lng v an

ton thc phm bao gm nhn mc, ng gi, d lng thuc tr su, hm lng dinh

dng v tp cht. Cc quy nh ny c th cho php mt quc gia s dng cc rocn nhm m bo hng ho an ton.

3. Cc bin php thng mi: cc bin php c thc hin nhm ngn chn gian ln

thng mi bao gm cc chng t vn chuyn v ti chnh, cc tiu chun nhn dng

v cc tiu chun o lng.

S tri dy ca cc hng ro k thut v hnh trong thng mi to ra mt mi trng

thng mi khng tch cc, thng thong. Trong khi mt s cc ro cn k thut trong

thng mi c cskhoa hc th rt nhiu hng ro khc li khng c csv chngc s dng ngy cng nhiu hn ch t do thng mi. T gia nhng nm 1990,

B Nng nghip M nh gi rng cc sn phm nng nghip xut khu ca Mt tr

gi 5 t la M l i tng b p dng cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi ca 63

nc trn th gii. Mt khc, trong vi nm gn y, M gia tng ng k vic gim

st nhp khu ti cc ca khu dn n kt qu l danh mc cc sn phm nhp khu b

gim st khng ngng tng ln.

2.2 Cc th ch v quy nh ca Mi vi ngnh hng thu sn nhp khu

2.2.1 Cc th ch ca Mi vi thu sn nhp khu

C quan thc phm v dc phm Hoa k (FDA) l mt c quan ca B Y t

(DHHS) v chm sc sc kho cng ng (PHS). Tt c cc thc phm phi c sn xut

ph hp vi cc tiu chun ca Cquan thc phm v dc phm Hoa k. FDA chu trch

nhim v an ton thc phm (tr tht, tht gia cm, trng sy kh v ng lnh, cc loi

ung c cn, thuc l, m phm, dc phm, cc ch phm sinh hc, cc dng c y t v cc

sn phm X-quang). FDA c nhim vm bo rng cc thc phm nhp vo M phi l cc

sn phm an ton, sch, khng c hi, ng nhn mc vi y cc thng tin v sn phm.

FDA trin khai mt s chng trnh an ton thc phm. Nm 1994, FDA xut cc quy

nh vH thngim kim sot ti hn v phn tch mi nguy (HACCP)6i vi thu sn.

6 Chng trnh HACCP p dng cho cc nh sn xut ch bin thu sn ti Hoa kc thng bo trc hainm sau khi c hiu lc thc thi t ngy 18/12/1997. l mt h thng m bo an ton thc phm thng qua


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Thng 12 nm 1995, FDA chnh thc ban hnhH thngim kim sot ti hn v phn tch

mi nguy. HACCP c xc nhn bi cc cquan nh Vin Khoa hc Quc gia, U ban

tiu chun thc phm quc t (Codex Alimentations Commission) v U ban t vn quc gia

v cc tiu chun vi sinh i vi thc phm.

Cc Hi quan Ml mt cquan trc thuc B ti chnh M chu trch nhim nh

gi v thu thu nhp khu, kim sot hng ho, con ngi v cc i tng nhp vo hoc

xut ra khi nc M.

Cquan thu, hi sn quc gia M(NMFS) trc thuc V Hi dng quc gia, B

Thng mi M. Cc sn phm hi sn nhp khu phi p ng cc yu cu ca cquan ny

v ca c Cquan thc phm v dc phm M. NMFS qun l ngnh c M v t khi c

o lut v th trng nng nghip nm 1946, NMFS cung cp dch v gim nh chuyn

ngnh t nguyn. Chng trnh gim nh sn phm thu sn ca NMFS cung cp mt lot

cc dch v gim nh chuyn ngnh nhm m bo s tun th cc quy nh p dng i vi

thc phm. Hn na, cquan ny cn cung cp cc dch v chng thc, phn loi v nh

gi cht lng sn phm.

2.2.2 Cc quy inh ca Mi vi thu sn nhp khu

Lut thc phm: Cc thc phm nhp khu vo M khng ch l i tng chu thu

nhp khu m cn phI p ng cc tiu chun v cht lng v phm cp m bo cung

cp thc phm an ton.

