Doug Korver - Calidad de Cascara de Huevos Incubables

7/28/2019 Doug Korver - Calidad de Cascara de Huevos Incubables

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Hatching Egg Shell Quality Measuring and How to Keep it

D. R. Korver

University of Alberta

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

LARA Technical Seminar

November 28, 2012


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Ivarie, 2003


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Hen Bone Health & Eggshell Quality

Much more is known about laying hens than

breeders

but many aspects of development are similar


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Eggshell Formation

~5.5 g of eggshell per egg

~2.2 g of Ca

Eggshell composition95% CaCO3

0.3% P

0.3% Mg


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Eggshell Formation

First phase

First ~5 hours of

calcification

Ca crystals begin to form

Second phase

Next 12 hours of

calcification

90% of Ca deposition

180-200 mg Ca/hour


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Eggshell Formation

Egg size increases with hen age (body weight)

Shell deposition remains constant


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Eggshell Formation

Factors reducing eggshell quality

Age

Nutrient deficiencies/imbalances

Disease

Management

Water quality

StressEnvironmental temperature


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Poor Eggshell Quality

Consequences

Broken eggs

Increased risk of

contamination

Exploders

Increased moisture

loss during storage,

incubation

Weaker chicks

http://www.tailfeathersnetwork.com/community/showthread.php


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Shell Quality

Visual assessment

Cracks

Breaks

Etc.

Difficult to do in large-scale operations

Denver Post


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Shell Quality Measurement

Basic assumption

Shell thickness = shell quality

Shell weight


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Direct measurements

Shell weight

Shell thickness


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Indirect Measurement

Specific gravity


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Indirect Measurement

Specific gravity

Unuma et al., 2005


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Specific Gravity

Bennett, C. and B. Goodhope, 1999. Specific Gravity: An easyand Inexpensive Test of Shell Quality. Unpublished.


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High SG eggs from older breeders hatch as

well as eggs from young breedersRoque, L., and M. C. Soares, 1994

Bramwell, 2009


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Egg Specific Gravity

Allow eggs to reach a constant temperature

Same temperature as SG solutions

Consistency in egg handling is essential

Length of storage

Storage temperature

Storage humidity

http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/ag_ICS/CBON/125162224689


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Shell Color

Within hen variation vs across flock variation

Large genetic component

N. Joseph & F. Robinson


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Shell Color

Moyle, Yoho and Bramwell, 2008


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Shell Color

Turkey eggs

Color had little to no correlation with hatchability

Nadeau, Eisenbart & Robinson


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High-tech Solutions

Mechanical testing

Shell elasticity

Computer imaging

Neural networks


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Solutions to Quality Problems


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17 22 24 26 28 30 3118 20

18 wks

20 wks

22 wks

24 wks

26 wks

Experimental Design

1.00 % Ca (grower)

3.25 % Ca (breeder)

Petruk & Korver, Can. J. Anim. Sci. 84:411-420


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0

1

2

3

4

5

6

18 C 28 C

ShellWt(g)

2018 22 24 26 2018 22 24 26

ab ab ab bbbc c c

P


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1.075

1.078

1.080

1.083

1.085

18 C 28 C

SpecificGravity

2018 22 24 26 2018 22 24 26

P


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Diet Management Time of switch to high Ca diet is important in

broiler breedersEspecially at high temperatures

Laying hens seem to be less sensitive to early

switch

Effect of high temperature?


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Diet Management Ca level; Ca-P ratio

Change with age

Vitamin D

Reduced metabolism with hen age

NaCl feed, water

High NaCl reduces shell quality

PhytateBinds Ca, P


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Diet Management Feed particle size

large particle calcium sources 2/3 large particle (> 1mm; larger is better)

Retained in gizzard

1/3 small particle (


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Fat quality & duodenal calcium uptake

54.2

31.7

0

25

50

75

nmol/g/min

Canola Oil Oxidized Oil

b

a

- Feed/fat quality can affect the condition of the surface

of the gut and the ability to absorb nutrients R. Renema

Diet Management


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Hen Management Body weight at placement

Small pullets may lack sufficient medullary bone

Pre-breeder or not pre-breeder?

Not before 10-14 days prior to first egg

Switch to high Ca breeder diet~5% production


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Hen Management Environmental temperature

Minimize heat stress

Electrolyte balance

Panting causes a loss of CO2Blood pH increases from 7.2 to 7.5-7.7

Loss of bicarbonate ions limits CaCO3Limits shell formation


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Hen Management Heat Stress

Electrolyte balancePanting causes a loss of CO2

Replace 30-35% of NaCl with NaHCO3


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Possible solutions to low calcium status:

water supplementation of calcium

Hen Management


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Conclusions Broiler breeders tend to be somewhat

resistant to shell quality problems ascompared to laying hens

Important consequences of poor shell quality

Practical solutions can be used to prevent &correct problems


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Questions?

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Doug Korver - Calidad de Cascara de Huevos Incubables