o lut chng khng bsinh hc nm 2002 (BTA)7. Vic ban hnh o lut ny

to iu kin cho FDA phn ng nhanh chng trc cc nguy ckhng b v ra cc bo hiu

khn cp lin quan n vic cung cp thc phm. o lut ny quy nh rng FDA v Hi

quan ca khu (CBP) c th cm nhp cc thc phm nhp khu khng ng k theo quy

nh v cc sn phm khng c nhng thng tin cn thit. FDA v CBP ban hnh

hng dn thc hin trong gii thch cc cquan chc nng lm th no thc thi cc

quy nh ny. Theo bn hng dn, trong tm thng u thc hin, cc cquan chc nng tp

trung vo vic o to hng dn cho cc bn c lin quan thay v t chi tip nhn cc l

hng khng t yu cu. o lut bt u c hiu lc t 12/8/2004 v c p dng rng ri

vic xc nh cc im m ti c nguy cvi phm an ton thc phm, vch k hoch kim sot v phngnga vi phm.7 Audrey B. Talley, Update on Bioterrorism Act Enforcement, Food Safety and Technical Services Division,International Trade Policy, FAS, 2004.


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t 1/11/2004. o lut ny c nhiu quy nh c xem nh nhng ro cn thng mi i

vi hng ha hin ang v sc nhp khu vo M.

Lut vnhn hiu hng ha M tn ti nhiu quy nh do cc cquan chc nng

khc nhau ban hnh nhm bo v li ch ca cc ch shu v nhn hiu, tn thng mi, tc

quyn v sng ch. o lut v Nhn hiu nm 1946 cm nhp khu nhng sn phm lm

nhi theo nhng thng hiu c ng k ti Hoa k, hoc gy tng tn mc gy

nhm ln. o lut Thu quan nm 1930 cho php cc cquan hI quan M cm nhp cc

sn phm t nc ngoI mang nhn hiu c cc t chc, cng dn Mng k ti Hoa

k. Cc quy nh ca M cng cho php cc ch shu nhng i tng nh nhn hiu hng

ha v tc gi np n xin bo h ti cquan c thm quyn v np ph ng k theo quy

nh.

Hthngng k quc gia Hoa kC hai o lut quy nh v chc nng cbn ca h thng ng k quc gia v phm

vi ban hnh cc quy phm php lut lin quan l o lut vng k ton lin bang v o

lut v cc th tc hnh chnh. o lut v v cc th tc hnh chnh ban hnh nm 1934

thit lp mt h thng ng b cc quy nh cho cc cquan qun l hnh chnh, cn o

lut ng k ton lin bang ban hnh nm 1946 b sung nhng yu cu quan trng p

dng cho H thng ng k lin bang.

Cc yu cu vdn nhn hng ha. V nguyn tc, tt c cc sn phm phi c

kim tra v dn nhn p ng cc quy nh v iu lut tng thch. Theo o lut v Thc

phm, Dc phm v M phm ton lin bang (FD&C Act), mi nhn hiu thc phm phi

cha ng cc thng tin c th, d nhn bit m cc khch hng bnh thng cng c thc

v hiu theo nhng iu kin thng thng khi mua v s dng. Tt c cc thc phm phi c

nhn hiu bng ting Anh, cha ng cc thng tin v thnh phn, dinh dng, cch s dng,

gi tr chun khi s dng hng ngy, nc xut x, tn v a ch ca nh sn xut hoc nh

nhp khu v.v bng ting Anh.

Cc quy nh vph gia thc phm.Cc ph gia thc phm phi c kim duyt

trc khi a ra th trng. Trc khi cho bn mt loi thc phm hoc ph gia to mu vo

th trng M, nh sn xut phi np n yu cu ln FDA c ph duyt. Mt n xin

ph duyt v thc phm hoc ph gia to mu phi c cc bng chng thuyt phc rng cht

ph gia thc s c tc dng nh d kin. FDA sau da trn cstin b khoa hc hin


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c s quyt nh chun thun nu cht ph gia an ton theo cc iu kin s dng c

xut.

2.3 Tng quan v tnh hnh nhp khu thy sn vo M

L mt nc xut khu hi sn ln nht th gii ng thi cng l nc nhp khu hisn ln th hai th gii, ch sau Nht Bn, Mc coi l mt trong nhng th trng nhp

khu hi sn hp dn hng u trn th gii. Ngi M c thu nhp cao v nhu cu s dng

thc phm rt a dng. V th gi hi sn nc ny thng thng mc rt cao.

Biu 1. Cu trc ca th trng thu sn nhp khu Hoa k, 2003

Ngun: Bo co thng nin, B Thng mi Hoa k, 2003

Trong nhng nm va qua, vic cung ng hi sn trong nc t ngnh c M lin tc

gim. Xt v sn lng nh bt, Mng hng th t sau Trung Quc, Nht Bn v n .

Cquan hi sn quc gia (National Marine Fisheries Service) c tnh hin c n 62 loi c

trn lnh hi Hoa k b khai thc qu mc v c ti 109 loi c nguy cb khai thc cn

kit.

Hng nm M nhp khu khong 1.5 - 1.7 tn hi sn k c tm v tm s, chim th

phn ln nht (40%). Chu tr thnh ni cung cp chnh cho th trng hi sn ca M

(50% tng lng nhp khu). M, vi mt h thng phn phi hin i s dng kho lnh,

vic cung ng hi sn k c hi sn sn xut trong nc v hi sn nhp khu va p ng v

thi gian va m bo cht lng cao. Cc nh cung cp c th xut khu hi sn sang M

Tm

33%

C hi10%

C hi9%

Tm hm

9%

C y9%

C ng8%

S ip2%

Hi sn khc20%


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thng qua cc Hp ng xut nhp khu trc tip hoc hp ng chnh hoc thng qua cc

i l bn hng hng hoa hng.

Biu 2: Cc nc xut khu thu sn chnh sang M nm 2000 - 2003

(Triu US$)

0,0

0,20,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

Indonesia

India

Vietnam

Chile

Thailand

China

Canada

2000

2003

Ngun: Department of Commerce, U.S. Bureau of the Census.

3. Hng ro k thut thng mi ca M

i vi hi sn xut khu ca Vit Nam vo th trng M

3.1 Tnh hnh xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam vo th trng M hin nay

3.1.1 Giai on 1994 - 2000

T nm 1994, khi M b lnh cm vn thng mi vi Vit Nam, hi sn Vit Nam

bt u c xut khu sang th trng M. T nm 1994 n thng 7/2000, thm ch

trc khi Hip nh Thng mi song phng gia M v Vit Nam c k kt, kim ngchxut khu hi sn ca Vit Nam sang M ngy mt tng. Hip hi cc nh xut khu thu sn

ca Vit Nam (VASEP) v nhng nh xut khu hi sn ni ring nh Seaprodex, Agrifish,

etc. sm c mt trn th trng Hoa k.


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Bng 1: Xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam sang M giai on 1995-2000

(Triu US$)

Nm Doanh thu

1995 19.58

1996 33.99

1997 46.38

1998 80.60

1999 128.12

2000 301.30

Ngun: B Thu sn Vit Nam

Trong nhng nm 2000, lng hi sn xut khu ca Vit Nam sang M tng mnh,

c th do nhng tc ng ban u ca vic m phn v k kt thnh cng Hip nh thng

mi song phng Vit Nam - Hoa K. Trong cc mt hng thu sn ca Vit Nam xut sang

M, tm chim t trng chnh 74% tng tr gi hng thu sn xut khu. Tm ng lnh xut

khu ca Vit Nam c phn ln ngi tiu dng Ma chung. Trong nhng nm gn

y, tr gi xut khu tm tng mnh v n lm cho Vit Nam trthnh nc xut khu tm

ln th 9 sang th trng M. Tuy nhin, tm Vit Nam vn ch chim mt th phn nh

(5.3%) trong tng lng tm nh p khu ca M so vi Thi Lan (44.2%) v Mhic

(10.2%)8. Cc loi thu sn nh gip xc v c nc ngtcng chim mt phn cbn trong

t trng xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam sang M.

Bng 2: Xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam sang M, giai on 1995 - 2000

n v: Nghn US$

Mt hng 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

C sng 44 115 180 113 129 175

C sy kh, p mui, hunkhi v.v...

41 129 208 595 394 374

Hi sn thn mm, nhuyn th 391 1,06 1,06 665 2,92 8,17

C ng lnh (khng bao gmc fil hoc c tht khc)

976 2,55 3,15 4,47 5,27 6,80

C ti (khng bao gm c fil 46 14 65 1,63 3,45 9,59

8 Le Hong Lan, Improving the competitiveness of SEAPRODEX Hanoi in the US market, Kho lu n ttnghi p, Chng trnh MBA, CFVG H Ni, 2004.


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hoc c tht khc)

C fil v c tht khc ti,hoc ng lnh

1,14 1,51 4,80 8,44 15,62 32,61

Tm nc l 16,94 28,60 36,90 64,68 80,28 185,12

Ngun: Thng k thng mi - S liu ca B thng mi M nm 2000

3.1.2 Xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam sang M sau nm 2000

Vi vic ph chun Hip nh Thng mi Vit Nam - Hoa K, cc nh sn xut thu

sn Vit Nam c chi tng th phn ti th trng quan trng ny. Vi nm sau khi Hip

nh thng mi Vit Nam - Hoa Kc k kt, kim ngch xut khu thu sn ca Vit

Nam tng ng k ln ti hn 2 t US$ nm 2002 v 2003. Vit nam hin nay ang ng

hng th 14 so vi hng th 26 nhng nm 1990 trong s cc nc xut khu thu sn v c.Bng 3: Xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam giai on 2001-2003

(Triu US$)

Doanh thu(sang M)

Doanh thu

(tng)

Mc tngtrng(tng)

2001 489.03 1,777.5 20.2%

2002 654.98 2,022.8 13.8%

2003 777.66 2,199.6 8.7%

Ngun: Trung tm thng tin - B Thu sn.

Thu sn Vit Nam xut khu sang th trng M ngy cng trnn a dng hn.

Ngoi tm, cc doanh nghip Vit nam cng xut khu cc sn phm ti sng khc nh c

ng, c thu v cua vi mc gi n nh 9. Nhn chung, ccu thu sn xut khu trong giai

on hu BTA khng thay i nhiu nh nu trong Bng 3. Tm v c vn l cc mt

hng thu sn ch yu ca Vit Nam xut sang th trng M, trong cc mt hng xut

khu c khi lng ln nm 2002 phi kn l tm cc loi (33, 200 tn), c Tra v c Basa

(7, 800 tn), v c ng cc loi (1, 200 tn). Tm l mt hng chim t trng ln nht c v

9 Xem ch gii s 8.


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khi lng v tr gi10. N ng hng th ba trong nhng sn phm xut khu ca Vit Nam

sau du th v hng may mc.

Biu 3. Xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam sang M nm 2002, tnh theo sn phm

Tm

64%

C

19%

Nhuyn th8%

Sn phm khc9%

Ngun: B Thu sn

C tra v c basa ca Vit Nam t mt th phn ng k trong tng lng thu sn

nhp khu ca M, v ngi tiu dng M ngy mt quen vi cc mt hng ny. iu

cng l ng lc cho cc nh sn xut ca Vit Nam y mnh xut khu ca h sang th

trng M. Tuy nhin, quyt nh ca B Thng mi M ngy 16/6/2003 v vic p dng

mc thu bn ph gi i vi c tra v c basa ti th trng M vi mc tng ng l

36.84% v 63.88 % to ra mt ro cn thng mi i vi thu sn ca Vit Nam.

Bng 4. Tng kim ngch xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam sang cc nc nm 2003,tnh theo sn phm

Sn phm Doanh thu(Triu US$)Th

phn

Tm 1,058.1 47.7%

C 466.5 21.0%

Mc v h bach tuc 113.9 5.1%

10 Do lng tm xut khu sang M chim t trng rt ln trong tng kim ngch xut khu tm ca Vit Nam,vic U ban Thng mi Quc t M v B Thng mi M p t thu chng bn ph gi i vi tm VitNam gy tc ng tiu cn cc nh sn xut v ch bin thu sn nc ta. Tuy nhin, y l cc bin phpdng thu quan hn ch nhp khu, thu chng bn ph gi khng c coi l mt hng ro k thut trongthng mi.


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Cc sn phm thu snsy kh 73.7 3.3%

Cc sn phm khc 504.4 22.8%

Ngun: VASEP

Tng kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam sang th trng M nm 2003 l 3.2 t US$,

tng 35% so vi nm trc, trong cc sn phm thu sn chim 130 triu US$11. Nm

2003, M nhp khu 617 triu US$ tr gi hng thu sn ca Vit Nam, bao gm hn 30 loi

v khong 100 sn phm khc nhau12.

3.2 Cc thch thc i vi thu sn Vit Nam xut khu sang th trng M

Vn ct li i vi cc nh xut khu Vit nam xut khu sn phm sang M v

cc th trng ch yu khc, cc sn phm ny phi p ng cc yu cu quy nh v an ton

thu sn hin nay13. Ni chung, cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi c thc xem nhcc bin php nhm lm cho cc nh xut khu thu sn nc ngoi phi (1) tun theo cc

tiu chun v quy nh mang tnh k thut; (2) ph hp vi quy nh v nhn mc sn phm;

(3) kim sot c cc hnh ng gian ln thng mi; (4) tun theo cc quy nh v xut x

sn phm; v (5) m bo an ton v bo v mi trng14.

vo c th trng M, tt c cc cng ty nc ngoi phi tun th theo HACCP

t mc ph hp cbn. Trong cc trang Web gn y ca cquan qun l dc phm v

thc phm ca M (FDA) a tin mt lng ng k cc thu sn xut khu t Vit Nam

b t chi15. iu ny l do M pht hin thy cc thu sn ny c cha cc vi khun gy

bnh nhSalmonella, cc ho cht c hi v cc thnh phn gy ngc. Di y l mt

s th d v cc nguyn nhn t chi nhn hng16:

Nguyn nhn: CLORAMP

Phn: 402(a)(2)(C)(i), 801(a)(3); ADULTERATION (ln tp cht)

11

Xem thm ti trang web http://www.bvom.com/news/english/news/.12 Xem ch gii s 11.13 Tony Chamberlain, Improving HACCP application in the Pacific Islands, Xem thm ti trang webhttp://www.spc.int/coastfish/Sections/training/SIG-Training/Sig17ENG/Sig17_P03_1.htm.14Nguyn T Cng, SPS on aquatic products in EU, Hitho do MUTRAP t chc v xut khu thu snsang EU: Meeting International sanitary standards, TP. H Ch Minh, 15/11/200415Xem thm v danh mc cc sn phm ca Vit Nam b FDA t chi cho php nhp khu v l do t chi titrang web http://www.fda.gov/ora/oasis/1/ora_oasis_c_vn.html t thng 1/2004 vhttp://www.fda.gov/ora/oasis/12/ora_oasis_c_vn.htmln thng 12/ 2004.16

Xem thm ti trang web http://www.fda.gov/ora/oasis/5/ora_oasis_c_vn.html for more.


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Cn c: Hng c cha ph gia thc phm c tn gi chloramphenicol l mt loi ph

gia khng an ton cho ngi s dng theo iu 21 U.S.C. 348.

Nguyn nhn: Ngc

Phn: 601(a), 801(a)(3); ADULTERATION

Cn c: M phm c cha cht gy ngc hoc cha c t nguy hi cho ngi tiudng theo khng m bo nh m t trn nhn sn phm hoc thng l quy nh

Nguyn nhn: Thuc tr su

Phn: 402(a)(2)(B), 802(a)(B); ADULTERATION

Cn c: Sn phm l i tng b t chi nhp khu hoc khng c chp nhn theo

quy nh ca phn 801(a) khon (3) trong c xut hin tp cht (cha ho cht tr

su), vi phm quy nh ti phn 402(a)(2)(B).

Nguyn nhn: Nhim khunPhn: 402(a)(1), 801(a)(3); ADULTERATION

Cn c: Sn phm c cha cht gy ngc gy hi cho sc kho ca ngi tiu

dng.

Theo thng k khng y ca cquan c thm quyn, thu sn Vit Nam b M t

chi nm 2002 l 33,932 pounds tr gi 109,650 USD. Con s tng ng nm 2003 l 65,124

pounds v 532,748 USD. Nm 2004, khi lng thu sn b t chi l 224,014 pounds tr gi

1,720,502 USD. Cng ngun tin cho bit, trong cc nh xut khu ca Vit Nam, nm 2002

c 5 cng ty c hng b tr v, 7 cng ty nm 2003 v 9 cng ty nm 2004.Phn ln cc nh xut khu khi c phng vn khng nh rng thu sn ca h

c ch bin theo ng cc quy trnh ca HACCP v c kim tra bi cquan gim

nh an ton thu sn khu vc (Nafiquaveq) trc khi xut sang M. Tuy nhin, h chc

pha i tc M (ngi nhp khu) thng bo rng sn phm ca h b t chi theo kt lun

ca FDA. Cng b trc tip ca FDA l tt nhin s buc cc nh xut khu phi m bo s

ph hp ca cc sn phm xut khu ca h vi cc quy nh hin hnh ca M.

M, trch nhim ca ngi vi phm l phi chng minh h khng c li. i vi

bn bn l cc nh xut khu Vit Nam, vic sang M khiu kin v bo cha v l mtvic lm tn km. Kt qu l cc thu sn b t chi, b tr li Vit nam, sau nu c th

chng li c ti ch v bn li sang cc th trng khc17.

3.3 V tranh chp v tn gi c Catfish gn y

17 Phng vn ca tc gii vi mt s doanh nghip xut hng thu sn i M, l cc thnh vin VASEP timin Trung v Nam b vo thng 12/ 2004 and thng 1/ 2005.


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Mt trong nhng bin php ro cn k thut trong thng mi ca Mc p dng

i vi thu sn nhp khu t Vit Nam l vic M cm nhp khu c catfish (c tra or basa)

nui ng bng sng Cu Long.

Hip hi nui c Catfish ca M (CFA) bt u v tranh chp khi nhn thy cc nh

sn xut ca Vit Nam chim 20% th trng cc fil ng lanh ca M qua vic dngnhn mc gy nhm ln cho ngi s dng. C catfish ca Vit Nam c tiu th rng ri

trn th trng qua chui cc nh hng v cc nh phn phi thc phm vi cc nhn mc

nh: "Delta Fresh v Cajun Delight. Nhng ngi nui c catfish M lobby Ngh

vin thng qua mt o lut cm s dng tn catfish" i vi nhng loI c da trn

khng c ngun gc chu M. CFA lp lun rng c catfish ca Vit Nam khng phi l

c catfish v ch c cc chng c Bc Mc bit n vi ci tnIctaluridaec gi vi

tn nh vy. Trn thc t, cc nh sinh vt hc i dng nhn bit c hn 2,000 chng loi

c catfish. thuyt phc H vin cng nhn khiu kin ny, CFA l p lun rng nhngngi tiu dng M c quyn c bit liu rng c catfish m h mua hoc t hng c thc

s l c catfish khng. i din pha Vit Nam (VASEP) lp lun rng c basa v c tra l

loi c catfish khc vi cc chng loi c catfish ca M v n khng phi l gi hoc xm

phm nhn hiu ca M.

H vin M can thip vi CFA v cm cc nh xut khu ca Vit Nam s dng t

catfish, mc d cc chuyn gia v ngnh c vn khng nh rng cc chng loi c ca Vit

Nam trng ging v c hng v ging nh cc sn phm ca M. H vin tin hnh cc

th tc cm c catfish ca Vit Nam c dn mc c catfish18. Nguyn nhn a ra cho

quyt nh ny l do c nhp khu t Vit Nam lm gim st doanh s sn phm c da

trn bn ra ca M hng ho. o lut ch19 cho php c da trn ca Vit Nam c bn th

trng M vi tn gi l c Basa Bocourti v Basa Catfish. Cc nh xut khu ca Vit Nam

thc hin theo ng quy nh ca o lut v sau dn nhn mc c catfish ca h vi ci

tn tra hoc basa20. Mc d lnh cm ni trn kt thc ngy 30/9/2002 nhng n li c

tc dng hi ti vi hng thu sn xut khu ca Vit Nam.

18 Trn Vn Nam, UnFree Trade with Developing Countries: A Case Study of the Current Catfish Disputebetween US and Vietnam, Trnh by ti i hc Washington, USA, ngy 14/5/ 2003.19 Ti tiu mc 755 Lut s 107-76, M ban hnh nm 2002 quy nh v vic dan nhn i c catfish nhp khughi nh sau: Khng tip tc cung cp cc ngun kinh ph lm vic cho FDA nu cquan ny tip tc lm thtc cho cc loi c da trn nhp khu vo M m khng thuc h Ictaluridae.20Dip Thi, Does free trade mean freely trade to developing countries? A case study of catfish dispute betweenUS and Vietnam, Kho lun tt nghip, i hc Buffalo, USA nm 2003.


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Tuy nhin, mc cho cc n lc ca CFA nhm ngn chn vic nhp khu c catfish

ca Vit Nam th vic nhp khu ny vn tip tc tng. Nm 2001, hai h ngh s21 thc gic

Chnh quyn Bush a ra cc nhn mc xut x bt buc (mandatory)22i vi c catfish,

c bit cho nhng sn phm c t Vit Nam. H phn nn rng dnh c 20% th phn,

Vit Nam ngng vic s dng mc c "basa" v bt u gi chng vi ci tn basa catfishvi cch ng gi tng t v gi chng l "Delta Fresh. Theo , cc sn phm ng lnh

c chuyn t ng bng sng Cu Long thay v ng bng Mississippi ni c n 94%

cc sn phm ca Mc nui ti 6 bang min Nam. Cc nh xut khu ca Vit Nam cho

rng tt c cc sn phm t Vit Nam c dn mc Made in Vit Nam v khng c l do

g cc nh xut khu Vit Nam bt chc thng hiu v biu tng ca M". Chnh ph

M li mt ln na h trcho cc nng dn v nh sn xut trong nc bng cch ban hnh

v p dng o lut qui nh cc sn phm tht v thu sn dn mc vi ngun gc xut x23.

Nhng quyt nh nhm chng li c catfish ca Vit Nam ng nhin l cc yu tnh hng ti quan h thng mi gia M v Vit Nam i vi mt hng thu sn. Tuy

nhin, khi Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin ca T chc Thng mi Quc t, tranh chp s

c a ra Ban Bi thm ca t chc ny gii quyt theo lut ca WTO. Nu i chiu

vo v tranh chp v c sardine gia Peru v EU di y24 c th thy r rng rng c da

trn t Vit Nam vn l c catfish khi a vo th trng M.

3.4 Dn chiu v tranh chp v c "sardine" gia Peru v EU

V tranh chp ny lin quan n mt tiu chun quc t v vic xp loi c sardinestheo Lin minh Chu u t chi khng tha nhn c sardines ca P ru l c sardines theo

tiu chun Chu u 25. Vn l liu mt loi c,sardinops sagax c c xp vo loi c

sardine hay khng? Theo mt quy nh vo nm 1989, EU khng chp nhn c ca Peru l

c sardine, v hn ch vic s dng tsardine ch i vi mt chng loi, sardina

pilchardus, c coi l rt gn gi vi c sardines Chu u. Sardinops sagax, c tm thy

21 Ronnie Shows and Bennie Thompson, hai Ngh vin ng Dn chn t khu vc sng Mississippi22

o lut Dn nhn sn phm t ngun xut x Country-of-Origin Labeling Bill (H.R.2439) yu cu cc nhbn l phi thng bo cho khch hng v ngun gc xut x ca sn phm m h bn. Theo quy nh caLut ny, c da trn ca Vit Nam phi c dn nhn Sn phm t Vit Nam hoc Made in Vietnam.23 Xem thm ti ch gii s 22.24 Bn bo co chi tit xin xem ti trang web ca WTO v c s dng t kho Peru complaint khi tip tc lytin chi tit.25Raymond Schonfeld v John Dobinson, Using International Standards: A Wake-Up Call to Regulators?Xem thm ti trang web http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/JANUARY_2004/schondob_jan04.html. Ln u tin,Hip nh v Hng ro k thut trong thng mi ca WTO (WTO/TBT Agreement) c s dng bucmt quc gia thnh vin ca WTO sa i mt quy nh tiu chun k thut ph hp v hi ho vi ccchun k thut quc t.


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nhiu vng nc khc nhau v k c ngoi khi ca P ru, v vy c th s khng c bn

EU nh l mt loi c sardine.

Khong gia nhng nm 1990, mt trong nhng cquan tiu chun quc t Codex

Alimentarius ban hnh mt quy nh mi qui nh rng sardinops sagax l mt loi c

sardine. Ngay sau khi tiu chun ny c hiu lc, Chnh ph Peru yu cu EU thay i quynh theo nhng EU t chi26. Peru coi s t chi ny ca EU l s th hin s khng bnh

ng trong thng mi v nhn mnh rng trin vng xut khu ca Peru bnh hng bi

vic t chi xp loi c ca h l c sardines. V vy, Peru tin hnh cc bc theo quy

nh ca hip nh WTO khi kin. Thng 5/ 2001, Chnh ph Peru chnh thc yu cu

gii quyt v vic ny theo nhng quy nh v gii quyt tranh chp ca WTO, sau

ngh lp mt U ban (panel) xem xt li quy nh trn ca EU. L do khiu kin ca Pru

lEU vi phm Hip nh v hng ro k thut thng mi ca T chc Thng mi Quc

t - TBT Agreement27. Cui cng Pru thng kin trc U ban gii quyt tranh chp caWTO v k c ti Ban Bi thm sau 28.

4. Cc khuyn nghi vi vic xut khu thu sn ca Vit Nam sang M

4.1 Cc khuyn nghi vi cc nh ch bin v xut khu ca Vit Nam

V cc sn phm thu sn phi p ng tt c cc yu cu qua c cc im kim

tra ca khu ca M, cc nh xut khu ca Vit Nam cn bit cc quy nh v tiu chun

ca M v cht lng, kch c, ng gi, nhn mc, v.v.. Cc nh ch bin ca Vit Nam cnch trng tng cng cc chng trnh phng chng ri ro thng qua vic nh gi s ph

hp vi HACCP trong sn xut v ch bin. iu ny s gip cc nh xut khu m bo an

ton thc phm mt cch hiu qu hn trong khu ch bin c th qua bt k mt im

kim tra nhp khu ti ca khu M. cp n vn nhn mc, tt c cc thnh vin ca

VASEP cn ch y ti cc quy nh ca Vit Nam hin nay29 chng hn nh Thng t

s 03/2000/TT-BTS ca B Thu sn hng dn thc hin Quyt nh 178/1999/QD-TTg

quy nh v dn nhn mc i vi cc sn phm thu sn m bo rng tt c cc sn

phm xut khu ca doanh nghip Vit Nam u phi c nhn mc ph hp.

26 Xem thm ch gii 25.27 Xem thm v Sardines Panel Sides With Peru ti trang web http://www.ictsd.org/weekly/02-06-04/story3.htm. U ban gii quyt tranh chp kt lun rng Quy nh ca EU khng cng nhn c sardine Pru lkhng ph hp vi Khon 4, iu 2 ca Hip nh TBT.28 Xem thm ch gii 27.29 Chng hn nh Thng t s 03/2000/TT-BTS ca B Thu sn ngy 22/9/2000 hng dn thc hin Quytnh 178/1999/QD-TTg quy nh v dn nhn mc i vi cc sn phm thu sn.


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Vit Nam c th cng nhn Hip nh TBT ca WTO v khi kin M ti cquan gii quyt

tranh chp ca WTO dnh tn gi catfish cho cc chng loi c basa pangasiusang

c xut khu sang M hin nay.

Chnh ph cn ln k hoch tin hnh k kt mt hip nh cp chnh ph vi M

cng nhn ln nhau kt qu xt nghim ca cquan c thm quyn i vi cc sn phmthu sn. h trcho cc nh sn xut trong nc m bo an ton thu sn khi a vo th

trng M, Chnh ph Vit Nam cn c nh hng v xc tin m phn vi FDA Hoa k

nhm tranh th s trgip trong vic ph bin v ng dng cc tiu chun an ton thc phm

ca M cho cc i tng c lin quan ca Vit Nam.

Do cc ngun lc ca Vit Nam hin cn c nhng hn ch, s h trtrc tin cn

tp trung vo vic o to cc k thut vin gim nh thu sn. Cn c cc kho o to

ngn hn v ch bin thu sn, gim nh, xut khu, thu mua v chng nhn cht lngsn

phm31. S h trny bao gm c vic mi FDA ca M v cc chuyn gia v thu sn tinhnh cc kho o to thng xuyn ti Vit Nam nh h tin hnh i vi cc i tc

thng mi ch yu xut khu thu sn vo M.

i vi Chnh ph, iu cn lm thng xuyn l c k hoch v ngn sch tuyn

truyn rng ri ti cp cs, trin khai cc lp tp hun cho ng dn v cc nh sn xut,

khuyn co h khng s dng cc cht khng sinh v cc ho cht c hi nhm to dng

mt mi trng thu hi sn sch. Nhng chin dch nh th sem li li ch cho c cc

ng dn v cc nh xut khu thu hi sn, m bo cc l hng xut khu sau khi ri Vit

Nam s khng b l nn nhn ca cc tiu chun kht khe v c th l cc ro cn i vi cc

sn phm xut khu ca Vit nam khi nhp khu vo M.

i vi B Thu sn, cquan qun l trc tip v cc lnh vc nui trng, nh bt,

ch bin v tiu th thu hi sn, cn nhanh chng son tho v ban hnh Quy ch Truy xut

ngun gc sn phm thu sn (traceability) nhm quy nh trch nhim v quyn hn ca cc

n v lin quan ti hot ng m ha v truy xut ngun gc sn phm thy sn. i tng

p dng bao gm cc cquan qun l Nh nc, vng nui thy sn, cc cssn xut/kinh

doanh thy sn. Quy ch Truy xut ngun gc sn phm thu sn gip cc cquan c thm

quyn c kh nng nhn din mt thc phm, sn sng loi b sn phm thu sn khng an

ton thc phm t th trng v csphn phi m bo sc khe ngi tiu dng v

chnh li ch ca nhng ngi xut khu thu sn.

31 o Ngc Chng, Hng ro k thut trong thng mi v nhng tc ng, Tp ch Thng mi, s 38,2004; trang 5.


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4. Kt lun

Trong thp k qua, s pht trin kinh t ca Vit Nam trnn ngy cng gn lin vi

nhng thnh tu trong trao i thng mi vi nc ngoi. Trong qu trnh chuyn t m

hnh kinh t x hi ch ngha truyn thng sang m hnh kinh t da vo th trng, thng

mi vi nc ngoi ngy nay l mt trong nhng u tin kinh t ca Vit Nam. L mt trong

nhng nc xut khu mi ni ln, Vit Nam khng c hng nhng u i khi vo th

trng M do hin cn tn ti cc hng ro thu quan v phi thu quan, ng ch l cc quy

nh kht khe i vi cc sn phm nng sn, thu hi sn.

V cc ro cn k thut trong thng mi ca M trnn cht ch hn v a dng

hn, cc nh ch bin v xut khu ca Vit Nam ang buc phi ch hn ti cc ro cn

ny m bo to dng c chng v th phn bn vng trn th trng M. Chnh phVit Nam cn c cc ng thi mnh m hn trong cng cuc hi nhp, nht l n lc tr

thnh thnh vin ca WTO, gip cc doanh nghip v ngi sn xut cc sn phm nng

sn, thu hi sn bo v c hiu qu cc li ch hp php ca mnh khi nhm n cc th

trng xut khu ngoi nc.


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